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entire cessation of clerical work during the present calendar year. ... The condition of the work of the Census
Division and the condition of the final reports show clearly that the work of the Eleventh Census will be completed at least two years earlier than was the work of the Tenth Census." Carroll D. Wright Commissioner of Labor in Charge.
416:. The net effect of the many changes from the 1880 census: the larger population, the data items to be collected, the Census Bureau headcount, the scheduled publications, and the use of Hollerith's electromechanical tabulators, reduced the time required to process the census from eight years for the
359:
The herein-described method of compiling statistics, which consists in recording separate statistical items pertaining to the individual by holes or combinations of holes punched in sheets of electrically non-conducting material, and bearing a specific relation to each other and to a standard, and
958:
Report of the
Commissioner of Labor in Charge of The Eleventh Census to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1895, Washington, D.C., July 29, 1895, Page 9: "You may confidently look for the rapid reduction of the force of this office after the 1st of October, and the
423:
In 1896, Hollerith founded the
Tabulating Machine Company (in 1905 renamed The Tabulating Machine Company). Many major census bureaus around the world leased his equipment and purchased his cards, as did major insurance companies. Hollerith's machines were used for censuses in
319:, Hollerith developed a mechanism using electrical connections to increment a counter, recording information. A key idea was that a datum could be recorded by the presence or absence of a hole at a specific location on a card. For example, if a specific hole location indicates
888:
360:
then counting or tallying such statistical items separately or in combination by means of mechanical counters operated by electro-magnets the circuits through which are controlled by the perforated sheets, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
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Some accounts of the forming CTR state that only three corporations were included. This reference notes that only three of the four corporations are represented in the CTR name. That may be the reason for the differing
1148:. A Hollerith datum is a string of characters. This string may consist of any characters capable of representation in the processor. The blank character is a valid and significant character in a Hollerith datum."
229:
to assist in summarizing information and, later, in accounting. His invention of the punched card tabulating machine, patented in 1884, marks the beginning of the era of mechanized binary code and semiautomatic
1558:. Richard Hollerith was the grandson of Herman Hollerith and part of this collection documents the sale and settlement of the Herman Hollerith estate following the death of his last remaining child, Virginia.
354:
Replica of
Hollerith tabulating machine with sorting box, circa 1890. The "sorting box" was an adjunct to, and controlled by, the tabulator. The "sorter", an independent machine, was a later development.
397:
in the year he filed his first patent application. Titled "Art of
Compiling Statistics", it was filed on September 23, 1884; U.S. Patent 395,782 was granted on January 8, 1889.
1450:
Heide, Lars. German-American
Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 4, edited by Jeffrey Fear. German Historical Institute. Last modified April 5, 2017. Recommended!!
331:. Hollerith determined that data in specified locations on a card, arranged in rows and columns, could be counted or sorted electromechanically. A description of this system,
245:) and became one of the largest and most successful companies of the 20th century. Hollerith is regarded as one of the seminal figures in the development of data processing.
491:
supported prewiring and near instant job changing. These inventions were among the foundations of the data processing industry and
Hollerith's punched cards (later used for
1183:
1634:
1533: (archived August 6, 2013) Includes a description of the use of Hollerith machines ("complicated, American enumeration machines"), together with illustrations.
1434:
From
Randell (1982),"... brief... fascinating article... describes the way in which tabulators and sorters were used on ... 100 million cards ... 1890 census.
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where he taught mechanical engineering and conducted his first experiments with punched cards. He eventually moved to
Washington, D.C., living in
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221:(February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was an American statistician, inventor, and businessman who developed an electromechanical
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In connection with the electric tabulation system which has been adopted by U.S. government for the work of the census bureau
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John Shaw
Billings: Creator of the National Medical Library and its Catalogue, First Director of the New York Public Library
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510:(IBM) in 1924. By 1933 The Tabulating Machine Company name had disappeared as subsidiary companies were subsumed by IBM.
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Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, & Remington Rand & the Industry they created, 1865 – 1956
1234:
Includes extensive, detailed, description of Hollerith's first machines and their use for the 1890 census.
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In 1911, four corporations, including Hollerith's firm, were amalgamated to form a fifth company, the
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Hollerith founded a company that was amalgamated in 1911 with several other companies to form the
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347:. On January 8, 1889, Hollerith was issued U.S. Patent 395,782, claim 2 of which reads:
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From the Columbia Univ. History site: This article is the basis for his 1890 Columbia
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Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present
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The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society
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and other machines under contract for the Census Office, which used them for the
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based on his development of the tabulating system. In 1882, Hollerith joined the
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886:, Herman Hollerith, "Art of compiling statistics", issued 1889-01-08
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in his 1906 Type I Tabulator simplified rewiring for different jobs. The 1920s
1230:
The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890-1940
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804:. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland
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with a home on 29th Street and a business building at 31st Street and the
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systems, and his concept dominated that landscape for nearly a century.
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1299:
Jacquard's Web: How a Hand-Loom Led to the Birth of the Information Age
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241:. In 1924, the company was renamed "International Business Machines" (
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257:, in 1860, where he also spent his early childhood. His parents were
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1347:
Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880–1945
1098:"Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Amphitheater) – Lot 654 East"
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immigrants; his father, Georg Hollerith, was a school teacher from
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He invented the first automatic card-feed mechanism and the first
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includes the research materials Geoffrey Austrian used to write
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Herman Hollerith died November 17, 1929. Hollerith is buried at
1208:
Herman Hollerith: The Forgotten Giant of Information Processing
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301:. He died of a heart attack in Washington, D.C., at age 69.
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Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing
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297:, where today there is a commemorative plaque installed by
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Hollerith initially did business under his own name, as
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Columbia University Computing History: Herman Hollerith
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Hollerith had left teaching and began working for the
1500:
Early Office Museum: Punched Card Tabulating Machines
1448:
Herman Hollerith (2017) In Immigrant Entrepreneurship
1322:(PhD dissertation). Columbia University. p. 385.
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674:
1320:
International Business Machines: A Business History
1375:The Quarterly, Columbia University School of Mines
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1527:The Norwegian Historical Data Center: Census 1900
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857:The Origins of Digital Computers, Selected Papers
729:"Herman Hollerith - History - U.S. Census Bureau"
345:The Origins of Digital Computers, Selected Papers
281:degree in 1879 at age 19, and, in 1890, earned a
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1635:Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
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1264:Harvard University Press, 1986 pp. 390–425
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1160:"New Epsicopal bishop to face tough challenges"
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990:. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.).
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680:Computer: A History of the Information Machine
984:Coded Character Sets, History and Development
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339:as his doctoral thesis, and is reprinted in
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830:. American Library Association. p. 32.
802:The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
532:were named after Herman Hollerith, as were
508:International Business Machines Corporation
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1210:. Columbia University Press. p. 418.
1039:"IBM Archives: Frequently Asked Questions"
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1665:People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
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1068:THINK: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
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555:, is an Episcopal priest and the dean of
534:Hollerith strings and Hollerith constants
495:) continued in use for almost a century.
1410:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
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727:US Census Bureau, Census History Staff.
682:(2ND ed.). Basic Books. p. 16.
402:The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System
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1515:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
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992:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
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1387:Extracts reprinted in (Randell, 1982).
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500:Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company
406:punched card data processing equipment
239:Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company
1640:Businesspeople from Buffalo, New York
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287:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1645:Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
1615:20th-century American businesspeople
1605:19th-century American businesspeople
1416:(4). Blackwell Publishing: 678–682.
1339:. German Historical Institute, 2017.
1184:"Virginia diocese to install bishop"
1158:Steven G. Vegh (February 13, 2009).
636:. Wiley. p. 94 "semiautomatic".
333:An Electric Tabulating System (1889)
305:Electromechanical tabulation of data
1562:Fleishman, Sandra (March 5, 2005).
1406:"The Electrical Tabulating Machine"
1404:Hollerith, Herman (December 1894).
1303:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1250:. Frederick Muller. pp. 77–90.
586:
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483:to operate on 1890 Census cards. A
24:
1538:Research notes on Herman Hollerith
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1116:from the original on March 2, 2022
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420:to six years for the 1890 census.
327:while not having a hole indicates
27:American statistician and inventor
25:
1681:
1625:American people of German descent
1475:Hollerith's 1890 Census Tabulator
1441:
1019:from the original on May 26, 2016
859:(3rd ed.). Springer-Verlag.
598:Da Cruz, Frank (March 28, 2011).
539:His great-grandson, the Rt. Rev.
323:, then a hole there can indicate
175:Lucia Beverly (Talcott) Hollerith
1490:The Tabulating Machine Co. plant
704:. April 18, 2012. Archived from
335:, was submitted by Hollerith to
156:Electromechanical tabulation of
1655:Columbia School of Mines alumni
1650:City College of New York alumni
1620:20th-century American inventors
1610:19th-century American inventors
1453:Hollerith's patents from 1889:
1371:"An Electric Tabulating System"
1324:Reprinted by Arno Press, 1976,
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842:"An Electric Tabulating System"
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502:(CTR). Under the presidency of
207:National Inventors Hall of Fame
1480:IBM Archives: Herman Hollerith
1206:Austrian, Geoffrey D. (1982).
1140:American Standards Association
981:Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980).
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694:"Herman Hollerith (1860–1929)"
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551:, and another great-grandson,
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557:Washington National Cathedral
253:Herman Hollerith was born in
49:
1564:"$ 8.5 Million And Counting"
1326:from the best available copy
1142:, X3.9-1966. pp. 9, 10.
855:Randell, Brian, ed. (1982).
549:Diocese of Southern Virginia
273:in 1875, graduated from the
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201:World's Columbian Exposition
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553:Randolph Marshall Hollerith
395:United States Census Bureau
10:
1686:
1496: (archived 2005-01-21)
1486: (archived 2006-09-04)
1391:Hollerith, Herman (1890).
1335:". In Jeffrey Fear (ed.).
1268:Cortada, James W. (1993).
758:Immigrant Entrepreneurship
702:Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum
678:; Aspray, William (2004).
308:
1556:Hagley Museum and Library
1542:Hagley Museum and Library
1328:. Some text is illegible.
1318:Engelbourg, Saul (1954).
1136:American Standard FORTRAN
634:Automatic Data Processing
479:. The 1890 Tabulator was
365:Inventions and businesses
295:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
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1552:Richard Hollerith Papers
1520:University of St Andrews
1295:Essinger, James (2004).
1246:Ashurst, Gareth (1983).
1064:William Rodgers (1969).
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275:Columbia School of Mines
271:City College of New York
118:City College of New York
1188:Richmond Times-Dispatch
918:"Oak Hill Cemetery Map"
824:Lydenberg, Harry Miller
524:Georgetown neighborhood
489:removable control panel
1630:American statisticians
1276:. Princeton. pp.
676:Campbell-Kelly, Martin
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373:Hollerith punched card
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1248:Pioneers of Computing
922:oakhillcemeterydc.org
606:. Columbia University
569:Unit record equipment
493:computer input/output
381:Hollerith's grave at
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315:At the suggestion of
311:Unit record equipment
203:, Bronze Medal (1892)
195:Elliott Cresson Medal
1507:Robertson, Edmund F.
1395:(PhD dissertation).
1343:Heide, Lars (2009).
928:on December 18, 2015
884:US patent 395782
626:Brooks, Frederick P.
559:in Washington, D.C.
526:of Washington, D.C.
283:Doctor of Philosophy
267:Rhineland-Palatinate
1581:– Hollerith's house
1569:The Washington Post
1505:O'Connor, John J.;
1466:U.S. patent 395,783
1461:U.S. patent 395,782
1456:U.S. patent 395,781
1397:Columbia University
1190:. February 9, 2009.
1165:The Virginian-Pilot
904:, pp. 178–179.
708:on October 27, 2016
630:Iverson, Kenneth E.
541:Herman Hollerith IV
468:, and again in the
426:England & Wales
389:in Washington, D.C.
337:Columbia University
123:Columbia University
1510:"Herman Hollerith"
1226:Truesdell, Leon E.
798:"Herman Hollerith"
754:"Herman Hollerith"
652:www.britannica.com
648:"Herman Hollerith"
600:"Herman Hollerith"
506:, CTR was renamed
404:, specializing in
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317:John Shaw Billings
223:tabulating machine
1367:Hollerith, Herman
1358:978-0-8018-9143-4
1351:. Johns Hopkins.
1310:978-0-19-280577-5
1255:Beniger, James R.
1106:Oak Hill Cemetery
1001:978-0-201-14460-4
793:O'Connor, J. J.;
663:American inventor
520:Oak Hill Cemetery
383:Oak Hill Cemetery
279:Engineer of Mines
269:. He entered the
255:Buffalo, New York
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105:Oak Hill Cemetery
85:November 17, 1929
74:Buffalo, New York
70:February 29, 1860
16:(Redirected from
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1381:(16): 238–255.
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1331:Heide, Lars. "
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1670:Punched card
1573:. Retrieved
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1046:the original
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926:the original
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806:. Retrieved
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712:February 28,
710:. Retrieved
706:the original
697:
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610:February 28,
608:. Retrieved
604:columbia.edu
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158:punched card
138:Statistician
87:(1929-11-17)
29:
1600:1929 deaths
1595:1860 births
994:p. 7.
470:1900 census
466:Philippines
458:Puerto Rico
418:1880 census
414:1890 census
144:businessman
133:Occupations
53: 1888
1589:Categories
1199:References
1120:August 17,
1072:. p.
1023:August 25,
932:January 8,
808:August 12,
543:, was the
464:, and the
410:tabulators
387:Georgetown
291:Georgetown
66:1860-02-29
48:Hollerith
1232:. US GPO.
1054:accounts.
545:Episcopal
481:hardwired
249:Biography
111:Education
18:Hollerith
1228:(1965).
1111:Archived
1014:Archived
1010:77-90165
826:(1924).
763:June 25,
738:June 25,
657:June 25,
632:(1963).
563:See also
477:keypunch
343:'s 1982
277:with an
180:Children
141:inventor
1529:at the
1492:at the
1482:at the
1430:2979610
1144:"4.2.6
522:in the
442:Austria
434:Germany
325:married
1575:May 4,
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1008:
998:
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698:hnf.de
454:Norway
450:France
446:Canada
438:Russia
329:single
259:German
209:(1990)
197:(1890)
188:Awards
172:Spouse
95:, U.S.
76:, U.S.
1426:JSTOR
1385:Ph.D.
1114:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
1017:(PDF)
988:(PDF)
580:Notes
430:Italy
1577:2010
1536:The
1353:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1122:2022
1078:ISBN
1025:2019
1006:LCCN
996:ISBN
934:2018
861:ISBN
810:2024
765:2024
740:2024
714:2014
659:2024
612:2014
462:Cuba
225:for
160:data
82:Died
60:Born
1660:IBM
1554:at
1418:doi
1278:344
385:in
299:IBM
243:IBM
164:IBM
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