Hodden - Knowledge

398:"In all remote parts of Scotland, where sheep have been in a great measure neglected, and allowed to breed promiscuously, without any selection, there is to be found a prodigious diversity of colours: and, among others, dun sheep. Or those of a brownish colour, tending to an obscure yellow, are not infrequent … When any variety of these sheep becomes a favourite with a particular person, those of that colour are selected to breed from; and in this way it frequently happens that those of one colour begin to predominate in one place more than another. It is for this reason, and to save the trouble of dyeing; that these poor people in the Highlands propagate black, and russet, and brown and other coloured sheep, more than in any country where the wool is regularly brought to market. In the Isle of Man, a breed of dun sheep is very common till this hour." 562:(soon named hodden grey) for the loose-fitting shooting apparel of the regiment’s uniform as well as successfully promoting the colour for the standard uniform for the Volunteers. Hodden’s neutral and changeable colour was useful as camouflage. The Volunteers were conceived as skirmishers, not line infantry, and inconspicuousness combined with accurate long-range musketry and rapid movement was necessary for this role. As Lord Elcho said, “A soldier is a man-hunter, neither more nor less, and as a deer-stalker uses the least visible of colours so ought the soldier to be clad”. All ranks were to buy their own uniform, so it had to be inexpensive, hard-wearing, and clothing that you could use in daily life in London. Hodden grey tweed was ideal for the knickerbockers that he originally proposed. 438: 197:) or wadmal could be made of selected white wool and dyed or selected natural colours spun into single coloured yarn, but this was a time-consuming and expensive process in a domestic craft economy that existed into the 14th century in England and Wales, and even later in Scotland. Peasant fabrics were much coarser than those for the gentry and their retinue, made of materials at hand, and mixing whatever natural colours were at hand into multi-coloured (mixture) yarn. The resultant overall colour commonly became a shade of beige or grey – in Victorian times described as the range of warm and cold greys. 201: 403: 578:, progressively switched to darker versions of hodden, such as the 1895 pattern Elcho grey of a claret-brown and white wool mixture shown here, as field trials demonstrated better variants suitable to modern warfare in Europe. The hard-wearing original tweed construction suitable for trousers or knickerbockers soon became a softer and more elegant serge cloth. In time the London Scottish version of hodden, also adopted by other Volunteer Scottish regiments. Over time, the terms ‘Elcho’ and ‘Hodden Grey’ became interchangeable. 186: 427:

preference for grey colour being attributed with the Highlands in 1831. Hodden’s use declined with the general eradication of the peasant’s vari-coloured short-tailed sheep breeds in Scotland in favour of improved breeds of long-tailed sheep in the mid to late 18th century. These improved breeds produced mainly white wool which could be dyed effectively and hence was more valuable. Dye, whether natural or synthetic, does not permanently alter the colour of naturally pigmented wool.

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Crimean War, echoing the Napoleonic War glories, through the issuance of scarlet tunics for battledress. Again, Lord Elcho objected: “… of all the God-forsaken dress for soldiers red coats with white pipeclay belts was the most so; a better target no marksman can wish for than men thus clothed”. This aspiration was to continue until issuance of khaki / drab in 1902 as battledress for the entire British army. In this period, the LSRV and its descendants, commonly titled the

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this statement. As to cost, the Baron Court of Breadalbane of 11 January 1622 fixed the maximum charge for weaving cloth in barter terms. The price of plain grey cloth was to be two pence and one lippie of meal per ell, while tartan was priced at 4 pence plus 1 peck, two lippies of meal per ell - more than twice the cost of grey cloth. Few common Highlanders or Lowlanders could afford to disobey the dress codes.

344:"Carters, Ploughmen, Drivers of the Plough, Oxherds, Cowherds, Shepherds, Dairymen, and all other Keepers of Beasts, Threshers of Corn, and all Manner of People of the Estate of a Groom, attending to Husbandry, and all other People that have not 40s of Goods or Chattels shall not wear any manner of Cloth but Blanket (grey) and Russet Wool of 12d. and will wear Girdles of Linen according to their estate." 566: 587:

Guards, 1st Battalion London Guards Regiment and no longer wears Elcho (hodden) grey. The Toronto Scottish chose to adopt the London Scottish uniform with Canadian distinctions in 1921 since the wartime exploits and reputation of the London Scottish in WW1 were legendary. The Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother’s Own) is now the sole active wearer of Elcho (hodden) grey.

422:"Throughout Scotland, more particularly in the Northern Highlands, the cloth was made of the undyed wool, the white and black being generally appropriated for blankets, or plaids, and for the upper garments, the gray for hose and mits for the gudeman. The hodden gray was the general attire among the farmers, as it still, in most parts of the interior and in Ireland, continues to be." 76:) was common to all clans: a symbol of class and status mandated by Celtic and Gaelic custom and Scottish law from prehistory until 1698. The earliest known samples of Celtic cloth come from the Hallstatt salt mines of Austria, date from 800 to 600 BCE, and are principally single colour natural wool cloth brightened by decorative bands of dyed wool added to cuffs and necklines. 481:. Hodden, as a plaiding cloth, was a cheap domestic and export cloth that would have been used to protect both Scottish and Flemish peasants from the cold and wet since the 15th century. The introduction timing suggests a loan word adopted and brought back by English and Scottish mercenaries employed in the Low Countries who used the Frisian / Dutch word for the export cloth 586:

Two military regiments wore Elcho (hodden) grey in modern times; The London Scottish Regiment and The Toronto Scottish Regiment. In 2022, ‘A’ Company (London Scottish) The London Regiment - the descendant of the LSRV and the London Scottish Regiment – was redesignated as ‘G’ (Messines) Company, Scots

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However, the Volunteer Force of Napoleonic War had been issued scarlet tunics and made to look like regular army units. These uniforms had been subsidized by government and patriotic societies not the individuals. The members of the 1859 Volunteer Force desired the image of the ‘Thin Red Line’ of the

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The industrial revolution in spinning and weaving, combined with improved sheep breeds producing significantly increased white-wool availability, made homespun hodden uneconomical. By 1820, vari-coloured sheep had been eradicated except in remote Scottish islands. Homespun hodden became replaced by a

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Logan’s account reflects the rapid extermination of the native multi-coloured sheep in the late 1700s in the Highlands and the rapid introduction of ‘improved’ white woolled sheep as replacements noted in the First Statistical Account of Scotland (1790 - 1799) by 1831. Hence, the established Lowland

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describing a trout, salmon-trout or salmon but now has acquired an association with chequered (two colours) and the sett (more than two colours) of modern tartan. The similarity of the word and meaning infers that there was a common ancestor in prehistory before the Goidelic / Brythonic split of the

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This custom of associating low status with the colours grey and white is referred to in the Laws of the Four Burghs in the reign of King David 1 (1124 – 1153). One law was that a man forced by poverty to dispose of his inheritance of land was to wear grey or white clothes reflecting his new lowered

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and the National Rifle Association. He argued for changes to the standard army drill and uniform for the Volunteers because of military technological change. Lord Elcho was elected Commanding Officer of the London Scottish Rifle Volunteers (LSRV) in 1859 and he selected an ashy grey tweed material

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together in the proportion of one to twelve when weaving - gives a smokey grey that was more expensive and becomes fashionable much later with greater availability of white wool from improved sheep breeds. This later version of hodden grey was more elegant and became servant or retinue attire on a

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Whether the common Highlander disobeyed these dress codes, and could afford tartan of the modern definition, is dubious. As tartan was a symbol of social standing, the upper classes, who operated the justice system, would penalize any imposter or usurper. To date, no bog body evidence contradicts

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Other cultures have produced similar woollen fabrics to hodden but are known by different names. Loden is still worn in Austria, Germany, and Italy. Duffel was produced in Belgium and became very popular in the United Kingdom. Melton is still produced as overcoat material in the United Kingdom.

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Prior to the industrial revolution, homespun fabrics, were cheaply made of necessity because of the time constraint of the process combined with the uncertainty of what, and how much colour, would be attained from the few sheep permitted to be raised by a peasant. Spinning and weaving wool for

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in Old Irish; while wadmal was a Scandinavian fabric, in the now-Scottish islands and Highlands. Both are usually woven in 2/2 twill weave but are also known in plain or tabby weave. Both are a thick, coarse, fulled homespun cloth typically made of natural undyed wool of the vari-coloured

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which remained in use in the Highlands. Homespun hodden’s use declined in the 18th century. Hodden, as a manufactured fabric, declined in the early 19th century. Resurrection in the form of a tweed mixture cloth came in 1859 on its selection by the Commanding Officer of the

273:, King of Dyfed, Powys and Gwynedd (942 – 950 CE). The specifics of the Welsh dress code are missing but that dress was an integral part of the station (privilege / status) of a man. That British laws of status were in use early on can be shown by the legend of the Welsh 212:

in Gaelic or plaid in Scots) that became notable for its crude, irregular appearance showing speckles, mottles, flecks with a light brownish colour or a yellowy brown colour. A modern description would be a mixture cloth. In Gaelic, this version was

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James Anderson (1793), a noted sheep expert of the time, commented on the necessity for sheep breeds to produce those mandated undyed wool colours. Anderson summarized the association of Scottish sheep, colour, and peasant dress in the Highlands as:

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The result of this cultural practice is the large number of rare breeds of sheep found in Scotland today. The Northern European short-tailed sheep are believed to have been introduced with the first farmers to northern Europe in the Neolithic Age.

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A quick history of the modern rediscovery and development of hodden grey starts with the invasion scare / panic of 1859 that made obvious the need for a substantial home defense force to supplement the regular British army and

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These sumptuary laws were repealed in 1698, after which all Scots could wear modern tartan if they could afford the expense. Not many could, so homespun hodden continued as typical rustic’s dress into the early 19th century.

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The first use of the word hodden in Scottish literature is 1579. The phrase ‘hodding grey’ is first used in 1586 but seems to have been commonly used after 1705. The term becomes popular within and without Scotland through

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The various peoples that settled in northern Britain in the period 1000 BCE to 1000 CE brought with them their animals, in this discussion their sheep and their natural colours of wool. The native Caledonians had the

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invaded Scotland from Ireland in the 4th – 5th century CE. They brought with them their oral customs and traditions, fortunately written down by Christian monks in the 8th century, as the Brehon Laws including the

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Senchus Mor, Part II, Laws of Distress, Law of Hostage-Sureties, Fosterage, Saer-Stock Tenure,Daer-Stock Tenure, and of Social Connexions, The Ancient Laws and Institutes of Ireland, on behalf of the Brehon Law

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There is no definitive origin for the word ‘hodden’. The term appears in the Scots language (especially in the north-east) and northern England in the late 16th century. Previously, the cloth had been called

319:"Clothes … - according to the rank of each man, from the humblest to the king, is the clothing of the son. Blay-coloured and yellow, and black, and white clothes are to be worn by sons of inferior grades; …". 488:

The second possible origin is from English into Scots dialect; ‘hidden’ converts to ‘hodden’ In Scots reflecting its changeable hue in varying light – a characteristic also in common with the Low Countries

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painted this version of hodden, now called hodden grey. Note that these are a yellowy brown not grey in the modern sense. These are clothes suitable for outdoors use: warm, windproof, and water-resistant.

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breeds. The Scots preferred to breed strains of sheep in various areas to provide the local preferred colour of natural wool used for cloth to protect the poor and rural peasants from the elements.

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that migrated from the Middle East to Europe in the third millennium BCE. The Celtic culture migrated to the British Isles about 500 BCE and the Proto-Celtic culture much earlier. The Gaels and

121: 382:. These were all breeds of the Northern European vari-coloured short-tailed sheep family. Over time, the interbreeding produced a dominant, but now extinct, vari-coloured breed called the 336:(1296-1357) predominately had Anglo-Norman ancestry, values, and possessions (Bruces, Comyns, Balliols, all had lands in northern England and Scotland) the early English dress code ( 141:

custom dating back into prehistory required the Celtic peasant class to wear undyed clothing. The ancient proto-Celtic culture was very status conscious, continuing concepts of the

285:(c. 600 CE), a war leader of the Britons against the Angles). “If a well-born man put it on, it would be the right size for him; if a churl (a peasant), it would not go upon him.” 441:

Pitlessie Fair (1804) by Sir David Wilkie. The people attending the market are generally dressed in hodden with almost no tartan. Pitlessie is near Anstuther ('Anster'), Fife.

535:(1853), with childhood reminisces set in Yorkshire, also demonstrated its use in Scotland and northern England into the 19th century and perpetuated the cloth’s memory. 104:

for the common people. After Scottish independence, these early dress customs or codes requiring the common people to wear undyed cloth were then enacted in medieval

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The Scottish archaeological record for peasant clothing is sparse. The main finds (Dava Moor, Morayshire; Barrock, Caithness; Gunnister, Shetland; and Arnish Moor,

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The 'Craigy Bield' by David Allan (1788). The opening scene of The Gentle Shepherd (1725) showing two Scots shepherds in their clothes of hodden grey or lachdann.

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was a winter or foul weather garment for gentry, nobility and royalty in both cultures in addition to general purpose clothing for the peasantry. The root word is

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The common people – the poor and rural peasants, artisans and lesser tenant farmers – probably formed 85% of the Scottish population into the late 17th century.

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Senchus Mor, Part II, Laws of Distress, Law of Hostage-Sureties, Fosterage, Saer-Stock Tenure, and of Social Connexions on behalf of the Brehon Law Commission

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That James Anderson could observe that the ancient Scottish customs and laws were still being abided in 1793, and a line in William Tennant’s poem

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The Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales: Comprising laws supposed to be enacted by Howel the Good (Hywel Dda), Vol 2, Book XIII, Chapter ii, #53

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represent two similar cultural fabrics in Scottish history. Hodden is an early-modern period name for a primarily Gaelic fabric, earlier named

274: 788: 434:(1812): “Tenant and Laird, and hedger hodden-clad”, – both a century after repeal – shows the ubiquity of hodden in Scottish society. 783: 459:(1609) and the Privy Council Acts (1616) promoted the Scots language that forced the Anglicized word hodden to replace the Gaelic 554: 843: 352:"No labourers or husbands wear any colour except grey or white on workdays and on holy days only light blue, green and red." 182:

clothes, blankets, rugs, etc. was just part of the daily domestic routine, usually made on small hand-looms by the peasants.

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The various wool colours were often mixed roughly, spun and then woven into a plaiding cloth (used for a garment called a

238: 241:) date roughly from the period 1675 to 1725. All are tattered, solid-coloured clothing showing their age and hard use. 2722: 1151: 406:

Manx Loaghtan sheep from Butser Ancient Farm showing the loaghtan / lachdann / light tan / dun colour of the fleece.

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in 1458. These dress laws were repealed in 1698. Only then could the common Scot wear modern, dyed tartan legally.

2601: 941: 675: 1040:(Revised by J. Longmuir and D. Donaldson ed.). Paisley: Alexander Gardner (published 1880). p. 600. 958: 333: 348:

After independence, these early dress customs or codes were then enacted in medieval Scottish law in 1458:

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Study for 'Old Mortality' by David Wilkie (1820) showing him dressed in his typical hodden grey clothes.

2814: 2631: 895: 575: 461: 390:. From this sheep, many clusters of different colours determined the district colour of the peasantry. 117: 2824: 292:

a tract on status. The presumed earliest peasant dress code (possibly 5th or 6th century CE) in the

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First, the term is believed to be a loan word into the Scots language from Old Frisian / Mid-Dutch

170: 142: 300:"Black, and yellowish, and grey, and blay (OED: pale, pallid, wan, lacking in colour. Old Irish: 200: 2809: 2475: 1814: 261:

The Britons and Caledones had a dress code that was poorly documented in early literature. The

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There is a long trail of custom and law for Scottish dress codes mandating the undyed cloth of

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Earl Wemyss (April 1896). "Memories of Lord Wemyss, A.D.C., Honorary Colonel LSRV -No. III".

876: 222: 218: 997: 773:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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Ancient Laws and Customs of the Burghs of Scotland 1124 -1424, Vol. 1, The Burgh Laws #42

497: 375: 1969: 2768: 2666: 2261: 2231: 2130: 2007: 1454: 1299: 1374: 160:

both describe a cloth or garment that is ‘flecked, mottled, speckled or piebald’. The

2717: 2661: 2528: 2155: 2112: 1804: 1634: 1469: 1254: 937: 839: 1110:. Edinburgh: The National Association of Scottish Woollen Manufacturers. p. 22. 414:

For comparison to Anderson and written 40 years later, James Logan (1831), wrote in

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The Chronological Index to the Statures of the Realm [1101 - 1713]; Apparel

456: 383: 1549: 1199: 986:(5th American ed.). Highland Society of London (published 1850). p. 157. 229:

The more commonly quoted formula for hodden grey - made by mixing black and white

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a tract on status. Natural coloured vegetable and animal fibres, generally called

2753: 2206: 2120: 2045: 1994: 1924: 1724: 1719: 859: 817: 741: 716: 700: 558: 278: 266: 72:) kept Scottish peasants of Highland, Islands and Lowlands warm and dry. Hodden ( 2773: 2697: 2548: 2543: 2533: 2017: 1911: 1839: 1739: 1639: 1584: 1574: 1559: 1474: 1409: 1259: 615: 387: 262: 146: 138: 2555: 2803: 2626: 2591: 2567: 2538: 2307: 2287: 2211: 2098: 2088: 2073: 2060: 1834: 1754: 1394: 1349: 779: 774: 900:. Aberdeen, Scotland: The University of Marischal College. 1828. p. 24. 2763: 2596: 2362: 2292: 2201: 1959: 1849: 1694: 1689: 1679: 1494: 1219: 1183: 1175: 525: 379: 2500: 2412: 2302: 2297: 2226: 2180: 2025: 1544: 1534: 1514: 1364: 1334: 1324: 610: 149:

of the British Isles shared a common language and culture at some point.

120:(LSRV). Progressively darker over time, hodden grey is still worn by the 1002:. Boston, Mass., US: Wells and Lilly (published 1818). 1812. p. 21. 792:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 556. 2656: 2651: 2584: 2572: 2480: 2357: 2241: 2216: 2140: 1964: 1799: 1729: 1654: 1579: 1564: 1554: 1529: 1524: 1309: 1264: 1244: 1229: 911: 605: 371: 111:

The term hodden appears In Lowland Scots in the 16th century replacing

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The invading Gaels brought with them the Brehon Laws including the

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Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)

2608: 2281: 650: 340:. c. 14) of 1363 for ‘People of little Means’ would have applied: 122:

Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother’s Own)

2783: 2495: 2458: 2407: 2165: 2135: 2125: 2030: 1944: 1939: 1892: 1872: 1854: 1819: 1809: 1774: 1759: 1684: 1649: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1519: 1484: 1464: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1414: 1354: 1289: 1279: 1249: 1214: 1160: 282: 2377: 2738: 2671: 2512: 2347: 2337: 2317: 2256: 2145: 2050: 1974: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1829: 1784: 1769: 1734: 1704: 1699: 1664: 1659: 1594: 1504: 1404: 1399: 1389: 1369: 1339: 1284: 1274: 1189: 600: 374:; the Gaels the ancestor of the Cladagh; the Scandinavians the 39: 565: 2743: 2681: 2446: 2402: 2387: 2382: 2352: 2342: 2273: 2093: 1954: 1919: 1899: 1824: 1794: 1789: 1779: 1709: 1609: 1449: 1444: 1384: 80: 23: 1124: 838:. Toronto, Ontario: Words Indeed Publishing. pp. xxvi. 2788: 2417: 2397: 2332: 2327: 2312: 2083: 2078: 2002: 1764: 1714: 1076:. London: London Scottish Regiment Ogilby Trust. p. 7. 999:

Anster Fair: A Poem in Six Cantos with other poems: Canto 2

884:. Edinburgh: The Scottish Burghs Society. 1868. p. 21. 230: 176: 27: 277:, written in the 8th century, of the magical red cloak of 1129: 1014:"Dictionary of the Scots Language : hodden, hodding" 836:

Hodden Grey: From Scottish Homespun to Modern Battledress

234:

Lowland laird’s estate in the 18th and 19th centuries.

2606: 2582: 2553: 2519: 2510: 2456: 1897: 912:"Acts of the Royal Parliament of Scotland: 1458/3/14" 244: 1037:

An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language

445: 217:(light tan / dun). The important Scottish artists 364: 2801: 1052:"Dictionary of the Scots Language : hodden" 332:As the Scottish royalty and nobility during the 296:states for sons in fosterage of other families: 386:whose closest descendant is believed to be the 269:, King of Cymry (450-470 CE) were confirmed by 1074:The Uniform of the London Scottish 1859 - 1959 315:A later quote, presumably 8th century, reads: 1145: 518:Gie fools their silks, and knaves their wine; 304:) clothes are to be worn by the sons of the 249: 1086: 651:"Dictionary of the Irish Language: lachtna" 557:was one of the major proponents of the new 275:Thirteen Treasures of the island of Britain 1152: 1138: 833: 963:The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 676:"Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria" 634: 177:Vari-coloured wool and Scottish clothing 1105: 1033: 956: 778: 742:"Am Faclair Beag with Dwelly Dictionary" 717:"Am Faclair Beag with Dwelly Dictionary" 569:London Scottish 1895 pattern hodden grey 564: 436: 401: 199: 184: 680:Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria 100:in the later Gaelic, became the Gaelic 2802: 1089:The London Scottish Regimental Gazette 1071: 931: 538: 508:(1795) is the most quoted modern use: 1133: 979: 865:. Dublin: H.M.S.O. 1869. p. 147. 823:. Dublin: H.M.S.O. 1869. p. 149. 806:. London: H.M.S.O. 1841. p. 493. 759: 705:. Dublin: H.M.S.O. 1869. p. 149. 60:Northern European short-tailed sheep 983:The Scottish Gael or Celtic Manners 512:What though on hamely fare we dine, 127: 13: 834:Partington, Anthony (1 Nov 2022). 258:and hodden for the common people. 245:Celtic custom becomes Scottish law 14: 2836: 1118: 555:Francis Charteris, Lord Elcho, MP 936:. London: Batsford. p. 36. 766: 655:Dictionary of the Irish Language 466:There are two possible origins. 193:The better qualities of hodden ( 132: 118:London Scottish Rifle Volunteers 1099: 1080: 1065: 1044: 1027: 1006: 990: 973: 957:Anderson, James (11 Sep 1793). 950: 925: 904: 888: 869: 852: 827: 581: 477:guard, protect) and Low German 446:The origin of the word ‘hodden’ 327: 810: 796: 734: 709: 693: 668: 643: 639:. London: Duncan. p. 338. 628: 543: 531:(1816) and Charlotte Bronte’s 365:The District Colours of Hodden 38:from prehistory. Hodden, with 1: 621: 515:Wear hodden grey, an' a that; 124:as their ceremonial uniform. 1108:Our Scottish District Checks 969:: 50 – via Hathitrust. 549:manufactured mixture cloth. 308:(the common people) grades." 51:in Gaelic, and even earlier 30:, formerly much worn by the 16:Coarse cloth of undyed wool 7: 2607: 2583: 2554: 2520: 2511: 2457: 1898: 594: 521:A Man's a Man for a' that." 10: 2841: 1159: 506:A Man’s a Man for all That 156:and the Welsh (Brythonic) 2731: 2690: 2619: 2426: 2272: 2189: 2111: 2059: 2016: 1993: 1910: 1863: 1174: 1167: 378:and the Anglo-Saxons the 281:(supposed grandfather of 250:British and Gaelic custom 2774:Swatches and strike-offs 2677:Vitale Barberis Canonico 635:Armstrong, R.A. (1825). 171:Insular Celtic languages 92:in the Old Irish of the 1106:Harrison, E.S. (1968). 934:The Costume of Scotland 789:Encyclopædia Britannica 68:For centuries, hodden ( 1815:Vinyl coated polyester 570: 504:(1725). Robert Burns’ 442: 424: 407: 400: 354: 346: 321: 310: 205: 190: 2691:Manufacturingindustry 1072:Robson, J.O. (1960). 1034:Jamieson, J. (1808). 980:Logan, James (1831). 932:Dunbar, J.T. (1981). 568: 440: 420: 405: 396: 350: 342: 317: 298: 203: 188: 143:Indo-European peoples 2647:Holland & Sherry 334:Wars of Independence 22:is a coarse, undyed 2749:History of textiles 637:A Gaelic Dictionary 539:Modern Perpetuation 502:The Gentle Shepherd 376:Old Norwegian Sheep 2602:Woodblock printing 2131:Conductive textile 1300:Cedar bark textile 571: 526:Sir Walter Scott’s 491:hoed-en / huod-en. 485:sold in Flanders. 443: 408: 206: 191: 152:Gaelic (Goidelic) 2815:Scottish clothing 2797: 2796: 2156:Lenticular fabric 2107: 2106: 1805:Vegetable flannel 1125:www.hoddengrey.ca 845:978-1-989243-02-2 416:The Scottish Gael 162:breacan / brychan 2832: 2825:Waulked textiles 2779:Synthetic fabric 2612: 2588: 2578:Textile printing 2559: 2525: 2516: 2462: 2036:Machine knitting 1970:Velours du Kasaï 1903: 1172: 1171: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1131: 1130: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1010: 1004: 1003: 994: 988: 987: 977: 971: 970: 959:""Ovis Taurica"" 954: 948: 947: 929: 923: 922: 920: 918: 908: 902: 901: 892: 886: 885: 883: 873: 867: 866: 856: 850: 849: 831: 825: 824: 814: 808: 807: 800: 794: 793: 772: 770: 769: 763: 757: 756: 754: 752: 738: 732: 731: 729: 727: 713: 707: 706: 697: 691: 690: 688: 686: 672: 666: 665: 663: 661: 647: 641: 640: 632: 457:Statutes of Iona 384:Scottish Dunface 128:An ancient cloth 2840: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2754:History of silk 2727: 2686: 2615: 2563:Roller printing 2435: 2422: 2268: 2257:Tartan or plaid 2185: 2121:Ballistic nylon 2103: 2055: 2012: 1989: 1906: 1865: 1859: 1725:Seerhand muslin 1163: 1158: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1100: 1085: 1081: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1007: 996: 995: 991: 978: 974: 955: 951: 944: 930: 926: 916: 914: 910: 909: 905: 894: 893: 889: 881: 875: 874: 870: 858: 857: 853: 846: 832: 828: 816: 815: 811: 802: 801: 797: 782:, ed. (1911). " 767: 765: 764: 760: 750: 748: 740: 739: 735: 725: 723: 715: 714: 710: 699: 698: 694: 684: 682: 674: 673: 669: 659: 657: 649: 648: 644: 633: 629: 624: 597: 584: 576:London Scottish 559:Volunteer Force 546: 541: 455:in Gaelic. The 448: 367: 330: 279:Padarn Beisrudd 267:Dyfnwal Moelmud 252: 247: 179: 135: 130: 26:made of undyed 17: 12: 11: 5: 2838: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2551: 2549:Rogan printing 2546: 2544:Parchmentising 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2274:Textile fibers 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1560:Linsey-woolsey 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1540:Kijōka-bashōfu 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1475:Grenfell Cloth 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1119:External links 1117: 1114: 1113: 1098: 1079: 1064: 1043: 1026: 1005: 989: 972: 949: 942: 924: 903: 887: 868: 851: 844: 826: 809: 795: 780:Chisholm, Hugh 758: 733: 708: 692: 667: 642: 626: 625: 623: 620: 619: 618: 616:Melton (cloth) 613: 608: 603: 596: 593: 583: 580: 553:militia. 545: 542: 540: 537: 523: 522: 519: 516: 513: 447: 444: 388:Shetland sheep 366: 363: 329: 326: 263:Molmutine Laws 251: 248: 246: 243: 178: 175: 134: 131: 129: 126: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2837: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2810:Woven fabrics 2808: 2807: 2805: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2703:Manufacturing 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2627:Carlo Barbera 2625: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2592:Warp printing 2590: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2568:Sanforization 2566: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2529:Mercerization 2527: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284:(Manila hemp) 2283: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2089:Needlerun net 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2074:Carbon fibers 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1395:Donegal tweed 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1350:Cloth of gold 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1200:Almerían silk 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1109: 1102: 1094: 1090: 1083: 1075: 1068: 1053: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1015: 1009: 1001: 1000: 993: 985: 984: 976: 968: 964: 960: 953: 945: 939: 935: 928: 913: 907: 899: 898: 891: 880: 879: 872: 864: 863: 855: 847: 841: 837: 830: 822: 821: 813: 805: 799: 791: 790: 785: 781: 776: 775:public domain 762: 747: 743: 737: 722: 718: 712: 704: 703: 696: 681: 677: 671: 656: 652: 646: 638: 631: 627: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 592: 588: 579: 577: 567: 563: 560: 556: 550: 536: 534: 530: 529:Old Mortality 527: 520: 517: 514: 511: 510: 509: 507: 503: 499: 493: 492: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 463: 458: 454: 439: 435: 433: 428: 423: 419: 417: 412: 404: 399: 395: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 362: 358: 353: 349: 345: 341: 339: 335: 325: 320: 316: 313: 309: 307: 303: 297: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 257: 242: 240: 235: 232: 227: 224: 220: 216: 211: 202: 198: 196: 187: 183: 174: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 148: 144: 140: 133:Ancient roots 125: 123: 119: 114: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 77: 75: 71: 66: 65: 61: 56: 55: 50: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 2713:Preservation 2620:Fabric mills 2597:Waxed cotton 2202:Bizarre silk 1960:Polar fleece 1695:Saga Nishiki 1690:Russell cord 1509: 1495:Harris tweed 1240:Brilliantine 1220:Bedford cord 1186:(Medriñaque) 1107: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1073: 1067: 1055:. Retrieved 1046: 1036: 1029: 1017:. Retrieved 1008: 998: 992: 982: 975: 966: 962: 952: 933: 927: 915:. Retrieved 906: 896: 890: 877: 871: 860: 854: 835: 829: 818: 812: 803: 798: 787: 761: 749:. Retrieved 745: 736: 724:. Retrieved 720: 711: 701: 695: 683:. Retrieved 679: 670: 658:. Retrieved 654: 645: 636: 630: 589: 585: 582:Hodden today 572: 551: 547: 532: 528: 524: 505: 501: 500:in his play 498:Allan Ramsay 494: 490: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 468: 460: 452: 449: 431: 429: 425: 421: 415: 413: 409: 397: 392: 380:Heidschnucke 368: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 331: 328:Scottish law 322: 318: 314: 311: 305: 301: 299: 293: 290:Senchus Mor, 289: 287: 260: 255: 253: 236: 228: 223:David Wilkie 214: 209: 207: 194: 192: 180: 165: 161: 157: 153: 151: 136: 112: 110: 106:Scottish law 97: 93: 89: 86:Senchus Mor, 85: 78: 73: 69: 67: 63: 53: 52: 47: 46: 42: 19: 18: 2723:Terminology 2708:Performance 2556:Rōketsuzome 2501:Heatsetting 2476:Calendering 2466:Bògòlanfini 2413:Spider silk 2227:Houndstooth 2222:Herringbone 2181:Windstopper 2026:Boiled wool 1545:Kente cloth 1535:Khaki drill 1515:Irish linen 1500:Herringbone 1365:Cotton duck 1325:Cheesecloth 1184:Abacá cloth 611:Duffel coat 544:Rediscovery 432:Anster Fair 294:Senchus Mor 219:David Allan 137:Gaelic and 102:dress codes 94:Senchus Mor 2804:Categories 2657:Loro Piana 2652:Larusmiani 2585:Tsutsugaki 2573:Tenterhook 2481:Decatising 2358:Microfiber 2262:Tattersall 2242:Pinstripes 2217:Glen plaid 2141:E-textiles 2008:Cedar bark 1965:Terrycloth 1912:Pile woven 1800:Ultrasuede 1730:Seersucker 1655:Perpetuana 1580:Madapollam 1525:Kerseymere 1310:Char cloth 1265:Byrd Cloth 1245:Broadcloth 1230:Beta cloth 943:0713425342 862:Commission 820:Commission 746:Am Faclair 721:Am Faclair 622:References 606:Loden cape 2769:Shrinkage 2718:Recycling 2642:E. Thomas 2491:Finishing 2429:Finishing 2373:Polyester 2323:Eisengarn 2247:Polka dot 2113:Technical 2041:Milliskin 1980:Velveteen 1935:Crimplene 1750:Shot silk 1675:Rayadillo 1670:Rakematiz 1570:Longcloth 1490:Haircloth 1480:Grosgrain 1470:Grenadine 1460:Ghalamkar 1455:Georgette 1440:Gabardine 1315:Charmeuse 1235:Bombazine 1225:Bengaline 1210:Barkcloth 338:37 Edw. 3 271:Hywel Dda 158:‘brychan’ 154:‘breacan’ 139:Brythonic 32:peasantry 2759:Knitting 2662:Piacenza 2637:Dormeuil 2522:Katazome 2506:Indienne 2452:Beetling 2442:Androsia 2433:printing 2393:Sea silk 2368:Pashmina 2308:Cashmere 2252:Shweshwe 2190:Patterns 2176:SympaTex 2171:Stub-tex 2161:Silnylon 2151:Gore-Tex 2069:Bobbinet 1995:Nonwoven 1985:Zibeline 1950:Moquette 1930:Corduroy 1925:Chenille 1864:Figured 1845:Whipcord 1645:Paduasoy 1630:Osnaburg 1600:Nainsook 1590:Moleskin 1575:Mackinaw 1420:Eolienne 1380:Cretonne 1360:Corduroy 1295:Capilene 1290:Chambray 1270:C change 1205:Barathea 1195:Armazine 1095:(1): 41. 595:See also 533:Villette 483:lachdann 462:lachdann 453:lachdann 324:status. 256:lachdann 221:and Sir 215:lachdann 195:lachdann 113:lachdann 98:lachdann 74:lachdann 70:lachdann 48:lachdann 36:Scotland 2784:Weaving 2732:Related 2632:Cerruti 2496:Fulling 2471:Burnout 2459:Bingata 2408:Spandex 2288:Acrylic 2237:Paisley 2166:Spandex 2136:Darlexx 2126:Ban-Lon 2031:Coolmax 2018:Knitted 1945:Mockado 1940:Fustian 1893:Songket 1873:Brocade 1855:Zorbeez 1820:Viyella 1810:Ventile 1775:Ticking 1760:Taffeta 1720:Scarlet 1685:Ripstop 1650:Percale 1635:Ottoman 1625:Organza 1620:Organdy 1615:Oilskin 1605:Nankeen 1520:Jamdani 1485:Habutai 1465:Gingham 1435:Fustian 1430:Foulard 1425:Flannel 1415:Drugget 1355:Cordura 1330:Chiffon 1320:Charvet 1305:Challis 1280:Cambric 1255:Bunting 1250:Buckram 1215:Batiste 777:: 479:houd-en 471:hoed-en 302:lachtna 283:Cunedda 231:fleeces 210:breacan 147:Britons 90:lachtna 54:lachtna 2739:Dyeing 2698:Design 2672:Scabal 2513:Kasuri 2486:Devoré 2363:Olefin 2348:Mohair 2338:Kevlar 2318:Cotton 2298:Angora 2293:Alpaca 2232:Kelsch 2197:Argyle 2146:Gannex 2061:Netted 2051:Velour 2046:Jersey 1975:Velvet 1888:Lampas 1883:Damask 1878:Camlet 1850:Zephyr 1835:Waffle 1830:Wadmal 1785:Tucuyo 1770:Tartan 1735:Sendal 1705:Sateen 1700:Samite 1665:Poplin 1660:Pongee 1640:Oxford 1595:Muslin 1585:Madras 1510:Hodden 1505:Himroo 1405:Dowlas 1400:Dornix 1390:Dimity 1370:Coutil 1345:Cloqué 1340:Chintz 1285:Canvas 1275:Calico 1260:Burlap 1190:Aertex 1161:Fabric 1057:19 May 1019:19 May 940: 917:20 Dec 842: 784:Hodden 771: 751:18 Jan 726:18 Jan 685:31 Jan 660:18 Jan 601:Wadmal 64: 40:wadmal 20:Hodden 2764:Pandy 2744:Fiber 2682:Zegna 2609:Yūzen 2534:Moire 2447:Batik 2403:Sisal 2388:Rayon 2383:Ramie 2353:Nylon 2343:Linen 2303:Bashō 2282:Abacá 2212:Chiné 2207:Check 2099:Tulle 2094:Ninon 1955:Plush 1920:Baize 1900:Rinzu 1866:woven 1840:Wigan 1825:Voile 1795:Twill 1790:Tweed 1780:Toile 1755:Stuff 1745:Scrim 1740:Serge 1710:Satin 1610:Ninon 1565:Loden 1530:Khādī 1450:Gazar 1445:Gauze 1410:Drill 1385:Denim 1375:Crêpe 1335:Chino 1176:Woven 1168:Types 882:(PDF) 306:Feini 239:Lewis 166:breac 81:Gaels 24:cloth 2789:Yarn 2667:Reda 2418:Wool 2398:Silk 2378:Piña 2333:Jute 2328:Hemp 2313:Coir 2084:Mesh 2079:Lace 2003:Felt 1765:Tais 1715:Saye 1555:Lawn 1550:Lamé 1059:2019 1021:2019 938:ISBN 919:2017 840:ISBN 753:2024 728:2024 687:2024 662:2024 372:Soay 96:and 79:The 28:wool 2539:Nap 2431:and 1680:Rep 786:". 265:of 34:of 2806:: 1091:. 967:17 965:. 961:. 744:. 719:. 678:. 653:. 418:: 173:. 1153:e 1146:t 1139:v 1093:4 1061:. 1023:. 946:. 921:. 848:. 755:. 730:. 689:. 664:. 475:= 473:( 464:. 43:,

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