268:, conservative estimates "list 18,000 to 20,000 killed in combat between 1963 and 1971 with tens of thousands injured." The Lao Veterans of America and Lao Veterans of America Institute put the number at over 50,000 Hmong veterans killed during the Vietnam War, not including tens of thousands of Hmong and Laotian refugees and asylum seekers killed prior to 1975. This number does not account for the number of widows, orphans, and displaced people. These figures also do not account for the tens of thousands of Hmong and Royal Laotian veterans and their families who died in reeducation camps, following the Communist takeover in 1975, or who were killed in ongoing military attacks by the
347:, California-based Lao Veterans of America Institute and LVA, are widely credited as having developed the bipartisan strategy, and efforts in the U.S. Congress and Lao- and Hmong-American community that ultimately led both to the introduction and final passage of the legislation, as well as the two follow-on bills to grant and extension of time to implement the original bill and grant citizenship to the Hmong veterans' widows.
369:, to honor Laotian and Hmong veterans of the U.S. "Secret Army" were organized and funded in Washington, D.C., on May 14–15, 1997, by Wangyee Vang and Philip Smith of the Lao Veterans of America Institute, LVA and Centre for Public Policy Analysis. The national events helped to bring awareness to the plight of the Hmong and advance the legislation in the U.S. Congress.
1142:"Hmong vets, who fought in secret, are honored; in the 1960s and '70s, Hmong soldiers aided the United States in its covert war in Laos. On Wednesday, Hmong veterans converged on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington to make sure they are not forgotten.(NEWS) - Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN) | HighBeam Research"
441:, the then President of the Minnesota branch of Lao Veterans of America expressed happiness for the bill as well. After it was passed by both houses, he "pulled up a pant leg and traced the scars a grenade seared into his leg.... He stated, 'I feel very happy. At last America has recognized its promise to us.'"
909:
Aamot, Gregg, Star
Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota), (18 August 1997) "Hmong putting American politics to work for them; From Minnesota, California and other states, unprecedented numbers of Hmong immigrants are learning how to benefit from democracy by wielding the power that lobbying Congress gives
1138:
Hamburger, Tom, Star
Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota), (15 May 1997), "Hmong vets, who fought in secret, are honored; In the 1960s and '70s, Hmong soldiers aided the United States in its covert war in Laos. On Wednesday, Hmong veterans converged on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington to make
381:
The Act takes into consideration the difficulty of the civic portion of the U.S. citizenship test as well. Applicants are allowed to use an interpreter for the civics portion. It can be done in any language of their choice. Interpreters are provided. They are also only asked ten of the twenty five
292:
The Hmong
Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000 aimed to make naturalization an easier process for the Hmong-American veteran refugees (official legal aliens living, and legally residing, in the United States who were political refugees), who served in Laos in support U.S. forces during the Vietnam
434:
members of the U.S. Congress made numerous statements in support of the legislation seeking its passage. President Bill
Clinton also acknowledged the act through a statement in 2000, after he signed the bill. He recognized the law as a "tribute to the service, courage, and sacrifice of the Hmong
198:
Mr. Philip Smith, the LVA, Lao
Veterans of America Institute, the Center for Public Policy Analysis, and others, also urged passage of two additional pieces of legislation, one to grant an additional 18 months to implement the bill (passed in 2001), another to grant citizenship to Hmong veterans
296:
The first goal was for the United States' government to grant citizenship to those Hmong- and
Laotian-American veterans who served with U.S. forces during the Vietnam War. This also meant the recognition of the important sacrifices the U.S. "Secret Army" made in support of the defense of U.S.
249:. Despite the United States' and CIA's efforts in support of the Royal Lao Government and Hmong, and the anti-communist Hmong and Laotian forces supporting and participating in the United States' covert operations, the country of Laos eventually fell to the invading
411:
Applicants must have a proof of military service in Laos during the
Vietnam War in order to be eligible. This includes an affidavit for a U.S.-backed Lao Hmong commanding officer or existing legal document from the U.S. Immigration & Naturalization Service.
377:
The Hmong
Veterans' Naturalization Act gives those veterans who qualify a complete exemption from the English language portion of the citizenship test, meaning they will not be tested on their ability to write, read, or speak English.
293:
War, to become fully naturalized, U.S. citizens. The key members of
Congress, organizations and people backing and fighting for the introduction and passage of the bill had at least three similar goals or purposes, which included:
300:
The second purpose was to educate the U.S. Congress and U.S. government about the unique obstacle the Hmong people had in taking the
English test in order to get naturalized. For many Hmong, English was difficult because the
435:
people who were our allies in Laos during the Vietnam War" and that "after the Vietnam war, many Hmong soldiers and their families came to the United States and have become part of the social fabric of American society."
324:(R-PA), in an effort to honor Hmong and Laotian veterans who were enlisted in the U.S.-backed "Secret Army" in the Kingdom of Laos during the Vietnam War. The bill was a result of not only a large lobby effort by the
187:, Inc. (LVA) who testified in support of the legislation in 1997 at Committee hearings before the U.S. House of Representatives and Congress and who repeatedly mobilized in support of the bill's passage. Colonel
221:
Decades before the Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act came into existence, a U.S.-backed clandestine and covert military operation took place in Laos for some 14 years during the Vietnam War. The United States'
1062:
U.S. Congressional Record, "Honoring and commending the Lao Veterans of America, Laotian and Hmong veterans of the Vietnam War, and their families, for their historic contributions to the United States."
785:
171:
In its formative stages in the early 1990s, the bill was researched, developed, backed and spearheaded by the nation's largest non-profit ethnic Hmong and Laotian veterans organizations, including the
933:"Minnesota group swells the ranks of Lao veterans rally; Hundreds gathered to pay respects to the secret army of the Vietnam War.(NEWS) - Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN) | HighBeam Research"
559:
Smith, Mary Lynn, Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota), (11 May 1997), "Hmong veterans from Twin Cities heading to D.C. to attend tribute; Refugees back bill to ease citizenship requirements"
408:
Applicants must be ethnic Hmong or Laotian to be considered. However, this act only allows those who fought during the Vietnam War in Laos, who are legal political refugees from Laos to apply.
1266:
930:
Star Tribune, Minneapolis, Minnesota, (15 May 1998) "Minnesota group swells the ranks of Lao veterans rally; Hundreds gathered to pay respects to the secret army of the Vietnam War. (NEWS)"
562:"Hmong veterans from Twin Cities heading to D.C. To attend tribute; Refugees back bill to ease citizenship requirements.(NEWS) - Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN) | HighBeam Research"
260:
The impact of the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos and the Royal Lao Government's efforts to defend the ancient Kingdom of Laos with the help of the U.S.-backed Hmong "Secret Army"
195:, the Lao Veterans of America, Inc. and others, helped educate and mobilized the Lao- and Hmong-American community across the United States to support passage of the legislation.
1030:"BILL TO HELP HMONG GETS FINAL OK IT WOULD MAKE IT EASIER FOR MANY LAOTIANS TO GET U.S. CITIZENSHIP.(Front) - the Wisconsin State Journal (Madison, WI) | HighBeam Research"
738:
Loeb, Vernon, Washington Post (15 October 2000)"CIA Figure Lobbies for Secret Warriors' Widows; Measure to Aid Naturalization of Lao and Hmong Spouses Is Lodged in Senate"
297:
national security interests and the Kingdom of Laos during the Vietnam War, including deaths that occurred, the injuries, and loss of homeland for the people of Laos.
1128:
Barber, Ben, Washington Times, Washington, D.C., (14 May 1997) "Hmong Veterans to Receive Medals: Laotian People Became Refugees after Helping U.S. Fight Vietnam War"
1027:
The Wisconsin State Journal,(Madison, Wisconsin), (24 May 2000) "Bill to Help Hmong Gets Final OK It Would Make It Easier For Many Laotians To Get U.S. Citizenship."
1236:
960:
793:
1101:
Branigin, William, Washington Post (Washington, D.C.),(15 May 1997) "Recognizing U.S. Allies in `Secret War'; `Long Overdue' Honors Go to Hmong, Lao Vets"
1271:
206:, the most influential leader in the Hmong community prior to his decline and death in the United States, also backed passage of the legislation.
67:, to file a naturalization application for honorary U.S. citizenship. However, the Act was later amended by additional legislation passed by the
63:." The initial Act gave these alien veterans eighteen months since the day of the bill's passage by the U.S. Congress, and its signature by the
975:
Gordon, Greg, Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota),(12 June 1998) "House panel acts to help Hmong vets who fought for CIA gain citizenship."
59:, "an exemption from the English language requirement and special consideration for civics testing for certain refugees from Laos applying for
850:
McCaffrey, Angela (2004–2005). "Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act: Precedent for Waiving the English Language Requirement for the Elderly".
328:(LVA),and its National President, Colonel Wangyee Vang, and Washington, D.C., Director, Philip Smith, but also support and pressure from the
1251:
978:"House panel acts to help Hmong vets who fought for CIA gain citizenship.(NEWS) - Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN) | HighBeam Research"
1261:
1104:"Recognizing U.S. Allies in 'Secret War'; 'Long Overdue' Honors Go to Hmong, Lao Vets - the Washington Post | HighBeam Research"
760:"They earned it; Hmong-Americans.(Citizenship for Hmong refugees)(Brief Article) - the Economist (US) | HighBeam Research"
75:
192:
726:
The Economist (29 November 2001), "They earned it: A last-minute reprieve for Hmong fighters seeking American citizenship."
354:
finally passed the bill and on May 26, 2000, President Bill Clinton signed the Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act into law.
308:
The third goal of the act was to help Hmong-American veteran's families adjust and obtain citizenship in the United States.
1256:
1141:
1029:
1003:
977:
932:
914:
759:
702:
676:
650:
613:
587:
561:
537:
1167:
1103:
742:
489:
281:
677:"Briefs: House Committee Approves Easier Citizenship Rules for Hmong, Laotian Vets - AsianWeek | HighBeam Research"
1053:
Madigan, Sean, Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota) (27 May 2000) "Clinton signs citizenship bill for Hmong veterans".
957:
872:
246:
209:
As a result of the Hmong Veterans Naturalization Act tens of thousands of ethnic Laotian and Hmong veterans received
180:
1064:
431:
427:
210:
1076:
894:
827:
522:
415:
The Hmong Veterans' Widows Naturalization Act, passed later by the U.S. Congress, applies to widows of the above.
64:
316:
This bill was first introduced in the early 1990s by a handful of members of Congress led by Representative
956:
Frommer, Fred, Associated Press (AP) Washington, D.C., (10 October 2000) "Minnesota Rep. Bruce Vento Dies"
700:
Sewell, Chris, The Capital Times, Madison, Wisconsin, (20 May 2000), "Hmong Vets Get Break in Citizenship"
614:"LAOS HMONG VETERANS: WAIVE U.S. CITIZENSHIP TEST LANGUAGE. - States News Service | HighBeam Research"
401:
Is a veteran who meets all of the qualifications listed above at the time the veteran applied to enter the
362:
234:
223:
172:
24:
648:
Frommer, Fred, Associated Press (AP), Washington, D.C. (2 May 2000) "House Approves Hmong Citizen Bill"
1246:
674:
Asia Week "House Committee Approves Easier Citizenship Rules for Hmong, Laotian Vets" (12 April 2000)
382:
questions and only need to correctly answer six of these ten questions in order to pass this portion.
757:
The Economist, (1 December 2001)"They earned it; Hmong-Americans.(Citizenship for Hmong refugees)"
585:
Baca, Maria Elena, Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota),(23 June 1998), "Hundreds rally for bill"
336:
as well—-who Smith and the LVA worked closely with from 1988-2003 on various public policy issues.
273:
325:
184:
31:
and ethnic Laotian veterans, who were legal refugee aliens in the US (political refugees, facing
350:
Although the bill eventually enjoyed broad non-partisan support, it took ten years to pass. The
703:"HMONG VETS GET BREAK IN CITIZENSHIP.(HomeGarden) - the Capital Times | HighBeam Research"
611:
States News Service, (16 May 2000) "Laos Hmong Veterans: Waive U.S. Citizenship Test Language."
68:
1001:
Frommer, Fred, Associated Press (AP),(23 May 2000) "Hmong Citizenship Bill Passes Congress"
398:
Were admitted into the United States through a political refugee status process from Laos, or
277:
250:
227:
226:(CIA) recruited and guided indigenous Hmong and ethnic Laotian peoples to fight the invading
32:
1192:
339:
Philip Smith, a veteran public policy analyst and influential legislative affairs expert on
1241:
638:
Barber, Ben, Washington Times, (15 May 1998) "Hmong Army Veterans Ask for U.S. Citizenship"
395:
Served in the U.S "Secret Army" anytime between February 28, 1961 to September 18, 1978 and
269:
588:"Hundreds rally for bill.(NEWS) - Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN) | HighBeam Research"
191:, President of the Lao Veterans of America Institute, Philip Smith, Executive Director of
8:
392:"Served with a U.S.-backed Laotian based special guerrilla unit, or irregular forces, and
357:
Historic and massive events, held for the first time ever at the national level, at the
1168:"Briefs: Hmong Hold War Recognition in Washington - AsianWeek | HighBeam Research"
868:
Smith, Philip, Executive Director, Center for Public Policy Analysis, Washington, D.C.
549:
Davis, Charles, Washington Times, Washington, D.C.,(24 August 1997), "Repaying a Debt"
47:) from the communist Lao government, and who also served in U.S.-backed guerrilla, or
242:
122:
48:
958:
http://www.mesothel.com/asbestos-cancer/mesothelioma/patient-profiles/vento_obit.htm
366:
321:
241:. Hmong involvement in the Vietnam War is known to many as the "Secret War" or the
161:
146:
74:
The legislation was passed in bipartisan fashion by the then Republican-controlled
36:
1065:
https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/406/text
964:
918:
898:
876:
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114:
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455:
351:
329:
302:
153:
98:
60:
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497:
264:
and special forces caused significant casualties. According to Representative
1230:
450:
438:
358:
142:
118:
106:
1127:
1077:"Questions and Answers About the Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000"
637:
548:
93:
Primary House backers of the original House bill authored by Representative
340:
188:
138:
130:
126:
87:
40:
28:
470:
385:
This does not arrange for any veterans' benefits or monetary reparations
317:
265:
152:
In the Senate, the bill was introduced and advanced by Minnesota Senator
94:
83:
79:
56:
651:"House Approves Hmong Citizen Bill - AP Online | HighBeam Research"
1004:"Citizenship Bill Passes Congress - AP Online | HighBeam Research"
727:
465:
254:
176:
134:
110:
891:
824:
519:
261:
165:
157:
1206:"Statement on Signing the Hmong Veterans Naturalization Act of 2000"
1165:
Asia Week (29 May 1997), "Hmong Hold War Recognition in Washington"
814:
Vang, Wangyee, Lao Veterans of America Institute, Fresno, California
786:"CIA Air Operations in Laos 1955-1974: Supporting the "Secret War""
333:
203:
102:
44:
418:
The maximum number of citizens admitted under the act was 45,000.
231:
71:
which extended the N-400 filing date by an additional 18 months.
823:
Smith, Philip , Lao Veterans of America, Inc., Washington, D.C.
344:
1267:
United States federal immigration and nationality legislation
886:
884:
52:
1193:
http://www.ssa.gov/legislation/legis_bulletin_061300.html
881:
404:
United States and was admitted as a refugee from Laos"
538:
Center for Public Policy Analysis, Washington, D.C.
105:, (D-NC) Immigration Subcommittee, Vice Chairman,
890:Lao Veterans of America, Inc. , Washington, D.C.
518:Lao Veterans of America, Inc., Washington, D.C.,
496:. American Immigration Law Center. Archived from
1228:
1237:Imprisonment and detention in the United States
1191:Social Security Administration, (13 June 2000)
272:and Vietnam People's Army as documented by the
849:
912:http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62614713.html
792:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
280:, the Center for Public Policy Analysis, the
870:http://www.centreforpublicpolicyanalysis.org
490:"Hmong Veteran's Naturalization Act of 2000"
740:http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-555885.html
305:only recently acquired written characters.
1212:. University of California – Santa Barbara
343:, along with Colonel Wangyee Vang, of the
101:(R-TX),Immigration Subcommittee Chairman,
21:Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000
1272:Acts of the 106th United States Congress
25:H.R. 371; Pub.L. 106-207; 114 Stat. 316.
1197:
1083:. Southeast Asia Resource Action Center
845:
843:
841:
839:
320:(D-MN), and key Republicans, including
1229:
160:(R-MN), as well as Wisconsin Senators
109:, (D-CA) Judiciary Committee Chairman
76:United States House of Representatives
216:
193:the Center for Public Policy Analysis
156:(D-MN) and others, including Senator
1139:sure they are not forgotten.(NEWS)"
836:
728:http://www.economist.com/node/886687
1252:Hmong diaspora in the United States
1069:
892:http://www.laoveteransofamerica.org
825:http://www.laoveteransofamerica.org
777:
520:http://www.laoveteransofamerica.org
482:
282:United League for Democracy in Laos
13:
852:Georgetown Immigration Law Journal
14:
1283:
247:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
181:Lao Veterans of America Institute
1262:Immigration to the United States
388:The law only applies those who:
1185:
1159:
1132:
1121:
1095:
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1021:
995:
969:
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924:
903:
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183:and the Washington, D.C.–based
27:) is legislation which granted
642:
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553:
542:
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512:
65:President of the United States
1:
476:
82:, and signed into law at the
421:
149:(senior) (R-CA) and others.
97:(D-MN) included Congressmen
7:
1257:Central Intelligence Agency
444:
363:Arlington National Cemetery
287:
224:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
1288:
372:
311:
365:, the U.S. Congress, and
16:United States federal law
274:Lao Human Rights Council
235:People's Army of Vietnam
326:Lao Veterans of America
185:Lao Veterans of America
1203:
1075:
783:
488:
69:United States Congress
278:Amnesty International
251:North Vietnamese Army
228:North Vietnamese Army
33:political persecution
253:(NVA) and communist
211:American citizenship
963:2014-12-04 at the
917:2015-03-29 at the
897:2016-12-27 at the
875:2017-09-23 at the
830:2016-12-27 at the
745:2015-03-29 at the
525:2016-12-27 at the
217:Historical context
202:Lao Hmong General
1247:Laotian Civil War
270:Lao People's Army
243:Laotian Civil War
123:George Radanovich
90:on May 26, 2000.
51:-backed units in
49:US special forces
1279:
1222:
1221:
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1179:
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796:on June 13, 2007
784:Leary, William.
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432:Republican Party
428:Democratic Party
367:Vietnam Memorial
162:Russell Feingold
37:ethnic cleansing
1287:
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500:on 8 April 2013
487:
483:
479:
447:
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375:
330:Hmong community
314:
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239:Kingdom of Laos
219:
168:(D-WI), et al.
115:Steve Gunderson
17:
12:
11:
5:
1285:
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630:
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461:Lamar S. Smith
458:
456:Paul Wellstone
453:
446:
443:
423:
420:
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405:
402:
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374:
371:
352:106th Congress
313:
310:
303:Hmong language
289:
286:
284:, and others.
218:
215:
173:Central Valley
154:Paul Wellstone
61:naturalization
43:violations or
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1284:
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1268:
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1234:
1232:
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1194:
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1174:on 2015-03-29
1173:
1169:
1162:
1148:on 2015-03-29
1147:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1110:on 2015-03-29
1109:
1105:
1098:
1082:
1081:oac.cdlib.org
1078:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1036:on 2015-03-29
1035:
1031:
1024:
1010:on 2015-03-29
1009:
1005:
998:
984:on 2015-03-29
983:
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1242:Vietnam War
910:them.(NEWS)
471:Vietnam War
318:Bruce Vento
266:Bruce Vento
99:Lamar Smith
95:Bruce Vento
84:White House
80:U.S. Senate
57:Vietnam War
1231:Categories
1178:2014-11-28
1152:2014-11-28
1114:2014-11-28
1040:2014-11-28
1014:2014-11-28
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477:References
466:Henry Hyde
322:Don Ritter
255:Pathet Lao
177:California
135:Tim Holden
111:Henry Hyde
1216:1 October
1087:1 October
800:1 October
504:1 October
422:Reactions
262:guerrilla
166:Herb Kohl
158:Rod Grams
1210:ucsb.edu
961:Archived
915:Archived
895:Archived
873:Archived
828:Archived
743:Archived
523:Archived
494:ailc.com
445:See also
334:Vang Pao
288:Purposes
204:Vang Pao
199:widows.
164:(D-WI),
145:(R-CA),
141:(R-NC),
137:(D-PA),
133:(R-CA),
129:(R-OH),
125:(R-CA),
121:(R-CA),
117:(R-WI),
113:(R-Il),
103:Mel Watt
45:genocide
790:CIA.gov
373:Content
312:Journey
232:Marxist
179:–based
430:, and
345:Fresno
332:, and
78:, and
426:Both
361:, in
29:Hmong
1218:2014
1089:2014
802:2014
506:2014
245:and
230:and
53:Laos
19:The
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