2218:(p.7) El de la estudiantina española, compuesta por 64 personas y que está en París, es muy bello y gusta mucho... (p.11) A las nueve los 64 jóvenes que forman la estudiantina llegaron a nuestra casa atravesando con gran dificultad por enmedio del público reunido delante de nuestro hotel... (p.44) La estudiantina se compone de 64 jóvenes que, según las noticias más fidedignas, y desnudas algún tanto de la exageración francesa que los ha ennoblecido con antiguos titulos, por lo menos de hidalguía, proceden en gran parte del Conservatorio y de la Facultad de Medicina, que fue siempre la que dió más estudiantes a su Tuna. :(p.7)That of the Spanish Estudiantina, composed of 64 people and is in Paris is very beautiful and very much like... (p.11) At nine the 64 young people who form the estudiantina came to our house with great difficulty through the middle of the public gathered in front of our hotel... (p.44) The estudiantina consists of 64 young people who, according to the most reliable news, and bare somewhat of French exaggeration that has ennobled with old titles, at least hidalguía, comes in much of the Conservatory and the School of Medicine, which was always the one that gave more students to their Tuna.
117:
550:
925:
934:
298:
730:
93:
721:
2338:
Estudiantina Figaro quite possibly would not exist if there were not produced before the creation and media coverage of the
Spanish Estudiantina.: To better understand the emergence of the Spanish Estudiantina Figaro we have necessarily to remember that they most likely would not have existed had there not previously the Spanish Estudiantina been created in order to attend the Paris Carnival 1878... We say that the Spanish Estudiantina Figaro quite possibly would not exist if there were not produced before the creation and media coverage of the Spanish Estudiantina.
289:
559:
847:
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983:
192:
568:
2854:
577:
183:
280:
271:
20:
2864:
105:
509:, used throughout Europe. The small soundhole shaped like a "3" or a "W", typical of Muslim-made instruments and seen in the Cantigas de Santa Maria illustrations on instruments played by Europeans, were not typical of European instruments. Instead the European instruments largely used a C-, D- or B-shaped soundhole, or a round soundhole, which might be covered with a rose decoration. The
2069:...on December 2, 1852 in Parma at the Regio theater he performed a single string music from his mandolin, on a Lombard-type mandolin inspired by sixteenth-century instruments still unformed and rough. It was a soprano lute, very small, having the semblance of a paunchy half-egg which he later replaced with a mandolin inspired by Hispanic Bandurria- type models...
1392:
is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from
Anaxilas in his play The Lyre-maker as 'trichordos'... According to Pollux, the trichordon (sic) was Assyrian and they gave it the name pandoura...These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian
1391:
The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Õunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi. and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin
771:
Not limited to mandolins, the
Vinaccias made stringed instruments, including violins, cellos, guitars, mandolas and mandolins. Noted members of the family who made mandolins are known today from labels inside of surviving instruments and include Vincenzo, Giovanni, Domenico, and Antonio (and his sons
667:
The mandore or mandola of the 16th and 17th centuries was not the final form. It was redesigned in
Northern Italy. The mandola had a flat soundboard with glued-on bridge, a peg box angled backwards, and lateral tuning pegs. The new instrument was smaller but retained the flat soundboard with glued-on
230:
from c. 3100 BC or earlier (now in the possession of the
British Museum) shows what is thought to be a woman playing a stick lute. From the surviving images, theorists have categorized the Mesopotamian lutes, showing that they developed into a long variety and a short. The line of long lutes may have
1886:
Pasquale
Vinaccia of Naples, the perfector of the modern Italian mandolin. The name of Vinaccia is emblazoned amongst the most exalted of the world's stringed instrument makers, and it was the inventive genius of this member of the family — born July 20, 1806 in Naples, and died there in 1882 — that
978:
and Alcala and traveled to Paris for
Carnival staying from March 2 through March 15. This early group of students played flutes, guitars, violins, bandurrias, and tambourines. This early group was led by Ildefonso de Zabaleta (president) and Joaquin de Castañeda (vice president). The group performed
902:
It was during this slump in popularity (specifically in 1835) that
Pasquale Vinaccia made his modifications to the instrument that his family made for generations, creating the Neapolitan mandolin. The mandolin was largely forgotten outside Italy by that point, but the stage was set for it to become
874:
The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the
Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat "flush" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next
663:
The path from mandola to the modern mandolin was not simple; in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were varieties of mandolin with different characteristics. As historians sorted instruments and traditions, it became understood that the current mandolin may not be a true descendant of the
168:
This picture of musical bow to harp bow is theory and has been contested. In 1965 Franz Jahnel wrote his criticism stating that the early ancestors of plucked instruments are not currently known. He felt that the harp bow was a long cry from the sophistication of the 4th-century BC civilization that
688:
Musician and musical historian Alex
Timmerman does not draw hard lines in his chart, "The Italian Mandolin, its evolution, nomenclature and types." He makes an effort to show relations between the generations of the instruments, from the mandola in the 1650s to the mandolins of the present day. The
679:
said that these fourths-tuned mandolins were the instruments to which the name mandolino originally applied, but as other small, plucked and (to him) unrelated instruments were developed in Italy, the name transferred across to them. Wölki felt that the Florentine and Neapolitan mandolins were "not
1719:
By 1500 the first written records confirm the existence of several families making lutes as a trade in and around Füssen in the Lech valley. Most of the famous names of 16th and 17th century lutemaking seem to have come originally from around this small area of Southern Germany. By 1562 the Füssen
1204:
There have been some uncertain presumptions concerning the "invention" of the bowed harp...The "musical bow" conjectured by many music scholars is not definitely recognizable in any cave paintings. The fact that some African negroes held the end of their bow shaped harp in their mouths in order to
1012:
That era (from the late 19th century into the early 20th century) has come to be known as the "Golden Age" of the mandolin. The term is used online by mandolin enthusiasts to name the time period when the mandolin had become popular, when mandolin orchestras were being organized worldwide, and new
998:
Along with their energy and the newfound awareness of the instrument created by the day's hit sensation, a wave of Italian mandolinists travelled Europe in the 1880s and 1890s and in the United States by the mid-1880s, playing and teaching their instrument. The instrument's popularity continued to
659:
When the word "mandolin" is said in the 21st century, it usually refers to an instrument with 8 strings tuned in fifths, such as the Neapolitan mandolin or the American bluegrass mandolin. It is also commonly thought that mandolino is a diminutive of mandola, and that therefore the mandolino was a
2337:
Para comprender mejor el surgimiento de la Estudiantina Española Fígaro hemos necesariamente de recordar que muy posiblemente no hubiera existido si antes no se hubiera producido la creación de la Estudiantina Española con el fin de asistir al Carnaval de París de 1878... We say that the Spanish
1986:
For the perfected form of the Neapolitan mandolin we are indebted entirely to the inventive genius of Pasquale Vinaccia (1806-1882), who gave us every point of difference between the antique and the modern forms. It was he who remodeled and extended the fingerboard; introduced wire strings and
702:
which had a floating bridge. The floating bridge was held to the soundboard by pressure from the strings attached to the instrument's body. The chitarra battente also had a soundboard that bent upwards to withstand string pressure of metal strings, instead of the mandolino's flat soundboard.
2396:
La Estudiantina Española Fígaro, como publicara la prensa de 1882, "es una asociación de jóvenes profesores, músicos ..... se creó y constituyó en Madrid formando una magnífica banda de guitarras, bandurrias y violines que partió de allí en 1878 con el objeto de dar conciertos : The Spanish
1028:
The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, players began using new versions of the mandolin in new forms of music. Luthiers created the
71:, were used across Europe (including Spain, Italy, England, France, Germany and Poland) centuries earlier. These instruments developed from short-handled lutes that entered Christian Europe from Muslim Sicily and Spain. Muslims picked these instruments in Central Asia, calling them
2054:"Historia et imago Cremae. La vita di Giovanni Vailati, il Paganini del mandolino: dai caffè cremaschi ai teatri d'Europa [translation: Historia et imago Cremae. The life of Giovanni Vailati, the Paganini of the mandolin: from the cremaschi cafés to the theaters of Europe]"
990:
Their success in Paris preceded a second group of Spanish performers, known as the Esudiantina Figaro or Esudiantina Española Figaroa (Figaro Band of Spanish Students). This group was founded by Dionisio Granados and toured Europe dancing and playing guitars, violins and the
828:) and Gaspare Ferrari, both of whom have instruments in the collection of the Music Museum in Venice. The Neapolitan style of mandolin construction was adopted and developed by others, notably in Rome, giving two distinct but similar types of mandolin – Neapolitan and Roman.
684:
to be a prototype for Neapolitan mandolin (because of the shape of the soundboard and the way strings were attached to the bottom, and because it had a flat, angled pegboard instead of peghead) and the Florentine mandolin (because of the longer neck).
875:
60 years, in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall. After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall. The 19th century produced some prominent players, including
2397:
Estudiantina Figaro, as published Press 1882, "is an association of young teachers, musicians ..... was created and established in Madrid forming a magnificent band of guitars, bandurrias and violins left there in 1878 with the concerts object
2380:
2252:
A las tres el café Riche era el centro de una aglomeración de gentes de que nada puede dar idea puesto que el inspector de policía especialmente encargado de proteger a la estudiantina la ha evaluado en su parte oficial en 56.000 personas.
59:
form, became common in the 19th century, following the appearance of an international hit, the Spanish Students. They toured Europe and America, and their performances created a stir that helped the mandolin to become widely popular.
504:
A distinct European tradition of lute development is noticeable in pictures and sculpture from the 13th century onward. As early as the beginning of the 14th century, strings were doubled into courses on the miniature lute or
487:
and Bavaria between 1218 and 1237 with a "Moorish Sicilian retinue." By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in
946:, shown March 16, 1878. A bandurria is visible, bottom-center; (right): the Parisian crowd with the Estudiantina Espanola (playing national airs) in the Tuileries Gardens during Mardi Gras March 6, 1878, at the
137:, a hunting bow used as a single-stringed musical instrument. From the musical bow, families of stringed instruments developed; since each string played a single note, adding strings added new notes, creating
969:
The original Estudiantes Española or Estudiantina Española was a group of 64 students formed by 26 February 1878, principally from Madrid colleges. They dressed in historical clothing, representing ancient
778:
with flat soundboards and gut-strings, through mandolins with a bent soundboard and bronze or bronze-and-gut strings, into mandolins with bent soundboards that used steel or steel-and-bronze strings.
1336:
2351:
999:
increase during the 1890s and mandolin popularity was at its height in the "early years of the 20th century." Thousands were taking up the instrument as a pastime, and it became an instrument of
824:, the Ferrari family (1716 onwards, also originally mandolino makers) in Rome, and De Santi (1834–1916) in Rome. Names of other mandolin luthiers from this era include Carlo Guadagnini (son of
1887:
gave the instrument its steel strings and consequent machine head, who extended the compass of its fingerboard and enlarged and improved the tonal capabilities and qualities of the instrument.
883:; "the large repertoire of notated instrumental music for the mandolino and the mandoline was completely forgotten". The export market for mandolins from Italy dried up around 1815, and when
1690:
Bletschacher (1978) has argued that this was due largely to the royal visits of Friedrich II with his magnificent Moorish Sicilian retinue to the towns in this valley between 1218 and 1237.
703:
Instruments in this tradition include the Neapolitan mandolin, Roman mandolin, Genovés mandolin and Sicilian mandolin. Similarly, the chart shows a possible blending of the mandolino and
1020:, for which the instrument was too quiet. Also, modern conveniences (phonograph records, bicycle and automobiles, outdoor sports) competed with learning to play an instrument for fun.
738:(Left): Luthier and mandolin virtuoso, Raffaele Calace, with his mandolin-family creation, the liuto cantabile; (right): Pasquale Vinaccia, "perfector of the modern Italian mandolin".
672:-strung mandolino and later Milanese and Lombardy mandolins were strung in 4, 5 or 6 courses tuned in fourths: e′–a′–d″–g″, b–e′–a′–d″–g″ or g–b–e′–a′–d″–g″, and played finger-style.
668:
bridge, and was called the little mandola or "mandolino." From it came the Milanese mandolin and later the Lombardy mandolin, with both instruments keeping the glued-on bridge. The
222:
Musicologists have put forth examples of that 4th-century BC technology, looking at engraved images that have survived. The earliest image showing a lute-like instrument came from
2321:
1450:
Views 3 & 4 show a musician playing a 4th- to 5th-century lute-like instrument, excavated in Gandhara, and part of a Los Angeles County Art Museum collection of
420:
and was exiled to Andalusia before 833 AD. He taught and has been credited with adding a fifth string to his oud and with establishing one of the first schools of
2053:
2367:
Sabemos por diversas fuentes que la Fígaro fue fundada por Dionisio Granados... : We know from various sources that Figaro was founded by Dionisio Granados...
35:, serenading a woman with a mandolin. This used to be the common picture of the mandolin, an obscure instrument of romance in the hands of a Spanish nobleman.
2554:
1491:
1309:
The sarcophagus is in The British Museum, which says it was uncovered near Rome and was probably made in Rome itself, and date-estimates it 3rd century AD.
800:, then standard. The new wire strings required that he strengthen the mandolin's body, and he deepened the mandolin's bowl, giving the tonal quality more
1227:
in modern Spain for a Roman boy, Lutaia Lupata, showing him with his pandurium, the Roman variant of the Greek Pandura. Kept at the Museo Arqueologico,
1720:
makers were sufficiently well established to set up as a guild with elaborate regulations which have survived.(see Bletschacher, 1978, and Layer, 1978)
1293:
707:
to create the longer-necked Florentine mandolin, the Brescian mandolin and the Cremonese mandolin, all which retained the mandola's glued down bridge.
609:: Lombardic mandolin and mandola, Milan late 1790s. The mandola is 91 x 31.6 cm, scale length 59.5 cm. The mandolin is 56.3 x 19.9 cm, scale 31.5 cm.;
467:
following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo’s royal
1110:
1852:
804:. He did not introduce the bent soundboard, as it was present in some of the instruments made by the previous generation for bronze strings.
2137:"The Lute and the Mandolin, with some remarks on Sig. Giovanni Vailati in connection with them (reprint from La Gazetta Musicale in Milan)"
1642:
879:
of Venice and Pietro Vimercati. However, professional virtuosity was in decline, and the mandolin music changed as the mandolin became a
956:
Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity began to rebound. The Exposition was one of many stops for the
772:
Gaetano and Gennaro, grandson Pasquale and great-grandsons Gennaro and Achille). The mandolins they made changed over generations, from
1268:
2547:
496:
had several lute-making families, and in the next two centuries the area hosted "famous names of 16th and 17th century lutemaking".
1126:
A cave-painting in the "Trois Frères" cave in France dating from about 15,000 years ago. The magician-hunter plays the musical bow.
2441:
1189:
Manual of Guitar Technology: The History and Technology of Plucked String Instruments (Fachbuchreihe Das Musikinstrument, Bd. 37)
1940:
1657:
2794:
1009:
were formed worldwide, incorporating not only the mandolin family of instruments, but also guitars, double basses and zithers.
641:
came into use in the 1700s to describe the baroque version (315 mm scale length) of these earlier small instruments, the terms
1546:
J.W. McKinnon "Pandoura" in New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments Vol 3 p 10 ed S. Sadie (Macmillan Press, London 1984).
1242:
116:
2592:
2504:
1748:
1582:
1252:
1077:
764:, who travelled widely between 1750 and 1810. This, with the records gleaned from the Italian Vinaccia family of luthiers in
613:: Neapolitan mandolin (metal strings) made between 1767 and 1784 by Vicenzo Vinaccia. (585 mm x 180 mm, scale length 330 mm.)
2136:
979:
before large audiences in Paris (reports of 10,000 and 56,000 people showing up for a night's entertainment were reported).
768:, led some musicologists to believe that the modern steel-string mandolins were developed in Naples by the Vinaccia family.
597:, c. 1680. (501.9 mm x 111 mm. Scale length 315.8 mm.) May have had a pegboard instead of the instrument's current pegbox.;
2893:
2857:
2540:
1374:
431:
By the 11th century, Muslim Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually to
986:
The Mandolin "Estudiantina" of Mayenne, France around 1900 when Mandolin orchestras were at the height of their popularity
1740:
1205:
improve the tone...should not be taken as proof that the first European bowmen were also conversant with the musical bow.
483:(1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. Frederick II made visits to the
47:
family, dating back to Italy in the 18th century. The instrument was played across Europe but then disappeared after the
1016:
After the First World War, the instrument's popularity again fell, though gradually. Reasons cited include the rise of
698:
In one example on Timmerman's chart, makers of the mandolino (with bridge glued to the soundboard) blended it with the
63:
Although the modern instruments date to the 18th century, ancestral instruments of similar construction and range, the
1429:
2523:
1609:
1384:
1197:
463:, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in
456:
169:
took the primitive technology and created "technically and artistically well made harps, lyres, citharas and lutes."
2471:
2814:
2597:
1187:
480:
2168:
1775:
549:
924:
1464:"Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)"
2003:
1739:. Harvard University Press reference library. Vol. 16. Harvard University Press (published 2003). p.
2719:
904:
2799:
825:
247:, and Northwest India, and shown in sculpture from the 2nd century BC through the 4th or 5th centuries AD.
2888:
864:
393:
in 711 AD, they brought their ud along, into a country that had already known a lute tradition under the
2291:"Crónica del viaje de la Estudiantina Española al Carnaval de París de 1878 según la prensa de la época"
2232:"Crónica del viaje de la Estudiantina Española al Carnaval de París de 1878 según la prensa de la época"
2198:"Crónica del viaje de la Estudiantina Española al Carnaval de París de 1878 según la prensa de la época"
2867:
2739:
2582:
1072:
757:
933:
455:) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was
404:
During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to
2784:
2749:
2153:
Though the instrument is entirely out of fashion, the house of Ricordi published last year at Milan
1970:
1138:
492:, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands. By 1500 the valley and
695:
as predecessors to the lines of mandolins, and possible points-of-blending of instrument features.
602:
1821:] (in German). Translated by Harris, Keith. Arlington, Virginia: Plucked String. pp. 3–4.
297:
2754:
1219:
Flicker based photo of the museum information sign for the stele. Circa 2nd century A.D memorial
729:
371:(224–651 AD). Under the Sasanians, a short almond shaped lute from Bactria came to be called the
319:
311:
92:
2809:
2779:
1882:
The guitar and mandolin, Biographies of celebrated players and composers for these instruments
1599:
2789:
1572:
884:
876:
1216:
425:
2683:
2623:
2587:
1776:"Photo 21 of 33 from Five course Mandolino & Case - Antonio Stradivari in Cremona 1680"
1001:
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to 17 frets, introduced stronger wire strings made of high-tension steel and substituted a
515:
64:
8:
744:
The first evidence of modern metal-string mandolins is from literature regarding popular
158:
1731:
The gitterns and mandores had typical scale lengths of 30 centimeters to 40 centimeters.
2834:
2804:
2703:
1030:
1006:
899:, saying that the mandolin had "lost for a time the great popularity it once enjoyed."
801:
720:
594:
472:
335:
201:
2435:
2352:"Análisis comparado de los integrantes de la Estudiantina Española Fígaro (1880 -1889"
322:(c. 1260) shows musicians with three-string instruments, shaped like a small 4-course
2819:
2724:
2519:
2500:
2381:"Apuntes de la gira por la Península Ibérica de la Estudiantina Fígaro (1881 - 1890)"
1999:
1948:
1744:
1605:
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1380:
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947:
892:
781:
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681:
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351:
52:
288:
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962:
413:
2016:
1556:
Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael Anthony, eds. (2000),
1244:
Imagen y memoria: Monumentos funerarios con retratos en la colonia Augusta Emerita
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2759:
2693:
2445:
1734:
1224:
1059:
1046:
880:
817:
813:
368:
48:
1660:
The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship
676:
130:
51:. Credit for creating the modern bowlback version of the instrument goes to the
2829:
2769:
2668:
2643:
1877:
1526:
1492:"The emergence of new approaches to plucked instruments, 13th - 15th centuries"
1408:
1034:
943:
753:
745:
664:
mandola, and that it may represent a blending of instrument-making traditions.
590:
558:
239:. The line of short lutes was further developed to the east of Mesopotamia, in
2882:
2143:. Vol. 53, no. 12. London: William Duncan Davison. pp. 204–205
1228:
372:
227:
154:
72:
1241:
Edmondson, Jonathan; Basarrate, Trinidad Nogales; Trillmich, Walter (2001).
2734:
1703:
1674:
1437:
1042:
793:
761:
484:
476:
394:
162:
157:. Another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a
150:
138:
32:
1463:
982:
440:
79:. Residents of Asia were playing them as far back as the 2nd century A.D.
2824:
1054:
789:
223:
134:
24:
846:
314:, late 13th century. Round "rose" soundholes were a Christian feature.;
191:
2658:
2157:, a well planned work, well carried out, by Sic. Carmine De-Laurentiis.
797:
784:(1806–c. 1882), modernized the mandolin, adding features, creating the
704:
567:
452:
436:
390:
2476:, Lanarkshire Guitar and Mandolin Association Newsletter, Spring 2007.
576:
519:(French name) by the late 16th century and was known in German as the
2698:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2653:
2628:
1379:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. pp. 319–320.
992:
975:
534:
2499:. Australia: Jamison, A.C.T., Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments.
2290:
2231:
2197:
1760:. (1) A lutelike instrument developed from the medieval *gittern....
1033:, the flatback mandolin, the carved-top or arched-top mandolin, the
493:
279:
182:
2744:
2618:
2563:
971:
858:
637:
were instruments averaging 300-400 mm in scale length. As the term
432:
364:
244:
205:
40:
28:
270:
2663:
2638:
2633:
2613:
1941:"Information on Pasquale Vinaccia, violin maker in Naples, Italy"
1627:
Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World
650:
510:
506:
489:
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417:
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360:
323:
240:
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213:
68:
19:
710:
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1899:
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition
950:. The crowd was estimated at 56,000 near the Café Riche Paris.
821:
765:
749:
669:
409:
405:
232:
56:
788:
mandolin c. 1835. Pasquale remodeled, raised and extended the
375:
or barbud, which was developed into the later Islamic world's
1629:, Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2
1220:
867:, "Blind mandolinist of Cremona," toured Europe in the 1850s.
421:
386:
327:
209:
146:
142:
104:
2322:"Apuntes sobre las giras europeas de la Estudiantina Fígaro"
2532:
1998:
The Embergher mandolin, Ralf Leenen and Barry Pratt, 2004.
1854:
The Italian Mandolin, its evolution, nomenclature and types
1240:
1050:
1017:
910:
347:
200:(Left): Hellenistic banquet scene from the 1st century AD,
55:
family of Naples. The deep bowled mandolin, especially the
44:
1247:(in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. p. 144.
1217:
https://m.flickr.com/#/photos/julio-claudians/8098646683/
942:(Left): 64 members of the Estudiantina Espagnola at the
653:. Neapolitan mandolins were from 315-330 mm scale length.
513:
is first seen in 13th century art. It developed into the
377:
343:
76:
1013:
and high-quality instruments were increasingly common.
680:
genuine descendants of the mandola." He considered the
1555:
412:(789–857), a prominent musician who had trained under
1507:
Muslim constructional features:W shaped sound holes.
891:
magazine wrote that the mandolin was "out of date."
129:
Dating to c. 13,000 BC, a cave painting in the
110:
Musical bows have survived in some parts of Africa.
966:). There has been confusion regarding this group.
535:Development in Italy, birth of Neapolitan mandolin
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
2880:
2455:
2453:
1884:. London: Schott and Company. pp. 220–221.
1923:
1921:
1919:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1647:, Cambridge University Press, February 16, 2012
1319:
1317:
807:
2488:The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East
2429:
2378:
2349:
2319:
2288:
2263:
2261:
2229:
2195:
1876:
1837:
1662:, Manchester University Press, 1977, p. 70-71.
1376:The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East
831:
651:instruments nearly double the mandolino's size
451:Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (
133:cave in France depicts what some believe is a
122:Hunting bow or musical instrument on cave wall
2548:
2474:The Mandolin in the early to mid 19th Century
2450:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2118:
2116:
2089:
1704:"An Illustrated History of the Lute Part Two"
1675:"An Illustrated History of the Lute Part One"
1329:
1131:
773:
711:Vinaccia family, first metal-string mandolins
690:
616:
2438:Classical Mandolin - A (Very) Brief Overview
2402:
2301:. academia.edu: 7, 8, 14, 16, 39, 44, 46, 47
2079:
2077:
2009:
1916:
1793:
1645:The Cambridge History of Musical Performance
1638:
1636:
1624:
1422:
1354:
1314:
812:Other luthiers who built mandolins included
443:and eventually reaching the rest of Europe.
2419:
2417:
2258:
1901:, edited by Stanley Sadie and others (2001)
1651:
1604:. Cambridge University Press. p. 311.
1164:
1152:
995:, which became confused with the mandolin.
615:The instruments predating the 18th century
499:
250:
208:. Lute player far right.; (right): Spanish
2555:
2541:
2273:
2128:
2113:
1825:
1725:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1111:"The music-bow from prehistory till today"
895:mentioned this decline in his 1921 book,
752:teaching and giving concerts. Notable are
149:. In turn, this led to being able to play
2379:Martin Sárraga, Felix O. (26 July 2015).
2350:Martin Sárraga, Felix O. (26 July 2015).
2320:Martin Sárraga, Felix O. (26 July 2015).
2189:
2177:
2171:Méthode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo
2074:
1904:
1633:
897:Méthode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo
601:: Mandolino player, c. 1736. Painting by
446:
2494:
2485:
2414:
2101:
1963:
1831:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1372:
1360:
1323:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1158:
1102:
1090:
981:
338:, showing a musician playing a gittern;
18:
2162:
2051:
2045:
1872:
1870:
1773:
1618:
1597:
1577:. Oxford University Press. p. 81.
1549:
1512:
1401:
2881:
2513:
2459:
2423:
2408:
2267:
2183:
2134:
2122:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2040:
2034:
1927:
1910:
1732:
1540:
1185:
1096:
2536:
1892:
1850:
1812:
1695:
1478:
1234:
1176:
1078:Mandolin playing traditions worldwide
887:wrote a mandolin method in 1874, the
2863:
2465:
1867:
1666:
1570:
1564:
1161:, p. 179, 231, 235–236, 308–310
660:smaller development of the mandola.
334:: Juan Oliver's c. 1330 painting at
2518:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2052:Dossena, Luigi (7 September 2014).
1701:
1672:
1005:, taken up by young men and women.
82:
13:
1733:Randel, Don Michael (2003-11-28).
1108:
310:: A European lute player from the
98:Bow Harp or Harp Lute, West Africa
14:
2905:
2289:Martín Sárraga, Félix O. (2016).
2230:Martín Sárraga, Félix O. (2016).
2196:Martín Sárraga, Félix O. (2016).
1774:Challen, Chris (4 January 2009).
1489:
161:used to lift the strings off the
2862:
2853:
2852:
2436:The Classical Mandolin Society,
2135:Biaggi, G. A. (March 20, 1875).
1643:Colin Lawson and Robin Stowell,
1527:"Encyclopaedia Iranica - Barbat"
1409:"Encyclopaedia Iranica - Barbat"
1041:. Musicians began playing it in
932:
923:
857:
845:
728:
719:
575:
566:
557:
548:
481:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
296:
287:
278:
269:
190:
181:
115:
103:
91:
2372:
2343:
2313:
2223:
1992:
1933:
1767:
1736:The Harvard Dictionary of Music
1591:
1529:. Iranicaonline.org. 1988-12-15
1456:
1411:. Iranicaonline.org. 1988-12-15
1366:
1286:
903:known again, starting with the
471:, dedicated by the Norman King
263:Early Spanish and Italian lutes
1971:"The Bickford mandolin method"
1601:A History of Islamic Societies
1261:
1210:
748:players who travelled through
172:
1:
2486:Dumbrill, Richard J. (1998).
1987:substituted the machine head.
1574:Andalucia: A Cultural History
1466:. The Cleveland Museum of Art
1373:Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005).
1294:"Sarcophagus (1805,0703.132)"
1273:Museo Nacional de Arte Romano
1192:. Bold Strummer. p. 15.
1083:
836:
2562:
1560:, Cambridge University Press
1558:The Literature of Al-Andalus
1023:
826:Giovanni Battista Guadagnini
808:Calace, Embergher and others
255:
16:The history of the mandolin.
7:
2894:Mandolin family instruments
1066:
832:Rising and falling fortunes
10:
2910:
1430:"Five Celestial Musicians"
1269:"Estela de Lutatia Lupata"
1073:Mandolins in North America
816:(1863 onwards) in Naples,
758:Giovanni Battista Gervasio
410:Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘
43:is a modern member of the
2848:
2712:
2606:
2570:
2495:McDonald, Graham (2008).
2208:. academia.edu: 7, 11, 44
1758:Mandora, mandore, mandola
774:
691:
617:
2098:, p. 1, 9–10, 14–15
1815:Geschichte der Mandoline
1598:Lapidus, Ira M. (2002).
1452:Five Celestial Musicians
905:Paris Exposition in 1878
820:(1856–1943) in Rome and
603:Giacomo Francesco Cipper
500:European lute beginnings
354:in Sicily, 12th century.
251:Persian barbat, Arab oud
2490:. London: Tadema Press.
1819:History of the Mandolin
649:began to be applied to
320:Cantigas of Santa Maria
312:Cantigas de Santa Maria
2598:Society (Peterborough)
2516:The Classical Mandolin
2155:A Metodo per Mandolino
1813:Wölki, Konrad (1984).
1186:Jahnel, Franz (1965).
987:
447:From Sicily to Germany
36:
2514:Sparks, Paul (2003).
2242:. academia.edu: 15–16
1625:Davila, Carl (2009),
985:
958:Estudiantes Españoles
885:Carmine de Laurentiis
877:Bartolomeo Bortolazzi
852:Bartolomeo Bortolazzi
435:, influencing French
165:, creating the lute.
22:
2800:National Reso-Phonic
2497:The Mandolin Project
2021:museodellamusica.com
798:friction tuning pegs
589:: Mandolino made in
226:prior to 3000 BC. A
2169:Salvador Léonardi,
1571:Gill, John (2008).
1139:"Trois Freres Cave"
1007:Mandolin orchestras
542:Mandolino, mandolin
367:became part of the
231:developed into the
27:played the role of
2889:String instruments
2704:Resonator mandolin
2607:Family instruments
2593:Playing traditions
2444:2015-01-25 at the
1496:christianrault.com
1490:Rault, Christian.
1298:The British Museum
1031:resonator mandolin
988:
595:Antonio Stradivari
473:Roger II of Sicily
408:. Among them was
336:Pamplona Cathedral
216:, 2nd century A.D.
37:
2876:
2875:
2506:978-0-9804762-0-0
2462:, p. 153–154
2141:The Musical World
1851:Timmerman, Alex.
1750:978-0-674-01163-2
1584:978-01-95-37610-4
1254:978-84-89512-92-4
1173:, p. 308–310
1109:Campen, Ank van.
1039:electric mandolin
948:Tuileries Gardens
944:Carnival de Paris
911:Second wave, the
893:Salvador Léonardi
782:Pasquale Vinaccia
682:chitarra battente
675:German historian
469:Cappella Palatina
461:Emirate of Sicily
352:Cappella Palatina
212:of a girl with a
2901:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2510:
2491:
2478:
2472:Ian Pommerenke,
2469:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2411:, p. 22–135
2406:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2058:cremonaonline.it
2049:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2013:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1947:. Archived from
1937:
1931:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1848:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1780:mandolincafe.org
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:vanedwards.co.uk
1699:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1679:vanedwards.co.uk
1670:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1436:. Archived from
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1238:
1232:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1115:HarpHistory.info
1106:
1100:
1094:
963:Spanish Students
936:
927:
865:Giovanni Vailati
861:
849:
777:
776:
732:
723:
700:chittara battuta
694:
693:
620:
619:
579:
570:
561:
552:
459:and the earlier
414:Ishaq al-Mawsili
300:
291:
282:
273:
194:
185:
119:
107:
95:
83:Early precursors
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2844:
2708:
2694:Octave mandolin
2602:
2566:
2561:
2526:
2507:
2482:
2481:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2446:Wayback Machine
2434:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2373:
2360:
2358:
2348:
2344:
2330:
2328:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2274:
2270:, p. 20–29
2266:
2259:
2245:
2243:
2228:
2224:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2146:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2006:, 9789073838314
1997:
1993:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1930:, p. 15–16
1926:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1875:
1868:
1857:
1849:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1811:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1755:
1751:
1730:
1726:
1712:
1710:
1702:Edwards, Vane.
1700:
1696:
1683:
1681:
1673:Edwards, Vane.
1671:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1634:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1500:
1498:
1488:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1443:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1337:"cylinder seal"
1335:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1239:
1235:
1225:Augusta Emerita
1215:
1211:
1200:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1069:
1026:
954:
953:
952:
951:
939:
938:
937:
929:
928:
917:
881:folk instrument
872:
871:
870:
869:
868:
862:
854:
853:
850:
839:
834:
818:Luigi Embergher
814:Raffaele Calace
810:
742:
741:
740:
739:
735:
734:
733:
725:
724:
713:
657:
656:
655:
654:
614:
582:
581:
580:
572:
571:
563:
562:
554:
553:
544:
543:
537:
502:
449:
369:Sasanian Empire
358:
357:
356:
355:
350:painted in the
303:
302:
301:
293:
292:
284:
283:
275:
274:
265:
264:
258:
253:
220:
219:
218:
217:
197:
196:
195:
187:
186:
175:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
120:
112:
111:
108:
100:
99:
96:
85:
49:Napoleonic Wars
17:
12:
11:
5:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Mandolin-banjo
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Irish bouzouki
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2571:General topics
2568:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2505:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2464:
2449:
2428:
2413:
2401:
2385:tunaemundi.com
2371:
2356:tunaemundi.com
2342:
2326:tunaemundi.com
2312:
2272:
2257:
2222:
2188:
2176:
2161:
2127:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2073:
2044:
2033:
2008:
1991:
1962:
1932:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1878:Philip J. Bone
1866:
1836:
1824:
1792:
1766:
1749:
1724:
1694:
1665:
1650:
1632:
1617:
1610:
1590:
1583:
1563:
1548:
1539:
1511:
1477:
1455:
1421:
1400:
1385:
1365:
1353:
1341:British Museum
1328:
1313:
1285:
1260:
1253:
1233:
1209:
1198:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1130:
1101:
1099:, pp. 3–4
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1057:styles — and
1035:mandolin-banjo
1025:
1022:
941:
940:
931:
930:
922:
921:
920:
919:
918:
916:
909:
863:
856:
855:
851:
844:
843:
842:
841:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
809:
806:
754:Gabriele Leone
737:
736:
727:
726:
718:
717:
716:
715:
714:
712:
709:
591:Cremona, Italy
584:
583:
574:
573:
565:
564:
556:
555:
547:
546:
545:
541:
540:
539:
538:
536:
533:
527:, and Italian
501:
498:
448:
445:
305:
304:
295:
294:
286:
285:
277:
276:
268:
267:
266:
262:
261:
260:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
199:
198:
189:
188:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
174:
171:
121:
114:
113:
109:
102:
101:
97:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
84:
81:
33:Mozart's opera
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2906:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2869:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Oscar Schmidt
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Michael Kelly
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:Manufacturers
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
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1362:
1361:Dumbrill 1998
1357:
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1325:
1324:Dumbrill 1998
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315:
307:
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2740:Del Vecchio
2460:Sparks 2003
2424:Sparks 2003
2409:Sparks 2003
2295:Tvnae Mvndi
2268:Sparks 2003
2236:Tvnae Mvndi
2202:Tvnae Mvndi
2184:Sparks 2003
2123:Sparks 2003
2110:, p. 1
2108:Sparks 2003
2096:Sparks 2003
2084:Sparks 2003
2041:Sparks 2003
1980:21 December
1975:Archive.org
1928:Sparks 2003
1911:Sparks 2003
1834:, p. 8
1501:18 November
1097:Sparks 2003
1055:Rock-n-Roll
889:Music World
790:fingerboard
485:Lech valley
437:troubadours
385:. When the
224:Mesopotamia
173:First lutes
135:musical bow
25:Luigi Bassi
2883:Categories
2835:Tanglewood
2659:Mandocello
2390:10 October
2361:10 October
2331:10 October
2004:9073838312
1860:(Thesis).
1533:2012-02-04
1415:2015-03-13
1084:References
913:Golden Age
837:First wave
786:Neapolitan
775:mandolinos
705:colascione
692:mandolinos
618:mandolinos
523:, Spanish
389:conquered
163:stick-neck
57:Neapolitan
2725:Breedlove
2699:Orpharion
2689:Mandriola
2679:Mandolute
2674:Mandolone
2654:Mandobass
2629:Bandurria
2305:9 October
2246:9 October
2212:9 October
1945:Amati.com
1470:March 25,
1434:Lacma.org
1303:8 January
1278:8 January
1144:March 27,
1120:March 26,
1060:Classical
1047:Bluegrass
1024:Aftermath
993:bandurria
976:Salamanca
802:resonance
639:mandolino
479:grandson
453:Andalusia
441:trouvères
391:Andalusia
256:Andalusia
139:bow harps
2858:Category
2795:National
2750:Giannini
2745:Epiphone
2730:Collings
2619:Bandolin
2564:Mandolin
2442:Archived
1880:(1914).
1785:20 April
1346:25 April
1067:See also
1037:and the
972:sophists
796:for the
433:Provence
365:Gandhara
245:Gandhara
206:Gandhara
53:Vinaccia
41:mandolin
23:In 1787
2868:Commons
2840:Weymann
2820:Seagull
2810:Ovation
2760:Harmony
2720:Beltona
2684:Mandore
2664:Mandola
2639:Gittern
2634:Cittern
2624:Bandora
2614:Bandola
2588:Players
2578:History
2063:11 June
1955:26 June
1713:4 April
1684:4 April
1002:society
746:Italian
647:mandora
643:mandola
635:mandola
631:mandora
627:mandore
623:gittern
529:mandola
525:vandola
521:mandoer
516:mandore
511:gittern
507:gittern
490:Palermo
465:Palermo
426:Córdoba
418:Baghdad
399:pandura
361:Bactria
324:gittern
241:Bactria
237:pandura
233:tamburs
214:pandura
69:gittern
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2830:Tacoma
2785:Martin
2775:Ibanez
2765:Hohner
2755:Gibson
2649:Laouto
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2026:19 May
2002:
1747:
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822:Arpino
750:Europe
670:catgut
621:, the
585:Fltr:
494:Füssen
457:Sicily
406:Iberia
397:, the
395:Romans
373:barbat
318:: The
306:Fltr:
159:bridge
155:chords
73:barbat
2825:Stagg
2815:Regal
2780:Levin
1858:(PDF)
1817:[
1223:from
1221:stele
1063:too.
422:music
387:Moors
328:rebec
210:stele
202:Hadda
151:dyads
147:lyres
143:harps
2770:Hora
2735:Dean
2520:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2392:2016
2363:2016
2333:2016
2307:2016
2248:2016
2214:2016
2149:2015
2065:2018
2028:2018
2000:ISBN
1982:2014
1957:2015
1787:2019
1745:ISBN
1715:2019
1686:2019
1606:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1503:2016
1472:2015
1446:2017
1381:ISBN
1348:2019
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1280:2018
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1146:2015
1122:2015
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1051:Jazz
1018:Jazz
645:and
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