4558:
evolved to a greater level of openness and tolerance. This openness provided the basis for continued Jewish residence beginning in the 19th century. In 1929, the
Ashkenazi Jewish community set up an educational network. Jewish schools have been functioning in various parts of the country since the 1920s. In the 1930s, there were significant Fascist and liberal anti-immigration elements that opposed all foreign immigration, weighing heavily on Jewish immigration. Jews were singled out and many people opposed Jewish inclusion in Uruguayan society. The country is home to the
2522:
7145:
3810:; there were a higher number of Levantine Christian traders arriving at the same time. German Jews arrived with other German businessmen; they were highly acculturated and were considered part of the German community. In 1915, there were 200 Jews in Haiti. During the 20 years of American occupation, many of the Jews emigrated to the United States. The US and Haiti had joint interests in reducing the number and influence of foreign businessmen. In 1937, the government issued passports and visas to Jews of Germany and Eastern Europe, to help them escape the
2838:
4535:
2822:
4023:
2913:). Jewish immigration to Brazil was rather low between 1881 and 1900 although this was the height of other international immigration to Brazil; many were going to more industrialized countries. Between 1921 and 1942 worldwide immigration to Brazil fell by 21%, but Jewish immigration to Brazil increased by 57,000. This was in response to anti-immigration legislation and immigration quotas passed by the United States, Argentina, Canada and South Africa, persisting even after the
3546:
books that contributed to the dissemination of reading. Vera Kohn was a psychologist and teacher, tasks that at mid-century were not of interest of
Ecuadorian women who used to live in their homes given away, devoid of intellectual curiosity and only care about social life. They were not interested in politics, with the exception of Paul Beter, belonging to the second generation of Jews, who became Minister of Economy and Central Bank President.
2982:
4172:
3962:
3771:
foreign businessmen. Haiti achieved independence in 1804 but was not recognized by other nations for some time and struggled economically, based on a peasant culture producing coffee as a commodity crop. Foreigners were prohibited from owning land and subject to other restrictions. Planters and other whites were killed in 1805, and Jews were among the whites and people of color who fled to the United States, many settling in
4146:, also reported no evidence of government antisemitism after an investigation by embassy staff. The dozens of Nicaraguan Jews who had fled the country supported the Reagan administration's charges of antisemitism, citing several instances of intimidation, harassment, and arbitrary arrest, but two of the Jews who remained in Nicaragua denied their accuracy, and they were widely cited in the media at the time.
3596:. On 11 September 1948, the community started and continues to support a school "Colegio Estado de Israel". According to the latest Census, there are currently about 100 Jews living in El Salvador, mostly in the capital city of San Salvador. Most of them have Sephardic roots. There is a small town called Armenia in rural El Salvador where people practice Orthodox Sephardic Judaism since the inquisition.
4426:
4481:
converted to the
Catholic faith were called New Christians, conversos, and, less often, "Marranos". The stadtholder of the King of Portugal gave those who wanted to depart some time to let them settle, and supplied them with 16 ships and safe conduct to leave for the Netherlands. The Dutch government gave an opportunity to settle in Brazil. But most found their home in
4384:. Then, with the advent of the Inquisition, New Christians began to be persecuted, and, in some cases, executed. In this period, these people were sometimes called "marranos", converts ("conversos"), and "cristianos nuevos" (New Christians) even if they had not been among the original converts from Judaism and had been reared as Catholics. The descendants of these
3705:. Mainstream Jewish communities felt concerned about the reputation following this group, who had left both the US and Canada under allegations of child abuse, underage marriage and child neglect. Despite the tropical heat, the members of the community continued to wear the long black cloaks for men and full black chador for women.
3739:, and ordered the expulsion of Jews, but this was lightly enforced. Sephardic Jews remained in Saint-Domingue as leading officials in French trading companies. After the French Revolution instituted religious freedom in 1791, additional Jewish merchants returned to Saint-Domingue and settled in several cities. Some likely married
3481:, the country's dictator, welcomed many Jewish refugees to his island mainly for their skills rather than for religious persecution. Present-day Sosua still possesses a synagogue and a museum of Jewish history. Descendants of those Jews can still be found in many other villages and towns on the north of the island close to Sosua.
4067:
assimilated into
Mexican life. In recent years, the tourist industry has picked up in Baja California Sur, which saw many American retirees purchase and live in properties around the Baja. In 2009, with a grassroots Jewish Community formulating and with the help of Tijuana-based businessman Jose Galicot,
3770:
broke out in 1791 in the North of the island. Slaves considered Jews to be among the white oppressor group. Through the years of warfare, many people of the Jewish community were among the whites killed; some Jews were expelled when the slaves and free blacks took power and instituted restrictions on
2733:
Many of Santa Cruz's oldest families are of partial Jewish heritage; Some traces of Jewish culture can still be found in family traditions, as well as local customs. For example, some families have family-heirloom seven-branched candle sticks or the custom of lighting candles on Friday at sunset. The
4480:
has the oldest Jewish community in the
Americas. During the Inquisition in Portugal and Spain around 1500, many Jews fled to the Netherlands and the Dutch colonies to escape social discrimination and inquisitorial persecution, sometimes including torture and condemnation to the stake. Those who were
3579:
Spain and France. De Sola helped to found the first synagogue and became an invaluable member of the Jewish community. In 1936, World War II caused the Jewish community to help their ancestors escape from Europe. Some had their relatives in El
Salvador. But some were forced to go into countries such
2424:
However, throughout the 15th and 16th centuries a number of converso families migrated to the
Netherlands, France and eventually Italy, from where they joined other expeditions to the Americas. Others migrated to England or France and accompanied their colonists as traders and merchants. By the late
3541:
were also professionals, intellectuals and artists, some of whom were professors and writers. Other
Alberto Capua, Giorgio Ottolenghi, Aldo Mugla, Francisco Breth, Hans Herman, Leopold Levy, Paul Engel, Marco Turkel, Henry Fente, Benno Weiser, Otto Glass, Egon Fellig, and Karl Kohn. Olga Fis valued
3458:
during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, fleeing the outcome of the
Spanish Inquisition. Over the centuries, many Jews and their descendants assimilated into the general population and some have converted into the Catholic religion, although many of the country's Jews still retain elements of the
2738:
practices (none mix milk and meat, pork is served, but never mixed with other foods). Scholars disagree on provenance and recency of these practices. After almost five centuries, some of the descendants of these families claim awareness of Jewish origins, but practice
Catholicism (in certain cases
4617:
During the first decades of the 21st century, many Venezuelan Jews decided to emigrate due to the growth of antisemitism and to the political crisis and instability. Currently, there are around 10,000 Jews living in Venezuela, with more than half living in the capital Caracas. Venezuelan Jewry is
4609:
According to a national census taken at the end of the 19th century, 247 Jews lived in Venezuela as citizens in 1891. In 1907, the Israelite Beneficial Society, which became the Israelite Society of Venezuela in 1919, was created as an organization to bring all the Jews who were scattered through
4125:
supported the Reagan administration's charges of Sandinista antisemitism, having actively worked with Nicaraguan Jews to reclaim a synagogue that had been firebombed by Sandinista militants in 1978 and seized by the Sandinista government in 1979. However, a variety of left-wing organizations that
3650:
production. Since the late 17th century, few Jews have lived in French Guiana. In 1992, 20 Jewish families from Suriname and North Africa attempted to re-establish the community in Cayenne. A Chabad organization exists in the country and maintains Jewish life within the community. Today, 800 Jews
3545:
From Sephardic ancestry were Leonidas Gilces and his younger brother Angel Theodore Gilces whom helped many immigrants such as Charles Liebman who reach the capital with his library, which became the most important of the capital. Simon Goldberg who had a library in Berlin, Goethe library of old
2765:
era in Germany started, there were 30 Jewish families. The first large Jewish immigration occurred during the 1930s; the population had climbed to an estimated 8,000 at the end of 1942. During the 1940s, 2,200 Jews emigrated from Bolivia to other countries. But the ones who remained have created
2476:
and Brazil. Several Jewish communities in the Caribbean, Central and South America flourished, particularly in those areas under Dutch and English control, which were more tolerant. More immigrants went to this region as part of the massive emigration of Jews from eastern Europe in the late 19th
2404:
of 1492 led to the mass conversion of Spain's Jews to Catholicism and the expulsion of those who refused to do so. However, the vast majority of conversos never made it to the New World and remained in Spain slowly assimilating to the dominant Catholic culture. This was due to the requirement by
4557:
called upon the first settlers to be "persons of worth, of good habits, repute and family, so that they be not inferior nor of Moorish or Jewish race." The first record of open Jewish settlement is in the 1770s. With the end of the Inquisition in 1813, the political and social system of Uruguay
4456:
known as Toiras Jesed for Minyanim information. Many Jews managed to settle in the island as secret Jews and settled in the island's remote mountainous interior as did the early Jews in all Spanish and Portuguese colonies. In the late 1800s during the Spanish–American War many Jewish American
4066:
The State of Baja California has also had a Jewish presence for the last few hundred years. La Paz, Mexico was home to many Jewish traders who would dock at the port and do business. Many locals in La Paz descend from the prominent Schcolnik, Tuschman and Habiff families, although most are
4094:. The Jews made significant contributions to Nicaragua's economic development while dedicating themselves to farming, manufacturing and retail sales. It was approximated that the highest number of Jews in Nicaragua reached a peak of 250 in 1972. Some 60 Jews left the country after the
3386:. Early colonists generally married native women and few of their descendants, after centuries of residence, practice Judaism today. There was significant Jewish immigration to Cuba in the first half of the 20th century, as noted in other countries of Latin America. During this time,
3782:
Race, as defined in slavery years, and nationality became more important in Haiti in the 19th century than religion, and Jews were considered whites and nationals of their groups. Later in the century, Polish Jews immigrated to Haiti due to the civil strife in Poland and settled in
3342:
Since the late 20th century there has been a fourth wave of Jewish immigration made up of American and Israeli expatriates who are retiring here or doing business in the country. The Jewish community is estimated to number 2,500 to 3,000 people, most of them living in the capital.
4249:
Although descendants of the "anusim," or forced converts, from the Iberian Peninsula have lived in Panama since the early sixteenth century, there was a Jewish community that openly practiced religion until it took centuries (?). Jews, mainly Sephardic from nearby islands such as
2754:) immigrated to Bolivia. Most took local women as wives, founding families that eventually merged into the mainstream Catholic society. This was often the case in the eastern regions of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni and Pando, where these merchants came from Brazil or Argentina.
4071:
sent out Rabbi Benny Hershcovich and his family to run the operations of the Cabo Jewish Center, located in Los Cabos, Mexico, but providing Jewish services and assistance to Jews scattered throughout the Baja Sur region, including La Paz, Todos Santos and the East Cape.
3537:. There is a Jewish school in Quito. In Guayaquil, there is a Jewish Community under the auspices of Los Caminos de Israel called Nachle Emuna Congregation. Now in 2017 in Ecuador there are only 290 reported Jews in the country. "Among the Jewish immigrants who came to
3439:
was built. Growth in Latin American Jewish communities, primarily in Colombia and Venezuela, resulted from the influx of Curaçaoan Jews. In 1856 and 1902 the Jews of Coro (Venezuela) were plundered, maltreated, and driven to seek refuge in their native Curaçao.
2904:
in the 19th century, Brazil attracted more Jews among its immigrants, and pressure in Europe convinced more Jews to leave. Jewish immigration rose throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, at a time of massive emigration from the Russian Empire (including
4056:, and parts of France to flee. Finally, a wave of immigrants fled the increasing Nazi persecutions in Europe during World War II. According to the 2010 Census, there are 67,476 Jews in Mexico, making them the third largest Jewish community in Latin America.
2937:(CONIB) estimates that there are more than 120,000 Jews in Brazil. Brazilian Jews play an active role in politics, sports, academia, trade and industry, and are well integrated in all spheres of Brazilian life. The majority of Brazilian Jews live in the
7266:
2921:
became clear. The Brazilian government generally did not enforce its own immigration legislation. Lastly, the Jews in Brazil developed strong support structures and economic opportunities, which attracted Eastern European and Polish Jewish immigration.
3616:
by the way of the Dutch West India Company. Later on 12 September 1659, Jews arrived from Dutch colonies in Brazil. The company appointed David Nassy, a Brazilian refugee, patron of an exclusive Jewish settlement on the western side of the island of
3125:, where they had flourished under English and Dutch rule. These Jews started practicing their religion openly in Colombia at the end of the 18th century, although it was not officially legal to do so, given the established Catholic Church. After
3071:
Many of the country's most important companies, particularly in the retail and commercial field, have been set up by Jews. Examples are Calderon, Gendelman, Hites, and Pollak (commercial retailers) and Rosen (Mattress and Bed Industries).
4262:, and Jewish immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe began arriving in Panama in large quantities until the mid-nineteenth century, attracted by economic incentives such as bi-oceanic railway construction and the California gold rush.
3226:
Policy has encouraged citizens to return; it has drastically reduced violence in the rural areas and criminality rates in urban areas, as well as in spurring the economy. The situation in Colombia has improved to the extent that many
7276:
7109:
3633:
left Livorno (Leghorn) and settled in Cayenne. The French agreed to those terms, an exceptional policy that was not common among the French colonies. Nevertheless, nearly two-thirds of the population left for the Dutch colony of
3259:
4613:
By 1943, nearly 600 German Jews had entered the country, with several hundred more becoming citizens after World War II. By 1950, the community had grown to around 6,000 people, even in the face of immigration restrictions.
3686:. Immigrants from the Middle East (mainly Turkey) immigrated during the first three decades of the 20th century. Many immigrated during World War II. There are approximately 900 Jews living in Guatemala today. Most live in
3814:. They retained control of any naturalization of foreigners, restricting it. During this time, 300 Jews lived on the island. Most of the Jews stayed until the late 1950s, when they moved on to the United States or Israel.
3735:, arriving in 1634, after the Portuguese had taken over there. Others immigrated from English colonies such as Jamaica, contributing to the merchant trade. In 1683, Louis XIV banned all religions except Catholicism in the
7271:
4062:
In 2010 they opened a Chabad branch in Playa del Carmen to expand their activities. Rabbi Mendel Goldberg along with his wife Chaya and two daughters where assigned to direct the activities there and open a new center.
7186:
3390:
in Havana was constructed and became the most prominent Latin American Jewish synagogue. There were 15,000 Jews in Cuba in 1959, but many Jewish businessmen and professionals left Cuba for the United States after the
3346:
The San José suburb of Rohrmoser has a strong Jewish influence due to its residents. A couple of synagogues are located here, as well as a kosher deli and restaurant. The Plaza Rohrmoser shopping center had the only
3136:
Many Jews who came during the 18th and 19th centuries achieved prominent positions in Colombian society. Some married local women and felt they had to abandon or diminish their Jewish identity. These included author
7251:
4399:, the northern highlands of Piura as Ayabaca and Huancabamba, among others, due to cultural and ethnic contact with the southern highlands of Ecuador. In modern times, before and after the Second World War, some
4157:
or mohel (circumcision practitioner). In 2005, the Jewish community numbered about 50 people and included 3 mohalim, but had no ordained rabbi. In 2017, there was a mass conversion of 114 Nicaraguans to Judaism.
3854:
origin. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it has been absorbed a huge number of Jewish immigrants from Israel. Through the past two decades, the Honduras experienced a resurgence of Jewish life. Communities in
7099:
5873:
7201:
4269:
from disintegrating, before and after the Second World War from Europe, from Arab countries because of the exodus caused in 1948 and more recently from South American countries suffering economic crises.
6964:
2623:, and the sixth largest in the world. According to recent surveys, more than a million Argentines have at least one grandparent of Jewish ethnicity. The Jewish Argentine community legally receives seven
3641:
Over the decades, the Leghorn Jews of Cayenne immigrated to Suriname. In 1667, the remaining Jewish community was captured by the occupying British forces and moved the population to either Suriname or
7191:
3522:. The antisemitism spread in the population, but was stopped by the intervention of the American embassy. In 1945, there was a reported population of 3,000. About 85% of them were European refugees.
3510:
Many Jewish people came from Germany in 1939, on a ship called the "Koenigstein". During the years 1933–43, there were a population of 2,700 Jewish immigrants. In 1939, the Jewish population, mostly
7294:
3867:
destroyed the synagogue, which was part of the Jewish community center in the Honduras. But the Jewish community contributed money to re-build the temple. Most Honduran Jews live in Tegucigalpa.
2548:
Jews fleeing the Inquisition settled in Argentina, where they intermarried with native women. Portuguese traders and smugglers in the Virreinato del RĂo de la Plata were considered by many to be
4193:
3983:
7314:
7299:
7289:
4121:
officers told him of this plan in a 1983 meeting, justifying it with the antisemitic argument that Jews controlled the media and winning them over would be key to a public relations success.
3731:, who was Jewish. Luis was one of the first Jews to settle on Santo Domingo in 1492. When the western part of the island was taken over by France in 1633, many Dutch Sephardic Jews came from
3529:
started. In 1950, there was an estimation of 4,000 persons living in Ecuador. Most of the active Jewish communities in Ecuador are from German origin. The majority of Ecuadorian Jews live in
2886:
4457:
servicemen gathered together with local Puerto Rican Jews at the Old Telegraph building in Ponce to hold religious services. Many Central and Eastern European Jews came after World War II.
7104:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
3339:(it is located along 3rd Avenue and 6th Street). Along with a wave of nationalism, in the 1940s there was some antisemitism in Costa Rica, but generally there have been few problems.
3431:. The Jewish community of Curaçao also played a key role in supporting early Jewish congregations in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, including in New York City and
7024:
4301:. Those communities are disappearing as families move to the capital in search of education for their children and for economic reasons. Today Jewish community numbers some 20,000.
7176:
7044:
3427:
has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas—dating to 1651—and the oldest synagogue of the Americas, in continuous use since its completion in 1732 on the site of a
2624:
6984:
5523:
6346:
4618:
split equally between Sephardim and Ashkenazim. All but one of the country's 15 synagogues are Orthodox. The majority of Venezuela's Jews are members of the middle class.
5549:
1051:
3671:
are mainly descendants from immigrants from Germany, Eastern Europe and the Middle East that arrived in the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th.
2710:
and La Plata. After they gained economic success in mining and commerce, they faced suspicion and persecution from the Inquisition and local authorities. Most of these
3507:(Ladino) language. However, today, most Jewish people in Ecuador are of Ashkenazi ancestry. Some assume that these groups were among the European settlers of Ecuador.
4501:
For a few years, when World War II arrived, many Jewish refugees from the Netherlands and other parts of Europe fled to Suriname. Today, 2,765 Jews live in Suriname.
4246:
in the early twentieth century, merchants, missionaries, adventurers, and bandits crossed the swamps of Panama to go from the Atlantic to the Pacific, or vice versa.
4436:
is currently home to the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, with over 3,000 Jews supporting four synagogues; three in the capital city of San Juan: one each
3218:
The changing economy and wave of kidnappings during the last decade of the 20th century led many members of Colombia's Jewish community to emigrate. Most settled in
3046:
4350:
took advantage of Paraguay's liberal immigration laws to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe. After World War II, most Jews that arrived in Paraguay were survivors of
3356:
in the country. The Centro Israelita Sionista (Zionist Israeli Center) is a large Orthodox compound where a synagogue, library and museum are located. In 2015, the
5884:
3766:
In the late eighteenth century at the time of the French Revolution, the free people of color pressed for more rights in Saint-Domingue, and a slave revolt led by
5282:
7246:
3740:
3204:
5347:
6016:
5983:"On the Wrong Side of History – Israel, Latin America and the United States under a Peripheral-Realist Perspective, 1949–2012," in Judaica Latinoamericana VII
6163:
4143:
3015:', the longest-running TV show in the world, is a Chilean Jew of German origin. Other Chilean Jews who have achieved recognition in arts and culture include
1284:
979:
2997:
have achieved prominent positions in its society. They have had key roles both before and after its independence in 1810. Most Chilean Jews today reside in
6499:
5442:
1171:
6273:
4106:
was deposed in 1979, almost all of the remaining Nicaraguan Jews left the country, concerned about their future under the incoming socialist government.
6899:
3828:
Haiti and Israel maintain full diplomatic relations, but Israel's nearest permanent diplomat to the region is based in neighboring Dominican Republic.
2379:
5704:
143:
4603:
1166:
17:
6076:
7346:
4497:
Suriname was one of the most important centers of the Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, and Jews there were planters and slaveholders.
1414:
5631:
4059:
Based in CancĂşn, they reached out to the whole Quintana Roo and Mexican Caribbean including Playa del Carmen, Cozumel, Isla Mujeres and MĂ©rida.
3912:) immigrants to Jamaica from Portugal and Spain from 1494 to the present, either by birth or ancestry. Jewish documents, gravestones written in
2409:
to provide written documentation of Old Christian lineage to travel to the New World. However, the first Jews came with the first expedition of
4606:, where they had flourished under Dutch rule. Judaism was recognized as a legal religion. The government granted the Jews land for a cemetery.
4553:
dates back to the 16th century, yet few documents relating to converso history during the Colonial period are extant. In 1726, the governor of
3698:
3028:
7351:
7341:
7029:
3463:
culture of their ancestors. Later, in the 18th and 19th centuries, many Sephardic families from Curaçao emigrated to the Dominican Republic.
3449:
1668:
6046:
5688:
5674:
3787:, in the North-West region of the country. Most Jews settled in port cities, where they worked as traders and merchants. In 1881 a crowd in
3567:
in 1868, was believed to be the country's first Jewish immigrant. Another Jew, Leon Libes, was documented as the first German Jew in 1888.
3360:
comprehensive school in San Jose had over 300 students in kindergarten, primary, and secondary grades learning in both Spanish and Hebrew.
5132:, with most estimates current as of July 2014; Jewish Virtual Library: Vital Statistics: Jewish Population of the World (1882 – Present).
3094:
to escape persecution and seek religious freedom during the 16th and 17th centuries. It is estimated that some reached northern areas of
653:
616:
7356:
7119:
5428:
4582:
The history of Venezuelan New Christians most likely began in the middle of the 17th century, when some records suggest that groups of
4510:
4098:
that devastated Managua, it having destroyed many Jewish businesses, while others fled during the violence and unrest of the 1978-1979
3332:, which was originally a slur referring to these immigrants, has come to mean door-to-door salesman in colloquial Costa Rican Spanish.
3258:. There are 14 official synagogues throughout the country. In Bogotá, Jews each run their own religious and cultural institutions. The
7241:
5266:
4304:
Panama is the only country in the world except for Israel that has had two Jewish presidents in the twentieth century. In the sixties
3320:
A third wave of Jewish immigrants came before World War I and especially in the 1930s, as Ashkenazi Jews fled a Europe threatened by
1592:
5574:
5331:
2481:
emigrated to South America for refuge. In the 21st century, fewer than 300,000 Jews live in Latin America. They are concentrated in
7376:
7124:
6954:
6939:
6432:
5527:
1615:
5402:
4594:. At the turn of the 19th century, Venezuela and Colombia were fighting against their Spanish colonizers in wars of independence.
3317:, married local women, and were soon assimilated into the country's general society. Most eventually gave up Judaism altogether.
965:
6412:
6386:
3211:
in the country illegally to stay. The Jewish population increased dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s, and institutions such as
6450:
4312:, was president between 1985 and 1988. The two were members of Kol Shearith Israel synagogue and were involved in Jewish life.
4153:
lost the 1990 presidential election, Nicaraguan Jews started returning to Nicaragua. Prior to 1979 the Jewish community had no
2874:
2560:, began to settle in Argentina. By the end of the century in Argentina, as in America, many Jewish immigrants were coming from
2372:
1542:
1477:
1359:
5656:
5553:
4109:
Beginning in 1983, the Reagan administration in the U.S. made a concerted effort to increase domestic support for funding the
7256:
6703:
2553:
663:
4407:. Today, Peruvian Jews represent an important part of the economics and politics of Peru; the majority of them are from the
7306:
7236:
7206:
4385:
3605:
2761:, settled in Bolivia. In 1917, it was estimated that there were 20 to 25 professing Jews in the country. By 1933, when the
2714:
families moved to Santa Cruz de la Sierra, as it was an isolated urban settlement where the Inquisition did not bother the
2658:
1101:
7261:
4377:
3920:
have proven this. While many are non-practicing, it is recorded that over 20,000 Jamaicans religiously identify as Jews.
3621:, an area called Remire or Irmire. From 1658 to 1659, Paulo Jacomo Pinto began negotiating with the Dutch authorities in
1369:
1186:
1176:
416:
3402:
was launched, and in the period of five years, more than 400 Cuban Jews secretly immigrated to Israel. In February 2007
3200:, immigration was put to a halt by anti-immigrant feelings in the country and restrictions on immigration from Germany.
7231:
7039:
6974:
6527:
4420:
4380:. At first, they had lived without restrictions because the Inquisition was not active in Peru at the beginning of the
3592:. On 30 July 1939, President Martinez barred an entry of fifty Jewish refugees going to El Salvador on the German ship
3555:
2757:
During the 20th century, substantial Jewish settlement began in Bolivia. In 1905, a group of Russian Jews, followed by
1765:
1715:
1680:
1374:
1239:
1106:
2801:
in the cities of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, La Paz, and Cochabamba. Most Bolivian Jews live in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
7014:
6757:
6743:
6728:
6687:
6671:
6657:
6641:
6625:
6607:
6591:
6249:
5811:
5344:
5146:
4490:
4255:
4219:
4009:
3282:
2934:
2365:
1457:
1419:
1394:
1314:
1299:
1146:
1086:
1041:
7196:
6320:
4201:
4086:
In the 20th century, Nicaragua's Jewish community consisted mostly of immigrants from Eastern Europe who arrived in
3991:
3690:. Today, the Jewish community in Guatemala is made up of Orthodox Jews, Sephardi, Eastern European and German Jews.
3419:
7366:
7134:
7079:
7049:
6969:
6510:
5481:
5151:
4577:
4081:
3660:
3228:
2758:
2537:
1750:
1732:
1638:
1532:
1384:
1379:
1304:
1269:
1136:
6693:
2993:
Although a relatively small community amounting to no more than 1% of the country's religious minorities, Jews in
7361:
7166:
7114:
7089:
7064:
7009:
6979:
4598:, Venezuela's liberator and his sister, found refuge and material support for his army in the homes of Jews from
4489:
growers. But the Portuguese in Brazil forced many Jews to move into the northern Dutch colonies in the Americas,
4466:
4321:
3837:
3081:
2870:
2268:
2167:
1722:
1705:
1658:
1557:
1467:
1404:
1354:
1334:
1329:
1249:
1223:
1198:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1036:
1031:
4629:
descent. Jewish groups, such as the Latin American Jewish Congress, have criticized Maduro and his predecessor,
4342:
and Turkey arrived in Paraguay, mostly Sephardic Jews. In the 1920s, there was a second wave of immigrants from
3817:
As of 2010, the number of known Jews in Haiti is estimated at 25, residing in the relatively affluent suburb of
3542:
and spread the Ecuadorian folk art, Constanza Capua conducted archaeological, anthropological and colonial art.
7336:
7181:
7129:
7069:
7034:
6989:
5849:
4529:
4197:
4131:
3987:
3876:
3850:. There were also immigration from Greece, who are of Sephardic origin and Turkey and North Africa, who are of
3490:
2910:
2648:
1741:
1727:
1695:
1675:
1643:
1587:
1562:
1537:
1517:
1507:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1462:
1452:
1447:
1424:
1339:
1324:
1244:
1203:
1156:
1151:
1071:
1016:
2425:
16th century, fully functioning Jewish communities were founded in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, the Dutch
7371:
7084:
7074:
7054:
6999:
6994:
6910:
6870:
4233:
3951:
3173:
3169:
3126:
2906:
2810:
2791:
2620:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2162:
1700:
1685:
1648:
1610:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1552:
1547:
1527:
1512:
1497:
1472:
1438:
1409:
1309:
1294:
1218:
1208:
1126:
1096:
1021:
1007:
5605:
3262:, located in Bogotá, is the central organization that coordinates Jews and Jewish institutions in Colombia.
3145:(who adopted the more Christian name of Santiago Eder when he translated his name to Spanish) born into the
3019:, now established in France and best known internationally for his literary and filmic work. Others include
2591:. Between 250,000 and 300,000 Jews now live in Argentina, the vast majority of whom reside in the cities of
7171:
7059:
7004:
6932:
6294:
5701:
5587:
4923:
4037:
presence in Mexico, few conversos and even fewer Jews migrated there after the Spanish Conquest of Mexico.
3714:
3181:
3149:
community, as well as the De Lima, Salazar, Espinoza, Arias, Ramirez, Perez and Lobo families of Caribbean
2976:
2926:
2866:
1770:
1690:
1653:
1577:
1522:
1389:
1364:
1289:
1264:
1254:
1193:
1116:
1111:
1091:
1081:
1061:
1046:
939:
643:
407:
402:
4040:
Then, in the late 19th century, a number of German Jews settled in Mexico as a result of invitations from
2692:
came to Santa Cruz de la Sierra after 1570, when the Spanish Inquisition began operating in Lima. Alleged
2445:. In addition, there were unorganized communities of Jews in Spanish and Portuguese territories where the
7094:
7019:
5185:
4367:
3369:
3150:
3114:
1760:
1755:
1710:
1663:
1349:
1319:
1279:
1274:
1131:
437:
37:
5460:
6488:
Encyclopedia of Latin America: Amerindians through The Age of Globalization (Prehistory to the Present)
4298:
4122:
4113:
by persuading American Jews that the Sandinista government was antisemitic. According to Contra leader
3776:
3314:
3154:
2854:
2826:
2234:
2079:
1787:
1181:
377:
367:
103:
6823:
6709:
6551:
5912:
6884:
6178:
6125:
5934:
4135:
4095:
3942:
In 2006 Jamaican Jewish Heritage Center opened to celebrate of 350 years of Jews living in Jamaica.
2348:
2041:
1892:
1833:
724:
5502:
6843:
6818:
4566:
4449:
4182:
4103:
3972:
3767:
2894:
2051:
2031:
1141:
621:
162:
6828:
6799:
6774:
6017:"ADL Reports That Nicaragua's Jewish Community Has Been Forced into Exile by Sandinist Government"
4453:
2746:
From independence in 1825 to the end of the 19th century, some Jewish merchants and traders (both
2612:
2472:
By the mid-17th century, the largest Jewish communities in the Western Hemisphere were located in
6925:
6857:
6838:
6794:
4186:
3976:
3701:, who practice a particularly austere form of Orthodox Judaism, began settling in the village of
3265:
In the new millennium, after years of study, a group of Colombians with Jewish ancestry formally
3036:
2965:
2662:
2192:
2182:
2147:
2026:
2016:
1799:
970:
912:
746:
425:
382:
97:
6879:
6813:
6779:
3336:
6852:
6784:
5156:
5141:
4139:
4041:
3519:
3185:
3157:
region of Colombia. They have continued to be influential members of society in cities such as
3099:
2946:
2901:
2561:
2311:
2046:
1960:
1026:
578:
197:
167:
6833:
6789:
5996:
4138:, all found that there was no evidence to support the U.S. charge of government antisemitism.
3255:
3045:
is leader of the radical Green-Communist coalition and former presidential candidate in 2005.
6862:
6804:
6157:
5388:
4099:
3881:
The history of the Jews in Jamaica predominantly dates back to the 1490s when many Jews from
3470:
3432:
3266:
2576:. Upon arrival they were generally called "Russians" in reference to their region of origin.
2202:
2197:
2142:
1930:
845:
573:
560:
455:
172:
6390:
5294:
4346:
and Poland. Between 1933 and 1939, between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria and
2600:
5263:
4971:
4441:
4309:
4294:
4027:
3720:
3335:
The country's first synagogue, the Orthodox Shaarei Zion, was built in 1933 in the capital
3297:, who arrived in the 16th and 17th centuries with Spanish expeditions. In the 19th century
3061:
3016:
2666:
2521:
2505:. There are many important Jewish sites found in Latin America with the most notable being
2410:
2273:
2225:
1965:
1823:
636:
501:
490:
448:
5675:"Ultra-orthodox Lev Tahor settlement has spurred tension in Guatemalan village, CIJA says"
3908:
A recent study has now estimated that nearly 424,000 Jamaicans are descendants of Jewish (
3428:
3215:, schools and social clubs were established throughout the largest cities in the country.
3168:
During the early part of the 20th century, numerous Sephardic Jewish immigrants came from
2942:
2861:
in 1636, which is considered the first synagogue in the Americas. Most of these Jews were
8:
7153:
6417:
6278:
4517:
4381:
4290:
4126:
opposed the Reagan administration's policies in Latin America, including the progressive
4090:
after 1929. The Jews in Nicaragua were a relatively small community, with most living in
3936:
3383:
3251:
3223:
3129:, Judaism was recognized as a legal religion. The government granted the Jews land for a
3103:
2878:
2682:
2446:
2326:
2021:
699:
566:
469:
462:
392:
280:
155:
4636:
6198:
5406:
5003:
4595:
4391:
descent converts to Christianity settled mainly in the northern highlands and northern
4351:
4331:
3743:, establishing families. In the 21st century, archaeologists discovered a synagogue of
3702:
3407:
3387:
3057:
3032:
3024:
3008:
2604:
2506:
2434:
2406:
2177:
2127:
2074:
2069:
1983:
1853:
1121:
950:
709:
629:
483:
49:
6917:
6905:
6612:
2893:
under Dutch rule; the latter was taken over by the English in 1664 and was renamed as
6753:
6739:
6724:
6699:
6683:
6667:
6653:
6637:
6621:
6603:
6587:
6245:
6202:
6084:
5855:
5845:
5817:
5807:
5422:
5356:
4127:
3902:
3897:
began to practice Judaism openly. In 1719, the synagogue Kahal Kadosh Neve Tsedek in
3890:
3142:
3091:
3039:, is one of the many Jews to have held important political positions in the country.
2950:
2837:
2414:
2321:
2263:
2243:
2060:
1620:
1259:
719:
590:
520:
397:
310:
177:
6454:
6436:
3406:
estimated that about 1,500 Jews live in Cuba, most of them (about 1,000) in Havana.
3056:(Minister for Social Affairs) are also Jewish. In the field of sport, tennis player
3012:
2958:
2579:
Jewish individuals and families emigrated from Europe to Argentina before and after
6478:, Suplemento: 40 Aniversario del Estado de Israel, seccion: Judios de PR, 1988 pg.6
6194:
6190:
6141:
6137:
6001:
5660:
5632:"El Salvador Jewish Community Emerges from Centuries of Isolation and Assimilation"
4626:
4534:
4396:
4330:
from countries such as France, Switzerland and Italy. During World War I Jews from
3392:
3193:
2938:
2821:
2718:. Most of the converso settlers were men, and many intermarried with indigenous or
2291:
2172:
2132:
2096:
1794:
1344:
855:
611:
515:
430:
320:
112:
4278:
6733:
6718:
6677:
6647:
6631:
6615:
6597:
6581:
6239:
5724:
5708:
5351:
5270:
5166:
5161:
4486:
4400:
4265:
They were followed by other waves of immigration: during the First World War the
4048:
in Russia and Eastern Europe. A second large wave of immigration occurred as the
4034:
3932:
3864:
3736:
3674:
The first Jewish families arrived from the town of Kempen, Posen, Prussia (today
3478:
3436:
3196:
and practices, including more than 7,000 German Jews. From 1939 until the end of
3130:
3049:
2998:
2986:
2882:
2783:
2525:
2401:
2253:
2212:
2207:
2187:
2109:
2103:
2036:
1988:
1828:
1809:
960:
689:
601:
584:
128:
5804:
The island of one people : an account of the history of the Jews of Jamaica
4403:, Western and Eastern Slavic and Hungarians mainly, migrated to Peru, mostly to
4022:
3818:
3042:
5725:
Brenda Plummer, "Between Privilege and Opprobrium: The Arabs and Jews in Haiti"
4891:
4622:
4542:
4538:
4437:
4347:
4266:
4114:
4049:
3924:
3860:
3822:
3788:
3728:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3630:
3626:
3568:
3504:
3357:
3298:
3107:
3005:, but there are significant communities in the north and south of the country.
2914:
2816:
2775:
2543:
2478:
2418:
2353:
2152:
2007:
1887:
1866:
1843:
1838:
1816:
1804:
1399:
880:
814:
779:
757:
694:
532:
510:
372:
351:
327:
93:
75:
5322:
Latin America during World War II by Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, P.117
3752:
7330:
6874:
6088:
5821:
5067:
4388:
4282:
4150:
3851:
3724:
3613:
3500:
3325:
3177:
3087:
3053:
3020:
2890:
2699:
2628:
2616:
2615:. Argentina has the third-largest Jewish community in the Americas after the
2584:
2301:
2296:
1502:
1429:
955:
804:
799:
794:
784:
762:
714:
476:
315:
220:
182:
133:
6583:
Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the Caribbean and the Guianas: A Bibliography
5859:
5503:"Jews migration to the Dominican Republic to seek refuge from the Holocaust"
3905:
was Jewish. For the most part, Jews practiced Orthodox rituals and customs.
3234:
In the early 21st century, most of the Jews in Colombia are concentrated in
3002:
2556:. After 1810 (and about mid-nineteenth century), more Jews, especially from
6720:
The Jewish Diaspora In Latin America and the Caribbean: Fragments of Memory
6241:
Nicaragua, the Price of Intervention: Reagan's Wars Against the Sandinistas
5285:
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 13 November 2013
5264:
Jeffrey Lesser, "The Immigration and Integration of Polish Jews in Brazil"
4472:
4392:
4305:
4277:, although historically small groups of Jews settled in other cities, like
4243:
3928:
3748:
3321:
3239:
3197:
3138:
3065:
2954:
2918:
2678:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2529:
2331:
2157:
1998:
1993:
1951:
1904:
998:
865:
850:
809:
774:
387:
229:
30:
6649:
Through the Sands of Time: A History of the Jewish Community of St. Thomas
6045:
Muravchik, Joshua; Alberts, Susan; Korenstein, Antony (1 September 1986).
2842:
5782:"Haiti's Jewish Remnant Keeps the Faith and Lends a Hand Amid the Crisis"
5370:
5019:
4827:
4630:
4433:
4274:
3917:
3886:
3856:
3795:
3772:
3744:
3564:
3515:
3511:
3352:
3146:
2727:
2670:
2466:
2458:
2400:
who joined the Spanish and Portuguese expeditions to the continents. The
2316:
2258:
1923:
829:
824:
819:
789:
4355:
3935:, De Leon, DeMercado, Barrett, Babb, Magnus, Codner, Pimentel, DeCosta,
3378:
for centuries. Some Cubans trace Jewish ancestry to crypto-Jews, called
3247:
2702:
whom others rightly or wrongly suspected of crypto-Judaism), settled in
2674:
6562:
5781:
5332:
Florencia Arbiser, "Mass converts pose dilemma for Latin American Jews"
4795:
4554:
3898:
3455:
3288:
3189:
3162:
2771:
2751:
2740:
2632:
2549:
1974:
988:
917:
875:
704:
684:
243:
150:
70:
29:"Hispanic Jews" and "Latino Jews" redirect here. For related uses, see
4599:
4251:
3901:
was built. By the year 1720, 18 percent of the population the capital
3732:
3424:
3302:
3122:
2430:
7158:
5609:
4859:
4763:
4667:
4637:
Reported Jewish populations in the Americas and the Caribbean in 2014
4591:
4408:
4335:
4087:
4033:
New Christians arrived in Mexico as early as 1521. Due to the strong
3909:
3811:
3694:
3668:
3647:
3622:
3585:
3534:
3526:
3460:
3212:
2798:
2747:
2482:
2397:
2137:
2122:
1212:
1160:
922:
870:
860:
541:
537:
527:
442:
202:
6077:"Opinion | SO ARE THE SANDINISTAS ANTI-SEMITIC? OF COURSE, THEY ARE"
5935:"Persecution and Restrictions of Religion in Nicaragua – transcript"
4171:
3961:
3518:, were expelled by a decree of the Italian influenced government of
3235:
2981:
2787:
2703:
2669:
who was accompanied by a small group of pioneers, including several
890:
7144:
5997:"Shows Small Nicaraguan Jewish Community Mistreated by Sandinistas"
5083:
5035:
4987:
4843:
4779:
4602:. After independence, in 1826 practicing Jews came from Curaçao to
4477:
4354:. Today, there are 1,000 Jews mostly living in Paraguay's capital,
4327:
3923:
Common Jewish surnames in Jamaica are Abrahams, Alexander, Isaacs,
3894:
3882:
3843:
3643:
3635:
3293:
3095:
2862:
2730:, Postrervalle, Portachuelo, Terevinto, Pucara, Cotoca and others.
2715:
2689:
2636:
2608:
2473:
2469:, who had generally concealed their identity from the authorities.
2450:
2442:
2426:
2306:
1916:
1848:
679:
187:
138:
5311:
Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities,
4562:, and the second-largest as a proportion of the total population.
3153:. Coincidentally, these persons and their families settled in the
6633:
Jews of the Dutch Caribbean: Exploring Ethnic Identity on Curaçao
6490:. J. Michael Francis, Facts On File. New York, N.Y. 2010, p. 296,
5729:
Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities
5115:
4955:
4939:
4875:
4715:
4587:
4550:
4343:
4259:
4110:
4091:
4053:
3847:
3799:
3618:
3581:
3576:
3538:
3496:
3379:
3306:
3270:
3250:, but very few practicing Jews. Smaller communities are found in
3208:
3161:. Over the generations most of their descendants were raised as
3118:
2723:
2719:
2694:
2654:
2596:
2502:
2438:
2282:
2248:
2117:
1911:
900:
895:
767:
658:
553:
549:
545:
294:
289:
266:
248:
123:
118:
108:
86:
61:
6413:"Tiny Nicaragua Jewish community doubles in size as 114 convert"
4425:
4242:
has been a transit station. Long before the construction of the
3222:
and other parts of the United States. Successes in the nation's
4747:
4699:
4683:
4482:
4445:
4286:
4239:
4068:
4045:
3913:
3784:
3760:
3589:
3560:
3348:
3310:
2858:
2850:
2830:
2797:
By 2006, approximately 700 Jews remained in Bolivia. There are
2767:
2735:
2707:
2510:
2498:
2486:
1942:
1937:
1897:
1882:
993:
885:
305:
271:
257:
192:
5880:
5099:
5051:
4731:
4339:
4154:
3807:
3803:
3756:
3675:
3572:
3530:
3466:
3219:
2994:
2779:
2490:
905:
334:
238:
207:
5524:"A partial, brief summary of Jews in the Dominican Republic"
3791:
attacked a group of Jews but was drawn back by militia men.
3106:
into Colombian society. Some continue to practice traces of
2681:. The city became known as a safe haven for Jews during the
6735:
The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800
6580:
Mordechai Arbell, Dennis Channing Landis, Ann Phelps Barry
4907:
4811:
4452:
community in the western part of the island in the town of
4404:
4373:
3474:
3454:
Converso Merchants of Sephardic origin arrived in southern
3375:
3243:
3242:, with about 7,000 members. Large communities are found in
3158:
2930:
2762:
2494:
2462:
2454:
57:
6867:
6711:
Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question
6528:"Venezuela's 'anti-Semitic' leader admits Jewish ancestry"
6044:
5689:"More Lev Tahor sect members leaving Canada for Guatemala"
5606:"Los Caminos de Israel – A Non-Profit Jewish Organization"
4610:
various cities and towns throughout the country together.
3629:
to settle in the Americas. On 20 July 1600, more than 150
5958:
5956:
4118:
3842:
During the 20th century-1980s, Jewish immigrants came to
5752:
Reported in Jewish newspaper 'Ha-Melitz' on 12 July 1881
5250:
Luz, Marina Canelas A., "Esplendor JudĂo en la Llajta",
3184:. Shortly after, Jewish immigrants began to arrive from
6947:
6906:
Latin American Jews contend with spike in anti-Semitism
3525:
The rise of Jewish immigration to Ecuador was when the
3495:
For some time, prior to the 20th century, many Jews in
5953:
5913:"World Jewish Communities – Latin America – Nicaragua"
5461:"The Exile of the Jews due to the Spanish Inquisition"
5228:
Sherry Mangan, "Storm Clouds over the Bolivian Refuge"
4326:
Toward the 19th century, Jewish immigrants arrived in
4308:
was first vice president, then president. His nephew,
2726:
families. Conversos also settled in adjacent towns of
6617:
Memory, Oblivion, and Jewish Culture In Latin America
5739:
5737:
4520:, a former British colony, is home to over 500 Jews.
4044:, followed by a huge wave of Ashkenazic Jews fleeing
3727:, as he named it, among his crew was an interpreter,
3571:
families also arrived from countries such as Turkey,
3324:. Most of these immigrants came from the Polish town
6179:"Playing the 'Anti-Semitism' Card Against Venezuela"
5715:, posted 23 September 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2015
5377:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
5360:
magazine, December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
4052:
collapsed, leading many Sephardic Jews from Turkey,
3410:
is an active synagogue that serves many Cuban Jews.
2552:, but no community emerged after Argentina achieved
1921:
1902:
325:
5214:
Farewell España, The World The Sephardim Remembered
3846:, mainly from Russia, Poland, Germany, Hungary and
2853:, especially in areas of Dutch rule. They set up a
6679:Jews of the Amazon: Self-Exile in Earthly Paradise
6521:
6519:
6511:Post-Chavez, Venezuelan Jews plant roots elsewhere
5734:
3794:By the end of the 19th century, a small number of
3395:, fearing class persecution under the Communists.
3011:, otherwise known as "Don Francisco" and host of '
2881:began in Portugal in 1536. In 1656, following the
6176:
6162:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3651:live in French Guiana, predominately in Cayenne.
3313:and the Caribbean followed. They lived mostly in
7328:
6117:
3931:, Lyon, Sangster, Myers, Da Silva, De Souza, De
3260:ConfederaciĂłn de Asociaciones JudĂas de Colombia
6516:
6338:
5443:"In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life"
5237:Mario Rueda Peña, "Los JudĂos de Vallegrande",
4560:fifth-largest Jewish community in Latin America
3763:, a few Jewish tombstones have been uncovered.
6552:The Virtual Jewish History Tour: French Guiana
3141:of English Jewish ancestry, the industrialist
2734:typical local dishes can be all prepared with
6933:
6387:"International Religious Freedom Report 2005"
6244:. Institute for Policy Studies. p. 174.
6216:
6047:"Sandinista Anti-Semitism and its Apologists"
6040:
6038:
4395:, and they were assimilated to local people:
3693:In 2014, numerous members of the communities
3450:History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic
2477:century. During and after World War II, many
2373:
7267:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
6347:"Managua's Jews Reject Anti-Semitism Charge"
6231:
6170:
5224:
5222:
5197:
5195:
3893:from Spain in 1655, Jews who were living as
2945:, but there are also sizable communities in
6312:
5874:"Panorama de las religiones en MĂ©xico 2010"
5702:"September 24: Expelled from North America"
4200:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3990:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
617:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
6940:
6926:
6525:
6389:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from
6177:Wingerter, Eric; Delacour, Justin (2009).
6102:
6035:
5806:. Alberga, Anthony. Kingston: Ian Randle.
5575:The Lost Sephardic Tribes of Latin America
4511:History of the Jews in Trinidad and Tobago
2929:, about 107,329 by 2010, according to the
2380:
2366:
6900:Brazil's Jews face 60% intermarriage rate
5976:
5974:
5839:
5219:
5192:
4220:Learn how and when to remove this message
4010:Learn how and when to remove this message
6698:. University of New Mexico Press, 2008.
6682:, The Jewish Publication Society, 1999,
6237:
5801:
5649:
4533:
4424:
4021:
3751:in the southwest area of the island. In
3269:to be accepted as Jews according to the
2980:
2836:
2820:
2790:. After World War II, a small number of
2520:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5797:
5795:
5779:
5718:
4376:, conversos arrived at the time of the
4273:The center of Jewish life in Panama is
3473:was founded by Jews fleeing the rising
3203:Colombia asked Germans who were on the
14:
7347:History of the Jews in Central America
7329:
6714:. University of California Press, 1995
6321:"Among Jews of Nicaragua, Much Debate"
6318:
6222:
5985:. Hebrew University Magnes Press, Ltd.
5980:
5971:
5907:
5905:
5780:Birkner, Gabrielle (20 January 2010).
5657:"Ancient Jewish Tradition of clothing"
5588:"Ecuador: Virtual Jewish History Tour"
5427:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4504:
3885:and Spain fled the persecution of the
3678:, Poland), establishing themselves in
3469:, meanwhile, is a small town close to
3188:. A wave of immigrants came after the
2825:The oldest synagogue in the Americas,
6921:
6271:
6123:
5866:
5375:Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project
5257:
3443:
3110:Jewish rituals as family traditions.
2635:, and the first and last two days of
7352:History of the Jews in North America
7342:History of the Jews in South America
6768:
6344:
6295:"The Sandinista War on Human Rights"
5828:
5792:
5681:
5667:
5371:"The Jewish Community of Costa Rica"
4621:The current president of Venezuela,
4493:. Jews settled in Suriname in 1639.
4429:Inside Sha'are Zedeck in Puerto Rico
4198:adding citations to reliable sources
4165:
3988:adding citations to reliable sources
3955:
3606:History of the Jews in French Guiana
3231:are now seeking refuge in Colombia.
2394:history of the Jews in Latin America
6948:History of the Jews in the Americas
6620:, University of Texas Press, 2005,
6379:
5902:
5731:, Psychology Press, 1997, pp. 80–81
5585:
5313:Psychology Press, 1997, pages 76–78
5186:"The Jews who Sailed with Columbus"
3503:and some retained their use of the
36:For a list of Jews by country, see
24:
6902:Includes history and current stats
6692:Jeffrey Lesser & Raanan Rein.
6526:Shmulovich, Michal (13 May 2013).
6370:
6108:
5962:
5844:. Kingston, Jamaica: Canoe Press.
5389:"Cuba Virtual Jewish History Tour"
5316:
4421:History of the Jews in Puerto Rico
4132:the Council on Hemispheric Affairs
3798:families immigrated to Haiti from
3556:History of the Jews in El Salvador
3102:. Most if not all of these people
25:
7388:
7357:Jews and Judaism in the Caribbean
6763:
6695:Rethinking Jewish-Latin Americans
6272:Tracy, Lawrence (20 March 1986).
6126:"Jewish Support for the Contras?"
5727:, in Ignacio Klich, Jeff Lesser,
5345:"The Jewish Traveler: Costa Rica"
5309:Ignacio Klich & Jeff Lesser,
5147:Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico
3374:Jews have lived on the island of
3283:History of the Jews in Costa Rica
3238:, with about 20,000 members, and
3098:, which at the time was known as
408:Historical population comparisons
7143:
7110:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6666:(rev) Holmes & Meier, 1998.
6319:Berger, Joseph (20 April 1986).
4578:History of the Jews in Venezuela
4170:
4082:History of the Jews of Nicaragua
3960:
3889:. When the English captured the
3661:History of the Jews in Guatemala
3599:
3113:In the 18th century, practicing
3035:, poet and former leader of the
2873:to the religious freedom of the
2657:started at the beginning of the
2538:History of the Jews in Argentina
2465:. Many in such communities were
1052:Democratic Republic of the Congo
966:Historical population by country
18:History of the Jews in Guatemala
7377:Latin America and the Caribbean
6723:, Sussex Academic Press, 2005,
6574:
6556:
6545:
6504:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6443:
6425:
6405:
6364:
6345:Cody, Edward (29 August 1983).
6286:
6265:
6069:
6009:
5989:
5939:US Department of State Bulletin
5927:
5773:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5695:
5624:
5598:
5579:
5568:
5542:
5516:
5495:
5474:
5453:
5435:
5395:
5381:
5363:
5337:
5325:
5303:
5110:
5094:
5078:
5062:
5046:
5030:
5014:
4998:
4982:
4966:
4950:
4934:
4918:
4902:
4886:
4870:
4854:
4838:
4822:
4806:
4790:
4774:
4758:
4742:
4726:
4710:
4694:
4678:
4662:
4467:History of the Jews in Suriname
4322:History of the Jews in Paraguay
3838:History of the Jews in Honduras
3082:History of the Jews in Colombia
2883:Portuguese reconquest of Brazil
2639:, according to the law 26,089.
6599:The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica
6195:10.1080/10714839.2009.11725471
6142:10.1080/0449010X.1986.10703674
5981:EscudÄ—, Carlos (August 2013).
5842:The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica
5288:
5276:
5244:
5231:
5207:
5178:
4549:The New Christian presence in
4530:History of the Jews in Uruguay
4414:
4358:. Most are of German descent.
4238:For nearly five hundred years
3877:History of the Jews in Jamaica
3625:to allow a group of Jews from
3549:
3491:History of the Jews in Ecuador
3420:History of the Jews in Curaçao
3192:in 1933 and the imposition of
2935:Jewish Confederation of Brazil
2722:women, founding mixed-race or
2649:History of the Jews in Bolivia
2583:, in an attempt to escape the
2437:, and the English colonies of
13:
1:
6911:The Christian Science Monitor
6433:"Toiras Jesed de Puerto Rico"
6292:
5482:"Jews migration in the 1700s"
5172:
4633:, of fostering antisemitism.
4234:History of the Jews in Panama
3952:History of the Jews in Mexico
3276:
2927:Jewish community in the world
2811:History of the Jews in Brazil
623:Christianity and Judaism
6183:NACLA Report on the Americas
6144:(inactive 12 September 2024)
5802:Marilyn., Delevante (2006).
5203:History of the Jewish People
4924:United States Virgin Islands
4571:
4144:U.S. ambassador to Nicaragua
4075:
3715:History of the Jews in Haiti
3654:
3207:to leave and allowed Jewish
2977:History of the Jews in Chile
2516:
7:
5883:. p. 3. Archived from
5135:
4460:
4368:History of the Jews in Peru
4315:
4102:. When Nicaraguan dictator
3863:grew more active. In 1998,
3831:
3563:Bernardo Haas, who came to
3370:History of the Jews in Cuba
3115:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
3075:
2925:Brazil has the 9th largest
1922:
1903:
1630:Latin America and Caribbean
326:
38:List of Latin American Jews
10:
7393:
5840:Mordehay., Arbell (2000).
5295:U.S. Department of State.
5216:, written by Howard Sachar
5152:B'nai B'rith Latin America
4575:
4564:
4527:
4523:
4470:
4464:
4418:
4365:
4319:
4231:
4123:The Anti-Defamation League
4079:
3949:
3874:
3870:
3835:
3712:
3553:
3488:
3484:
3447:
3417:
3413:
3367:
3280:
3079:
3064:and former top-ten in the
3052:(Minister for Mining) and
2974:
2963:
2827:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue
2814:
2808:
2646:
2642:
2541:
2535:
2235:Jewish political movements
1932:Conversion to Judaism
35:
28:
7285:
7252:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7152:
7141:
6953:
6664:The Jews of Latin America
6500:American Jewish Book 2019
6274:"The Post Is Wrong (III)"
6021:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
5550:"Dominican Republic-Jews"
5299:, Retrieved on 2013-12-18
4161:
4136:American Jewish Committee
4026:Sinagoga Maguén David in
3945:
3068:) has Jewish background.
2804:
2683:Inquisition in the region
2665:, was founded in 1557 by
638:Hinduism and Judaism
7272:Turks and Caicos Islands
6738:, Berghahn Books, 2001,
6238:Kornbluh, Peter (1987).
5761:Plummer (1997), pp.86–88
5269:13 December 2010 at the
4567:Israel-Uruguay relations
3708:
2970:
464:Temple in Jerusalem
157:Bar and bat mitzvah
7367:Religion in Puerto Rico
6752:. Hill and Wang, 1998.
6586:, Interamericas, 1999,
6299:The Heritage Foundation
6225:The Death of Ben Linder
6124:Klich, Ignacio (1986).
5915:. World Jewish Congress
4485:, and merchants became
4361:
3363:
3037:Chilean Communist Party
2966:Israel-Brazil relations
2794:immigrated to Bolivia.
2663:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
2659:Spanish colonial period
426:Twelve Tribes of Israel
7362:Latin American history
7187:British Virgin Islands
6908:By Sara Miller Llana,
6630:Alan Fredric Benjamin
6513:– The Times of Israel.
6373:Israeli Foreign Policy
6111:Israeli Foreign Policy
5965:Israeli Foreign Policy
5592:Jewish Virtual Library
5157:Latin American Muslims
5142:List of Caribbean Jews
4546:
4499:
4430:
4042:Maximilian I of Mexico
4030:
3520:Alberto Enriquez Gallo
2990:
2849:Jews settled early in
2846:
2834:
2533:
2449:was active, including
7337:Ashkenazi Jews topics
7100:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6824:Jews in French Guiana
6676:Ariel Segal Frielich
6662:Judith Laikin Elkin.
6602:, Canoe Press, 2000,
6563:Ethnic groups – Haiti
5586:Shields, Jacqueline.
5283:2010 Brazilian census
4537:
4495:
4471:Further information:
4428:
4100:Sandinista Revolution
4025:
3768:Toussaint L'Ouverture
3477:regime of the 1930s.
3433:Newport, Rhode Island
2984:
2841:Beth El Synagogue in
2840:
2824:
2815:Further information:
2613:San Miguel de Tucumán
2542:Further information:
2524:
1172:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1167:Republic of the Congo
561:Second Temple Judaism
432:Kingdom of Judah
403:Modern historiography
7372:Sephardi Jews topics
6439:on 23 November 2007.
5770:Plummer (1997), p.88
5743:Plummer (1997), p.84
5707:16 July 2014 at the
5350:8 March 2009 at the
4972:Netherlands Antilles
4310:Eric Arturo Delvalle
4295:Santiago de Veraguas
4194:improve this section
4028:Polanco, Mexico City
3984:improve this section
3721:Christopher Columbus
3398:In the early 1990s,
3267:converted to Judaism
3017:Alejandro Jodorowsky
2885:, Jews left for the
2627:, with both days of
2411:Christopher Columbus
2274:World Agudath Israel
1415:United Arab Emirates
502:Second Temple period
492:Babylonian captivity
7277:U.S. Virgin Islands
7120:Trinidad and Tobago
6965:Antigua and Barbuda
6873:19 January 2013 at
6819:Jews in El Salvador
6636:, Routledge, 2002,
6532:The Times of Israel
6418:The Times of Israel
6393:on 14 December 2012
6375:. pp. 171–172.
6351:The Washington Post
6279:The Washington Post
5612:on 28 December 2018
5334:, JTA, 18 June 2009
5254:, 24 September 2006
4518:Trinidad and Tobago
4505:Trinidad and Tobago
4352:concentration camps
3741:free women of color
3384:Spanish Inquisition
3224:Democratic security
2985:Great Synagogue of
2688:The second wave of
2653:Jewish presence in
2574:Tsarist persecution
567:Hellenistic Judaism
145:Land of Israel
104:Principles of faith
7030:Dominican Republic
6868:Jewish Puerto Rico
6844:Jews in Martinique
6800:Jews in Costa Rica
6717:Ruggiero, Kristin
6325:The New York Times
6081:The New York Times
5890:on 21 October 2015
5449:. 4 February 2007.
5447:The New York Times
5273:, Emory University
5241:, 23 November 1995
5130:CIA World Factbook
5004:Dominican Republic
4625:, claims to be of
4547:
4431:
4130:, the leftist NGO
4031:
3703:San Juan La Laguna
3501:Sephardic ancestry
3444:Dominican Republic
3429:previous synagogue
3408:Beth Shalom Temple
3404:The New York Times
3388:Beth Shalom Temple
3287:The first Jews in
3254:and the island of
3060:(gold medalist in
3033:Volodia Teitelboim
3009:Mario Kreutzberger
2991:
2847:
2835:
2587:and later postwar
2534:
2507:Beth Shalom Temple
2128:Jewish Koine Greek
1670:Dominican Republic
951:Judaism by country
630:Jews and Christmas
485:Assyrian captivity
7324:
7323:
6895:
6894:
6885:Jews in Venezuela
6829:Jews in Guatemala
6775:Jews in Argentina
6704:978-0-8263-4401-4
6596:Mordechai Arbell
5941:. 1984. p. 2
5556:on 1 October 2013
5127:
5126:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4134:, as well as the
4128:New Jewish Agenda
4020:
4019:
4012:
3891:colony of Jamaica
3143:James Martin Eder
3092:Iberian peninsula
3025:Shlomit Baytelman
2951:Rio Grande do Sul
2887:Caribbean islands
2739:with some Jewish
2625:holidays per year
2415:Rodrigo de Triana
2390:
2389:
2339:
2338:
2087:
2086:
1834:Reconstructionist
1778:
1777:
930:
929:
737:
736:
574:Jewish–Roman wars
522:Hasmonean dynasty
438:Kingdom of Israel
342:
341:
16:(Redirected from
7384:
7242:Saint Barthélemy
7202:Falkland Islands
7147:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6919:
6918:
6858:Jews in Paraguay
6839:Jews in Honduras
6795:Jews in Colombia
6769:
6708:Jeffrey Lesser,
6569:
6560:
6554:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6523:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6457:on 30 April 2008
6453:. Archived from
6447:
6441:
6440:
6435:. Archived from
6429:
6423:
6422:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6161:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6130:Jewish Quarterly
6121:
6115:
6114:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6083:. 5 April 1986.
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6002:Associated Press
5993:
5987:
5986:
5978:
5969:
5968:
5960:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5889:
5878:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5837:
5826:
5825:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5732:
5722:
5716:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5663:on 2 April 2015.
5659:. Archived from
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5608:. Archived from
5602:
5596:
5595:
5583:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5552:. Archived from
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5526:. Archived from
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5405:. Archived from
5399:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5367:
5361:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5314:
5307:
5301:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5261:
5255:
5248:
5242:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5182:
4641:
4640:
4627:Sephardic Jewish
4389:Sephardic Jewish
4378:Spanish Conquest
4225:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4174:
4166:
4140:Anthony Quainton
4104:Anastasio Somoza
4015:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3964:
3956:
3887:Holy Inquisition
3812:Nazi persecution
3612:Jews arrived in
3393:Cuban revolution
3194:antisemitic laws
3050:Karen Poniachick
2382:
2375:
2368:
2231:
2230:
2112:
1933:
1927:
1908:
1872:
1871:
1819:
1766:New Zealand
1718:
1681:El Salvador
1671:
1603:Northern America
1595:
1189:
945:
944:
856:Crimean Karaites
752:
751:
730:
728:
649:
647:
639:
633:
624:
612:Rabbinic Judaism
593:
587:
581:
569:
557:
523:
516:Maccabean Revolt
493:
486:
480:
472:
465:
459:
451:
433:
357:
356:
331:
226:
225:
158:
146:
45:
44:
21:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7295:Central America
7281:
7156:
7148:
7139:
6956:
6949:
6946:
6896:
6880:Jews in Uruguay
6814:Jews in Ecuador
6780:Jews in Bolivia
6766:
6646:Judah M. Cohen
6613:Marjorie AgosĂn
6577:
6572:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6546:
6536:
6534:
6524:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6470:
6460:
6458:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6394:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6343:
6339:
6329:
6327:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6291:
6287:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6236:
6232:
6221:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6175:
6171:
6155:
6154:
6147:
6145:
6122:
6118:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6091:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6043:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6023:. 20 March 2015
6015:
6014:
6010:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5979:
5972:
5961:
5954:
5944:
5942:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5852:
5838:
5829:
5814:
5800:
5793:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5735:
5723:
5719:
5713:Jewish Currents
5709:Wayback Machine
5700:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5638:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5531:
5530:on 26 June 2013
5522:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5410:
5409:on 21 July 2011
5403:"Archived copy"
5401:
5400:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5352:Wayback Machine
5343:Perman, Stacy:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5308:
5304:
5293:
5289:
5281:
5277:
5271:Wayback Machine
5262:
5258:
5249:
5245:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5167:Pallache family
5162:Charles Palache
5138:
4658:
4653:
4645:
4639:
4580:
4574:
4569:
4532:
4526:
4513:redirects here.
4507:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4448:, as well as a
4423:
4417:
4401:Ashkenazic Jews
4370:
4364:
4324:
4318:
4236:
4226:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4191:
4175:
4164:
4096:1972 earthquake
4084:
4078:
4035:Catholic Church
4016:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3981:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3939:and Rodriques.
3879:
3873:
3865:Hurricane Mitch
3840:
3834:
3737:French colonies
3717:
3711:
3663:redirects here.
3657:
3608:redirects here.
3602:
3558:
3552:
3493:
3487:
3479:Rafael Trujillo
3452:
3446:
3437:Touro Synagogue
3422:
3416:
3400:Operation Cigar
3382:, who fled the
3372:
3366:
3301:merchants from
3285:
3279:
3229:Venezuelan Jews
3084:
3078:
3047:State ministers
2987:Santiago, Chile
2979:
2973:
2968:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2766:communities in
2667:Ñuflo de Chávez
2651:
2645:
2546:
2540:
2526:Templo Libertad
2519:
2402:Alhambra Decree
2386:
2341:
2340:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2208:Judeo-Malayalam
2188:Judaeo-Georgian
2108:
2099:
2089:
2088:
1989:Yiddish theatre
1931:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1817:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1716:
1669:
1593:
1187:
971:Genetic studies
942:
932:
931:
749:
739:
738:
726:
725:
645:
644:
637:
627:
622:
604:and Middle Ages
602:Rabbinic period
589:
583:
576:
564:
535:
521:
491:
484:
475:
467:
463:
454:
449:in Judaism
446:
431:
354:
344:
343:
223:
213:
212:
156:
144:
89:
41:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7390:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7311:
7309:
7304:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7257:Sint Eustatius
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7192:Cayman Islands
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7163:
7161:
7150:
7149:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6903:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6853:Jews in Mexico
6848:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6785:Jews in Brazil
6782:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6764:External links
6762:
6761:
6760:
6746:
6731:
6715:
6706:
6690:
6674:
6660:
6652:, UPNE, 2004,
6644:
6628:
6610:
6594:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6555:
6544:
6515:
6503:
6492:
6480:
6468:
6442:
6424:
6404:
6378:
6363:
6337:
6311:
6285:
6264:
6250:
6230:
6215:
6169:
6116:
6113:. p. 171.
6101:
6068:
6034:
6008:
5988:
5970:
5967:. p. 170.
5952:
5926:
5901:
5879:(in Spanish).
5865:
5850:
5827:
5812:
5791:
5772:
5763:
5754:
5745:
5733:
5717:
5694:
5691:. 3 July 2014.
5680:
5677:. 3 July 2014.
5666:
5648:
5623:
5597:
5578:
5567:
5541:
5515:
5494:
5473:
5452:
5434:
5394:
5380:
5362:
5336:
5324:
5315:
5302:
5287:
5275:
5256:
5243:
5230:
5218:
5206:
5201:Eli Birnbaum,
5191:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5137:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4892:Cayman Islands
4889:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4638:
4635:
4623:Nicolas Maduro
4604:Santa Ana Coro
4576:Main article:
4573:
4570:
4543:Punta del Este
4539:Public menorah
4528:Main article:
4525:
4522:
4506:
4503:
4465:Main article:
4462:
4459:
4419:Main article:
4416:
4413:
4366:Main article:
4363:
4360:
4348:Czechoslovakia
4320:Main article:
4317:
4314:
4299:Bocas del Toro
4267:Ottoman Empire
4232:Main article:
4228:
4227:
4178:
4176:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4115:Edgar Chamorro
4080:Main article:
4077:
4074:
4050:Ottoman Empire
4018:
4017:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3950:Main article:
3947:
3944:
3875:Main article:
3872:
3869:
3861:San Pedro Sula
3836:Main article:
3833:
3830:
3823:Port-au-Prince
3796:Mizrahi Jewish
3789:Port-au-Prince
3729:Luis de Torres
3713:Main article:
3710:
3707:
3688:Guatemala City
3684:Quetzaltenango
3680:Guatemala City
3656:
3653:
3631:Sephardic Jews
3627:Livorno, Italy
3601:
3598:
3554:Main article:
3551:
3548:
3505:Judaeo-Spanish
3489:Main article:
3486:
3483:
3448:Main article:
3445:
3442:
3418:Main article:
3415:
3412:
3368:Main article:
3365:
3362:
3358:Chaim Weizmann
3315:Central Valley
3291:were probably
3281:Main article:
3278:
3275:
3205:U.S. blacklist
3190:rise of Nazism
3186:Eastern Europe
3147:Latvian Jewish
3088:New Christians
3080:Main article:
3077:
3074:
3027:(actress) and
3013:Sábado Gigante
2975:Main article:
2972:
2969:
2947:Rio de Janeiro
2915:crisis of Jews
2817:Amazonian Jews
2809:Main article:
2806:
2803:
2778:, Santa Cruz,
2700:New Christians
2647:Main article:
2644:
2641:
2562:Eastern Europe
2544:Jewish gauchos
2536:Main article:
2518:
2515:
2479:Ashkenazi Jews
2419:Luis De Torres
2407:Blood Statutes
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:Territorialism
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Judaeo-Spanish
2150:
2148:Judaeo-Iranian
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1914:
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1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1865:
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1698:
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1673:
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1641:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:United Kingdom
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
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1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
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1432:
1427:
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1407:
1402:
1397:
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1377:
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1312:
1307:
1302:
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1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:Bilad-el-Sudan
1024:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
983:
982:
980:Land of Israel
976:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
943:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
927:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
840:
839:
838:Related groups
835:
834:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
771:
770:
765:
750:
745:
744:
741:
740:
735:
734:
733:
732:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
695:Jewish atheism
692:
687:
682:
674:
673:
669:
668:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:Islamic–Jewish
641:
634:
619:
614:
606:
605:
598:
597:
596:
595:
571:
558:
530:
525:
518:
513:
511:Yehud Medinata
505:
504:
498:
497:
496:
495:
488:
481:
473:
460:
452:
440:
435:
428:
420:
419:
417:Ancient Israel
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:Land of Israel
370:
362:
361:
355:
350:
349:
346:
345:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
328:Shulchan Aruch
323:
318:
313:
308:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
284:
283:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
261:
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175:
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165:
160:
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148:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
106:
101:
94:God in Judaism
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
73:
65:
64:
54:
53:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7389:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7317:
7316:
7315:South America
7312:
7310:
7308:
7307:Latin America
7305:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7290:North America
7288:
7287:
7284:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:French Guiana
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7125:United States
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6943:
6938:
6936:
6931:
6929:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6891:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6875:archive.today
6872:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:Jews in Haiti
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6790:Jews in Chile
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6759:
6758:0-8090-5545-7
6755:
6751:
6750:Hotel Bolivia
6748:Leo Spitzer.
6747:
6745:
6744:1-57181-430-2
6741:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6729:1-84519-061-0
6726:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6689:
6688:0-8276-0669-9
6685:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6673:
6672:0-8419-1369-2
6669:
6665:
6661:
6659:
6658:1-58465-341-8
6655:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6643:
6642:0-415-27439-7
6639:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6626:0-292-70667-7
6623:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6608:976-8125-69-1
6605:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6592:0-916617-52-1
6589:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6578:
6568:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6548:
6533:
6529:
6522:
6520:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6374:
6367:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6300:
6296:
6289:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6268:
6253:
6251:9780897580403
6247:
6243:
6242:
6234:
6227:. p. 84.
6226:
6219:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6165:
6159:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6112:
6105:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6041:
6039:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5984:
5977:
5975:
5966:
5959:
5957:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5813:9789766376932
5809:
5805:
5798:
5796:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5698:
5690:
5684:
5676:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5576:
5571:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5504:
5498:
5483:
5477:
5462:
5456:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5430:
5424:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5390:
5384:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5340:
5333:
5328:
5319:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5279:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5260:
5253:
5247:
5240:
5234:
5225:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5187:
5181:
5177:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:French Guiana
5066:
5063:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4596:SimĂłn BolĂvar
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4224:
4221:
4213:
4210:February 2022
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4179:This section
4177:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4151:Daniel Ortega
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4011:
4003:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3969:This section
3967:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:Santo Domingo
3722:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3614:French Guiana
3610:
3609:
3607:
3600:French Guiana
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:Alsatian-born
3557:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:Nicolás Massú
3055:
3054:Clarisa Hardy
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:Nissim Sharim
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2895:New York City
2892:
2891:New Amsterdam
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:who had fled
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2829:, located in
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:Rosh Hashanah
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:United States
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:crypto-Jewish
2545:
2539:
2531:
2528:Synagogue in
2527:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:, Mexico and
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:Santo Domingo
2432:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
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2360:
2355:
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2345:
2344:
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2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Judeo-Aramaic
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Judeo-Italian
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:Denominations
1784:
1783:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
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1746:
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1740:
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1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:United States
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Guinea-Bissau
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
984:
981:
978:
977:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:Lists of Jews
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
946:
941:
936:
935:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
841:
837:
836:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
742:
731:
723:
721:
718:
716:
715:The Holocaust
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
671:
670:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
642:
640:
635:
631:
625:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
607:
603:
600:
599:
592:
586:
580:
575:
572:
568:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
503:
500:
499:
494:
489:
487:
482:
478:
474:
471:
466:
461:
457:
453:
450:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
418:
415:
414:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
359:
358:
353:
348:
347:
336:
333:
330:
329:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Mishneh Torah
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
282:
279:
278:
273:
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88:
83:
82:
77:
76:Who is a Jew?
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
19:
7313:
7262:Sint Maarten
7247:Saint Martin
7154:Dependencies
6914:26 July 2009
6909:
6889:
6863:Jews in Peru
6805:Jews in Cuba
6749:
6734:
6719:
6710:
6694:
6678:
6663:
6648:
6632:
6616:
6598:
6582:
6575:Bibliography
6566:
6558:
6547:
6535:. Retrieved
6531:
6506:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6459:. Retrieved
6455:the original
6445:
6437:the original
6427:
6416:
6407:
6395:. Retrieved
6391:the original
6381:
6372:
6366:
6354:. Retrieved
6350:
6340:
6328:. Retrieved
6324:
6314:
6302:. Retrieved
6298:
6293:L, Melanie.
6288:
6277:
6267:
6255:. Retrieved
6240:
6233:
6224:
6223:Kruckewitt.
6218:
6206:. Retrieved
6189:(5): 49–52.
6186:
6182:
6172:
6158:cite journal
6146:. Retrieved
6133:
6129:
6119:
6110:
6104:
6092:. Retrieved
6080:
6071:
6059:. Retrieved
6054:
6050:
6025:. Retrieved
6020:
6011:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5964:
5943:. Retrieved
5938:
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5892:. Retrieved
5885:the original
5868:
5841:
5803:
5785:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5728:
5720:
5712:
5697:
5683:
5669:
5661:the original
5651:
5639:. Retrieved
5635:
5626:
5614:. Retrieved
5610:the original
5600:
5591:
5581:
5570:
5558:. Retrieved
5554:the original
5544:
5532:. Retrieved
5528:the original
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5497:
5485:. Retrieved
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5455:
5446:
5437:
5413:16 September
5411:. Retrieved
5407:the original
5397:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5355:
5339:
5327:
5318:
5310:
5305:
5296:
5290:
5278:
5259:
5251:
5246:
5238:
5233:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5180:
5129:
5128:
4646:(Worldwide)
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4583:
4581:
4559:
4548:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4476:
4473:Jodensavanne
4442:Conservative
4432:
4371:
4325:
4306:Max Delvalle
4303:
4272:
4264:
4248:
4244:Panama Canal
4237:
4216:
4207:
4192:Please help
4180:
4148:
4108:
4085:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4039:
4032:
4006:
4000:January 2020
3997:
3982:Please help
3970:
3941:
3922:
3907:
3880:
3841:
3827:
3819:PĂ©tion-Ville
3816:
3793:
3781:
3765:
3718:
3699:Toiras Jesed
3692:
3673:
3667:The Jews in
3666:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3559:
3544:
3524:
3509:
3494:
3471:Puerto Plata
3465:
3453:
3435:, where the
3423:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3373:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3322:Nazi Germany
3319:
3292:
3286:
3264:
3240:Barranquilla
3233:
3217:
3202:
3198:World War II
3178:North Africa
3167:
3165:Christians.
3155:Cauca Valley
3139:Jorge Isaacs
3135:
3127:independence
3112:
3090:", fled the
3085:
3070:
3066:ATP rankings
3043:Tomás Hirsch
3041:
3029:Anita Klesky
3007:
2992:
2955:Minas Gerais
2933:census. The
2924:
2902:independence
2899:
2848:
2796:
2756:
2745:
2732:
2711:
2693:
2687:
2679:Buenos Aires
2652:
2593:Buenos Aires
2589:antisemitism
2581:World War II
2578:
2554:independence
2547:
2530:Buenos Aires
2471:
2423:
2413:, including
2393:
2391:
2332:Post-Zionism
2203:Judeo-Berber
2198:Judeo-Arabic
2158:Judeo-Gascon
1905:Pidyon haben
1824:Conservative
1629:
1370:Saudi Arabia
1188:South Africa
1177:Sierra Leone
999:Israeli Jews
913:Mosaic Arabs
866:Kaifeng Jews
727:Arab–Israeli
700:Emancipation
579:Great Revolt
388:Anti-Judaism
383:Antisemitism
378:Name "Judea"
173:Baal teshuva
42:
31:Iberian Jews
26:
7232:Puerto Rico
7159:territories
7105:Saint Lucia
7040:El Salvador
6567:The Forward
6537:29 December
5786:The Forward
5641:22 February
5252:Los Tiempos
5020:El Salvador
4828:Puerto Rico
4654:Population
4631:Hugo Chavez
4491:The Guyanas
4434:Puerto Rico
4415:Puerto Rico
4411:community.
4393:high jungle
4382:Viceroyalty
4291:La Chorrera
4275:Panama City
3918:DNA testing
3916:and recent
3857:Tegucigalpa
3773:New Orleans
3753:Cap-HaĂŻtien
3745:Crypto-Jews
3723:arrived in
3646:to work in
3580:as Brazil,
3565:El Salvador
3550:El Salvador
3516:Polish Jews
3353:Burger King
3328:. The term
3104:assimilated
3100:New Granada
3062:Athens 2004
3031:(actress).
2919:Third Reich
2879:Inquisition
2875:Netherlands
2792:Polish Jews
2728:Vallegrande
2671:crypto-Jews
2467:crypto-Jews
2459:Puerto Rico
2447:Inquisition
2396:began with
2327:Revisionist
2317:Neo-Zionism
1924:Zeved habat
1717:Puerto Rico
1543:Netherlands
1375:South Korea
1360:Philippines
1240:Afghanistan
1107:Ivory Coast
881:Crypto-Jews
846:Bnei Anusim
825:Bene Israel
790:Beta Israel
747:Communities
654:Middle Ages
393:Persecution
168:Bereavement
7331:Categories
7227:Montserrat
7222:Martinique
7217:Guadeloupe
7015:Costa Rica
6461:10 January
6356:7 December
6330:7 December
6257:8 December
6208:8 December
6148:8 December
6061:7 December
6051:Commentary
5851:9768125691
5173:References
5027:<0.01%
4883:<0.01%
4851:<0.01%
4835:<0.04%
4819:<0.01%
4796:Costa Rica
4787:<0.01%
4565:See also:
4555:Montevideo
4256:St. Thomas
3927:, Marish,
3899:Port Royal
3821:, outside
3777:Charleston
3456:Hispaniola
3289:Costa Rica
3277:Costa Rica
3256:San Andres
3213:synagogues
3117:came from
3003:ValparaĂso
2964:See also:
2917:under the
2799:synagogues
2772:Cochabamba
2759:Argentines
2752:Ashkenazim
2741:syncretism
2698:(that is,
2633:Yom Kippur
2572:) fleeing
2433:; Spanish
2312:Maximalism
2264:Secularism
2244:Autonomism
2061:Literature
1854:Humanistic
1458:Azerbaijan
1420:Uzbekistan
1395:Tajikistan
1315:Kyrgyzstan
1300:Kazakhstan
1147:Mozambique
1122:Madagascar
1042:Cape Verde
994:New Yishuv
989:Old Yishuv
940:Population
918:Subbotniks
876:Samaritans
815:Romanyotim
758:Ashkenazim
705:Old Yishuv
685:Sabbateans
672:Modern era
664:Golden Age
591:Bar Kokhba
311:Beit Yosef
178:Philosophy
7300:Caribbean
7212:Greenland
7135:Venezuela
7080:Nicaragua
7050:Guatemala
6970:Argentina
6955:Sovereign
6476:El Vocero
6397:30 August
6203:157079721
6089:0362-4331
5945:30 August
5919:30 August
5822:854586578
4860:Guatemala
4764:Venezuela
4668:Argentina
4592:Maracaibo
4586:lived in
4584:conversos
4572:Venezuela
4409:Ashkenazi
4397:Cajamarca
4336:Jerusalem
4332:Palestine
4181:does not
4088:Nicaragua
4076:Nicaragua
3971:does not
3937:Henriques
3910:Sephardic
3895:conversos
3695:Lev Tahor
3669:Guatemala
3655:Guatemala
3648:sugarcane
3623:Amsterdam
3586:Guatemala
3569:Sephardic
3535:Guayaquil
3527:Holocaust
3461:Sephardic
3299:Sephardic
3294:conversos
3252:Cartagena
3151:Sephardim
3108:Sephardic
3023:(actor),
2943:SĂŁo Paulo
2877:when the
2863:conversos
2855:synagogue
2843:SĂŁo Paulo
2748:Sephardim
2716:conversos
2690:Conversos
2675:Ascuncion
2585:Holocaust
2517:Argentina
2483:Argentina
2398:conversos
2322:Religious
2178:Zarphatic
2168:Bukharian
2138:Judeo-Tat
2123:Yeshivish
2097:Languages
2052:Sephardic
2042:Israelite
2032:Ethiopian
2022:Ashkenazi
1961:Religious
1751:Australia
1733:Venezuela
1639:Argentina
1621:Greenland
1533:Lithuania
1385:Sri Lanka
1380:Singapore
1305:Kurdistan
1270:Indonesia
1260:Hong Kong
1213:Abayudaya
1137:Mauritius
871:Igbo Jews
861:Krymchaks
780:Sephardim
648:relations
542:Sadducees
538:Pharisees
528:Sanhedrin
443:Jerusalem
203:Synagogue
71:Etymology
7167:Anguilla
7115:Suriname
7090:Paraguay
7065:Honduras
7025:Dominica
7010:Colombia
6980:Barbados
6871:Archived
6371:Hunter.
6304:31 March
6109:Hunter.
6094:31 March
6027:31 March
5963:Hunter.
5860:45701914
5705:Archived
5423:cite web
5357:Hadassah
5348:Archived
5267:Archived
5239:El Deber
5136:See also
5084:Barbados
5036:Honduras
4988:Suriname
4844:Paraguay
4780:Colombia
4672:180,500
4659:Country
4649:Country
4478:Suriname
4461:Suriname
4454:MayagĂĽez
4386:Colonial
4356:AsunciĂłn
4328:Paraguay
4316:Paraguay
3903:Kingston
3883:Portugal
3852:Mizrachi
3844:Honduras
3832:Honduras
3644:Barbados
3636:Suriname
3594:Portland
3499:were of
3380:Marranos
3337:San José
3326:Żelechów
3248:MedellĂn
3209:refugees
3131:cemetery
3096:Colombia
3076:Colombia
2999:Santiago
2871:Portugal
2695:marranos
2637:Passover
2609:La Plata
2564:(mainly
2474:Suriname
2451:Colombia
2443:Barbados
2427:Suriname
2405:Spain's
2349:Category
2307:Kahanism
2254:Feminism
2226:Politics
2110:Biblical
2080:American
2027:Bukharan
2017:American
1917:Shidduch
1893:Clothing
1849:Haymanot
1795:Orthodox
1723:Suriname
1706:Paraguay
1659:Colombia
1558:Portugal
1468:Bulgaria
1405:Thailand
1355:Pakistan
1335:Mongolia
1330:Malaysia
1250:Cambodia
1224:Zimbabwe
1199:Tanzania
1077:Eswatini
1067:Ethiopia
1057:Djibouti
1037:Cameroon
1032:Botswana
961:Diaspora
923:Noahides
896:Marranos
820:Cochinim
805:Bukharim
795:Gruzinim
785:Teimanim
775:Mizrahim
763:Galician
729:conflict
690:Hasidism
680:Haskalah
585:Diaspora
456:timeline
368:Timeline
281:Rabbinic
188:Kabbalah
163:Marriage
139:Tzedakah
129:Holidays
87:Religion
50:a series
48:Part of
7197:Curaçao
7182:Bonaire
7177:Bermuda
7130:Uruguay
7070:Jamaica
7045:Grenada
7035:Ecuador
6990:Bolivia
6975:Bahamas
5894:11 June
5616:10 July
5116:Bermuda
5011:0.003%
4956:Jamaica
4940:Bahamas
4876:Ecuador
4752:10,000
4736:18,300
4720:16,900
4716:Uruguay
4704:40,000
4688:93,800
4600:Curaçao
4588:Caracas
4551:Uruguay
4524:Uruguay
4344:Ukraine
4260:Jamaica
4252:Curaçao
4202:removed
4187:sources
4111:Contras
4092:Managua
4054:Morocco
4046:pogroms
3992:removed
3977:sources
3871:Jamaica
3848:Romania
3800:Lebanon
3749:Jérémie
3733:Curaçao
3619:Cayenne
3582:Ecuador
3577:Tunisia
3539:Ecuador
3497:Ecuador
3485:Ecuador
3425:Curaçao
3414:Curaçao
3330:Polacos
3307:Jamaica
3303:Curaçao
3271:halakha
3163:secular
3123:Curaçao
3119:Jamaica
2911:Ukraine
2724:mestizo
2720:mestizo
2712:marrano
2655:Bolivia
2643:Bolivia
2605:Mendoza
2601:CĂłrdoba
2597:Rosario
2503:Uruguay
2439:Jamaica
2431:Curaçao
2292:General
2283:Zionism
2259:Leftism
2249:Bundism
2173:Knaanic
2133:Yevanic
2118:Yiddish
2075:Yiddish
2070:Israeli
2047:Mizrahi
2037:Israeli
2008:Cuisine
1984:Ancient
1966:Secular
1912:Kashrut
1888:Wedding
1875:Customs
1867:Culture
1844:Science
1839:Renewal
1829:Karaite
1810:Hasidic
1742:Oceania
1728:Uruguay
1696:Jamaica
1676:Ecuador
1644:Bolivia
1588:Ukraine
1563:Romania
1538:Moldova
1518:Hungary
1508:Germany
1503:Georgia
1493:Finland
1488:Estonia
1483:Denmark
1478:Czechia
1463:Belarus
1453:Austria
1448:Armenia
1425:Vietnam
1340:Myanmar
1325:Lebanon
1245:Bahrain
1204:Tunisia
1182:Somalia
1157:Nigeria
1152:Namibia
1142:Morocco
1072:Eritrea
1017:Algeria
901:Neofiti
810:Italkim
800:Juhurim
710:Zionism
659:Khazars
554:Sicarii
550:Zealots
546:Essenes
533:Schisms
398:Leaders
360:General
352:History
295:Tosefta
290:Midrash
267:Mishnah
249:Ketuvim
244:Nevi'im
193:Customs
124:Shabbat
119:Halakha
111: (
109:Mitzvot
96: (
62:Judaism
7085:Panama
7075:Mexico
7055:Guyana
7000:Canada
6995:Brazil
6985:Belize
6957:states
6890:
6756:
6742:
6727:
6702:
6686:
6670:
6656:
6640:
6624:
6606:
6590:
6451:"Home"
6248:
6201:
6087:
5858:
5848:
5820:
5810:
5636:Kulanu
5560:15 May
5534:15 May
5508:15 May
5487:15 May
5466:15 May
5297:Brazil
5123:0.00%
5107:0.00%
5091:0.00%
5075:0.02%
5059:0.08%
5043:0.00%
4995:0.03%
4979:0.07%
4963:0.09%
4947:0.09%
4931:0.48%
4915:0.00%
4899:1.00%
4867:0.02%
4832:1,500
4816:1,900
4803:0.80%
4800:4,800
4784:7,500
4768:7,600
4755:0.28%
4748:Panama
4723:0.36%
4707:0.03%
4700:Mexico
4691:0.05%
4684:Brazil
4675:0.42%
4652:Jewish
4483:Recife
4450:Satmar
4446:Chabad
4438:Reform
4287:Chitre
4240:Panama
4162:Panama
4149:After
4069:Chabad
3946:Mexico
3914:Hebrew
3785:Cazale
3761:Jacmel
3590:Panama
3512:German
3349:kosher
3311:Panama
3236:Bogotá
3174:Turkey
3170:Greece
2959:Paraná
2907:Poland
2900:After
2859:Recife
2851:Brazil
2831:Recife
2805:Brazil
2788:PotosĂ
2784:Tarija
2768:La Paz
2736:kosher
2708:La Paz
2704:Potosi
2621:Canada
2570:Poland
2566:Russia
2558:France
2511:Havana
2499:Mexico
2487:Brazil
2354:Portal
2213:Domari
2143:Shassi
2104:Hebrew
1999:Humour
1943:Hiloni
1938:Aliyah
1898:Niddah
1883:Minyan
1818:Reform
1805:Haredi
1800:Modern
1701:Mexico
1686:Guyana
1649:Brazil
1611:Canada
1583:Sweden
1573:Serbia
1568:Russia
1553:Poland
1548:Norway
1528:Latvia
1513:Greece
1498:France
1473:Cyprus
1439:Europe
1410:Turkey
1400:Taiwan
1310:Kuwait
1295:Jordan
1285:Israel
1219:Zambia
1209:Uganda
1127:Malawi
1097:Guinea
1087:Gambia
1022:Angola
1008:Africa
891:Dönmeh
886:Anusim
830:Berber
768:Litvak
720:Israel
626:
563:
477:Second
445:
306:Targum
272:Gemara
258:Talmud
230:Tanakh
183:Ethics
134:Prayer
7172:Aruba
7060:Haiti
7005:Chile
6199:S2CID
6136:(2).
5888:(PDF)
5881:INEGI
5877:(PDF)
5100:Haiti
5088:970?
5072:880?
5052:Aruba
4771:0.2%
4739:0.1%
4732:Chile
4487:cocoa
4340:Egypt
4283:David
4279:ColĂłn
4155:rabbi
3933:Cohen
3929:Lindo
3808:Egypt
3804:Syria
3757:Cayes
3719:When
3709:Haiti
3676:Kepno
3573:Egypt
3531:Quito
3467:Sosua
3220:Miami
3182:Syria
2995:Chile
2971:Chile
2939:state
2867:Spain
2780:Sucre
2776:Oruro
2673:from
2491:Chile
2302:Labor
2297:Green
1994:Dance
1952:Music
1771:Palau
1691:Haiti
1654:Chile
1578:Spain
1523:Italy
1430:Yemen
1390:Syria
1365:Qatar
1345:Nepal
1290:Japan
1265:India
1255:China
1194:Sudan
1117:Libya
1112:Kenya
1092:Ghana
1082:Gabon
1062:Egypt
1047:Benin
906:Xueta
851:Lemba
470:First
335:Zohar
239:Torah
221:Texts
208:Rabbi
198:Rites
98:names
7237:Saba
7157:and
7095:Peru
7020:Cuba
6754:ISBN
6740:ISBN
6725:ISBN
6700:ISBN
6684:ISBN
6668:ISBN
6654:ISBN
6638:ISBN
6622:ISBN
6604:ISBN
6588:ISBN
6539:2023
6463:2009
6399:2007
6358:2020
6332:2020
6306:2023
6259:2020
6246:ISBN
6210:2020
6164:link
6150:2020
6096:2023
6085:ISSN
6063:2020
6029:2023
5947:2007
5921:2007
5896:2015
5856:OCLC
5846:ISBN
5818:OCLC
5808:ISBN
5643:2024
5618:2022
5562:2013
5536:2013
5510:2013
5489:2013
5468:2013
5429:link
5415:2007
5120:20?
5112:N/A
5104:25?
5096:N/A
5080:N/A
5064:N/A
5048:107
5040:100
5024:100
5008:100
4992:200
4976:200
4960:300
4944:300
4928:500
4912:500
4908:Cuba
4896:600
4880:600
4864:900
4848:900
4812:Peru
4657:% of
4644:Rank
4590:and
4444:and
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