390:
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353:(non-Muslims living in majority-Muslim lands) had to pay under Islamic law. There is evidence that the Jews obliged to the laws with little complaint, and wore different clothes by law to distringuish themselves from Muslims. They were also forbidden from riding on horseback. One source recounts how Rabbi Shaul HaCohen broke down in tears after learning about the emancipation of Tunisian slaves in 1846, telling his followers that he had a premonition in a dream that the emancipation of the Jews would follow the freeing of the black slaves. A few years later, in 1857, the Fundamental Covenant of Mohammed Bey abolished discriminatory measures against Jews.
911:
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422:. The decision is a unique example in the history of the alliance. Djerban rabbis excommunicated any member who cooperated with the AIU, because they perceived a decline in knowledge and religious practice following secularization. They promoted traditional education, which consisted of male-only compulsory rabbinical education. The Djerbans were labelled "backwards communities, kept in abdjection and ignorance by rabbis refractory to any progress." by local authorities.
846:
661:
653:
897:
883:. The Manni's study suggests it is unlikely that there was an early colonization of Djerba, while Lucotte states that it is difficult to determine whether the high frequency of J represents an ancestral relationship with pre-exile Jews. Both studies suggest that the paternal genetic heritage of North African Jews in Djerba mainly comes from the middle east, with a significant minority of Berber DNA.
443:. In 1903, Rabbi David Aydan had the first printing press installed, and was popular throughout the 30s. The works of sages of previous generations in the region were also published, and there were as many as five printing presses belonging to Jews on the island. Most books were published either in Hebrew or Judeo-Tunisian Arabic. There were still two Hebrew printing presses in Djerba by the 1980s.
20:
139:
of world Jewry, hence its pilgrimage tradition. Dighet, the village in which the synagogue is location, is believed, through this story, to be a corruption of the Hebrew "דלת" (delet), meaning "door". The village was also, until the 20th century, populated exclusively by
Cohanim. The first written record of the story dates back to 1849, in the book
49:, off of its southern coast. The community remained small throughout history, maxing out at around 4,500 members at its peak, and hovered around 700 in the 21st century. It is one of the best-known North African Jewish communities due to its longlasting survival, with many making an annual pilgrimage to the
138:
in 586 B.C. Further claims were made that a door from the destroyed Temple, as well as various stones from the building, were incorporated into the local Temple. The story has resulted in many Jews claiming that the
Synagogue, as the sole intact synagogue with pieces of the First Temple, as a unifier
430:
The quantity of Jewish books printed in Djerba since the 20th-century establishment of the printing press has been remarked as exceptional. There are no less than 600 books published for a population that has never exceeded 4,500. The books were primarily intended for the local community, as well as
785:
on which are inscribed the names of deceased members of the community, along with candles lit in their memory. It is typically in synagogues, rather than cemeteries, where
Djerbans recall the memory of deceased relatives. Some synagogues are surmounted by a drum with twelve windows symbolizing the
512:
The Jewish community of Djbera numbered 3,800 in 1926, and had gone up to 4,300 by 1946. If the growth had continued at the same rate as the general
Tunisian population, the island would have had 15,000 Jews by the 1980s. However, by the second half of the 20th century, waves of emigration emptied
761:, all the synagogues of Djerba and its surrounding communities were built according to a similar model. They all have features of splitting, along with a covered and open hall, both facing the direction of Jerusalem, which can be used for prayer. The open room is mainly used in the summer. During
82:
Oral tradition of the Jews of Djerba, as well as the non-Jewish population of the island attest to the antiquity of the Jews in the community, with several founding legends that date the arrival of the Jews to the island in the B.C., although there is a lack of historical evidence to verify their
229:
carrying captives whose freedom was bought by the local community. One of them, "Isaac, son of Rabbi Sedaqa, captive among the captives of Djerba" presented himself freed from captivity in the first known document written by a
Djerbian Jew, giving testimony about his time in bonage, writing from
676:, the largest city on the island. While the Jewish population of the Maghreb was generally concentrated in specific neighborhoods of predominantly Muslim cities, Djerba could be, according to Jacques Taïeb, "the only Jewish area in the Maghreb to have two entirely Jewish towns, a bit like the
1107:
Juifs et musulmans en
Tunisie: fraternité et déchirements; actes du colloque international de Paris, Sorbonne, organisé par la Société d'Histoire des Juifs de Tunisie et l'Université de Tunis I, 22 - 25 mars 1999 "Les relations judéo-musulmanes en Tunisie du Moyen Âge à nos jours, regards
737:
Djerba had as many as 20 synagogues for its peak population of 4,500. About one for every 100 worshippers, with women remaining absent from places of worship. There were still 17 in operation in the 1980s. A synagogue in Houmt Souk is named after its founders, the
Parientes, a family of
434:
Prior to the introduction of the printing press to Djbera, the community had to import religious works via trading necessary for the study of
Judaism. Hence, books were rare and expensive on the island. To publish their own works, they had to outsource printing to
749:
Jews from Italy. There are eleven others from Kbira named after rabbis, such as Rabbi
Betsalel, Eliezer, and Brahem, or after their founding families (such as Dightiya from Sghira and trabelsiya from Tripoli). In Sghira, there are five synagogues that have
389:
282:, who composed a majority of the Muslim population on the island, as "children of the abomination". Arab geographer Al Idrissi, a contemporary of Maimonides, notes the propensity in the Djerbian community to exaggerate the requirements of ritual purity.
365:. Although the story is not accurate, as those men were not contemporary to the same period, it is established that Perez did have roots in Djerba. Perez (died 1766) is known for havnig established many religious rules still active today in the Djerban
863:
The Jewish community on the island of Djerba is of particular interest to researchers, with traditions dating back to the time of the destruction of the First Temple. Two studies have attempted to test the antiquity of the community:
672:: villages that remained exclusively Jewish until the 20th century. Hara Sghira (small quarter), also called Dighet, not far from Ghriba, and Hara Kbira (large district), six kilometers to the north and now included in
356:
A religious rivival of
Judaism emerged in Djerba in the 18th century, as well as in Tripoli and Tunis. This intellectual revival, in tradition is attributed to three Moroccan rabbis who passed through on travel to
269:. They refuse to see the ritually impure woman, do not look at her face or clothes, do not talk to her and do not tread on the ground on which she has set foot. They do not eat the posterior part of the animal."
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successfully established a network of schools in Tunisia, the Jews of Djerba, in fear of secularization, refused to open an AIU school in their community, similar to their boycott of secular schools under the
781:
boxes hang on the wall, corresponding to various charities for the rabbis of Israel and the maintenance of schools. On the wings of the hekhal are silver plaques in the shape of a fish, a hand, and a
699:. Kbira's residents say that their origins are based in migration from the West. In the 19th century, Djerban migrants populated cities around Tunisia, forming an archipelago radiating around Djerba.
274:
As supported in Maimonides' quote, there was often a clash between religious groups due to characteristics of the Jewish community in Djerba, such as the existence of multiple rabbi-judges (
1392:
Manni, Franz; Leonardi, Pascal; Patin, Étienne; Berrebi, Alain; Khodjet el Khil, Houssein; Skorecki, Karl; Rosengarten, Dror; Rouba, Hassan; Heyer, Evelyne; Fellous, Marc (2005-06-01).
718:
were founded by Kbirans. The divergent filtration implies that until reforms during Tunisian independence, religious jurisdiction was done independently of the other stud farm village.
851:
210:
entrusted to a Djerbian merchant in exchange for linen. The name of a Jew from the island appears in a list dated to 1107 in a list of persons in need benefitting from
498:
154:
There are also less popular legends that trace the Jewish community of Djerba to a period prior to the destruction of the First Temple, including one that states that
466:. The emigration of Djerban Jews was motivated by both the economic situation in Tunisia, as well as a deterioration in relations between Muslims and Jews since the
329:. Many of the responsa deal with economic issues and how Rabbinic law interacted with them. One example includes the entrusting of cattle to Muslims during the
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into the synagogue during the annual pilgrimage, killing five people, two of whom were worshippers, before another National Guard member shot the shooter.
462:
Although there is still a community in Djerba in the 21st century, many mass departures have taken place since the 1950s, primarily to Israel, and some to
431:
other Jewish communities in southern Tunisia and the Maghreb. Some books were written by professional scholars, but many were written by regular artisans.
194:
trading with eastern lands. Other letters from the same timeframe showcase the role of Djerbian Jews in Mediterranean trade routes during the time of the
879:
present. Lucotte showed that 77.5% of the samples tested are haplotype VIII (similar to haplogroup J). The second showed that 100% of Jewish samples are
793:
There are often other smaller structures surrounding synagogues, often cemeteries. There are also sometimes libraries and study facilities nearby.
571:
543:
523:
691:, "the two villages are organically linked and at the same time structurally opposed." Sghira is traditionally associated with the
470:. The three waves of departure, the first in 1948 after Israeli independence, the second in 1968-1969 under pressure of President
361:. Seeing the deteriorated state of the North African Jewish communities, they provided local education. The Djerban educator was
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533:
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Little information is available on the historical events that the community faced during the Middle Ages. Persecution of the
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The first concrete historical evidence of a Jewish community in Djerba dates to the 11th Century. A merchant letter from the
467:
58:
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and have alcoves where books are placed, and benches covered with a mat run along their length for study and rest. Closed
1483:
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wrote about the Jews in Djerba, giving the only description of the community's culture during the Middle Ages. He stated:
301:
are "annihilated in the fullness of exile". In the 13th century, there was a community of Djerba's Jews established in
265:
are like those of the children of the abomination, who are a nation among the nations that sojourn in the lands of the
1498:
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1001:
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who reject the oral law. They totally lack clarity of mind, whether dealing with the Bible and Talmud or exhibiting
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170:. Another states that local Jews are descendants of survivors who fled Jerusalem following the destruction of the
198:. A letter in 1060 is addressed to a Jew named Khalaf ibn Farah al-Zjerbi, living in Egypt and set to depart to
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The studies concluded that the paternal genetic heritage of the Jews on the island differed from the Arabs and
804:
411:
322:
944:
819:
1394:"A Y-chromosome portrait of the population of Jerba (Tunisia) to elucidate its complex demographic history"
148:
112:
397:
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Daughter communities of Djerba and other migrations of Djerbians forming an archipelago around the island
845:
309:. In 1239, they formed a community separate from the other Jews in the area. The rights to cultivate
490:
62:
831:
225:, during which many Jews were captured. A letter dated to 1136 documents the arrival of a ship in
1503:
787:
695:, due to legend that priests of the Temple founded it. For a long time, it was inhabited only by
326:
306:
1488:
811:
249:, because they are stupid and rough God is my witness and judge that they seem to me like the
116:
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where the Torah scrolls are kept. In the richer synagogues, the walls are covered with blue
34:
stems back to at least the Middle Ages, although many speculate that it extends back to the
501:
166:. Another story tells that the island was settled following the expedition of the tribe of
144:
66:
57:. Beginning in the mid-20th century, the community's population began declining due to the
54:
8:
50:
35:
24:
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the community. The number of Jews in Djberba fell significantly in the coming decades.
451:
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Many documents dated from the 12th Century document the raid of the island during the
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880:
551:
529:
135:
1105:
Tsur, Yaron (2003). Fellous, Sonia; Société d'histoire des Juifs de Tunisie (eds.).
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dated to 1030 refers to a Jewish man named Abū al-Faraj al-Jerbī (al-Jerbī meaning,
1405:
1037:
758:
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688:
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were briefly mentioned in a Hebrew poem where it is stated that the communities of
195:
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The community is typically divided between two villages on the Tunisian island of
1454:
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surmounted by a drum with twelve windows symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel.
684:
471:
262:
250:
321:. Over the next few centuries, there are instances of Djerban Jews found in the
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126:
The most common local origin story for the Jewish community in Djerba is that
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1393:
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369:. He forbade the consumption of lousts, which until then had been considered
333:, which demonstrated economic exchange between Jews and Muslims at the time.
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171:
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into the Ghriba synagogue compound, killing five people, four of them Jews.
162:
army, founded a community on the Island following maritime battles with the
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183:
131:
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are sometimes held simultaneously. At the back of the covered room is the
993:
A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day
774:
475:
266:
163:
871:
The second was by anthropologist Franz Manni and his colleagues in 2005.
111:. Many of the said traditions are common to other Jewish communities in
83:
claims. Yet, some traditions among the community give credence to a pre-
1355:"Haplotype VIII of the Y chromosome is the ancestral haplotype in Jews"
673:
261:. Some of them are judges, but their beliefs and actions in matters of
233:
226:
87:
Jewish presence on the island, such as their liturgical customs of the
39:
38:. The community is one of the last remaining Jewish communities in the
1409:
1042:
Moses Maimonides, Iggarot u-Sh'elot u-Techubot, Amsterdam, 1712, p.3a,
1336:
1334:
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The first was conducted by Gérard Lucotte and his colleagues in 1993.
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703:
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669:
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202:. Another letter is one written by a merchant in Tunisia to a man in
104:
1456:
Sociétés juives du Maghreb moderne: 1500-1900 un monde en mouvement
1307:
1305:
1273:"Vidéo. Attaque en Tunisie: cinq morts dans une synagogue à Djerba"
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1188:
778:
711:
494:
342:
341:
Jews can be found referenced in 18th century tax registeris of the
290:
286:
279:
275:
241:"Be warned about some people who live in the western region called
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92:
1329:
1052:
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482:, all significantly depleted the Jewish population of the island.
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258:
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127:
100:
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1036:. Vol. I: From Antiquity to the Sixteenth Century. Leiden:
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was founded by miragnts from Shira, while the communities of
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215:
207:
159:
1398:
Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris
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1062:
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19:
1160:"The Jewish Community of Djerba: Secrets of Sustainability"
956:
419:
211:
155:
1391:
493:, perpetrated by a 25-year-old Franco-Tunisian linked to
1110:(in French). Paris: Somogy Éditions d'Art. p. 178.
1436:
Juifs en terre d'islam : les communautés de Djerba
668:
The Jewish population of Djerba is divided between two
517:
Historical population of History of the Jews in Djerba
107:, predate the standardization of Jewish liturgy by the
103:. Those customs, originating during the times of the
1352:
892:
414:. This is in spite of pressure from notable Jews in
1317:
439:, Italy's printing presses, or even as far away as
1353:Lucotte, G.; David, F.; Berriche, S. (June 1996).
1243:
990:Meddeb, Abdelwahab; Stora, Benjamin, eds. (2013).
971:
61:. The community's synagogue was the victim of the
384:
230:Tripoli to the Egyptians who bought his freedom.
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656:Location of Hara Kbira and Hara Sghira in Djerba
541:
485:In 1985, a Tunisian soldier stationed in Djerba
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373:in the town, and instituted the blowing of the
130:settled in Djerba after the destruction of the
401:Jewish pupils with their teacher. Date unknown
1438:(in French). Paris: Archives contemporaines.
1434:Valensi, Lucette; Udovitch, Abraham (1984).
542:Lasserre, Frédéric; Lechaume, Aline (2003).
425:
245:which designates localities in the lands of
77:
996:. Princeton University Press. p. 926.
989:
478:, and the third wave inn the 1980s, due to
1031:
570:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
725:
659:
651:
528:. Présences du judaisme. Paris: Michel.
450:
396:
388:
18:
731:Synagogue of the Dightiya in Hara Kbira
1476:
1245:"Berserk Tunisian opens fire on group"
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1151:
1034:A History of the Jews in North Africa
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521:
345:government, which forced Jews to pay
123:known for their confirmed antiquity.
1104:
468:establishment of the State of Israel
325:across the Maghreb, such as that of
59:establishment of the State of Israel
1459:. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose.
13:
1148:
858:
683:According to an interpretation by
349:, a traditional Islamic task that
14:
1515:
544:Presses de l'Université du Québec
317:dye were granted to them by King
223:Norman conquest of southern Italy
16:Aspect of Tunisian-Jewish history
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525:Regards sur les Juifs de Tunisie
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1212:
1098:
507:
491:Another attack occurred in 2002
1158:Qabla, Gabriel (Spring 1994).
1032:Hirschberg, Haim Zeev (1974).
1025:
940:History of the Jews in Tunisia
765:, a sukkah is held there. Two
407:Alliance Israélite Universelle
385:Rejection of secular education
177:
1:
950:
945:List of synagogues in Tunisia
721:
336:
63:2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing
32:History of the Jews in Djerba
1224:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
647:
522:Haṭal, Avraham, ed. (1979).
446:
95:, or the reading of certain
7:
1341:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1312:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1297:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1207:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1195:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1143:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1131:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1093:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1081:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1069:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1057:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
1020:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
966:Valensi & Udovitch 1984
886:
852:Slat Rabbi Pinhas Synagogue
497:. In 2023, a member of the
10:
1520:
1484:Jews and Judaism in Djerba
1427:
796:
72:
613:
581:
426:Success of printing press
278:). They also referred to
78:Founding of the community
1499:Tunisian-Jewish diaspora
1254:. 1985-10-09. p. 11
1164:Confluences Méditerranée
327:Salomon Duran of Algiers
1494:Jewish Tunisian history
1453:Taïeb, Jacques (2000).
1279:(in French). 2023-05-10
788:twelve tribes of Israel
480:deteriorating relations
53:on the 33rd day of the
812:Hara Seghira Synagogue
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665:
657:
459:
402:
394:
393:Jews of Djerba in 1920
272:
271:
27:
825:Yeshivat Hara Seghira
729:
663:
655:
550:(in French). Québec.
454:
400:
392:
239:
238:
143:, published by Rabbi
22:
931:, a documentary film
680:of Eastern Europe."
206:sending him 70 gold
145:Abraham Hayyim Adadi
99:on specific days of
67:2023 Djerba shooting
55:Counting of the Omer
23:The interior of the
578:
548:Le territoire pensé
412:French protectorate
51:El Ghriba Synagogue
25:El Ghriba Synagogue
1343:, p. 124-125.
838:Pariente Synagogue
735:
666:
658:
516:
460:
458:pilgrimage in 2019
403:
395:
305:, which was under
28:
1466:978-2-7068-1467-9
1410:10.4000/bmsap.956
1220:"Jews of Tunisia"
1117:978-2-85056-632-5
702:The community of
645:
644:
577:
557:978-2-7605-1224-5
535:978-2-226-00789-6
307:Norman occupation
158:, a commander of
136:Nebuchadnezzar II
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1422:
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1404:(1–2): 103–114.
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1383:
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1314:, p. 29-31.
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1210:
1209:, p. 94-95.
1204:
1198:
1197:, p. 88-89.
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1174:. Archived from
1155:
1146:
1145:, p. 20-21.
1140:
1134:
1133:, p. 90-92.
1128:
1122:
1121:
1102:
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1084:
1083:, p. 16-17.
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1072:
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1038:Brill Publishers
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759:Ghriba Synagogue
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456:Ghriba Synagogue
196:Byzantine Empire
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1040:. p. 165.
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263:ritual impurity
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12:
11:
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1365:(3): 467–471.
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775:earthenware
757:Apart from
743: [
708:Ben Gardane
617:3,000 (est)
502:opened fire
476:Six-Day War
267:Ishmaelites
178:Middle Ages
174:in 70 A.D.
164:Philistines
134:by Emperor
1478:Categories
1324:Taïeb 2000
1283:2023-12-19
1258:2023-12-25
1229:2023-12-19
978:Taïeb 2000
951:References
722:Synagogues
674:Houmt Souk
670:stud farms
614:Population
487:open fired
405:While the
337:Modern age
234:Maimonides
227:Alexandria
40:Arab world
1418:0037-8984
1371:0018-7143
1172:1148-2664
928:La Ghriba
693:Near East
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566:cite book
520:(Source:
447:Departure
441:Palestine
359:Jerusalem
117:Tafilalet
105:Maccabees
1108:croisés"
887:See also
779:tzedekah
752:yeshivot
712:Medenine
704:Tatouine
689:Udovitch
495:Al-Qaeda
343:beylical
323:responsa
313:dye and
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287:Almohads
280:Ibadites
276:dayyanim
259:halakhot
251:Karaites
243:al-Zirbi
192:Kairouan
119:, which
97:Prophets
93:Passover
85:Medieval
65:and the
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877:Berbers
810:Former
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697:Kohanim
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678:shtetls
546:(ed.).
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331:Sabbath
303:Palermo
255:aggadot
247:Barbary
168:Zebulun
149:Tripoli
128:Cohanim
101:Shabbat
89:Kiddush
73:History
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714:, and
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311:indigo
297:, and
208:dinars
204:Fustat
200:Sicily
109:Talmud
47:Djerba
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347:jizya
315:henna
299:Jerba
295:Gafsa
216:Cairo
214:from
113:Yemen
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588:1921
585:1909
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572:link
552:ISBN
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