3151:
24:
3000:. Aiello is also active in Italian American community. Her organizational efforts have led some Italian Americans of Calabrian descent to search for their Jewish ancestry. According to Aiello, many Jewish rituals still remain with modern Calabrian families. For example, the lighting of Friday evening candles, avoiding pork and shellfish, or meat mixed with dairy products. Other practices such as hanging a red string over a baby's crib, or tying it to their wrist, which are
3167:
2944:(1809â1885), was a non-Jew from a Calabrian noble family. In 1851, he wrote "Gerusalemme e il Popolo Ebreo" - "Jerusalem and the Jewish People", a plan for the establishment of a Jewish state in Turkish Palestine, with Hebrew as its national language. Unfortunately, his writing was not published at that time. Had it been published at the time of its writing, it would have preceded
2717:
rule, and
Calabria was an important commercial center. During this time the Calabrian Jewish population, estimated at around 12,000, flourished. According to some sources, some areas of Calabria may have had a Jewish population of up to fifty percent. Many Jews were prosperous merchants dominating
3117:
Cuisine originally associated with the Jews of Sicily and
Calabria included those dishes labelled "alla giudia" or "all'ebraica," such as pasta with anchovies and garlic, concia di zucchine, fried courgettes marinated in vinegar and caponata, a sweet and sour aubergine dish. Another well known
2791:, the decline of the Calabrian Jewish communities began. During this time many Calabrian Jews and their wealth began to move to other Jewish communities of France and Northern Italy. Meanwhile, other Calabrian Jews were pressured to convert to
3029:
vacation packages have been hosted in the city of Reggio. However, these packages cater to affluent Jewish travelers and
Israelis not native to Calabria. Currently there are two airlines that offer routes between Reggio and
2971:. Many of the prisoners were Jews from all over Europe who had fled to Italy escaping the Holocaust. However, the Tarsia internment camp was not a death camp and the vast majority of Jews there survived the war unharmed.
4401:
2906:, and Jewish houses of worship were converted into churches. For example, the synagogue of Catanzaro was converted to a church dedicated to St. Stefano. The Calabrian converts, many who still secretly practiced
2806:, a Jew by the name of Agimet of Geneva, confessed under torture to poisoning the wells of Calabria among other places. This extracted confession was one of the factors contributing to the anti-semitic
2892:, The Calabrian Jews were a sizable block in the Jewish community of Thessaloniki where they constituted four of the 30 synagogues in the city. A Calabrian Jewish Synagogue, which was located in
3150:
2488:
are historically the same community, only today are considered separate. Occasionally, there is confusion with the southern Jewish community in
Calabria and the northern Jewish community in
2434:
4498:
2864:
also resettled in
Calabria after their expulsion as well. In 1510, the first in a series of Jewish expulsions began in Calabria. The final blow to the Calabrian Jews culminated when the
2663:
4027:
3074:. In this case the Jews were well integrated into the wider Greek-speaking (Christian) community of South Italy. But it was probably in some communities common to speak also
4405:
1092:
4567:
Hollender, E., Niehoff-Panagiotidis, J. "ÎľĎοΟξ ר×׊ ××׊: The
Announcement of the New Moon in Romaniote Synagogues", Byzantinische Zeitschrift 103.1 (2010), pp. 99â126.
4482:
2918:. Despite their conversion to Catholicism, many converted Jews of Calabria were regularly discriminated against and were forced to live as second class citizens.
4340:
3119:
2996:, a European member congregation of Reconstructionist Judaism, serves the regional Jewish community. This community began with the efforts of progressive Rabbi,
2764:
governed
Calabria in 1061. Guiscard encouraged the Jews of Catanzaro to engage in several agricultural trades. In fact, unlike many of the Jewish communities of
3129:). This is a variation of the Sephardic dish known as Pan de Semita or Semitic Bread. Many of these foods have become mainstream Sicilian and Calabrian dishes.
1670:
4588:
2674:
1325:
1020:
3811:
3007:
In 2007, Israeli land developer, David Appel, announced his plans to create one of the world's largest vacation/gambling resorts in the
Calabrian town of
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4102:
2989:
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3795:
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in 1475. Garton did not use movable type, but used a block page format to print his material. Garton's works were printed in a Hebrew style known as
184:
1207:
4455:
3985:
2670:. When Alaric died suddenly while in Calabria, he was believed to have buried the Temple Treasure somewhere near the Calabria town of Consentia.
1455:
4502:
4195:
2480:
have had notable influence on many areas of Jewish life and culture. The Jews of
Calabria are virtually identical to the neighbouring Jews of
3196:
1709:
4731:
2752:. For a time, this resulted in uniting both Jewish populations, as well as other Jewish communities in southern Italy under the flag of the
4279:
3555:
3307:
3431:
3836:
694:
657:
3949:
3920:
2631:). Today some physical remnants of the ancient Calabrian Jewish community still survives. For example, the remains of the 4th century,
4797:
2921:
During the Middle Ages, Calabria contributed much to the culture of the Jewish people in Europe. Many Jewish scholars, such as Rabbi
1633:
4701:
4024:
3611:
1656:
4662:
4297:
3248:
3166:
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The history of the Jews in
Calabria is presumed to date back several centuries before the common era. While there is evidence of
1006:
4549:
Schaerf, Samuele. I Cognomi degli Ebrei d talia. (The Names of the Jews of Italy) (Italian) Firenze, Casa Editrice Israel, 1925.
2896:
is also known. Four hundred years later, the last direct descendants of the Calabrian Jews living in Greece would perish in the
2833:. Some historians ponder the connection between Garton's pioneering mass production revolution of Hebrew books and the raise of
2413:
1583:
1518:
1400:
4428:
4153:
3365:
2933:, Agathius Guidacerius, a well regarded Greek and Hebrew grammatical expert was born in the Calabrian town of Rocca-Coragio.
704:
4621:
4356:
3512:
2981:
then escaped Italy during the German occupation returned to Italy in 1947. She resided in Calabria until her death in 1961.
4792:
4479:
3493:
3326:
2737:. At their height, the Jews of Calabria, along with the other Jews of southern Italy were second only to the Jews from the
2611:
The first dated mentioning of Jewish communities in Calabria were by Roman officials in the service of the Western Emperor
1142:
55:
4337:
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3884:
3732:
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have revived a small Jewish community in Calabria. In 2007, Calabria consecrated its first synagogue in 500 years. The
1806:
1756:
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73:
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court physician in Calabria, and wrote many of his most famous works on medicine and theology while in Calabria.
2309:
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1763:
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1197:
1192:
1112:
1057:
4099:
4807:
4802:
3231:
3216:
3206:
3191:
3114:, this occult art was popular with the Jews of Southern Italy, including Calabria, during the Byzantine era.
3100:
2203:
1741:
1726:
1689:
1651:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1593:
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1132:
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980:
684:
448:
443:
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prominence in religious scholarship. In the former Jewish quarter of Reggio there is a street named, "Via
1801:
1796:
1751:
1704:
1390:
1360:
1320:
1315:
1172:
478:
46:
4313:
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As for the rest of Calabrian Jews too poor to emigrate during the Inquisition, they were subjected to a
4459:
3982:
3340:
2275:
2120:
1828:
1222:
418:
408:
144:
4192:
3597:
2389:
2082:
1933:
1874:
765:
4043:
3465:
3450:
2546:
still features their Etrog heritage in its place name. It is believed by some Jews, especially the
2092:
2072:
1182:
662:
203:
34:
2542:
also known as the, "Yanover Esrog", is still grown in Calabria to this day. The Calabrian town of
4739:
3744:
3075:
2922:
2233:
2223:
2188:
2067:
2057:
1840:
1011:
953:
787:
466:
423:
138:
4276:
3953:
3561:
3311:
3861:
3435:
3085:
2352:
2087:
2001:
1067:
619:
238:
208:
3840:
2869:
2632:
2543:
2243:
2238:
2183:
1971:
886:
614:
601:
496:
213:
4707:
4253:
3928:
3709:
2476:
have had a presence in Calabria for at least 1600 years and possibly as much as 2300 years.
4169:
3406:
2964:
2856:
arrived in 1492. Another wave of Jewish refugees also arrived in Calabria fleeing from the
2314:
2266:
2006:
1864:
677:
542:
531:
489:
3896:
8:
4722:
4001:
3132:
3051:
2974:
2865:
2784:
2710:
2523:
2367:
2062:
740:
607:
510:
503:
433:
321:
196:
4076:
2677:, invaded Calabria which devastated the Jewish population. It was during this time that
4531:
R. Bonfil et al., Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, 2011
4294:
2941:
2930:
2769:
2678:
2651:
2612:
2218:
2168:
2115:
2110:
2024:
1894:
1162:
991:
750:
670:
524:
90:
38:
23:
3973:
Bernard Spolsky, The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History, p. 161-ff. 2014
4618:
4360:
4149:
3582:
3361:
3273:
3092:, from the 16th century for the Romaniote Rite with verses in Judaeo-Greek is known.
3062:
which had close ties to the Greek-speaking communities of the mainland Greece and of
2903:
2807:
2776:
2753:
2738:
2362:
2304:
2284:
2101:
1661:
1300:
760:
631:
561:
438:
351:
218:
2841:". In addition to the first printed Hebrew book, the first Hebrew commentary on the
4754:
http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/still-jewish-after-all-these-years-1.283773
4425:
3136:
3055:
2978:
2960:
2768:, the Jews of Calabria largely escaped the atrocities associated with that period.
2332:
2213:
2173:
2137:
1835:
1385:
896:
652:
556:
471:
361:
153:
4758:
4443:
3516:
2583:, Eruvin 42-43, makes an undated reference to the ancient Calabrian settlement of
4625:
4522:
R. Langer, Cursing the Christians?: A History of the Birkat HaMinim, p. 203. 2012
4486:
4432:
4344:
4301:
4283:
4217:
4199:
4118:
4106:
4066:
Shaw, S. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, p. 66/129. 2016
4031:
3989:
3799:
3697:
3631:
3173:
2926:
2822:
2814:
2788:
2761:
2616:
2539:
2460:) is at the very south of the Italian peninsula, to which it is connected by the
2453:
2294:
2253:
2248:
2228:
2150:
2144:
2077:
2029:
1869:
1850:
1001:
730:
642:
625:
169:
4145:
The Former Jews of This Kingdom: Sicilian Converts After the Expulsion 1492-1516
3643:
3497:
3156:
An inscription written with Hebrew characters partially preserved on a wall, in
2726:. Money lending was also an important source of revenue for the Calabrian Jews.
4210:
3772:
3667:
3123:
3096:
3082:
3067:
3063:
3059:
2997:
2949:
2945:
2907:
2826:
2775:
After several centuries of relative peace and prosperity under the rule of the
2765:
2570:
2469:
2394:
2193:
2048:
1928:
1907:
1884:
1879:
1857:
1845:
1440:
921:
855:
820:
798:
735:
573:
551:
413:
392:
368:
134:
116:
3690:
3624:
2615:
in the year 398. Some ancient towns known to have had a Jewish community were
2514:, there is no direct evidence of a Jewish presence in Calabria, then known as
4776:
4558:
The Medieval Salento: Art and Identity in Southern Italy, Linda Safran, 2014.
3541:
2757:
2745:
2535:
2511:
2489:
2461:
2342:
2337:
1543:
1470:
996:
845:
840:
835:
825:
803:
755:
517:
356:
261:
223:
174:
2929:
were known to have come from or resided in Calabria. Also, the 15th-century
2779:, the persecution of the Calabrian Jews started in 1288 with accusations of
4540:
Bernard Spolsky, The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. 2014
2993:
2956:
2889:
2881:
2830:
2792:
2484:
but are considered separate. However, the Jews of Calabria and the Jews of
2477:
2372:
2198:
2039:
2034:
1992:
1945:
1039:
906:
891:
850:
815:
428:
270:
51:
3385:
2977:, a wealthy Jewish woman who had a love affair with the Italian Dictator,
2569:, one of the most cultivated trees used for reforestation is known as the
2873:
2803:
2780:
2733:. Remnants of these neighborhoods still exist in Calabrian towns such as
2730:
2729:
Many Jews of Calabria lived in special segregated neighborhoods known as
2694:
2636:
2595:
2433:
2357:
2299:
1964:
870:
865:
860:
830:
4689:
3576:
3011:. The project, named, EuroParidiso, will attract tourists from all over
2795:. These Jewish converts to Christianity in Southern Italy were known as
2772:
mentioned the Jews of Calabria on his return trip to Spain around 1175.
3122:
also known as Jewish Pizza. Yet another example is Pane Azzimo (áźÎśĎ
Οον
2702:
2639:
Another example is an inscription that mentions Calabria in the Jewish
2507:
2465:
2015:
1029:
958:
916:
745:
725:
284:
191:
111:
2848:
A short-lived revival of the Calabrian Jewish communities began after
3111:
2897:
2849:
2834:
2719:
2714:
2682:
2640:
2624:
2178:
2163:
1253:
1201:
963:
911:
901:
582:
578:
568:
483:
243:
4637:
2518:, until much later. However, legends state that many Jewish captive
931:
3268:
3177:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3001:
2893:
2872:
ordered the last Jews of Calabria to either leave or to convert to
2861:
2842:
2838:
2734:
2698:
2659:
2591:
2584:
2515:
2448:
2347:
1957:
1889:
720:
228:
179:
2464:
massif, while on the east, south and west it is surrounded by the
3071:
3008:
2985:
2968:
2796:
2749:
2748:, southern Italy, including both Sicily and Calabria fell to the
2647:. These catacombs were in use from the first to the 3rd century.
2604:
2599:
2562:
2323:
2289:
2158:
1952:
941:
936:
808:
699:
594:
590:
586:
335:
330:
307:
289:
164:
159:
149:
127:
102:
2565:
made from Calabrian etrogim is commercially available. Today in
3157:
3107:
3089:
3023:
3016:
3012:
2915:
2911:
2877:
2818:
2723:
2706:
2667:
2587:, also known as Plandarsin. It was in Brindisi/Plandarsin that
2576:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2519:
2485:
2481:
1983:
1978:
1938:
1923:
1034:
926:
346:
312:
298:
233:
4317:
3039:
2885:
2655:
2588:
2551:
2531:
946:
375:
279:
248:
4381:
2644:
2580:
2473:
2444:
98:
3463:
3448:
4703:
The Judeca of Nicastro and the History of Calabrian Jews
4044:"Macedonian Heritage - Jewish Community of Thessaloniki"
3595:
3407:"Calabrian pine, Turkish pine : Herbal, allergenic"
2876:. For those who could afford to leave, most went to the
4382:"Rabbi Barbara Aiello | The first woman Rabbi in Italy"
3578:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2492:. Both communities have always been entirely separate.
2522:
were brought to Calabria after the destruction of the
3429:
3078:
and so these Jews had often Hebrew or Italian names.
2673:
In the year 925, an army of Fatimite Muslims, led by
4729:
4725:. Shlomo Simonsohn, Humanities, Tel Aviv University.
2526:
in the year 70. Other legends state that it was the
1962:
1943:
366:
2554:used a Calabrian Etrog during the first holiday of
3058:the Jewish community of Calabria was consisted of
2602:debate oral law concerning personal travel during
2437:Former Synagogue in old Jewish Quarter of Nicastro
4768:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
3581:. Vol. 5. New York: Fred De Fau – via
3095:With the arrival of the Iberian Jews after 1492,
4774:
4638:"My Jewish Learning - Judaism & Jewish Life"
4230:"GUIDACERIUS, AGATHIUS - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
4759:http://escholarship.org/uc/item/91z342hv#page-1
3327:"In Italian Dust, Signs Of a Past Jewish Life"
2681:, was made captive. He would later become the
4699:
3574:
3324:
3197:History of the Jews in Southern Central Italy
2650:Another popular legend states that after the
2414:
4764:The Jewish Community of Calabria (in Hebrew)
4663:"Sephardic Traditions at the Passover Seder"
3305:
3099:was also spoken throughout Calabria and the
2452:reaches back over two millennia. Calabria (
658:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3560:, Kesher Talk, Mar 9, 2008, archived from
3510:
2421:
2407:
3430:Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz (Nov 11â12, 2005).
2787:with the assistance of the friars of the
2538:. In fact, the prized Etrog known as the
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
2984:Today, over 50 descendants of Calabrian
2432:
3249:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
3045:
2868:at last reached Calabria. By 1541, the
4775:
4706:. Rabbi Barbara Aiello. Archived from
4141:
3745:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
3118:Jewish Italian dish from the south is
3353:
3054:, which was at some time part of the
2860:in 1493. And Jews from the island of
2510:Jews living in the Greek colonies of
17:
4730:Marc Alan Di Martino (2008-03-01).
3710:"BRINDISI - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
3254:History of the Jews of Thessaloniki
3070:. However, these Jews spoke mostly
3050:As all of the original Jews of the
2457:
13:
4254:"ZIONISM - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
3921:"Timeline: Anti-Semitism in Italy"
3614:. Blackwell Dictionary of Judaica.
3540:. Catacomb Society. Archived from
3279:
2845:also appeared in Reggio, in 1482.
39:link to broken or outdated sources
14:
4824:
4682:
4577:Spanish and Portuguese Jews#Italy
4170:"REGGIO - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
3464:Isidore Singer; Umberto Cassuto.
3449:Richard Gottheil; Samuel Krauss.
3264:Expulsion of the Jews from Sicily
2858:Expulsion of the Jews from Sicily
2802:In 1348, during the years of the
2662:carried his booty, including the
449:Historical population comparisons
4798:Jewish Italian history by region
4002:"CORFU - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
3925:Center for Online Judaic Studies
3596:Richard Gottheil; H. G. Enelow.
3538:"Catacombs: Archives of History"
3434:. Orthodox Union. Archived from
3310:. Jerusalem Post. Archived from
3259:Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
3165:
3149:
3142:
3103:was also practiced in Calabria.
3081:The Calabrian Jews followed the
2495:
1093:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1007:Historical population by country
22:
4655:
4630:
4612:
4581:
4570:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4491:
4473:
4448:
4437:
4419:
4394:
4374:
4349:
4331:
4306:
4288:
4270:
4246:
4222:
4204:
4186:
4162:
4135:
4111:
4093:
4077:"ARTA - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
4069:
4060:
4036:
4018:
3994:
3976:
3967:
3942:
3913:
3889:
3878:
3854:
3829:
3804:
3786:
3761:
3737:
3726:
3702:
3684:
3660:
3636:
3618:
3604:
3589:
3568:
3548:
3530:
3504:
3486:
3472:
3212:History of the Jews in Sardinia
2936:
2693:During the early period of the
2666:, South with him on his way to
2534:to Calabria during the time of
3575:Edward Gibbon (1776). "XXXI".
3496:. Jewish Roots. Archived from
3457:
3442:
3423:
3399:
3374:
3347:
3333:
3325:Andree Brooks (May 15, 2003).
3318:
3299:
3222:History of the Jews in Trieste
3202:History of the Jews in Livorno
2688:
1:
3293:
3232:History of the Jews in Venice
3217:History of the Jews in Sicily
3207:History of the Jews in Naples
3192:History of the Jews in Apulia
2963:built the internment camp of
664:Christianity and Judaism
54:or discuss this issue on the
4123:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3901:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3672:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3648:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3432:"The Coming Week's Daf Yomi"
3244:History of the Jews in Italy
3227:History of the Jews in Turin
2664:Temple Treasure of Jerusalem
2502:History of the Jews in Italy
7:
4793:Jewish communities in Italy
3557:Raiders of the Lost Menorah
3513:"The Jewish diaspora: Rome"
3494:"Excavation at Bova Marina"
3357:Encyclopedia of Jewish Food
3185:
2967:near the Calabrian town of
2635:are located in the town of
1963:
1944:
1671:Latin America and Caribbean
367:
10:
4829:
4456:"www.koshertravelinfo.com"
4402:"www.interfaithfamily.com"
4258:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
4234:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
4174:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
4081:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
4048:www.macedonian-heritage.gr
4006:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
3714:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
2528:Hellenized Jews from Egypt
2499:
2276:Jewish political movements
1973:Conversion to Judaism
4694:A non-profit organization
4338:www.jewishsightseeing.com
3482:. Jewish Virtual Library.
3354:Marks, Gil (2010-11-17).
2992:Synagogue in the town of
679:Hinduism and Judaism
3769:"www.jerusalembooks.com"
3515:. Livius. Archived from
3237:
505:Temple in Jerusalem
198:Bar and bat mitzvah
4295:www.comune.tarsia.cs.it
3749:sourcebooks.fordham.edu
2925:and descendants of the
2923:Hayyim ben Joseph Vital
467:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4736:The American in Italia
3600:. Jewish Encyclopedia.
3468:. Jewish Encyclopedia.
3453:. Jewish Encyclopedia.
3180:supported with sticks.
2438:
4813:Romaniote Jews topics
4783:Antisemitism in Italy
3950:"stanleykrippner.com"
3691:www.lameziastorica.it
3411:www.wildflowers.co.il
3289:, Leiden: Brill, 2012
3120:Pizza Ebraica di Erbe
3110:prohibitions against
3088:. A Southern Italian
3052:southern Italian area
2952:by forty-five years.
2870:Roman Catholic Church
2633:Bova Marina Synagogue
2544:Santa Maria del Cedro
2436:
1213:SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe
1208:Republic of the Congo
602:Second Temple Judaism
473:Kingdom of Judah
444:Modern historiography
4808:Religion in Calabria
4803:People from Calabria
3897:"Reggio di Calabria"
3612:"Donnolo, Shabbetai"
3382:"chowhound.chow.com"
3287:The Jews in Calabria
3285:Cesare Colafemmina,
3046:Language and culture
3038:and the other being
2965:Ferramonti di Tarsia
2959:, Italian Dictator,
2315:World Agudath Israel
1456:United Arab Emirates
543:Second Temple period
533:Babylonian captivity
4788:History of Calabria
4700:Vincenzo Villella.
4142:Zeldes, N. (2003).
3341:"What is ann Etrog"
3139:mentions Calabria.
3133:Christopher Marlowe
2975:Margherita Sarfatti
2866:Spanish Inquisition
2813:The first type set
2785:Charles II of Anjou
2718:such industries as
2711:Catepanate of Italy
2530:who introduced the
2524:Temple in Jerusalem
608:Hellenistic Judaism
186:Land of Israel
145:Principles of faith
52:addressing link rot
47:improve the article
4642:My Jewish Learning
4624:2010-12-01 at the
4485:2010-12-10 at the
4431:2011-07-06 at the
4357:"rabbibarbara.com"
4343:2010-12-05 at the
4300:2009-04-08 at the
4282:2008-12-03 at the
4216:2008-09-25 at the
4198:2008-11-20 at the
4105:2009-05-06 at the
4030:2008-05-15 at the
3988:2007-07-16 at the
3837:"www.nyjtimes.com"
3812:"www.hadassah.com"
3798:2008-05-16 at the
3696:2007-11-14 at the
3630:2007-11-14 at the
3625:www.lameziastorica
3306:Laura Costantini.
2942:Benedetto Musolino
2931:Christian Hebraist
2770:Benjamin of Tudela
2679:Shabbethai Donnolo
2579:, in the order of
2439:
2169:Jewish Koine Greek
1711:Dominican Republic
992:Judaism by country
671:Jews and Christmas
526:Assyrian captivity
4667:www.jewishmag.com
4499:"www.edreams.com"
4211:www.abarbanel.com
4155:978-90-04-12898-9
4025:www.athensnews.gr
3583:Project Gutenberg
3367:978-0-470-94354-0
3274:Hebrew incunabula
3066:and later to the
2990:Ner Tamid del Sud
2904:forced conversion
2854:Spanish expulsion
2852:Jews fleeing the
2808:Strasbourg pogrom
2777:Kingdom of Naples
2754:Kingdom of Sicily
2739:Iberian Peninsula
2643:of Monteverde in
2550:-Lubavitch, that
2431:
2430:
2380:
2379:
2128:
2127:
1875:Reconstructionist
1819:
1818:
971:
970:
778:
777:
615:JewishâRoman wars
563:Hasmonean dynasty
479:Kingdom of Israel
383:
382:
84:
83:
76:
4820:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4738:. Archived from
4732:"Barbara Aiello"
4726:
4723:"Italia Judaica"
4718:
4716:
4715:
4696:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4634:
4628:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4600:
4594:. Archived from
4593:
4585:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4501:. Archived from
4495:
4489:
4480:www.tripbase.com
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4458:. Archived from
4452:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4404:. Archived from
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4359:. Archived from
4353:
4347:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4316:. Archived from
4314:"jewishroots.it"
4310:
4304:
4292:
4286:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4226:
4220:
4208:
4202:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4115:
4109:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4040:
4034:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
3998:
3992:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3952:. Archived from
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3927:. Archived from
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3893:
3887:
3885:findarticles.com
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3839:. Archived from
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3814:. Archived from
3808:
3802:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3771:. Archived from
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3741:
3735:
3733:findarticles.com
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3706:
3700:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3640:
3634:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3511:Jona Lendering.
3508:
3502:
3501:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3384:. Archived from
3378:
3372:
3371:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3308:"Immortal Fruit"
3303:
3169:
3153:
3137:The Jew of Malta
3056:Byzantine Empire
2979:Benito Mussolini
2961:Benito Mussolini
2910:, were known in
2821:were printed in
2675:Ja'far ibn Ubaid
2459:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2272:
2271:
2153:
1974:
1968:
1949:
1913:
1912:
1860:
1807:New Zealand
1759:
1722:El Salvador
1712:
1644:Northern America
1636:
1230:
986:
985:
897:Crimean Karaites
793:
792:
771:
769:
690:
688:
680:
674:
665:
653:Rabbinic Judaism
634:
628:
622:
610:
598:
564:
557:Maccabean Revolt
534:
527:
521:
513:
506:
500:
492:
474:
398:
397:
372:
267:
266:
199:
187:
86:
85:
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
49:
26:
18:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4773:
4772:
4745:
4743:
4721:
4713:
4711:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4671:
4669:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4647:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4626:Wayback Machine
4617:
4613:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4508:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4487:Wayback Machine
4478:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4444:www.haaretz.com
4442:
4438:
4433:Wayback Machine
4424:
4420:
4411:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4345:Wayback Machine
4336:
4332:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4302:Wayback Machine
4293:
4289:
4284:Wayback Machine
4275:
4271:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4218:Wayback Machine
4209:
4205:
4200:Wayback Machine
4191:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4140:
4136:
4127:
4125:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4107:Wayback Machine
4098:
4094:
4085:
4083:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4032:Wayback Machine
4023:
4019:
4010:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3990:Wayback Machine
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3934:
3932:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3800:Wayback Machine
3791:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3698:Wayback Machine
3689:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3632:Wayback Machine
3623:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3594:
3590:
3573:
3569:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3509:
3505:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3462:
3458:
3447:
3443:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3323:
3319:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3282:
3280:Further reading
3240:
3188:
3181:
3174:Diamante Citron
3170:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3048:
2939:
2927:Isaac Abarbanel
2789:Dominican Order
2762:Robert Guiscard
2691:
2540:Diamante Citron
2504:
2498:
2443:history of the
2427:
2382:
2381:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2249:Judeo-Malayalam
2229:Judaeo-Georgian
2149:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2030:Yiddish theatre
1972:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1858:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1757:
1710:
1634:
1228:
1012:Genetic studies
983:
973:
972:
790:
780:
779:
767:
766:
686:
685:
678:
668:
663:
645:and Middle Ages
643:Rabbinic period
630:
624:
617:
605:
576:
562:
532:
525:
516:
508:
504:
495:
490:in Judaism
487:
472:
395:
385:
384:
264:
254:
253:
197:
185:
130:
80:
69:
63:
60:
45:
43:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4826:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4771:
4770:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4727:
4719:
4697:
4684:
4683:External links
4681:
4679:
4678:
4654:
4629:
4611:
4580:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4490:
4472:
4447:
4436:
4426:www.accenti.ca
4418:
4393:
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4348:
4330:
4305:
4287:
4269:
4245:
4221:
4203:
4193:www.ascent.org
4185:
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3993:
3975:
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3888:
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3760:
3736:
3725:
3701:
3683:
3659:
3635:
3617:
3603:
3588:
3567:
3547:
3544:on 2007-08-27.
3529:
3503:
3500:on 2009-07-15.
3485:
3471:
3456:
3441:
3438:on 2008-03-13.
3422:
3398:
3373:
3366:
3346:
3332:
3317:
3314:on 2008-12-03.
3297:
3295:
3292:
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3281:
3278:
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3256:
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3148:
3144:
3141:
3101:Sephardic rite
3076:Judaeo-Italian
3068:Ottoman Empire
3064:Constantinople
3060:Romaniote Jews
3047:
3044:
2998:Barbara Aiello
2950:Der Judenstaat
2946:Theodore Herzl
2938:
2935:
2908:Crypto-Judaism
2894:Constantinople
2827:Abraham Garton
2766:Western Europe
2690:
2687:
2571:Calabrian Pine
2500:Main article:
2497:
2494:
2478:Calabrian Jews
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2400:
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2310:Territorialism
2307:
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2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Judaeo-Spanish
2191:
2189:Judaeo-Iranian
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2141:
2136:
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2027:
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2018:
2012:
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1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:United Kingdom
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
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1576:
1571:
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1501:
1496:
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1476:
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1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
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1433:
1428:
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1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
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1298:
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1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Bilad-el-Sudan
1065:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1021:Land of Israel
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
984:
979:
978:
975:
974:
969:
968:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
919:
914:
909:
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4742:on 2011-07-16
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4710:on 2008-10-06
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4601:on 2011-06-17
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4505:on 2011-07-10
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4462:on 2009-04-29
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3143:Image gallery
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1829:Denominations
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1143:Guinea-Bissau
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997:Lists of Jews
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756:The Holocaust
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357:Mishneh Torah
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117:Who is a Jew?
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31:This article
29:
25:
20:
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16:
4744:. Retrieved
4740:the original
4735:
4712:. Retrieved
4708:the original
4702:
4693:
4670:. Retrieved
4666:
4657:
4646:. Retrieved
4644:. 2023-09-02
4641:
4632:
4614:
4603:. Retrieved
4596:the original
4583:
4572:
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4554:
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4536:
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4518:
4507:. Retrieved
4503:the original
4493:
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4464:. Retrieved
4460:the original
4450:
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4421:
4410:. Retrieved
4406:the original
4396:
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4376:
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4361:the original
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4318:the original
4308:
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4261:. Retrieved
4257:
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4237:. Retrieved
4233:
4224:
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4188:
4177:. Retrieved
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4126:. Retrieved
4122:
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4084:. Retrieved
4080:
4071:
4062:
4051:. Retrieved
4047:
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4020:
4009:. Retrieved
4005:
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3978:
3969:
3958:. Retrieved
3954:the original
3944:
3933:. Retrieved
3929:the original
3924:
3915:
3904:. Retrieved
3900:
3891:
3880:
3869:. Retrieved
3865:
3862:"Jews Essay"
3856:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:the original
3831:
3820:. Retrieved
3816:the original
3806:
3788:
3777:. Retrieved
3773:the original
3763:
3752:. Retrieved
3748:
3739:
3728:
3717:. Retrieved
3713:
3704:
3686:
3675:. Retrieved
3671:
3662:
3651:. Retrieved
3647:
3638:
3620:
3606:
3591:
3577:
3570:
3562:the original
3556:
3550:
3542:the original
3532:
3521:. Retrieved
3517:the original
3506:
3498:the original
3488:
3474:
3459:
3444:
3436:the original
3425:
3414:. Retrieved
3410:
3401:
3390:. Retrieved
3386:the original
3376:
3356:
3349:
3343:. Ask Moses.
3335:
3320:
3312:the original
3301:
3286:
3160:, Calabria.
3131:
3126:
3116:
3105:
3094:
3080:
3072:Judaeo-Greek
3049:
3022:Since 2008,
3021:
3006:
2994:Serrastretta
2983:
2973:
2957:World War II
2954:
2940:
2937:Modern times
2920:
2901:
2890:Thessaloniki
2847:
2831:Rashi Script
2812:
2801:
2793:Christianity
2774:
2743:
2728:
2720:silk trading
2709:forming the
2692:
2672:
2652:Sack of Rome
2649:
2628:
2620:
2610:
2603:
2598:, and other
2574:
2505:
2442:
2440:
2373:Post-Zionism
2244:Judeo-Berber
2239:Judeo-Arabic
2199:Judeo-Gascon
1946:Pidyon haben
1865:Conservative
1411:Saudi Arabia
1229:South Africa
1218:Sierra Leone
1040:Israeli Jews
954:Mosaic Arabs
907:Kaifeng Jews
768:ArabâIsraeli
741:Emancipation
620:Great Revolt
429:Anti-Judaism
424:Antisemitism
419:Name "Judea"
214:Baal teshuva
70:
61:
32:
15:
4589:"StackPath"
4119:"Catanzaro"
3480:"Catanzaro"
3329:. NY Times.
2874:Catholicism
2804:Black Death
2781:blood libel
2760:conqueror,
2744:During the
2731:La Giudecca
2713:were under
2695:Middle Ages
2689:Middle Ages
2637:Bova Marina
2629:Katantheros
2368:Revisionist
2358:Neo-Zionism
1965:Zeved habat
1758:Puerto Rico
1584:Netherlands
1416:South Korea
1401:Philippines
1281:Afghanistan
1148:Ivory Coast
922:Crypto-Jews
887:Bnei Anusim
866:Bene Israel
831:Beta Israel
788:Communities
695:Middle Ages
434:Persecution
209:Bereavement
64:August 2023
4777:Categories
4746:2009-02-17
4714:2009-01-28
4692:. Kulanu.
4672:2023-08-28
4648:2023-08-28
4605:2009-08-26
4509:2011-02-26
4466:2009-06-12
4412:2009-06-07
4387:2023-08-28
4367:2009-01-28
4324:2009-01-28
4263:2023-08-28
4239:2023-08-28
4179:2023-08-28
4128:2023-08-28
4086:2023-08-28
4053:2023-08-28
4011:2023-08-28
3960:2009-01-30
3935:2011-02-24
3906:2023-08-28
3871:2023-08-28
3847:2009-06-12
3822:2009-01-30
3779:2009-01-28
3754:2023-08-28
3719:2023-08-28
3677:2023-08-28
3653:2023-08-28
3644:"Calabria"
3523:2020-03-26
3451:"Honorius"
3416:2023-08-28
3392:2011-02-26
3294:References
3127:unleavened
2880:cities of
2722:and cloth
2703:Basilicata
2508:Hellenized
2470:Tyrrhenian
2353:Maximalism
2305:Secularism
2285:Autonomism
2102:Literature
1895:Humanistic
1499:Azerbaijan
1461:Uzbekistan
1436:Tajikistan
1356:Kyrgyzstan
1341:Kazakhstan
1188:Mozambique
1163:Madagascar
1083:Cape Verde
1035:New Yishuv
1030:Old Yishuv
981:Population
959:Subbotniks
917:Samaritans
856:Romanyotim
799:Ashkenazim
746:Old Yishuv
726:Sabbateans
713:Modern era
705:Golden Age
632:Bar Kokhba
352:Beit Yosef
219:Philosophy
4277:jpost.com
4148:. BRILL.
3793:jpost.com
3668:"Cosenza"
3360:. Wiley.
3135:'s play,
3112:astrology
3083:Romaniote
3034:. One is
3004:rituals.
2898:Holocaust
2850:Sephardic
2835:Ashkenazi
2817:books in
2715:Byzantine
2683:Byzantine
2641:catacombs
2625:Catanzaro
2363:Religious
2219:Zarphatic
2209:Bukharian
2179:Judeo-Tat
2164:Yeshivish
2138:Languages
2093:Sephardic
2083:Israelite
2073:Ethiopian
2063:Ashkenazi
2002:Religious
1792:Australia
1774:Venezuela
1680:Argentina
1662:Greenland
1574:Lithuania
1426:Sri Lanka
1421:Singapore
1346:Kurdistan
1311:Indonesia
1301:Hong Kong
1254:Abayudaya
1178:Mauritius
912:Igbo Jews
902:Krymchaks
821:Sephardim
689:relations
583:Sadducees
579:Pharisees
569:Sanhedrin
484:Jerusalem
244:Synagogue
112:Etymology
56:talk page
35:citations
4622:Archived
4483:Archived
4429:Archived
4341:Archived
4298:Archived
4280:Archived
4214:Archived
4196:Archived
4103:Archived
4028:Archived
3986:Archived
3796:Archived
3694:Archived
3628:Archived
3598:"Apulia"
3466:"Reggio"
3269:Marranos
3186:See also
3178:Calabria
3176:Tree in
3106:Despite
3036:Alitalia
3032:Tel Aviv
3027:Passover
3002:Kabbalah
2862:Sardinia
2843:Hagaddah
2839:Ashkenaz
2783:. Under
2735:Nicastro
2699:Calabria
2658:general
2654:in 410,
2613:Honorius
2585:Brindisi
2516:Bruttium
2449:Calabria
2390:Category
2348:Kahanism
2295:Feminism
2267:Politics
2151:Biblical
2121:American
2068:Bukharan
2058:American
1958:Shidduch
1934:Clothing
1890:Haymanot
1836:Orthodox
1764:Suriname
1747:Paraguay
1700:Colombia
1599:Portugal
1509:Bulgaria
1446:Thailand
1396:Pakistan
1376:Mongolia
1371:Malaysia
1291:Cambodia
1265:Zimbabwe
1240:Tanzania
1118:Eswatini
1108:Ethiopia
1098:Djibouti
1078:Cameroon
1073:Botswana
1002:Diaspora
964:Noahides
937:Marranos
861:Cochinim
846:Bukharim
836:Gruzinim
826:Teimanim
816:Mizrahim
804:Galician
770:conflict
731:Hasidism
721:Haskalah
626:Diaspora
497:timeline
409:Timeline
322:Rabbinic
229:Kabbalah
204:Marriage
180:Tzedakah
170:Holidays
128:Religion
91:a series
89:Part of
4690:"Italy"
3009:Crotone
2986:neofiti
2969:Cosenza
2955:During
2797:Neofiti
2750:Normans
2621:Rhegion
2605:Shabbat
2600:Tannaim
2592:Gamliel
2563:Liqueur
2333:General
2324:Zionism
2300:Leftism
2290:Bundism
2214:Knaanic
2174:Yevanic
2159:Yiddish
2116:Yiddish
2111:Israeli
2088:Mizrahi
2078:Israeli
2049:Cuisine
2025:Ancient
2007:Secular
1953:Kashrut
1929:Wedding
1916:Customs
1908:Culture
1885:Science
1880:Renewal
1870:Karaite
1851:Hasidic
1783:Oceania
1769:Uruguay
1737:Jamaica
1717:Ecuador
1685:Bolivia
1629:Ukraine
1604:Romania
1579:Moldova
1559:Hungary
1549:Germany
1544:Georgia
1534:Finland
1529:Estonia
1524:Denmark
1519:Czechia
1504:Belarus
1494:Austria
1489:Armenia
1466:Vietnam
1381:Myanmar
1366:Lebanon
1286:Bahrain
1245:Tunisia
1223:Somalia
1198:Nigeria
1193:Namibia
1183:Morocco
1113:Eritrea
1058:Algeria
942:Neofiti
851:Italkim
841:Juhurim
751:Zionism
700:Khazars
595:Sicarii
591:Zealots
587:Essenes
574:Schisms
439:Leaders
401:General
393:History
336:Tosefta
331:Midrash
308:Mishnah
290:Ketuvim
285:Nevi'im
234:Customs
165:Shabbat
160:Halakha
152: (
150:Mitzvot
137: (
103:Judaism
44:Please
4152:
3364:
3158:Gerace
3108:Mosaic
3097:Ladino
3090:Mahzor
3086:nusach
3024:Kosher
3017:Israel
3013:Europe
2916:Anusim
2912:Hebrew
2823:Reggio
2819:Europe
2815:Hebrew
2758:Norman
2724:dyeing
2707:Apulia
2668:Africa
2660:Alaric
2656:Gothic
2623:) and
2617:Reggio
2589:Rabbis
2577:Mishna
2567:Israel
2560:Kosher
2556:Sukkot
2548:Chabad
2520:slaves
2486:Apulia
2482:Sicily
2472:seas.
2466:Ionian
2458:ק××ר××
2454:Hebrew
2395:Portal
2254:Domari
2184:Shassi
2145:Hebrew
2040:Humour
1984:Hiloni
1979:Aliyah
1939:Niddah
1924:Minyan
1859:Reform
1846:Haredi
1841:Modern
1742:Mexico
1727:Guyana
1690:Brazil
1652:Canada
1624:Sweden
1614:Serbia
1609:Russia
1594:Poland
1589:Norway
1569:Latvia
1554:Greece
1539:France
1514:Cyprus
1480:Europe
1451:Turkey
1441:Taiwan
1351:Kuwait
1336:Jordan
1326:Israel
1260:Zambia
1250:Uganda
1168:Malawi
1138:Guinea
1128:Gambia
1063:Angola
1049:Africa
932:DĂśnmeh
927:Anusim
871:Berber
809:Litvak
761:Israel
667:
604:
518:Second
486:
347:Targum
313:Gemara
299:Talmud
271:Tanakh
224:Ethics
175:Prayer
4599:(PDF)
4592:(PDF)
3238:Other
3040:El Al
2886:Corfu
2878:Greek
2596:Akiva
2552:Moses
2532:Etrog
2343:Labor
2338:Green
2035:Dance
1993:Music
1812:Palau
1732:Haiti
1695:Chile
1619:Spain
1564:Italy
1471:Yemen
1431:Syria
1406:Qatar
1386:Nepal
1331:Japan
1306:India
1296:China
1235:Sudan
1158:Libya
1153:Kenya
1133:Ghana
1123:Gabon
1103:Egypt
1088:Benin
947:Xueta
892:Lemba
511:First
376:Zohar
280:Torah
262:Texts
249:Rabbi
239:Rites
139:names
37:that
33:uses
4150:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3015:and
2888:and
2882:Arta
2705:and
2645:Rome
2581:Moed
2575:The
2474:Jews
2468:and
2445:Jews
2441:The
1802:Guam
1797:Fiji
1752:Peru
1705:Cuba
1391:Oman
1361:Laos
1321:Iraq
1316:Iran
1273:Asia
1202:Igbo
1173:Mali
192:Brit
101:and
99:Jews
3124:gr.
2948:'s
2914:as
2825:by
2447:in
2016:Art
362:Tur
154:613
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