History of the Jews in Belarus

3420:, Trakai and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and 4368: 5821: 2652: 3413:), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy. 137: 4566: 4577: 3533:, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren ( 4558: 3677:. Members of the nobility attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors. 3555:, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years. 4124:§ 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. 5198: 3996: 4690: 162: 3823: 3716: 3569: 3460: 3309: 3162: 3015: 24: 180: 3932: 4676: 5809: 5194: 5044:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow." 3698:"The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians." 4114:(l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew. 3790:(1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King 4150:, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head. 4132:§ 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three 3125:

While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and

3887:

in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th

3379:

other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter.

3378:

In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitautas, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and

3629:

The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition,

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in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser

3528:

The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the

3979:

is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting

3520:

Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received

4611:

The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019, although oddly in that year, 10,269 men but only 3,436 women identified as Jewish. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at

3276:

The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such

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authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from

3521:

part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in

3281:

suggests, "the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization." But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of

4138:

per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to

4065:

is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his

4602:. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see 4650:, addressing Lukashenko's comments with a strong request to retract them, and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel. From having made up about half of the city's population in 1939, in 1999 there were only about 1,000 Jews left in Babruysk. 3137:

The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no

3117:

The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the

2988:

in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the

3980:

Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by

3230:. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke 3668:

also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the

3294:

was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future.

3916:(d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in 5305: 3429:

The goodwill and tolerance of Vytautas endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland

3246:." This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new 3798:

and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the

2956:, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, 3680:

Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilnius in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one

3529:

departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the

3257:(1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of 6675: 3551:

Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands,

3548:

The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes.

5056: 4018:§ 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws." 3416:

Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Grodno,

3442:

In 1569 the Kingdom Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the

4619:

Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.

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extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews.

6700: 3702:

Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews.

6670: 3134:. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants. 5749: 4616:. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed. 3786:

destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute.

3694:

of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles:

5301: 5284: 4588:

In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to

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in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the

4125: 3369:

On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from

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from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands.

2984:

was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the

1290: 3961:

The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the

3646:, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, 4781: 4638:" on a live broadcast on state radio, he stated: "This is a Jewish city, and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in. They have turned Babruysk into a 4535:. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the 3925: 3805:

to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the

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per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates.

1523: 1218: 6327: 3901: 3385: 3992:, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity. 3446:

in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy.

3273:, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization. 1410: 6285: 5798: 4708: 3253:

Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Gediminas and the accession of his grandson

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was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb

4022: 3976: 6385: 4186: 1907: 88: 3082:

As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between

6186: 5338: 60: 892: 855: 4367: 4110:(end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." 5423: 5220: 4807: 4604: 3673:. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the 67: 6592: 6405: 5281: 4594: 3290:(1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; 2960:

were the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the urban population. The population of cities such as

1831: 4764: 4501:(i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see 6430: 6320: 4470: 3001:

origin. However, the Israeli embassy in Belarus claims to know about 30-50 thousand Belarusians with Jewish descent (as of 2017).

2823: 1854: 5758: 5449: 5389: 5168: 5146: 6602: 6075: 5791: 5025: 4723: 1204: 74: 6690: 6642: 6517: 6512: 4829: 2611: 1781: 1716: 1598: 4010:

The decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of

6001: 5411:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. Volume 1: Themes and Phenomena of the Jewish Diaspora

2923: 902: 5776: 5667: 4642:. Look at Israel — I was there and saw it myself... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk." Members of the 6647: 6477: 5948: 5943: 5840: 1340: 56: 5081: 4785: 3662:(Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The 6652: 6313: 5820: 5260: 1608: 1425: 1415: 655: 4418:

By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the

3226:(1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the 6721: 6577: 5784: 5688: 4928: 4388: 4173:, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 4095:

shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors.

2004: 1954: 1919: 1613: 1478: 1345: 4521:

Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of

6547: 6507: 6487: 6467: 6370: 5829: 5637: 4654: 3870: 3763: 3616: 3507: 3356: 3201: 3126:

much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the

3054: 2745: 2731: 2604: 1696: 1658: 1633: 1553: 1538: 1385: 1325: 1280: 107: 3852: 3745: 3598: 3489: 3338: 6680: 6482: 4887: 4070:

expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—

3791: 2836: 1989: 1971: 1877: 1771: 1623: 1618: 1543: 1508: 1375: 6268: 5718: 6685: 6632: 6607: 6562: 6557: 6532: 6390: 5872: 5742: 4463: 2507: 2406: 1961: 1944: 1897: 1796: 1706: 1643: 1593: 1573: 1568: 1488: 1462: 1437: 1315: 1305: 1295: 1275: 1270: 6597: 6587: 6537: 6497: 6450: 6445: 6435: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6395: 6380: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 5974: 5360: 4166: 4091: 3963: 3848: 3741: 3594: 3485: 3334: 3183: 3036: 1980: 1966: 1934: 1914: 1882: 1826: 1801: 1776: 1756: 1746: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1691: 1686: 1663: 1578: 1563: 1483: 1442: 1395: 1390: 1310: 1255: 45: 2948:. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the 6695: 6637: 6582: 6572: 6552: 6542: 6527: 6522: 6502: 6472: 6440: 6425: 6400: 6336: 6065: 4713: 4498: 3389: 2721: 2401: 1939: 1924: 1887: 1849: 1821: 1811: 1806: 1791: 1786: 1766: 1751: 1736: 1711: 1677: 1648: 1548: 1533: 1457: 1447: 1365: 1335: 1260: 1246: 5103: 81: 6612: 6567: 6492: 6462: 6196: 5877: 5862: 4994: 4743: 3250:. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Gediminas. 3072: 2009: 1929: 1892: 1816: 1761: 1628: 1603: 1528: 1503: 1493: 1432: 1355: 1350: 1330: 1320: 1300: 1285: 1178: 882: 646: 641: 5633:"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics" 5536:

Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству

5475: 4661: 4643: 1999: 1994: 1949: 1902: 1588: 1558: 1518: 1513: 1370: 676: 6253: 5680: 4964: 4851: 3794:(1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the 6016: 5920: 5882: 5564:

National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно

4459: 2887: 2830: 2817: 2764: 2635: 2473: 2318: 2026: 1420: 616: 606: 342: 5740:

Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus

5713: 5578:

National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск

3787: 2985: 2916: 2587: 2280: 2131: 2072: 963: 5534: 5124: 4950: 4033:

and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as

3690:

The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive

6726: 6115: 6011: 5991: 5887: 4552: 4503: 4443: 4140: 4004: 3833: 3726: 3579: 3470: 3384:

The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by

3319: 3227: 3119: 3068: 2290: 2270: 1380: 860: 401: 5698: 3904:, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of 6292: 6041: 6026: 5129: 4918: 4703: 3837: 3730: 3583: 3474: 3323: 3172: 3025: 2651: 2431: 2421: 2386: 2265: 2255: 2038: 1209: 1151: 985: 664: 621: 336: 34: 5685:

Interview with Jakau Hutman (Yakov Gutman) chairman of the World Association of Belarusian Jewry

5334: 3777: 5708: 5628: 5584:(in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. 5570:(in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. 5542:(in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4. 3643: 2994: 2550: 2285: 2199: 1265: 817: 436: 406: 6258: 6151: 6095: 6080: 6021: 5892: 5806: 5632: 4396: 4379:

Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called

4357: 4351: 3538: 3287: 2949: 2711: 2673: 2441: 2436: 2381: 2169: 1084: 812: 799: 694: 411: 5734: 5427: 5231: 5054:

Israeli Ambassador: the closure of the embassy in Minsk was refused due to special relations

4623: 4516: 3783: 3443: 3243: 3231: 2909: 2512: 2464: 2204: 2062: 875: 740: 729: 687: 136: 5588: 5574: 5560: 5546: 3405:, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder ( 8: 5547:

Batrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001).

4761: 4728: 4482: 4447: 3235: 2892: 2856: 2808: 2716: 2668: 2565: 2260: 938: 805: 708: 701: 631: 519: 394: 216: 5562: 4442:. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the 6222: 6136: 5755: 5576: 5453: 5386: 5172: 5142: 4938: 4540: 4380: 4372: 4101: 3691: 3291: 2882: 2769: 2693: 2659: 2416: 2366: 2313: 2308: 2222: 2092: 1360: 1189: 948: 868: 722: 288: 6263: 6036: 5561:

Batrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002).

5532: 5023: 4565: 4557: 6248: 4924: 4801: 4576: 4134: 3659: 3655: 3131: 2688: 2560: 2502: 2482: 2299: 1859: 1498: 958: 829: 759: 636: 549: 416: 5575:

Golubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001).

5256: 4821: 6146: 6100: 6085: 6031: 5955: 5604: 5590: 5548: 5533:

Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002).

4647: 4627: 4570: 4490: 4030: 3972: 3935: 3522: 3140: 2861: 2678: 2530: 2411: 2371: 2335: 2033: 1583: 1094: 850: 754: 669: 559: 351: 204: 6176: 6156: 5693: 6227: 5762: 5746: 5618: 5393: 5288: 5060: 5029: 4768: 4738: 4718: 4486: 4384: 4071: 3278: 3076: 2774: 2492: 2451: 2446: 2426: 2348: 2342: 2275: 2227: 2067: 2048: 1199: 928: 840: 823: 367: 268: 212: 200: 6305: 6171: 6166: 4859:

Yad Vashem Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies

3067:

Throughout several centuries the lands of modern-day Belarus were a part of the

6105: 6070: 5855: 5073: 4695: 4681: 4536: 4523: 4494: 4429: 4026: 3909: 3905: 3647: 3258: 2998: 2683: 2592: 2391: 2246: 2126: 2105: 2082: 2077: 2055: 2043: 1638: 1119: 1053: 1018: 996: 933: 771: 749: 611: 590: 566: 332: 314: 264: 248: 6217: 5589:

Golubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002).

5505: 3908:

are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585),

6715: 6232: 6141: 6090: 5409:

Friedman, Alexander (2009). "Jews in Belarus." In: Mark Avrum Ehrlich (Ed.),

4599: 4433: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4117: 4075: 4062: 3945:, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest 3893: 3087: 2953: 2540: 2535: 1741: 1668: 1194: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1023: 1001: 953: 715: 554: 459: 421: 372: 252: 4917:

Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.).

4762:

Israel to sign a visa-waiver program with internationally ostracized Belarus

6161: 5620:

Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service

5110:. Ed. Isidor Singer. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 118-130; here: p. 119. 4631: 4478: 3942: 3095: 2997:, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus, of which most are of 2570: 2396: 2237: 2232: 2190: 2143: 1237: 1104: 1089: 1048: 1013: 626: 468: 260: 256: 5910: 3525:

and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country.

3151: 4732: 4528: 4162: 4158: 4111: 4011: 3981: 3127: 2847: 2702: 2643: 2555: 2497: 2162: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1028: 276: 272: 3900:

in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority,

3888:

century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was

3630:

was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against "

3434:, did not interfere with his administration during Vytautas's lifetime. 6201: 5938: 5612:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. 5598:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3. 5556:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. 3913: 3639: 3186: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3039: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2789: 2759: 2213: 1227: 1156: 1114: 943: 923: 482: 389: 309: 5739: 3071:. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the 5850: 5771: 5668:Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі 4419: 4347: 3921: 3635: 3552: 3239: 3215: 3099: 2990: 2866: 2376: 2361: 1451: 1399: 1161: 1109: 1099: 780: 776: 766: 681: 441: 5767: 5364: 3995: 3822: 3715: 3568: 3534: 3459: 3308: 3161: 3014: 1129: 23: 5363:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from 4664:

in 2022, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 229 percent.

4635: 4580:

Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, "

4569:

Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers,

3955: 3931: 3664: 3631: 3449: 3395: 3370: 3223: 3083: 2973: 2799: 2784: 2754: 2545: 2155: 2087: 918: 426: 377: 5602: 5915: 4581: 4474: 4408: 4404: 4392: 4170: 4161:

show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the

3967:. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the 3884: 3784:

1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

3431: 3422: 3103: 2977: 2969: 2945: 2521: 2487: 2356: 2150: 1139: 1134: 1006: 897: 792: 788: 784: 533: 528: 505: 487: 362: 357: 347: 325: 300: 232: 228: 208: 167: 142: 5808: 5506:"2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union" 4177:

the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount.

5960: 5867: 5730:

Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches

5723: 5476:"Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 | The Jewish Agency" 4639: 4589: 4532: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4000: 3917: 3897: 3651: 3530: 3283: 3262: 3254: 3091: 2897: 2794: 2181: 2176: 2136: 2121: 1232: 1124: 544: 510: 496: 431: 190:

78,859 Belarusian immigrants to Israel (in the years 1989-2013)

185: 146: 3705: 5729: 5603:

Yunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002).

5282:

YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I

4613: 4438: 3951: 3920:

scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the

3801: 3683: 3542: 3417: 3401: 3270: 3266: 3145: 2981: 2965: 2961: 1144: 573: 477: 446: 5413:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 946-953; here: p. 952. 4657:, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 69 percent. 3238:(Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of 4180: 3219: 3111: 3107: 2957: 2941: 296: 244: 5714:

A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959

5672:

Ashkenazi Jews as one of the indigenous people of Belarus

5623:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. 4923:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 60–62. 4634:

comments; addressing the "miserable state of the city of

4612:

50,000 in 2006. About half of the country's Jews live in

5424:"Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews" 5385:

Census data cited in: Zeltser, Arkadi (July 15, 2010). "

3988:, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same 5703: 4446:

and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the

3892:

of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when

3152:

Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)

4646:

sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US,

4527:(task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local 4671: 2160: 2141: 564: 6287:

Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus

4888:"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org" 4709:

Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus

4561:

Jewish population in Belarus (official census data)

4546: 3426:were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder. 3286:with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of 3075:and historically they could be seen as a subset of 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3975:(known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi 3277:privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as 6335: 5550:National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno 5063:Alexey ALEXANDROV / 02/16/2017 / 16:24 / Politics 6713: 5291:. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14. 4965:"Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on" 3450:Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503 3373:. The preamble of the charter reads as follows: 5171:. Demoscope.ru. 15 January 2013. Archived from 4453: 5187: 4497:, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the 4458:Jewish political organizations, including the 4191:History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union 4029:show that the rabbis were acquainted with the 6321: 5792: 5592:Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews 4187:Jewish Polish history during the 19th century 4048: 4042: 2917: 2612: 4920:Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus 3812: 5699:Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe 5681:Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее 5450:"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus" 5398:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5337:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 25 April 1991. 3851:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3744:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3706:Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus 3597:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3488:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3337:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 856:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 6328: 6314: 5799: 5785: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5161: 4605:Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s 4081: 2944:lived in all parts of the lands of modern 2924: 2910: 2619: 2605: 135: 5726:- Messianic Jewish Congregation in Minsk. 5694:Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel 5616: 5145:. Yivoencyclopedia.org. 23 October 1943. 4595:Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s 3928:, of whom but little is known otherwise. 3871:Learn how and when to remove this message 3764:Learn how and when to remove this message 3617:Learn how and when to remove this message 3508:Learn how and when to remove this message 3357:Learn how and when to remove this message 3202:Learn how and when to remove this message 3055:Learn how and when to remove this message 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 5120: 5118: 5116: 4575: 4564: 4556: 4366: 4181:Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire 4169:Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from 3994: 3930: 5320: 4916: 4724:History of the Jews during World War II 4531:were encouraged to carry out their own 4196:Historical Belarusian Jewish population 6714: 5815:History of Jews and Judaism in Belarus 5627: 5335:"Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour" 5102:Quoted in: Rosenthal, Herman (1904). " 5084:from the original on 26 September 2023 4806:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4622:In October 2007, Belarusian president 4462:, participated in the creation of the 4350:(all per the 1959 Soviet census), and 4209: 3298: 6309: 5780: 5113: 4995:"Belarus Virtual Jewish History Tour" 4971:. Associated Press. 21 October 2008. 3261:(July 1, 1388) and later to those of 6264:Minsk Ghetto resistance organization 5341:from the original on 29 October 2005 5308:from the original on 16 January 2021 5263:from the original on 14 January 2016 5257:"Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009" 5005:from the original on 28 January 2017 4655:Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021 4334:The Jewish population data includes 3849:adding citations to reliable sources 3816: 3742:adding citations to reliable sources 3709: 3595:adding citations to reliable sources 3562: 3486:adding citations to reliable sources 3453: 3335:adding citations to reliable sources 3302: 3184:adding citations to reliable sources 3155: 3037:adding citations to reliable sources 3008: 2952:(1919-1920), under the terms of the 2940:begins as early as the 8th century. 154:Regions with significant populations 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 5735:Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus 5638:The Journal of Byelorussian Studies 2986:Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland 13: 5526: 4898:from the original on 29 April 2016 4204: 3558: 14: 6738: 6211:Extermination sites and massacres 5658: 5486:from the original on 2 March 2022 5426:. 20 October 2007. Archived from 5201:from the original on 21 June 2012 4975:from the original on 3 April 2016 4868:from the original on 20 June 2016 4391:and included much of present-day 3437: 647:Historical population comparisons 5819: 5807: 5452:. 2 October 2018. Archived from 5149:from the original on 6 July 2010 4832:from the original on 6 July 2010 4688: 4674: 4547:Late 20th century to modern days 3821: 3778:Khmelnytsky Uprising § Jews 3714: 3567: 3458: 3409:), known as the "Jewish judge" ( 3307: 3160: 3013: 3004: 2837:Belarusian Greek Catholic Church 2650: 1291:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1205:Historical population by country 178: 160: 57:"History of the Jews in Belarus" 22: 5498: 5468: 5442: 5416: 5403: 5379: 5361:"The Jewish Community of Minsk" 5353: 5294: 5275: 5249: 5213: 5135: 5096: 5066: 5047: 5034: 4510: 4061:§ 1) explains that the name of 3537:, June 29, 1498). The expelled 3171:needs additional citations for 3024:needs additional citations for 33:needs additional citations for 6337:History of the Jews in Europe 5750:Lida Memorial Society Homepage 5510:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 5017: 4987: 4957: 4910: 4880: 4844: 4814: 4774: 4755: 4389:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3541:settled in the Polish town of 2938:history of the Jews in Belarus 1: 5709:Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry 5617:Rybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). 5169:"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly" 4749: 4714:History of the Jews in Poland 4539:and the establishment of the 4499:Communist Party of Belorussia 4383:, a western border region of 3242:, or when being led into the 862:Christianity and Judaism 172:13,705 (2019) - 70,000 (2014) 6197:Davidovka concentration camp 5606:Grodno Oblast State Archives 4999:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 4630:rule, was accused of making 4477:was an official language in 4464:Belarusian People's Republic 4454:After the October Revolution 4448:British Mandate of Palestine 3073:history of Jews in Lithuania 7: 6259:Słonim Ghetto Jewish revolt 4667: 4644:US House of Representatives 3999:Building of a synagogue in 3792:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki 3102:), and other cities on the 2161: 2142: 1869:Latin America and Caribbean 565: 10: 6743: 6106:Tomchei Tmimim − Lubavitch 6017:Choral synagogue (Vitebsk) 5921:General Jewish Labour Bund 5040:Harshav, Benjamin (1999). 4550: 4514: 4469:During the first years of 4460:General Jewish Labour Bund 4184: 4055:Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, 3775: 2831:Catholic Church in Belarus 2818:Belarusian Orthodox Church 2474:Jewish political movements 2171:Conversion to Judaism 6722:Jewish Belarusian history 6661: 6623: 6343: 6281: 6241: 6210: 6185: 6125: 6114: 6054: 6000: 5984: 5973: 5931: 5903: 5839: 5828: 5704:Belarusian Cemetery Index 4660:After Belarus joined the 4346:(or Central Asian Jews), 4314: 4222:— 4078:will be written "Brisk." 3813:Jewish culture in Belarus 877:Hinduism and Judaism 243: 238: 227: 222: 199: 194: 176: 158: 153: 134: 6012:Choral Synagogue (Brest) 5992:Great Synagogue (Grodno) 5195:"Powered by Google Docs" 5078:European Jewish Congress 4744:Belarus–Israel relations 4553:Belarus-Israel relations 4444:United States of America 4141:Hillel ben Naphtali Herz 3228:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3120:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3069:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 703:Temple in Jerusalem 396:Bar and bat mitzvah 6294:List of Belarusian Jews 6042:Zaniomanskaja Synagogue 6027:Cold Synagogue, Mogilev 5400:. Retrieved 2016-06-07. 5287:22 January 2021 at the 5259:. Pop-stat.mashke.org. 5130:The Jewish Encyclopedia 5108:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4704:List of Belarusian Jews 4471:Soviet power in Belarus 4411:, and parts of western 2746:Closely related peoples 665:Twelve Tribes of Israel 6386:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6254:Łachwa Ghetto uprising 5949:Jewish Communist Party 5230:. 2002. Archived from 5042:The Meaning of Yiddish 4771:By JTA | Sep. 13, 2014 4767:27 August 2015 at the 4585: 4573: 4562: 4376: 4049: 4043: 4007: 4005:Slonim Hasidic dynasty 3938: 3218:and his subjection of 3098:(Vineta or Wollin, in 2995:2019 Belarusian census 2848:Languages and dialects 6096:Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva 6022:Cold Synagogue, Minsk 5761:1 August 2017 at the 5745:26 April 2017 at the 5302:"2019 Belarus Census" 5143:"YIVO | Belarus" 5059:22 April 2018 at the 5028:July 6, 2011, at the 4598:), as well as to the 4579: 4568: 4560: 4504:Stalin's antisemitism 4422:due to conflicts and 4397:Republic of Lithuania 4370: 4319:Yivoencyclopedia.org 4047:= "to love," and not 3998: 3934: 3926:Isaac Cohen (d. 1573) 3809:were not successful. 3776:Further information: 3214:With the campaign of 3086:, Lithuania, and the 1411:São Tomé and Príncipe 1406:Republic of the Congo 800:Second Temple Judaism 671:Kingdom of Judah 642:Modern historiography 239:Related ethnic groups 5752:Stories and Pictures 5480:www.jewishagency.org 4826:yivoencyclopedia.org 4624:Alexander Lukashenko 4517:Holocaust in Belarus 4331:Pop-stat.mashke.org 4021:Decisions by Luria, 3883:The founding of the 3845:improve this section 3738:improve this section 3591:improve this section 3482:improve this section 3444:Chmielnicki Uprising 3331:improve this section 3244:Babylonian captivity 3232:Vladimir Vasilkovich 3180:improve this article 3033:improve this article 2993:. According to the 2513:World Agudath Israel 1654:United Arab Emirates 741:Second Temple period 731:Babylonian captivity 42:improve this article 6624:States with limited 6188:Concentration camps 5689:English Translation 5392:6 July 2010 at the 5228:www.ajcarchives.org 4788:on 19 December 2013 4735:in Belarusian lands 4729:Gavriil of Belostok 4662:Russo-Ukrainian war 4358:2019 Belarus Census 4325:Jewishdatabank.org 4197: 4057:§ 129). Meïr Katz ( 3941:At the time of the 3299:The Charter of 1388 2888:People from Belarus 806:Hellenistic Judaism 384:Land of Israel 343:Principles of faith 131: 6223:Dzyatlava massacre 6066:Baranovich Yeshiva 5670:(Andrew Schumann. 5430:on 20 October 2007 5175:on 12 October 2013 4586: 4574: 4563: 4541:Operation Reinhard 4381:Pale of Settlement 4377: 4373:Pale of Settlement 4195: 4120:gives an account ( 4008: 3971:(Ostrog, 1796) of 3939: 3902:Kalman Haberkaster 3692:Lithuanian statute 3386:Boleslaw of Kalisz 3090:, especially with 2367:Jewish Koine Greek 1909:Dominican Republic 1190:Judaism by country 869:Jews and Christmas 724:Assyrian captivity 125: 6709: 6708: 6303: 6302: 6277: 6276: 6269:Zhetler Battalion 6249:Bielski partisans 6050: 6049: 5969: 5968: 5456:on 2 October 2018 4892:www.jewishgen.org 4365: 4364: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3656:Bishop of Vilnius 3627: 3626: 3619: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3065: 3064: 3057: 2950:Polish-Soviet War 2934: 2933: 2629: 2628: 2578: 2577: 2326: 2325: 2073:Reconstructionist 2017: 2016: 1169: 1168: 976: 975: 813:Jewish–Roman wars 761:Hasmonean dynasty 677:Kingdom of Israel 581: 580: 282: 281: 130:Беларускія габрэі 118: 117: 110: 92: 6734: 6662:Dependencies and 6603:Northern Ireland 6344:Sovereign states 6330: 6323: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6295: 6288: 6189: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6101:Volozhin Yeshiva 6086:Novardok Yeshiva 6076:Kaminetz Yeshiva 6058: 6032:Slonim Synagogue 6004: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5956:Hashomer Hatzair 5868:Chabad-Lubavitch 5843: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5823: 5816: 5811: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5778: 5777: 5679: 5666: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5624: 5613: 5611: 5599: 5597: 5585: 5583: 5571: 5569: 5557: 5555: 5543: 5541: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5367:on 26 March 2017 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5331: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5225: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5139: 5133: 5122: 5111: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5070: 5064: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5032: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4934: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4822:"YIVO | Belarus" 4818: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4784:. Archived from 4778: 4772: 4759: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4648:Mikhail Khvostov 4626:, known for his 4571:Volozhin yeshiva 4473:, in the 1920s, 4328:AJCarchives.org 4211: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4105: 4059:Geburat Anashim, 4052: 4046: 4031:Russian language 4003:, origin of the 3973:Abraham Rapoport 3969:Eitan ha-Ezrachi 3936:Volozhin yeshiva 3876: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3825: 3817: 3782:The fury of the 3769: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3718: 3710: 3660:Sigismund August 3642:, and Jews. The 3622: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3571: 3563: 3523:Lithuania proper 3513: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3462: 3454: 3362: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3311: 3303: 3207: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3164: 3156: 3141:Magdeburg Rights 3060: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3017: 3009: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2770:Lithuanian Poles 2765:Belarusian Poles 2654: 2631: 2630: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2470: 2469: 2351: 2172: 2166: 2147: 2111: 2110: 2058: 2005:New Zealand 1957: 1920:El Salvador 1910: 1842:Northern America 1834: 1428: 1184: 1183: 1095:Crimean Karaites 991: 990: 969: 967: 888: 886: 878: 872: 863: 851:Rabbinic Judaism 832: 826: 820: 808: 796: 762: 755:Maccabean Revolt 732: 725: 719: 711: 704: 698: 690: 672: 596: 595: 570: 465: 464: 397: 385: 284: 283: 184: 182: 181: 166: 164: 163: 141:The location of 139: 132: 124: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6727:Belarusian Jews 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6663: 6657: 6643:Northern Cyprus 6625: 6619: 6518:North Macedonia 6339: 6334: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6273: 6237: 6228:Maly Trostenets 6206: 6187: 6181: 6127: 6116: 6110: 6056: 6046: 6037:Wołpa Synagogue 6002: 5996: 5975: 5965: 5927: 5899: 5841: 5830: 5824: 5814: 5805: 5763:Wayback Machine 5747:Wayback Machine 5677: 5665:(in Belarusian) 5664: 5661: 5648: 5646: 5609: 5595: 5581: 5567: 5553: 5539: 5529: 5527:Further reading 5524: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5408: 5404: 5394:Wayback Machine 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5289:Wayback Machine 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5237:on 13 June 2010 5234: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5123: 5114: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5061:Wayback Machine 5052: 5048: 5039: 5035: 5030:Wayback Machine 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4946: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4789: 4782:"Archived copy" 4780: 4779: 4775: 4769:Wayback Machine 4760: 4756: 4752: 4739:Hasidic Judaism 4719:Lithuanian Jews 4694: 4689: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4555: 4549: 4519: 4513: 4456: 4436:of the Russian 4385:Imperial Russia 4316: 4193: 4183: 4130:She'erit Yosef, 4108:Mas'at Binyamin 4099: 4097:Benjamin Slonik 4087: 4082:Items from the 4074:—and that also 3912:(d. 1572), and 3877: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3842: 3826: 3815: 3780: 3770: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3735: 3719: 3708: 3634:," notably the 3623: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3588: 3572: 3561: 3559:The Act of 1566 3514: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3479: 3463: 3452: 3440: 3363: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3328: 3312: 3301: 3279:Abraham Harkavy 3234:in the city of 3208: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3177: 3165: 3154: 3148:at that time. 3077:Lithuanian Jews 3061: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3030: 3018: 3007: 2930: 2780:Belarusian Jews 2625: 2580: 2579: 2467: 2457: 2456: 2447:Judeo-Malayalam 2427:Judaeo-Georgian 2347: 2338: 2328: 2327: 2228:Yiddish theatre 2170: 2108: 2098: 2097: 2056: 2029: 2019: 2018: 1955: 1908: 1832: 1426: 1210:Genetic studies 1181: 1171: 1170: 988: 978: 977: 965: 964: 884: 883: 876: 866: 861: 843:and Middle Ages 841:Rabbinic period 828: 822: 815: 803: 774: 760: 730: 723: 714: 706: 702: 693: 688:in Judaism 685: 670: 593: 583: 582: 462: 452: 451: 395: 383: 328: 269:Lithuanian Jews 179: 177: 161: 159: 149: 129: 127: 126:Belarusian Jews 123: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6664:other entities 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6593:United Kingdom 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:Czech Republic 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6120: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6071:Grodno Yeshiva 6068: 6062: 6060: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5856:Musar Movement 5847: 5845: 5834: 5826: 5825: 5804: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5765: 5756:Jewish Belarus 5753: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5675: 5660: 5659:External links 5657: 5656: 5655: 5625: 5614: 5600: 5586: 5572: 5558: 5544: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5497: 5467: 5441: 5415: 5402: 5378: 5352: 5319: 5293: 5274: 5248: 5212: 5186: 5160: 5134: 5112: 5095: 5080:. 3 May 2021. 5065: 5046: 5033: 5016: 4986: 4956: 4930:978-0803246478 4929: 4909: 4879: 4843: 4813: 4773: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4696:Belarus portal 4685: 4682:Judaism portal 4669: 4666: 4653:Following the 4548: 4545: 4537:Final Solution 4524:Einsatzgruppen 4515:Main article: 4512: 4509: 4495:Yakov Gamarnik 4455: 4452: 4430:Russian Empire 4428:engulfing the 4363: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4182: 4179: 4106:states in his 4086: 4080: 4027:Mordecai Jaffe 3982:Maharam Lublin 3910:Moses Isserles 3890:Isaac Bezaleel 3879: 3878: 3829: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3772: 3771: 3754:September 2022 3722: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3658:complained to 3625: 3624: 3575: 3573: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3516: 3515: 3466: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3439: 3438:Jagiellon rule 3436: 3411:judex Judæorum 3390:Jews in Poland 3382: 3381: 3365: 3364: 3315: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3292:Louis of Anjou 3210: 3209: 3168: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3063: 3062: 3021: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2954:Treaty of Riga 2932: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2749: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2732:United Kingdom 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2525: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2508:Territorialism 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2392:Judaeo-Spanish 2389: 2387:Judaeo-Iranian 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833:United Kingdom 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1266:Bilad-el-Sudan 1263: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1219:Land of Israel 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1077:Related groups 1074: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1004: 989: 984: 983: 980: 979: 974: 973: 972: 971: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 934:Jewish atheism 931: 926: 921: 913: 912: 908: 907: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885:Islamic–Jewish 880: 873: 858: 853: 845: 844: 837: 836: 835: 834: 810: 797: 769: 764: 757: 752: 750:Yehud Medinata 744: 743: 737: 736: 735: 734: 727: 720: 712: 699: 691: 679: 674: 667: 659: 658: 656:Ancient Israel 652: 651: 650: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 612:Land of Israel 609: 601: 600: 594: 589: 588: 585: 584: 579: 578: 577: 576: 571: 567:Shulchan Aruch 562: 557: 552: 547: 539: 538: 537: 536: 531: 523: 522: 516: 515: 514: 513: 508: 500: 499: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 480: 472: 471: 463: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 392: 387: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 345: 340: 333:God in Judaism 329: 324: 323: 320: 319: 318: 317: 312: 304: 303: 293: 292: 280: 279: 265:Ukrainian Jews 249:Ashkenazi Jews 241: 240: 236: 235: 225: 224: 220: 219: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 174: 173: 170: 156: 155: 151: 150: 140: 121: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6739: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:Faroe Islands 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648:South Ossetia 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478:Liechtenstein 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6296: 6291: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6233:Slutsk affair 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6117:The Holocaust 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6091:Radin Yeshiva 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5566: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4952: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4686: 4683: 4672: 4665: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628:authoritarian 4625: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4600:United States 4597: 4596: 4591: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4567: 4559: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4434:anti-Semitism 4431: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344:Bukharan Jews 4341: 4340:Georgian Jews 4337: 4336:Mountain Jews 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4322:Demoscope.ru 4321: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4208: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118:Solomon Luria 4115: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4076:Brest-Litovsk 4073: 4069: 4064: 4063:Brest-Litovsk 4060: 4056: 4053:= "to beat" ( 4051: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4016:Bayis Hadash, 4013: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894:Solomon Luria 3891: 3886: 3875: 3872: 3864: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3830:This section 3828: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3768: 3765: 3757: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3723:This section 3721: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3621: 3618: 3610: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3576:This section 3574: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3512: 3509: 3501: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3467:This section 3465: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3361: 3358: 3350: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3316:This section 3314: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3206: 3203: 3195: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3169:This section 3167: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3059: 3056: 3048: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3022:This section 3020: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3005:Early history 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2824:Autocephalous 2821: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2775:Latvian Poles 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432:Judeo-Aramaic 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2422:Judeo-Italian 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2402:Ghardaïa Sign 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027:Denominations 2023: 2022: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1855:United States 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 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1220: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1195:Lists of Jews 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 995: 994: 993: 992: 987: 982: 981: 970: 962: 960: 957: 955: 954:The Holocaust 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 915: 914: 910: 909: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 881: 879: 874: 870: 864: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 847: 846: 842: 839: 838: 831: 825: 819: 814: 811: 807: 801: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 746: 745: 742: 739: 738: 733: 728: 726: 721: 717: 713: 710: 705: 700: 696: 692: 689: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 668: 666: 663: 662: 661: 660: 657: 654: 653: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 603: 602: 598: 597: 592: 587: 586: 575: 572: 569: 568: 563: 561: 558: 556: 555:Mishneh Torah 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 540: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524: 521: 518: 517: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 501: 498: 495: 494: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 474: 473: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 455: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 393: 391: 388: 386: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 353: 349: 346: 344: 341: 338: 334: 331: 330: 327: 322: 321: 316: 315:Who is a Jew? 313: 311: 308: 307: 306: 305: 302: 298: 295: 294: 290: 286: 285: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 253:Sephardi Jews 250: 246: 242: 237: 234: 230: 226: 221: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 193: 189: 187: 175: 171: 169: 157: 152: 148: 144: 138: 133: 120: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 6653:Transnistria 6375: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5724:Brit Hadasha 5684: 5678:(in Russian) 5671: 5647:. Retrieved 5642: 5636: 5629:Wexler, Paul 5619: 5605: 5591: 5577: 5563: 5549: 5535: 5513:. Retrieved 5509: 5500: 5488:. Retrieved 5479: 5470: 5458:. Retrieved 5454:the original 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5428:the original 5418: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5365:the original 5355: 5343:. Retrieved 5310:. Retrieved 5296: 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5251: 5239:. Retrieved 5232:the original 5227: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5189: 5177:. Retrieved 5173:the original 5163: 5151:. Retrieved 5137: 5128: 5107: 5098: 5086:. Retrieved 5077: 5068: 5049: 5041: 5036: 5019: 5007:. Retrieved 4998: 4989: 4977:. Retrieved 4968: 4959: 4919: 4912: 4900:. Retrieved 4891: 4882: 4870:. Retrieved 4858: 4846: 4834:. Retrieved 4825: 4816: 4792:13 September 4790:. Retrieved 4786:the original 4776: 4757: 4659: 4652: 4621: 4618: 4610: 4603: 4593: 4587: 4529:anti-semites 4522: 4520: 4511:World War II 4502: 4479:East Belarus 4468: 4457: 4437: 4423: 4417: 4378: 4174: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4144: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4107: 4090: 4088: 4083: 4067: 4058: 4054: 4038: 4034: 4020: 4015: 4009: 3989: 3985: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3946: 3943:Lublin Union 3940: 3882: 3867: 3858: 3843:Please help 3831: 3806: 3800: 3795: 3788:John Casimir 3781: 3760: 3751: 3736:Please help 3724: 3701: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3628: 3613: 3604: 3589:Please help 3577: 3550: 3547: 3527: 3519: 3504: 3495: 3480:Please help 3468: 3441: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3383: 3377: 3368: 3353: 3344: 3329:Please help 3317: 3275: 3252: 3247: 3213: 3198: 3189: 3178:Please help 3173:verification 3170: 3139: 3136: 3124: 3116: 3081: 3066: 3051: 3042: 3031:Please help 3026:verification 3023: 2937: 2935: 2779: 2571:Post-Zionism 2442:Judeo-Berber 2437:Judeo-Arabic 2397:Judeo-Gascon 2144:Pidyon haben 2063:Conservative 1701: 1609:Saudi Arabia 1427:South Africa 1416:Sierra Leone 1238:Israeli Jews 1152:Mosaic Arabs 1105:Kaifeng Jews 966:Arab–Israeli 939:Emancipation 818:Great Revolt 627:Anti-Judaism 622:Antisemitism 617:Name "Judea" 412:Baal teshuva 261:Russian Jews 257:Mizrahi Jews 128:יהודי בלארוס 122:Ethnic group 119: 104: 95: 85: 78: 71: 64: 52: 40:Please help 35:verification 32: 15: 6691:Isle of Man 6626:recognition 6578:Switzerland 6513:Netherlands 6218:Bronna Góra 6081:Mir Yeshiva 5768:Belarus SIG 5267:22 December 5221:"Year book" 5125:"Lithuania" 4947:|work= 4733:blood libel 4632:antisemitic 4481:along with 4159:Meir Lublin 4148:Yoreh De'ah 4145:Bet Hillel, 4126:Joseph Katz 4112:Joel Sirkis 4100: [ 4012:Joel Sirkes 3861:August 2023 3644:Reformation 3607:August 2023 3498:August 2023 3347:August 2023 3288:Casimir III 3192:August 2023 3128:German Jews 3045:August 2023 2893:Belarusians 2644:Belarusians 2566:Revisionist 2556:Neo-Zionism 2163:Zeved habat 1956:Puerto Rico 1782:Netherlands 1614:South Korea 1599:Philippines 1479:Afghanistan 1346:Ivory Coast 1120:Crypto-Jews 1085:Bnei Anusim 1064:Bene Israel 1029:Beta Israel 986:Communities 893:Middle Ages 632:Persecution 407:Bereavement 277:Belarusians 273:Polish Jews 145:(green) in 98:August 2023 6716:Categories 6548:San Marino 6508:Montenegro 6488:Luxembourg 6468:Kazakhstan 6371:Azerbaijan 6242:Resistance 6202:Koldichevo 5976:Synagogues 5944:Komverband 5939:Poale Zion 5878:Lechovitch 5719:Shtetlinks 5645:(1): 41–54 4750:References 4731:, case of 4551:See also: 4483:Belarusian 4375:, c. 1905. 4185:See also: 4128:mentions ( 3914:David Gans 3640:Calvinists 3553:synagogues 2857:Belarusian 2790:Ukrainians 2703:By regions 2674:Literature 2551:Maximalism 2503:Secularism 2483:Autonomism 2300:Literature 2093:Humanistic 1697:Azerbaijan 1659:Uzbekistan 1634:Tajikistan 1554:Kyrgyzstan 1539:Kazakhstan 1386:Mozambique 1361:Madagascar 1281:Cape Verde 1233:New Yishuv 1228:Old Yishuv 1179:Population 1157:Subbotniks 1115:Samaritans 1054:Romanyotim 997:Ashkenazim 944:Old Yishuv 924:Sabbateans 911:Modern era 903:Golden Age 830:Bar Kokhba 550:Beit Yosef 417:Philosophy 217:Belarusian 68:newspapers 6681:Gibraltar 6483:Lithuania 6147:Dzyatlava 5851:Misnagdim 5772:JewishGen 5104:Lithuania 5074:"Belarus" 5009:17 August 4969:USA Today 4949:ignored ( 4939:cite book 4902:17 August 4872:17 August 4852:"Belarus" 4836:17 August 4466:in 1918. 4420:New World 4348:Krymchaks 4122:Responsa, 4068:responsum 4023:Meïr Katz 3977:Meïr Sack 3924:yeshiva, 3922:Kremenetz 3832:does not 3725:does not 3636:Lutherans 3578:does not 3469:does not 3388:, to the 3318:does not 3240:Jerusalem 3216:Gediminas 3144:or close 3132:Crusaders 3100:Pomerania 2999:Ashkenazi 2991:Holocaust 2867:Trasianka 2760:Padlašuki 2755:Paleszuki 2727:Australia 2561:Religious 2417:Zarphatic 2407:Bukharian 2377:Judeo-Tat 2362:Yeshivish 2336:Languages 2291:Sephardic 2281:Israelite 2271:Ethiopian 2261:Ashkenazi 2200:Religious 1990:Australia 1972:Venezuela 1878:Argentina 1860:Greenland 1772:Lithuania 1624:Sri Lanka 1619:Singapore 1544:Kurdistan 1509:Indonesia 1499:Hong Kong 1452:Abayudaya 1376:Mauritius 1110:Igbo Jews 1100:Krymchaks 1019:Sephardim 887:relations 781:Sadducees 777:Pharisees 767:Sanhedrin 682:Jerusalem 442:Synagogue 310:Etymology 195:Languages 6701:Svalbard 6686:Guernsey 6633:Abkhazia 6608:Scotland 6563:Slovenia 6558:Slovakia 6533:Portugal 6391:Bulgaria 6057:Yeshivas 5911:Haskalah 5883:Koidanov 5842:Orthodox 5759:Archived 5743:Archived 5631:(1973). 5515:2 August 5490:2 August 5484:Archived 5460:2 August 5434:2 August 5390:Archived 5345:16 April 5339:Archived 5312:23 April 5306:Archived 5285:Archived 5261:Archived 5205:14 April 5199:Archived 5179:14 April 5153:16 April 5147:Archived 5088:2 August 5082:Archived 5057:Archived 5026:Archived 5003:Archived 4979:21 March 4973:Archived 4896:Archived 4863:Archived 4830:Archived 4802:cite web 4765:Archived 4668:See also 4636:Babruysk 4432:and the 4315:Source: 4167:Austrian 4165:and the 4155:responsa 4092:responsa 4084:Responsa 3990:responsa 3986:Responsa 3964:responsa 3947:Talmudic 3918:Talmudic 3896:went to 3885:yeshivas 3796:Szlachta 3675:szlachta 3671:szlachta 3665:szlachta 3632:heretics 3539:Karaites 3407:starosta 3396:szlachta 3393:nobles ( 3371:Vytautas 3269:(1389), 3236:Vladimir 3224:Volhynia 3084:Ruthenia 2974:Babruysk 2809:Religion 2800:Cossacks 2785:Russians 2669:Language 2636:a series 2634:Part of 2588:Category 2546:Kahanism 2493:Feminism 2465:Politics 2349:Biblical 2319:American 2266:Bukharan 2256:American 2156:Shidduch 2132:Clothing 2088:Haymanot 2034:Orthodox 1962:Suriname 1945:Paraguay 1898:Colombia 1797:Portugal 1707:Bulgaria 1644:Thailand 1594:Pakistan 1574:Mongolia 1569:Malaysia 1489:Cambodia 1463:Zimbabwe 1438:Tanzania 1316:Eswatini 1306:Ethiopia 1296:Djibouti 1276:Cameroon 1271:Botswana 1200:Diaspora 1162:Noahides 1135:Marranos 1059:Cochinim 1044:Bukharim 1034:Gruzinim 1024:Teimanim 1014:Mizrahim 1002:Galician 968:conflict 929:Hasidism 919:Haskalah 824:Diaspora 695:timeline 607:Timeline 520:Rabbinic 427:Kabbalah 402:Marriage 378:Tzedakah 368:Holidays 326:Religion 289:a series 287:Part of 223:Religion 6598:England 6588:Ukraine 6538:Romania 6498:Moldova 6456:Ireland 6451:Iceland 6446:Hungary 6436:Germany 6431:Georgia 6421:Finland 6416:Estonia 6411:Denmark 6396:Croatia 6381:Belgium 6376:Belarus 6366:Austria 6361:Armenia 6356:Andorra 6351:Albania 6128:Ghettos 5985:Current 5932:Zionist 5916:Bundism 5904:Secular 5863:Hasidim 5387:Belarus 5241:29 July 4582:Judaism 4533:pogroms 4491:Russian 4475:Yiddish 4425:pogroms 4409:Ukraine 4405:Moldova 4393:Belarus 4274:112,031 4263:135,539 4252:148,027 4241:150,090 4230:375,092 4219:407,069 4175:gulden, 4171:Silesia 3853:removed 3838:sources 3746:removed 3731:sources 3599:removed 3584:sources 3490:removed 3475:sources 3432:Jogaila 3423:shochet 3339:removed 3324:sources 3130:by the 3104:Vistula 2978:Vitebsk 2970:Mogilev 2946:Belarus 2898:Litvins 2883:History 2862:Russian 2694:Cuisine 2660:Culture 2531:General 2522:Zionism 2498:Leftism 2488:Bundism 2412:Knaanic 2372:Yevanic 2357:Yiddish 2314:Yiddish 2309:Israeli 2286:Mizrahi 2276:Israeli 2247:Cuisine 2223:Ancient 2205:Secular 2151:Kashrut 2127:Wedding 2114:Customs 2106:Culture 2083:Science 2078:Renewal 2068:Karaite 2049:Hasidic 1981:Oceania 1967:Uruguay 1935:Jamaica 1915:Ecuador 1883:Bolivia 1827:Ukraine 1802:Romania 1777:Moldova 1757:Hungary 1747:Germany 1742:Georgia 1732:Finland 1727:Estonia 1722:Denmark 1717:Czechia 1702:Belarus 1692:Austria 1687:Armenia 1664:Vietnam 1579:Myanmar 1564:Lebanon 1484:Bahrain 1443:Tunisia 1421:Somalia 1396:Nigeria 1391:Namibia 1381:Morocco 1311:Eritrea 1256:Algeria 1140:Neofiti 1049:Italkim 1039:Juhurim 949:Zionism 898:Khazars 793:Sicarii 789:Zealots 785:Essenes 772:Schisms 637:Leaders 599:General 591:History 534:Tosefta 529:Midrash 506:Mishnah 488:Ketuvim 483:Nevi'im 432:Customs 363:Shabbat 358:Halakha 350: ( 348:Mitzvot 335: ( 301:Judaism 233:Atheism 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