History of the Falkland Islands

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to do so with all the courtesy and respect all friendly nations; one of the objectives of my mission is to prevent the destruction of resources necessary for all ships passing by and forced to cast anchor here, as well as to help them to obtain the necessary supplies, with minimum expenses and inconvenience. Since your presence here is not in competition with these purposes and in the belief that a personal meeting will be fruitful for both of us, I invite you to come aboard, where you'll be welcomed to stay as long as you wish; I would also greatly appreciate your extending this invitation to any other British subject found in the vicinity; I am, respectfully yours. Signed, Jewett, Colonel of the Navy of the United Provinces of South America and commander of the frigate

2450: 1231:, wanted to resist, his numerical disadvantage was obvious, particularly as a large number of his crew were British mercenaries who were unwilling to fight their own countrymen. Such a situation was not unusual in the newly independent states in Latin America, where land forces were strong, but navies were frequently quite undermanned. As such he protested verbally, but departed without a fight on 5 January. Argentina claims that Vernet's colony was also expelled at this time, though sources from the time appear to dispute this, suggesting that the colonists were encouraged to remain initially under the authority of Vernet's storekeeper, 2183:, acting Governor of the Falkland Islands, ordered that the DC-4 be surrounded. He received three of the invaders, who announced that they had as much right as anyone to be there and in reply were firmly told that they should disarm and give up. The result of this meeting was an agreement that seven men, including Peck and Captain Ian Martin, commanding a four-man Royal Marines detachment, should be exchanged for the hostages aboard the aircraft. The 26 passengers were then allowed to disembark and sent to lodge with local families, as the island had no hotel. On being taken past the governor's residence, Guzmán laughingly commented: 1694:. Lafone became a director and his brother-in-law J.P. Dale the company's first manager in the islands. By 1852, the feral cattle had been hunted virtually to extinction by gauchos and the company switched to sheep farming with the introduction of the Cheviot breed of sheep. Hope Place proved to be an unsuitable location and the operation moved to Darwin. In 1860, the Lafone Beef contract was terminated but the Falkland Islands Company was given a grant to Lafonia. Ownership of the remaining cattle outside of Lafonia reverted to the Crown and hunting cattle without permission was banned. 2515: 19: 540: 2249:

that August which stated that Britain was prepared to discuss sovereignty provided the islanders' wishes were respected. This spurred the formation of the Falkland Islands Committee by London barrister Bill Hunter-Christie and others. The Emergency Committee, as it became known, proved to be an effective lobbying organisation, constantly undermining Foreign Office initiatives on sovereignty negotiations. In December 1968, the lobbying effort managed to force the British Government to state that the islanders' wishes would be paramount.

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fisheries, extension of the Stanley runway, the creation of a development agency, the expansion of the road network, expansion of the facilities at Stanley harbour and the breakdown of absentee landlord owned farms into family units. The report was largely ignored at the time, as it was felt that acting upon it would sour relations with Argentina. A reprise of the report by Lord Shackleton in 1982 following the Falklands War became the blueprint for subsequent economic development of the islands.

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consulting the islanders), the communications agreement was signed. The thrust of the agreement was the establishment of direct air and sea links between the islands and Argentina, together with agreements on postal and telephony services. Following the agreement the subsidised shipping link with Montevideo ended, a passenger and cargo ship service to the mainland (that would ameliorate any dependence on Argentina) was promised by the British but never provided.

423: 992: 910: 2577: 2175:, an Argentine territory of which he was governor. Two armed men entered the flight deck and ordered the pilot to change course toward the Falklands. The pilot attempted to land at the racecourse but the plane hit telegraph poles, and the undercarriage sank into the mud. Islanders, assuming that the plane was in trouble, rushed to assist but found themselves taken hostage by the hijackers (included in the group of four was a young police sergeant, 1625: 250: 1946: 1873: 2340: 366: 2737: 1449:. Captain Ross delivered his report in 1843, concluding that Port William afforded a good deep-water anchorage for naval vessels, and that the southern shores of Port Jackson was a suitable location for the proposed settlement. Moody accepted the recommendation of Ross and construction of the new settlement started in July 1843. In July 1845, at Moody's suggestion, the new capital of the islands was officially named 2788: 1814:

the Falkland Islands police responsible for their maintenance until 1927. Communications among the settlements relied on the telephone network until radio telephones were introduced in the 1950s, although the telephone network continued until 1982. Telecommunications improved dramatically after the Falklands War, when an earth station was installed to allow direct dialling for the first time. In 1997, an

1827: 2468:. They encountered little opposition, there being only a small force of fifty-seven British marines and eleven sailors, in addition to the Falkland Islands Defence Force (who were later sent to Fox Bay). There was only one Argentine fatality. The event garnered international attention at a level which the islands had never experienced before, and made them a household name in the UK. 407:, the chronicler of Magellan's voyage, contradicts attribution to either Gomes or Magellan, since it describes the position of islands close to the Patagonia coast, with the expedition following the mainland coast and the islands visited between a latitude of 49° and 51°S and also refers to meeting "giants" (described as Sansón or Samsons in the chronicle) who are believed to be the 2218: 1489:. A boom in ship provisioning and ship-repair resulted, aided by the notoriously bad weather in the South Atlantic and around Cape Horn. Stanley and the Falkland Islands are famous as the repository of many wrecks of 19th-century ships that reached the islands only to be condemned as unseaworthy and were often employed as floating warehouses by local merchants. 1666:. Vernet furnished Samuel Fisher Lafone, a British merchant operating from Montevideo, with details of the Falkland Islands including a map. Sensing that the exploitation of feral cattle on the islands would be a lucrative venture, in 1846 he negotiated a contract with the British Government that gave him exclusive rights to this resource. Until 1846 1388:

claim to land that his brother had bought from Vernet. Lt. Tyssen was taken aback by Whittington's arrival, indicating that he had no authority to allow this; however, he was unable to prevent the party from landing. Whittington constructed a large house for his party, and using a salting house built by Vernet established a fish-salting business.

719:, the British government decided that it should withdraw its presence from many overseas settlements in 1774. On 20 May 1776 the British forces under the command of Royal Naval Lieutenant Clayton formally left Port Egmont, while leaving a plaque asserting Britain's continuing sovereignty over the islands. For the next four years, British 1354:'. The day having been cloudy with occasional showers, these islands at all times dreary enough, looked particularly so on our first view of them, the shores of sound, steep, with bare hills intersected with ravines rising from them, these hills without a tree and the clouds hanging low, gave them exactly the appearance of the 2136: 2083:, an expedition to the Antarctic, was mounted from the islands during the war. The purpose of the expedition was to assert Britain's claims on the continent, as well as gather scientific data. Operation Tabarin was later replaced by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, which was later renamed the 3385:

Captains of the East India Company and the Royal Navy flocked to the chronometer factories. At the peak of the Arnold-Earnshaw contretemps in the 1780s, prices had come down to about £80 for an Arnold box chronometer and £65 for an Earnshaw. Pocket chronometers could be bought for even less. Although

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The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and, after fierce fighting, forced the Argentine garrison to surrender on 14 June 1982. The war proved to be an anomaly in a number of different respects, not least that it proved that small arms still had a role to play.

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Realising that any talks on the sovereignty issue would be derailed if it did not meet with the islanders' wishes, the British and Argentine Governments enacted a series of measures designed to encourage dependence on Argentina. In 1971, following secret talks between the two Governments (and without

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The latter incident proved counter-productive to the Argentine sovereignty push, as Lord Chalfont had been talking to a public meeting at the time of the plane's arrival. The islanders made it plain to Lord Chalfont that they rejected a Memorandum of Agreement negotiated between Britain and Argentina

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In November 1968, Miguel Fitzgerald was hired by the Argentine press to attempt a reprise of his 1964 landing. Accompanied by one of the 1966 hijackers, he flew to Stanley but on arrival found he could not land at the racecourse due to obstacles placed following the hijacking. The plane was forced to

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The first of these took place in 1964, when a light plane piloted by Miguel Fitzgerald touched down on the racecourse at Stanley. Leaping from the aircraft, he handed a letter claiming sovereignty to a bemused islander before flying off again. The stunt was timed to coincide with Argentine diplomatic

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Pressure to develop the islands as a colony began to build as the result of a campaign mounted by British merchant G. T. Whittington. Whittington formed the Falkland Islands Commercial Fishery and Agricultural Association and (based on information indirectly obtained from Vernet) published a pamphlet

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Vernet later attempted to return to the Islands but was refused permission to return. The British Crown reneged on promises and refused to recognise rights granted by Captain Onslow at the time of the reoccupation. Eventually, after travelling to London, Vernet received paltry compensation for horses

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did not have jurisdiction over the Falkland Islands. In the British colonial system, colonies had their own, distinct governments, finances, and judicial systems. Rivero was not tried and sentenced because the British local government and local judiciary had not yet been installed in 1834; these were

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reports destruction of arms and a powder store, while settlers remaining later said that there was great damage to private property. Towards the end of his life, Luis Vernet authorised his sons to claim on his behalf for his losses stemming from the raid. In the case lodged against the US Government

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earlier in the voyage. On 6 November 1820, Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate (a predecessor of modern-day Argentina) and claimed possession of the islands. In the words of Weddell, "In a few days, he took formal possession of these islands for the patriot government of

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Sir, I have the honor of informing you that I have arrived in this port with a commission from the Supreme Government of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata to take possession of these islands on behalf of the country to which they belong by Natural Law. While carrying out this mission I want

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which had lingered outside the harbor awaiting conclusion of the affair. The men were tried in Argentina on crimes that included illegal deprivation of freedom, possession of weapons of war, illegal association, piracy, and robbery in the open. The leaders were sentenced to three years in prison and

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Brisbane reasserted his authority over Vernet's settlement and recommenced the practice of paying employees in promissory notes. Due to Vernet's reduced status, the promissory notes were devalued, which meant that the employees received fewer goods at Vernet's stores for their wages. After months of

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Initial British plans for the Islands were based upon the continuation of Vernet's settlement at Port Louis. An Argentine immigrant of Irish origin, William Dickson, was appointed as the British representative and provided with a flagpole and flag to be flown whenever ships were in harbour. In March

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is a stated contributing factor to the causes of the conflict because it gave the wrong signals about the UK attitude towards maintaining its possession. However, within the Falklands, she is considered a heroine because of the determination of her response to the Argentine invasion. The islanders

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landing poles on the coast. Construction commenced in 1906 and was finished in 1907 (a length of nearly 50 miles or 80 kilometres). The line was initially only for business but the public could make calls occasionally. Lines continued to be laid to most of the major settlements in the islands, with

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Fur seals had long been exploited for their pelts but numbers entered a drastic decline in the early 19th century. As a result, seal hunting died off, although continuing at a low level. In order to conserve stocks, a ban on the hunting of fur seals during summers months was enacted in 1881, but it

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and arrived in Anson's Harbour later that month. He was accompanied by twelve sappers and miners and their families; together with Whittington's colonists this brought the population of Anson's Harbour to approximately 50. When Moody arrived, the Falklands was 'almost in a state of anarchy', but he

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On 10 June 1829, Vernet was designated as 'civil and military commandant' of the islands (no governor was ever appointed) and granted a monopoly on seal hunting rights. A protest was lodged by the British Consulate in Buenos Aires. By 1831, the colony was successful enough to be advertising for new

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and sealers who used the islands to shelter from the worst of the South Atlantic weather. By merit of their location, the Falkland Islands have often been the last refuge for ships damaged at sea. Most numerous among those using the islands were British and American sealers, where typically between

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Later, the British government decided to construct a new RAF base as the centrepiece of plans to strengthen the island defences and deter any further attempts to take the Falklands by force. This was a massive undertaking — including construction of the world's longest corridor, one-half mile (800

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aircraft. The inauguration of the service was commemorated by a series of stamps issued by both the Argentine and Falkland Island postal services. In 1972, a temporary airstrip was constructed by Argentina near Stanley. Britain constructed a small permanent airstrip in 1976 suitable only for short

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was called out to man gun positions and signalling posts around Stanley as soon as word was received of Britain's declaration of war on 3 September 1939. Mounted patrols were carried out in the Camp, and coast-watching stations were created around the islands to guard against the approach of enemy

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and the islands developed largely on his initiative but he had to rely on a group of armed gauchos to enforce authority and protect British interests. Smith received advice from Vernet in this regard, and in turn continued to administer Vernet's property and provide him with regular accounts. His

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informed the survivors that technically they were at war with each other. Nevertheless, Barnard promised to rescue the British party and set about preparations for the voyage to the River Plate. Realising that they had insufficient stores for the voyage he set about hunting wild pigs and otherwise

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may have made the journey to the islands. It is not known if these are evidence of one-way journeys, but there is no known evidence of pre-Columbian buildings or structures. However, it is not certain that the discovery predates arrival of Europeans. A Patagonian Missionary Society mission station

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Lord Shackleton's report was delivered in 1977 and documented the economic stagnation in the islands. It nevertheless concluded that the islands made a net contribution to the British economy and had economic potential for development. Recommendations included oil exploration, exploitation of the

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to the Falkland Islands and the failure of Vernet's settlement, the British maintained Port Louis as a military outpost. There was no attempt to colonise the islands following the intervention, instead there was a reliance upon the remaining rump of Vernet's settlement. Lt. Smith received little

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MPN, RAF Mount Pleasant also acts as the Falkland Islands' only international airport, in addition to its military role. Flights open to civilian passengers are operated twice-weekly. These flights are currently operated by a civilian airline on behalf of the Royal Air Force, and fly to and from

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Darwin was initially the haunt of gauchos and cattle farmers, but sheep farming came to dominate the area, and Scottish shepherds were brought in. A few years later, the first large tallow works in the islands (though not the first) was set up by the FIC in 1874. It handled 15,891 sheep in 1880.

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were concentrated in the southern part of East Falkland, an area that became known as Lafonia. Lafone was an absentee landlord and never actually set foot on the islands. His activities were not monitored by the British and rather than introducing more British settlers as he promised, he brought

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Unaware of the decision by the British Government to colonise the islands, Whittington grew impatient and decided to take action of his own initiative. Obtaining two ships, he sent his brother, J. B. Whittington, on a mission to land stores and settlers at Port Louis. On arrival he presented his

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Also taken on board, Duncan reported, "were the whole of the (Falklands') population consisting of about forty persons, with the exception of some 'gauchos', or cowboys who were encamped in the interior." The group, principally German citizens from Buenos Aires, "appeared greatly rejoiced at the

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A major change to the governance of the Falkland Islands was introduced by the 1985 constitution. The Falkland Islands Government (FIG) became a parliamentary representative dependency, whose members are democratically elected; while the governor, as head of government and representative of the

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divided into minutes, meaning the latitude measured could have been 50° 48' S. The description of bonfires can also be attributed to peat fires caused by lightning, which is not uncommon in the outer islands of the Falklands in February. In 1925, Conor O'Brian analysed the voyage of Hawkins and

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In 1828, the United Provinces government granted Vernet all of East Falkland including all its resources, and exempted him from taxation if a colony could be established within three years. He took settlers, including British Captain Matthew Brisbane (who had sailed to the islands earlier with

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was sailing off the shore of Speedwell Island, with a discovery boat deployed looking for seals. Having seen smoke and heard gunshots the previous day, he was alert to the possibility of survivors of a ship wreck. This suspicion was heightened when the crew of the boat came aboard and informed

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Indians. Although acknowledging that Pigafetta's account casts doubt upon the claim, the Argentine historian Laurio H. Destefani asserts it probable that a ship from the Magellan expedition discovered the islands citing the difficulty in measuring longitude accurately, which means that islands

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Partly as the result of diplomatic pressure, economic and political links with Argentina increased in the 1960s and 1970s. These became severed after the end of the Falklands War, but before the war they were not entirely negative, and some islanders sent their children to boarding schools in

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The next day, 22 February 1813, six men who had volunteered to seek help from any nearby Spanish outposts that they could find set out in one of the Isabella's longboats. Braving the South Atlantic in a boat little more than 17 feet (5.2 m) long, they made landfall on the mainland at the

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superiors later rebuked him for his ideas and actions in promoting the development of the small settlement in Port Louis. In frustration, Smith resigned but his successors Lt. Lowcay and Lt. Tyssen did not continue with the initiatives Smith had pursued and the settlement began to stagnate.

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children boarded here, and there were 40 spaces. The boarding school was later transferred to Stanley, although the recent emphasis has been on locally based education. The school itself became an Argentine HQ, and was burnt down. A new (day) school has been built for local children.

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commenced. The following year, the first officers appointed to the Colonial Government took their posts; by this time a number of residences, a large storage shed, carpenter's shop and blacksmith's shop had been completed and the Government Dockyard laid out. In 1845 Moody introduced

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Government House opened as the offices of the Lieutenant Governor in 1847. Government House continued to develop with various additions, formally becoming the Governor's residence in 1859 when Governor Moore took residence. Government House remains the residence of the Governor.

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Over the whole war more than 150 Falkland Islanders out of a population of only 2,300 volunteered for the British armed forces - 6.5% of the entire population - 24 of whom did not return. In July 1944, all volunteers were given the right to be identified by a "Falkland Islands"

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in Lafonia in 1922, with improved sheep handling and wool shed being built. In 1927, the settlement's huge sheep shearing shed was built, which is claimed to be the world's largest, with a capacity of five thousand sheep. In 1979, 100,598 sheep were shorn at Goose Green.

1288:. Subsequently, Rivero has acquired the status of a folk hero in Argentina, where he is portrayed as leading a rebellion against British rule. Ironically it was the actions of Rivero that were responsible for the ultimate demise of Vernet's enterprise on the Falklands. 1685:

Lafone continued to develop his business interests and in 1849 looked to establish a joint stock company with his London creditors. The company was launched as The Royal Falkland Land, Cattle, Seal and Fishery Company in 1850 but soon thereafter was incorporated under

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from the early 16th century. Researchers Pepper and Pascoe cite the possibility that an unknown Portuguese expedition may have sighted the islands, based on the existence of a French copy of a Portuguese map from 1516. Maps from this period show islands known as the

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The islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans. France established a colony on the islands in 1764. In 1765, a British captain claimed the islands for Britain. In early 1770 a Spanish commander arrived from Buenos Aires with five ships and 1,400 soldiers

2534:. It also invested heavily in improving facilities in Stanley and transport and infrastructure around the islands, tarmacking the Stanley–Mount Pleasant road and many roads within Stanley. The population has risen due to the growth of Stanley, but has declined in 1636:

A few years after the British had established themselves in the islands, a number of new British settlements were started. Initially many of these settlements were established in order to exploit the feral cattle on the islands. Following the introduction of the

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Despite these tensions relationships between the islanders and the Argentines operating the new services in the islands were cordial. Although there was apprehension, politics were generally avoided and on a one-to-one basis there was never any real hostility.

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After a bitterly cold night in the aircraft, which contained only brandy, wine, orange juice and a few biscuits, the kidnappers surrendered. They were kept locked up in an annex to St Mary's Church for a week until they were put aboard an Argentine ship, the

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to buy the Falkland Islands in 1953 which was rejected as inconceivable by the British government, the immediate post-war period was fairly uneventful. However, a series of incidents in the 1960s marked the intensification of Argentine sovereignty claims.

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after Lord Stanley. Not everyone was enthused with the selection of the location of the new capital, J. B. Whittington famously remarked that "Of all the miserable bog holes, I believe that Mr Moody has selected one of the worst for the site of his town."

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Lt Henry Smith was installed as the first British resident in January 1834. One of his first actions was to pursue and arrest Rivero's gang for the murders committed the previous August. The gang was sent for trial in London but could not be tried as the

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Barnard that they had come across a new moccasin as well as the partially butchered remains of a seal. At dinner that evening, the crew observed a man approaching the ship who was shortly joined by eight to ten others. Both Barnard and the survivors from

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and Indian gauchos ran amok in the settlement. Armed with muskets obtained from American sealers, the gang killed five members of Vernet's settlement including both Dickson and Brisbane. Shortly afterward the survivors fled Port Louis, seeking refuge on

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in order to find Cavendish. On 9 August 1592 a severe storm battered his ship, and Davis drifted under bare masts, taking refuge "among certain Isles never before discovered". Davis did not provide the latitude of these islands, indicating they were 50

1250:, which coincidentally happened to be in harbour at the time. Fitzroy encouraged Brisbane to continue with Vernet's enterprise with the proviso that whilst private enterprise was encouraged, Argentine assertions of sovereignty would not be welcome. 510:. The British historian Mary Cawkell also points out that criticism of the account of Hawkins' discovery should be tempered by the fact it was written nine years after the event; Hawkins was captured by the Spanish and spent eight years in prison. 1105:

opportunity thus presented of removing with their families from a desolate region where the climate is always cold and cheerless and the soil extremely unproductive". However, about 24 people did remain on the island, mainly gauchos and several

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around 105 km (65 mi) south of Cape Horn, and were suggested to be responsible for the creation of the mounds. Other authors have suggested that the mounds and arrowheads do not provide unambiguous evidence of pre-European presence.

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Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas, Obra dirigida por Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros, desarrollada y publicada bajo los auspicios del Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI), GEL/Nuevohacer (Buenos Aires),

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The seas around the Falkland Islands were not well policed prior to the Falklands War, and many foreign boats fished off the islands, despite protests that potential revenue was being lost. Fishing licences were only later to be introduced.

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Jewett departed from the Falkland Islands in April 1821. In total he had spent no more than six months on the island, entirely at Port Louis. In 1822, Jewett was accused of piracy by a Portuguese court, but by that time he was in Brazil.

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The islands had no native trees when discovered but there is some ambiguous evidence of past forestation, which may be due to wood being transported by oceanic currents from Patagonia. All modern trees have been introduced by Europeans.

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shipped to Port Louis many years before. G.T. Whittington obtained a concession of 6,400 acres (26 km) from Vernet that he later exploited with the formation of the Falkland Islands Commercial Fishery and Agricultural Association.

2167:. There, they raised seven Argentine flags and took four islanders hostage. The planning had been done during a trip to the islands that one of the leaders had made as a tourist. The airliner left at from Buenos Aires, bound for 1345:

In 1836, East Falkland was surveyed by Admiral George Grey, and further in 1837 by Lowcay. Admiral George Grey, conducting the geographic survey in November 1836 had the following to say about their first view of East Falkland:

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Although the first telephone lines were installed by the Falkland Islands Company in the 1880s, the Falkland Islands Government was slow to embrace telephony. It was not until 1897 that a telephone line was installed between

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moor on a winter's day and considering we were in the May of these latitudes, the first impression of the climate was not favourable, the weather however, was not called, the thermometer was 63 °F (17 °C) which is

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naval officers had to pay for a chronometer out of their own pockets, most were pleased to make the purchase. Logbooks of the 1780s bear this out, for they begin to show daily references to longitude readings by timekeeper.

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used his powers 'with great wisdom and moderation' to develop the Islands' infrastructure and, commanding detachment of sappers, erected government offices, a school and barracks, residences, ports, and a new road system.

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In 1942, in response to the Japanese entry into the war, additional forces were sent to the islands to strengthen their defence against invasion. The largest component of these additional forces was a battalion of the

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ships and the landing of enemy forces. The Falkland Islanders experienced much the same kind of war-time privations and restrictions as the British population, including black-outs, travel restrictions, and rationing.

1893:, but this was found to be economically nonviable, despite the huge expense incurred. Many of the pre-fabricated houses here were moved to Stanley. The site later became a British field hospital during the landings of 1888:

on Falkland Sound, was developed by the Colonial Development Corporation in the 1950s, which was also responsible for developing Port Albemarle. It was mainly a refrigeration plant, and was supposed to freeze Falkland

2372:) with an economic survey of the Falkland Islands. The Argentine Government reacted furiously and refused permission for Lord Shackleton to travel via Argentina. Later the ship transporting Shackleton to the islands, 1007:. Travelling to the islands in 1824, the first expedition failed almost as soon as it landed, and Pacheco chose not to continue with the venture. Vernet persisted, but the second attempt, delayed until winter 1826 by 1542:

Many of the colonists begin to move from Ansons' Harbour to Port Stanley. As the new town expanded, the population grew rapidly, reaching 200 by 1849. The population was further expanded by the arrival of 30 married

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to recover the confiscated property. After finding what he considered proof that at least four American fishing ships had been captured, plundered, and even outfitted for war, Duncan took seven prisoners aboard

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LADE set up an office in Stanley and mail was routed through Argentina. Medical treatments unavailable in the islands were provided in Argentina and scholarships were made available for study in Buenos Aires,

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etc.; this was an attempt to revive the old sealing industry which had flourished during the 19th century. However, the project proved to be nonviable, not least because seal numbers had declined massively.

309:) in 1856. Yahgan people were at this station from 1856 to 1898 so this may be the source of the artifacts that have been found. In 2021, a paper was published on deposits of marine animal bones (primarily 1997:

considerably more powerful than his forces, had been sent to hunt down his squadron and happened to be in the harbour coaling. In the one-sided battle which followed, most of von Spee's squadron was sunk.

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between 10 July 1770 to 22 January 1771 when Britain and Spain almost went to war over the islands. However, conflict was averted when the colony was re-established by Captain John Stott with the ships

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attempted to establish a settlement in 1826, seeking support from both the Argentine and British Governments but most of his settlers took the opportunity to leave in 1831 following a raid by the USS

209:. Britain and Spain almost went to war over the islands, but the British government decided that it should withdraw its presence from many overseas settlements in 1774. Spain, which had a garrison at 1559:

on 27 October of that year. The Chelsea Pensioners were to form the permanent garrison and police force, taking over from the Royal Sappers and Miners Regiment which had garrisoned the early colony.

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is the second-largest part of the economy. The war brought the islands newfound fame; now tourists come both to see wildlife and go on war tours. Cruise ships often visit, frequently as a tie-in to

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passed a resolution calling on the UK and Argentina to return to negotiations over the Islands' future, the UK ruled out further talks over the islands' sovereignty. The UK also maintained the arms

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was opened in 1911 at Goose Green and was initially extremely successful. It absorbed a large proportion of surplus sheep but during the postwar slump it suffered a serious loss and closed in 1921.

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The reluctant colonization of the Falkland Islands,1833-1851 : a study of British Imperialism in the Southwest Atlantic, Shannon Warnick, Masters Thesis, University of Richmond, December 2008

753:. On departure, the Spanish also left a plaque proclaiming Spain's sovereignty over the islands as the British had done 35 years before. The total depopulation of the Falkland Islands took place. 723:

used Egmont as a base for their activities in the South Atlantic. This ended in 1780 when they were forced to leave by Spanish authorities who then ordered that the British colony be destroyed.

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still referred to the Sebaldine Islands in the 1770s. The latitude that De Weert provided (50° 40') was close enough as to be considered, for the first time beyond doubt, the Falkland Islands.

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in 1878 and 1886. The 1878 peat slip resulted in the destruction of several houses, whilst the 1886 peat slip resulted in the deaths of two women and the destruction of the Exchange Building.

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Destefani also attributes an early visit to the Falklands by an unknown Spanish ship, although Destefani's firm conclusions are contradicted by authors who conclude the sightings refer to the

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described as close to the coast could be further away. Destefani dismisses attribution to Gomes since the course taken by him on his return would not have taken the ships near the Falklands.

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against Argentina that they initiated during the war, compelling the Argentine armed forces (a traditional UK buyer) to switch to other markets. Diplomatic relations were restored in 1989.

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Hamley, Kit M.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Krasinski, Kathryn E.; Groff, Dulcinea V.; Hall, Brenda L.; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Southon, John R.; Brickle, Paul; Lowell, Thomas V. (29 October 2021).

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called at the islands on its trip from the Pacific Ocean back to Germany, intending to destroy the Royal Navy radio relay station and coaling depot there. Unknown to von Spee, a British

8170: 7558: 7252: 1173: 675:, the French admiral and explorer who had established the settlement on East Falkland at his own expense. In 1767, the Spanish formally assumed control of Port St. Louis and renamed it 100: 4269: 2361:

condemned Britain's "act of international piracy" in establishing a colony in the Falkland Islands. Diplomatic relations between Britain and Argentina were broken but resumed in 1976.

1709:

were established. Port Howard was founded by James Lovegrove Waldron, and his brother in 1866; the Waldron brothers later left for Patagonia, but left the farm under local management.

1485:

With the establishment of the deep-water anchorage and improvements in port facilities, Stanley saw a dramatic increase in the number of visiting ships in the 1840s in part due to the

1971:

Port Stanley became an important coaling station for the Royal Navy. This led to ships based there being involved in major naval engagements in both the First and Second World Wars.

7468: 7379: 7478: 7339: 1562:

The Exchange Building opened in 1854; part of the building was later used as a church. 1854 also saw the establishment of Marmont Row, including the Eagle Inn, now known as the

804:, who subsequently detailed the ordeal in his memoirs. Also aboard had been the heavily pregnant Joanna Durie, who on 21 February 1813 gave birth to Elizabeth Providence Durie. 1574:. Jubilee Villas are a row of brick built houses that follow a traditional British pattern; positioned on Ross road near the waterfront, they became an iconic image during the 7608: 7578: 1861: 1492:

At one point in the 19th century, Stanley became one of the world's busiest ports. However, the ship-repair trade began to slacken off in 1876 with the establishment of the

7048: 2940: 3927:

Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 90, Issue 1887, 1887, pp. 453-455, OBITUARY. MAJOR-GENERAL RICHARD CLEMENT MOODY, R.E., 1813-1887.

1508:

in 1914. Port Stanley continued to be a busy port supporting whaling and sealing activities in the early part of the 20th century, British warships (and garrisons) in the

684:

In early 1770 Spanish commander, Don Juan Ignacio de Madariaga, briefly visited Port Egmont. On 10 June he returned from Argentina with five armed ships and 1400 soldiers

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Links with Argentina were severed in the post-war period, and laws introduced forbidding Argentine citizens from buying land. An alternative trading partner was found in

1732:

from the 1770s until British authority was established over the islands and surrounding seas. Whaling was briefly revived with the establishment of a whaling station on

2628:

visited London, where he reaffirmed Argentina claims to the Islands, but stated that only peaceful means would be used for their recovery. In 2001, UK Prime Minister

2606:. In 1985, the Falkland Islands Dependency was split into the Falkland Islands proper and a newly separate territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. 2332:

The islands became more dependent upon Argentina, when the British and Argentine governments agreed that the islands would be supplied with petrol, diesel and oil by

280:

maintained presence on the Falklands, European imperial powers claimed the islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans. Recent discoveries of arrowheads in

2632:

visited Argentina, where he stated his hope that the UK and Argentina could resolve their differences. However, no talks on sovereignty took place during the visit.

543:

French map, c. 1710, illustrating the fragmentary knowledge about the islands of the South Atlantic at the time. 'Anycan' is most probably a corruption of 'Hawkin's'

172: 1333: 234: 708:(a mail ship which had already been at the founding of the original settlement). Egmont quickly became an important port-of-call for British ships sailing around 8544: 8175: 2892: 2210:. The 12-man team, which landed some 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Stanley, was led by Juan José Lombardo who later, as Chief of Naval Operations, planned the 1148:. He arrived at his destination on 15 November 1832 but his soldiers mutinied and killed him. The mutiny was suppressed by armed sailors from the French whaler 329:

sites where marine animals had been butchered. A charcoal spike consistent with anthropogenic causes (i.e. caused by humans) on New Island was also dated to 550

6178: 3821:

Between Law and Custom, "High" and "Low" Legal Cultures in the Lands of the British Diaspora - The United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, 1600-1900

2471:

For a brief period, the Falkland Islands found themselves under Argentine control. This included Spanish-language signage, and attempts to make the islanders

1217:

The Argentinian assertions of sovereignty provided the spur for Britain to send a naval task force in order to finally and permanently return to the islands.

524:

and called them the Sebald Islands (in Spanish, "Islas Sebaldinas" or "Sebaldes"). This name remained in use for the entire Falkland Islands for a long time;

2309:, since only islanders were required to use them and not other temporary residents of the islands. Tensions were raised further with the agreement that male 1384:, proposing that his association be allowed to colonise the islands. In May 1840, the British Government made the decision to colonise the Falkland Islands. 1023:

could not catch cattle in their traditional way. Vernet was by now aware of conflicting British claims to the islands and sought permission from the British

974:. Weddell reported only 30 seamen and 40 soldiers fit for duty out of a crew of 200, and how Jewett slept with pistols over his head following an attempted 7533: 1306:

raid and renaming it 'Anson's Harbour'. Lt Lowcay succeeded Smith in April 1838, followed by Lt Robinson in September 1839 and Lt Tyssen in December 1839.

3202:

2526:

Following the war, Britain focused on improving its facilities on the islands. It increased its military presence significantly, building a large base at

2453:

A message issued by the Argentine Military Governor during the occupation warning the Islanders against attempts to sabotage Argentine military equipment.

5187: 671:, in 1766 France agreed to leave after the Spanish complained about French presence in territories they considered their own. Spain agreed to compensate 321:

off the coast of West Falkland, at the same site where a quartzite arrowhead made of local stone had been found in 1979. The sites dated to 1275 to 1420

2497:'s general political legacy remains controversial and divisive within the UK and within the context of the Falklands her government's withdrawal of HMS 8431: 6198: 5113: 2559: 4642: 3283: 7116: 3705: 2411:

in 1977. The British protested but restricted their response to a diplomatic protest. Backing up the diplomatic efforts, the British Prime Minister

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had requested their masters to divert to the area to search for the American crew. In 1829, Barnard published an account of his survival entitled

7670: 7389: 7364: 6663: 3689: 2919: 2591: 1750:

were exploited for oil but like the fur seals their numbers declined drastically in the mid-1850s. Sealers instead turned their attention to the

349:, has often been cited as evidence of pre-European occupation of the islands, but this is contested. The animal was observed in the Falklands by 141: 6158: 8077: 4404:

Margaret Thatcher Day is celebrated every 10 January on the islands and a street is named Thatcher Drive after her in the capital Port Stanley.

2835:. Nonetheless, the remoteness of the archipelago, and the lack of direct flights to major cities, make the Falklands an expensive destination. 2603: 1670:

had allotted feral cattle to new settlers and the new agreement not only prevented this but made Stanley dependent upon Lafone for supplies of

1606:

of continuous British administration. Also consecrated in 1892 was the Tabernacle United Free Church, constructed from an imported timber kit.

120: 2295:

As part of the agreement, islanders had to travel via Argentina and were forced to carry Argentine Identity Cards issued in Buenos Aires. The

8588: 8578: 7498: 7473: 7121: 6208: 4277: 3722:

Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle. Proceedings of the second expedition, 1831-36. Chapter XVIII.

2847:, some nature reserves have been established around the islands, although there are no national parks. In 1990, the Clifton family who owned 2818:. The production site will require approximately 110 people working offshore and another 40 working onshore. The oil is expected to trade at 2650:

After the war, the British still faced potential future aggression, so an aircraft carrier was kept on station guarding the islands with its

1268: 165: 4416: 1754:

resulting in a dramatic decline in their numbers that made sealing uneconomic. Attempts to revive the trade, including a sealing station at

8583: 8337: 8072: 7409: 7359: 5813: 5171: 4117: 1737: 1425:

in 1843, when he also became Commander-in-Chief of the Falkland Islands. Moody left England for Falkland on 1 October 1841 aboard the ship

2729:

metres) linking the barracks, messes, recreation and welfare areas of the base. The base is occasionally referred to by residents as "the

197:) goes back at least five hundred years, with active exploration and colonisation only taking place in the 18th century. Nonetheless, the 7680: 1716:

From the 1880s, until 1972, Darwin and Fox Bay had their own separate medical officers. Nowadays, most medical care is based in Stanley.

1556: 1377: 403:, one of the captains in the expedition, as the Falklands fit the description of those visited to gather supplies. The account given by 1035:. The British asked for a report for the British government on the islands, and Vernet asked for British protection should they return. 8355: 8325: 8253: 7212: 3197: 2999:

Buckland, Paul C.; Edwards, Kevin J. (1998). "Palaeoecological Evidence for Possible Pre-European Settlement in the Falkland Islands".

2807: 1591: 1527: 2803:

popular with consumers were discovered in substantial numbers near the Falklands, fishing has become the largest part of the economy.

1500:

and unseaworthy vessels that might otherwise have ended up in Stanley for repair. With the introduction of increasingly reliable iron

8593: 8065: 7160: 1909:

In 1956, J. L. Waldron Ltd built a school at Port Howard, possibly inspired by the "gift" of the FIC at Darwin, a few years earlier.

1458: 4442: 2825:

Some small businesses attempted at Fox Bay have included a market garden, a salmon farm and a knitting mill with "Warrah Knitwear".

2329:

officials in Stanley were instructed to do everything possible to foster good relations between the Falkland Islands and Argentina.

1125: 8573: 8165: 8160: 7028: 6132: 4810: 4764: 3835: 1584:

is common on the islands and has traditionally been exploited as a fuel. Uncontrolled exploitation of this natural resource led to

1434: 158: 34: 3165: 2806:

On 14 September 2011, Rockhopper Exploration announced plans under way for oil production to commence in 2016, through the use of

1376:

demanding the convening of a public meeting to discuss the future development of the Falkland Islands. Whittington petitioned the

442:, the Treasurer of the Admiralty, who organized the first expedition to South Atlantic with the intention to explore the Islands. 8365: 8330: 8270: 8040: 7296: 6112: 2095:. In 1944, as a result of the reduced threat of invasion from Japan, the West Yorks were replaced by a smaller contingent of the 201:

have been a matter of controversy, as they have been claimed by the French, British, Spaniards and Argentines at various points.

2558:. Effectively, the Falkland Islands are self-governing, with the exception of foreign policy. (The FIG represents itself at the 8424: 8360: 4674: 2598:

to the islanders. High-profile dignitaries visited to show British commitment to the islands, including Margaret Thatcher, the

1853:

The mid-20th century saw a number of abortive attempts to diversify the islands' economy away from large scale sheep ranching.

5250: 3721: 2855:, considered important because on the main islands much tussac has been depredated by grazing. A similar trend may be seen on 476:(240 km) away from the Patagonian coast (they are actually 75 leagues, 360 km away). Navigational errors due to the 7698: 7272: 6886: 4997: 4770: 4300: 4253: 3901: 3786: 3750: 3641: 3504: 3423: 3353: 3257: 3230: 2436: 2211: 1471: 110: 5848: 5717: 5344: 5340: 4329: 8300: 8224: 8082: 8045: 6981: 6976: 6344: 5750: 5393: 4846: 2799:

Before the Falklands War, sheep-farming was the Falkland Islands' only industry. Since the late 1980s, when two species of

1475: 4587: 3035: 2333: 979:

Buenos Ayres, read a declaration under their colours, planted on a port in ruins, and fired a salute of twenty-one guns."

8375: 8229: 7043: 6163: 4169: 2907: 2432: 2365: 2241:

crash land on Eliza Cove Road, but the two occupants were unharmed. The stunt was intended to coincide with the visit of

1845:

Despite this setback, a mere year later, the settlement grew after it became the base for the Falkland Islands Company's

1462: 928: 560: 5032: 4717: 4371: 8370: 8055: 6810: 6127: 6063: 5785: 5765: 5240: 4972: 4935: 4755: 3659: 2687:

was rushed south (being commissioned during the journey). Once the Port Stanley runway was ready for jets, several RAF

2440: 1109: 661: 649: 115: 7175: 6279: 8598: 8417: 8265: 8236: 8200: 8195: 7593: 7287: 6876: 6785: 6183: 5727: 5280: 4910: 4025: 3962: 3538:

U.S. Military Assault on the Falkland Islands and Gaucho Antonio Rivero. Editoriaal Dunken Buenos Aires. Pg 51. 2013.

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The islands lacked barracks for a permanent garrison, so the Ministry of defence chartered two former car ferries as

2599: 2358: 1302:

After the arrest of Rivero, Smith set about restoring the settlement at Port Louis, repairing the damage done by the

1258:

raid this accentuated dissatisfaction with the leadership of the settlement. In August 1833, under the leadership of

1076:

In 1831, Vernet attempted to assert his monopoly on seal hunting rights. This led him to capture the American ships

847:

acquiring additional food. While Barnard was gathering supplies, however, the British took the opportunity to seize

8315: 8092: 8060: 8032: 7443: 7433: 7076: 5760: 5244: 5022: 2055: 1651:

immigrant (hence its other name of "Gibraltar Settlement"), and it is still run by his descendants, the Pitalugas.

1457:

The structure of the Colonial Government was established in 1845 with the formation of the Legislative Council and

1422: 6452: 6387: 4613: 2449: 2357:

On the international level, relations began to sour in 1975 when Argentine delegates at the London meeting of the

8292: 8147: 7938: 7743: 7568: 7563: 7369: 7324: 7319: 7013: 6805: 6592: 6392: 5941: 5876: 5462: 4420: 3463: 2621: 2610: 2326: 835:

had harboured concerns the other party was Spanish and were relieved to discover their respective nationalities.

233:. An attempt made by Argentina to establish a penal colony in 1832 failed due to a mutiny. In 1833, the British 6931: 6447: 5891: 5775: 4522: 4068: 477: 8320: 8100: 8008: 7858: 7633: 7623: 7463: 7205: 7033: 6971: 6770: 6188: 5901: 5881: 5853: 5770: 5745: 5605: 5413: 5320: 5260: 5227: 4749:

by Richard D. Chenette, Lieutenant Commander, USN, laying out the history and background of the disputed claims

4566: 2792: 2551: 2018: 1975: 1966: 1950: 1938: 1674:. In 1849 a sod wall (the Boca wall) was built across the isthmus at Darwin to control the movement of cattle. 1571: 1438: 1381: 796:, then known as Eagle Island. Among the ship's 54 passengers and crew, all of whom survived the wreck, was the 427: 105: 6996: 6825: 6582: 2587:

were a persistent problem for 38 years following the war. Land mine clearance was completed by November 2020.

8347: 8248: 8212: 7853: 7518: 7428: 7344: 7148: 7126: 7081: 7023: 7001: 6815: 6587: 6269: 6058: 6043: 5128: 4992: 4945: 2897: 2876: 1795: 1641:

breed of sheep to the islands in 1852, sheep farming became the dominant form of agriculture on the Islands.

1619: 1548: 1446: 1319: 731: 672: 580: 450: 218: 146: 6377: 4548: 241:

on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that forced the Argentines to surrender.

8305: 7968: 7923: 7483: 7448: 7018: 6986: 6517: 6382: 5818: 5198: 5007: 4803: 3398: 2913: 971: 716: 54: 7006: 6339: 7973: 7878: 7763: 7309: 6991: 6891: 6522: 5974: 5906: 4875: 2748: 1762: 1232: 727: 568: 314: 6442: 6349: 2168: 750: 7993: 7738: 6926: 6289: 5936: 5823: 5735: 5707: 5334: 5304: 5109: 4940: 4469:"Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News" 3852:

Islas del Atlántico Sur, Islas Malvinas, Historia, Ocupación Inglesa: Port Stanley, Accessed 2007-10-02

2954: 2242: 2171:

with 48 passengers on board, including Argentine Rear Admiral José María Guzmán, who was on his way to

2107:. In addition to these contributions to the British war-effort, the Falkland Islands also donated five 2065:

and false intelligence that a major naval task force awaited his ship and short of ammunition, Captain

889: 823: 797: 493: 467:, separated from Cavendish off the coast of what is now southern Argentina, he decided to make for the 6309: 6264: 4217: 481: 7983: 7848: 7778: 7758: 7231: 7198: 6845: 6795: 6653: 6552: 6048: 5921: 5886: 5838: 5740: 5352: 5236: 4925: 4895: 4890: 4746: 3127: 2026: 1563: 1531: 1450: 1397: 1373: 1296: 882: 5470: 8539: 8448: 8440: 8241: 8155: 7898: 7753: 7247: 6790: 6673: 6633: 6572: 6567: 6507: 5926: 5916: 5702: 5405: 5316: 5017: 2084: 2040:, which had been self-refitting in the Falkland Islands at the time of the battle, steamed to join 1982: 1691: 1292: 657: 7170: 6249: 5482: 5002: 2160: 1372:

entitled "The Falkland Islands". Later a petition signed by London merchants was presented to the

555:, sailed between the two principal islands in 1690 and called the passage "Falkland Channel" (now 334: 7723: 6840: 6698: 6542: 6482: 6432: 6334: 5931: 5896: 5843: 5478: 5348: 5312: 5042: 4915: 4900: 4796: 3937: 3935: 3933: 2595: 2476: 2288: 2092: 1751: 1615: 1497: 939:, a Portuguese ship, which was considered an act of piracy. A storm resulted in severe damage to 310: 6033: 4121: 8219: 8050: 7131: 6703: 6638: 6142: 6028: 5911: 5871: 5515: 5308: 4967: 4957: 4196: 3918:

A Brief History of the Falkland Islands, Part 4 - The British Colonial Era, Accessed 2007-10-02

2555: 2475:(although few roads in the Falklands at the time actually had two lanes). In many parts of the 1364: 1161: 689: 685: 498: 206: 69: 6274: 3930: 2747:, to the west of Stanley, was chosen as the site for the new base. The airfield was opened by 2542:

service has linked East and West Falkland, carrying cars, passengers and cargo serviced by MV

1504:

in the 1890s the trade declined further and was no longer viable following the opening of the

8395: 6577: 5987: 5808: 5697: 5636: 5564: 5474: 5175: 4855: 3952: 3413: 2832: 2681: 2503: 2222: 2200: 1414: 878:

Barnard and his party survived for eighteen months marooned on the islands until the British

548: 484:

became readily available, although Destefani asserts the error here to be "unusually large".

342: 254: 7111: 6512: 6299: 6259: 6218: 5192: 3549: 2322: 333:(1400 CE). The Yaghan people were capable seafarers, and are known to have travelled to the 8511: 8456: 8280: 7838: 7086: 6755: 6718: 6708: 6648: 6547: 6527: 6422: 6234: 6053: 4930: 4920: 4355: 3249:

The Malvinas, the South Georgias, and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain

3074: 3008: 2958: 2768: 2702: 2662: 2419:. Nevertheless, Argentine aircraft and warships harassed ships fishing in Falkland waters. 2204: 2108: 2030: 1725: 1486: 1351: 1071: 1040: 761:

Following the departure of the Spanish settlers, the Falkland Islands became the domain of

507: 6612: 6402: 6324: 3743:

The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (Including South Georgia): From Discovery Up to 1981

3601:

The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain

2491:

It also had major consequences for the military junta, which was toppled soon afterwards.

1437:

the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies to report on the potential of the

8: 8522: 8501: 8491: 8476: 8120: 8115: 7963: 7155: 6911: 6896: 6780: 6760: 6713: 6693: 6497: 6492: 6437: 6407: 6173: 5798: 5755: 5712: 5641: 5610: 5381: 5360: 5326: 5232: 5202: 5133: 4977: 4950: 4850: 4446: 2651: 2570: 2383: 2280: 2272: 2034: 1648: 1644: 967:

Many modern authors report this letter as representing the declaration issued by Jewett.

801: 648:, who was unaware the French had established Port Saint Louis on East Falkland, explored 637: 262: 6901: 6602: 3839: 3566: 3078: 3012: 2962: 2164: 1478:

notably includes an image of tussock grass. Moody returned to England in February 1849.

1031:

Weddell), and before leaving once again sought permission from the British Consulate in

18: 8506: 8481: 8461: 8399: 8275: 8207: 8110: 8018: 6916: 6906: 6881: 6835: 6800: 6658: 6367: 6244: 6117: 5615: 5595: 5255: 5143: 4870: 3392: 3322: 3172: 3103: 3062: 2974: 2868: 2860: 2744: 2641: 2527: 2472: 2310: 2284: 2156: 2003: 1986: 539: 468: 396: 392: 6239: 6168: 2851:

sold it to the Falkland Island Development Company. They had planted 60,000 stands of

2519: 2514: 2317:, since this carried the implication that Falkland Islanders were Argentine citizens. 1658:

large numbers of Spanish and Indian gauchos to hunt cattle. In 1846, they established

1441:

area as the site of the new capital. Moody assigned the task of surveying the area to

1050:'s visit in 1833 confirmed the squalid conditions in the settlement, although Captain 809: 8486: 8466: 8132: 7728: 7665: 7553: 7096: 7038: 6871: 6643: 6617: 6607: 6597: 6532: 6487: 6417: 6397: 6372: 6319: 6294: 5559: 5086: 5027: 4982: 4841: 4500: 4249: 4021: 3958: 3782: 3746: 3683: 3639:

A brief history of the Falkland Islands Part 3 - Louis Vernet: The Great Entrepreneur

3419: 3374: 3349: 3326: 3314: 3306: 3253: 3226: 3191: 3147: 3108: 3090: 3041: 2978: 2859:, where the farm "went organic" in 1999. Also in the 1990s, Steeple Jason Island and 2811: 2755: 2494: 2416: 2369: 2299:

or "white card" as they were known were hated by the islanders, who felt they were a

2080: 1957:

under Admiral von Spee that had been raiding British sealanes were sunk by a British

1912:

Up until the 1970s, Goose Green was the site of a boarding school, run by the state.

1799: 1544: 1239:

1833, Vernet's Deputy, Matthew Brisbane returned and presented his papers to Captain

1190: 1141: 564: 404: 5117: 3836:"El Correo en la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur" 3613: 1106: 918: 8471: 8310: 7823: 7618: 7588: 7334: 7221: 6728: 6723: 6688: 6668: 6427: 6304: 6203: 6107: 5569: 5409: 3298: 3139: 3098: 3082: 3016: 2966: 2844: 2815: 2760: 2655: 2546:, a 42.45 m (139 ft 3 in) twin-screw shallow draught landing craft. 2464:

and advanced on Government House in Stanley, with a secondary force coming in from

2172: 1990: 1954: 1934: 1913: 1894: 1857: 1818:

service was launched and by 2002 nearly 90% of Falkland homes had Internet access.

1442: 1402: 1198: 1121: 1051: 851:

and departed leaving Barnard, along with one member of his own crew and three from

819:

under the command of Lieutenant William D'Aranda was sent to rescue the survivors.

813: 793: 668: 615: 460: 408: 297: 266: 198: 190: 23: 7106: 5138: 4387: 4304: 3905: 3638: 3508: 3143: 2325:

and other Argentine cities. Spanish language teachers were provided by Argentina.

629: 8496: 8137: 8003: 7988: 7933: 7693: 7603: 7538: 7171:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

6921: 6861: 6775: 6683: 6557: 6537: 6502: 6284: 6254: 6193: 5803: 5793: 5689: 5574: 5466: 5423: 5183: 5091: 4962: 4759: 4375: 4243: 3902:"Falkland Islands Information Web - Falklands History - the British Colonial Era" 3866: 3774: 3734: 3645: 3505:"A brief history of the Falkland Islands Part 2 - Fort St. Louis and Port Egmont" 3476: 3247: 3220: 2848: 2776: 2609:

Relations between the UK and Argentina remained hostile after 1982. Although the

2412: 2397: 2346: 2112: 2066: 1552: 1221: 694: 592: 525: 517: 488: 369: 6830: 4218:""Operativo Cóndor en las Malvinas, anticipo de los '70," Adrián Figueroa Díaz, 8127: 7978: 7943: 7928: 7913: 7798: 7788: 7773: 7653: 7648: 7598: 7583: 7573: 7488: 7458: 7384: 7349: 7314: 7267: 6765: 6678: 6562: 6314: 6137: 6122: 6023: 5997: 5982: 5863: 5458: 5452: 5356: 5123: 5037: 4987: 4865: 4819: 4482: 4144:"Falklands donated three aircraft to WW1 effort, and the five Spitfires in WW2" 2902: 2883:

425,000 to build a conservation station named after himself and his wife Judy.

2856: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2373: 2343: 2314: 2140: 2104: 2048: 1838:

In 1911 the islands had 3,275 inhabitants of whom 916 lived in Port Stanley. A

1766: 1755: 1567: 1418: 1407: 1285: 1263: 1259: 1240: 1194: 1178: 1047: 1008: 894: 735: 677: 588: 584: 556: 416: 350: 330: 222: 210: 79: 74: 5270: 3988: 3318: 2970: 1470:

into Great Britain from Falkland, for which he received the gold medal of the

909: 842:

survivors that evening and finding that the British party were unaware of the

8567: 8013: 7953: 7908: 7883: 7873: 7868: 7768: 7733: 7718: 7659: 7628: 7543: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7493: 7453: 7438: 7415: 7399: 7394: 7374: 7277: 6329: 5179: 5096: 4905: 4368: 3310: 3151: 3094: 2864: 2708: 2698: 2480: 2444: 2233: 2041: 1994: 1958: 1791: 1747: 1687: 1667: 1638: 1575: 1493: 1467: 1421:, was appointed as Lieutenant Governor of the islands. This post was renamed 1328:

John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878)

1210: 951: 652:

around West Falkland. After discovering a natural harbour, he named the area

521: 473: 454: 439: 306: 302: 293: 285: 238: 125: 4775: 4752: 3667: 2725:

arrived in Port Stanley on 11 July 1982 and stayed until 26 September 1983.

2151:

A more serious incident took place on 28 September 1966 when eighteen young

2124: 1413:

In 1833 the United Kingdom asserted authority over the Falkland Islands and

1209:

visited the Falklands in 1834, and a Fuegian "mission" was later planted on

1046:'s report suggests that the conditions on the islands were quite miserable. 217:

until 1811 when it was compelled to withdraw as a result of the war against

8409: 8105: 7903: 7818: 7808: 7708: 7613: 7304: 7101: 7091: 6820: 6359: 6213: 6038: 5554: 5330: 5012: 4860: 3738: 3112: 3086: 3020: 2945: 2852: 2772: 2712: 2645: 2625: 2531: 2484: 2461: 2460:

invaded the islands on 2 April 1982, using special forces, which landed at

2180: 1999: 1677: 1663: 1551:

were established in November 1846 with the appointment of Francis Parry as

1513: 1505: 1145: 1089: 1032: 932: 872: 720: 571:. From this body of water the island group later took its collective name. 6412: 4483:"Falkland islanders celebrate being landmine free - after nearly 40 years" 3302: 1860:, Port Albemarle, in the south west of West Falkland, was enlarged by the 7918: 7863: 7833: 7828: 7803: 7793: 7748: 7548: 7404: 7354: 7262: 6002: 5828: 5397: 5275: 4270:"La historia de 18 jóvenes que secuestraron un avión para pisar Malvinas" 2764: 2688: 2654:

of Sea Harriers, while the local airfield was prepared for jet aircraft.

2096: 1925: 1729: 1706: 1698: 1523: 1517: 1509: 1479: 1280: 1004: 947:, forcing Jewett to put into Puerto Soledad for repairs in October 1820. 843: 653: 514: 502: 376: 226: 95: 5992: 3568:

A narrative of the sufferings and adventures of Capt. Charles H. Barnard

1974:

The strategic significance of the Falkland Islands was confirmed by the

726:

The Spanish withdrew from the islands under pressure as a result of the

422: 7998: 7948: 7713: 7703: 7638: 7523: 7257: 6866: 5600: 4880: 3868:

The Falkland Islands: by M.B.R. Cawkell, D. H. Maling and E. M. Cawkell

3477:

Journal of Captain Cook's Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean on Discovery

2730: 2629: 2176: 2135: 2062: 1865: 1846: 1803: 1733: 1724:

The Falkland Islands were used as a base for whaling ships hunting the

1659: 1603: 1599: 1338: 1244: 1183: 1088:. As a reprisal, the United States consul in Buenos Aires sent Captain 991: 970:

Jewett's ship received Weddell's assistance in obtaining anchorage off

899:

A Narrative of the Sufferings and Adventures of Capt Charles H. Barnard

743: 739: 645: 633: 611: 533: 431: 322: 318: 214: 2576: 1594:

was consecrated in 1892 and completed in 1903. It received its famous

7888: 7813: 5833: 5590: 5490: 5265: 5167: 5101: 4526: 4072: 3802: 2880: 2872: 2584: 2465: 2457: 2380: 2074: 1624: 1585: 1501: 1024: 924: 709: 464: 277: 249: 4570: 4552: 2635: 2279:, began an air link to the islands. Initially this service operated 1324: 7958: 7688: 7190: 6007: 4885: 4718:"Full text of "Annual report of the Wildlife Conservation Society"" 4118:"Falkland Islands Museum & National Trust Website -World War 2" 3921: 3128:"A pre-European archaeology in Malvinas/Falkland Islands? A review" 2306: 2301: 2152: 1945: 1885: 1872: 1831: 1815: 1359: 1355: 1174:

Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)

935:, set sail looking to capture Spanish ships as prizes. He captured 863:, whereupon Lieutenant D'Aranda rescued the erstwhile survivors of 767: 604: 257:

or warrah is sometimes taken as evidence of pre-European discovery.

2349:

sent a naval task force in response to Argentine pressure in 1976.

2339: 770:. This represents an itinerant population of up to 1,000 sailors. 388:

islands in a position that could be interpreted as the Falklands.

365: 7893: 7843: 7783: 7421: 7165: 7136: 5646: 5631: 4788: 3529:

HISTORIA DE LA ARMADA ESPAÑOLA. Volume IX. Author:FERNANDEZ DURO.

3284:"The Falklands Conflict – History and Predictions for The Future" 2828: 2736: 2718: 2614: 2506:

on 10 January; and Thatcher Drive in Stanley is named after her.

2163:

airliner and landing it in Stanley; the group called this action

1979: 1839: 1773: 1769: 1702: 1152:, whilst Mestivier's widow was taken on board the British sealer 1000: 762: 607: 480:

were a common problem until the late 18th century, when accurate

446: 281: 273: 4301:"Falkland Islands Defence Force: 150 years of Voluntary Service" 3126:

Zangrando, Atilio Francisco J.; Borrero, Luis A. (30 May 2022).

3063:"Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands" 1291:

Charles Darwin revisited the Falklands in 1834; the settlements

1054:(Vernet's deputy) later claimed that this was the result of the 1011:, was also unsuccessful. The expedition intended to exploit the 6102: 5656: 5651: 5428: 4673:. Rockhopper Exploration plc. 14 September 2011. Archived from 2787: 1890: 1806:

station that enabled telegrams to be sent to mainland Uruguay.

1654: 1629: 1595: 1020: 975: 879: 789: 785: 715:

With the growing economic pressures stemming from the upcoming

326: 4120:. Falkland Islands Museum & National Trust. Archived from 3941:

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Richard Clement Moody

3803:"Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary" 3373:. 6 Salem Road, London, W2 4BU: Fourth Estate. pp. 152–. 2569:, with links developing over the years, including flights to 2396:

took control of the country, Argentina covertly established a

1826: 7143: 5417: 5081: 2800: 2566: 2539: 1016: 1012: 379:

in the region of the Falkland Islands appeared on Portuguese

289: 4069:"Cable and Wireless - Falkland Islands >> Our History" 3864: 3551:

Memoirs of Joseph Holt, general of the Irish rebels, in 1798

2624:

improved further in the 1990s. In 1998, Argentine President

1144:

was commissioned by the Buenos Aires government to set up a

434:

showing Richard Hawkins' apparent discovery of the Falklands

5486: 5401: 2733:" because of its vast size and sometimes confusing layout. 2265: 2217: 1877: 1671: 1581: 1220:

On 3 January 1833, Captain James Onslow, of the brig-sloop

950:

Captain Jewett sought assistance from the British explorer

664:

established a permanent British settlement at Port Egmont.

5379: 2415:

sent a naval task force consisting of surface ships and a

1809:

A line was laid between Darwin and Stanley, with the ship

1647:

was one of the earliest, being started in the 1830s, by a

1406:

Halfpenny postage stamp, issued 1891, bearing the head of

954:. Weddell reported the letter he received from Jewett as: 8258: 4501:"A/RES/37/9. Question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas)" 4303:. A brief history of the Falkland Islands. Archived from 3369:

Sobel, Dava (1996). "14. The Mass Production of Genius".

3245: 2404:. It was discovered by the British Antarctic Survey ship 1681:

Falkland Islands Company's historical building in Stanley

999:

In 1823, the United Provinces of the River Plate granted

660:

on the grounds of prior discovery. The next year Captain

487:

In 1594, they may have been visited by English commander

380: 4388:"Falkland Islands day of mourning for Baroness Thatcher" 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4197:"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-4 LV-AGG Port Stanley" 3554:. Vol. II. London: Henry Colburn. pp. 323–375. 3060: 8398:

in England, and national diploma / NVQ students attend

4643:"Wanted: holiday rep to sell joys of Falklands tourism" 4085:

Cable & Wireless, The Falkland Islands, Our History

2893:

History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

2782: 2139:

Miguel L. Fitzgerald flew to the Falkland Islands in a

1115:

Measures were taken against the settlement. The log of

506:

concluded that the only land he could have sighted was

269:

may have been joined to the mainland of South America.

2795:

representing two trends in recent economic development

1566:. In 1887, Jubilee Villas were built to celebrate the 1350:

We anchored a little after sunset off a creek called '

1271:

in Berkeley Sound until rescued by the British sealer

893:

rescued them in November 1814. The British admiral in

5134:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

4614:"Falkland Islands millionaires reap the war dividend" 4228: 3860: 3858: 2771:

in the south-central Atlantic Ocean. Chilean airline

2676:, which urgently needed to have its boilers cleaned. 1834:. Most of the workers' cottages were moved to Stanley 1744:

was not until 1921 that hunting was banned entirely.

1719: 532:

in his reports of his visits in 1684 and 1703, while

4555:

on 17 December 2008 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

3658:

Association, USS Duncan DDR 874 Crew & Reunion.

3618:, London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1827 3585:, London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1827 3282:

Bodziany, Marek; Kotasińska, Anna (1 January 2018).

2810:

technology, replicating the methodology used on the

2522:

continued to pursue Argentine claims to the islands.

2025:

In December 1939, in the immediate aftermath of the

1736:

from 1909 to 1917 until whaling operations moved to

244: 4445:. Holyhead Towing Company Ltd. 2010. Archived from 4292: 3548:Holt, Joseph (1838). Croker, Thomas Crofton (ed.). 2938: 1120:for compensation, rejected by the US Government of 923:, a privately owned frigate that was operated as a 4636: 4634: 4212: 4210: 3855: 3701: 3699: 3281: 2560:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonisation 2538:(the countryside). Since November 2008, a regular 2313:would not have to undertake conscription into the 1784: 904: 213:on East Falklands, administered the garrison from 4607: 4605: 4525:. The New Zealand Maritime Record. Archived from 4324: 4322: 2808:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) 2636:Increased British military presence and new bases 2199:On October of the same year a group of Argentine 2179:, who became a local hero in the Falklands War). 8565: 4063: 4061: 4059: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3125: 2562:, as the British Government no longer attends.) 2009:, which had fired the first shot in the battle. 1798:. The islands isolation was broken in 1911 when 1697:In the second half of the 19th century, Darwin, 1391: 5678: 4753:Silas Duncan and the Falkland Islands' Incident 4631: 4611: 4417:"Falkland Islands (British Overseas Territory)" 4207: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3708:VOYAGES OF THE ADVENTURE AND BEAGLE. VOLUME II. 3696: 2998: 2920:Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands 2751:in 1985, and became fully operational in 1986. 2364:In October 1975, the British Government tasked 2252: 4602: 4319: 4188: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3772: 3726: 3411: 3343: 2336:, the Argentine national oil and gas company. 2123:With the exception of an attempt by President 2054:at the mouth of the River Plate, trapping the 1520:industries in the latter half of the century. 1112:, who continued to trade on Vernet's account. 812:just over a month later. The British gun brig 8425: 7206: 5323:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 4804: 4780: 4523:"The Turbo Electric Vessel Rangatira of 1971" 4516: 4514: 4056: 3894: 3621: 3497: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3132:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2203:conducted covert landings from the submarine 2155:staged a symbolic invasion of the Islands by 1496:, which saw the elimination of the so-called 859:arrived from the River Plate and encountered 567:had financed the expedition and later became 166: 8546:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 8439: 4998:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 4668:"Capital Markets Presentation - Development" 4640: 4520: 4241: 4003: 3732: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3405: 3348:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 240. 3239: 3218: 2143:in 1964 and 1968. (Originally published by 2132:efforts at the UN Decolonisation Committee. 4298: 4101: 4030: 3766: 3733:Peter Pepper, Graham Pascoe (1 June 2008). 3688:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2843:In line with increasing global interest in 1864:and included its own power station, jetty, 986: 784:, a British ship of 193 tons en route from 766:40 and 50 ships were engaged in exploiting 497:, who, combining his own name with that of 391:Sightings of the islands are attributed to 8432: 8418: 7213: 7199: 4811: 4797: 4511: 4170:"Peron in 1953 Tried To Buy the Falklands" 3983: 3981: 3488: 3438: 3205: 2592:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 2077:the ship rather than face the Royal Navy. 1131: 1128:stated that the settlement was destroyed. 261:When the world sea level was lower in the 173: 159: 7117:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 3588: 3362: 3102: 2941:"Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands" 438:The name of the archipelago derives from 8166:Falkland Islands General Employees Union 8161:Falkland Islands Development Corporation 7122:Colonial universities in the Philippines 4162: 3950: 3033: 2786: 2735: 2575: 2513: 2448: 2338: 2216: 2134: 1944: 1924: 1871: 1825: 1676: 1623: 1522: 1401: 1323: 1235:and later his deputy, Matthew Brisbane. 1177: 990: 931:, under the command of American Colonel 908: 756: 686:forcing the British to leave Port Egmont 628: 563:(1656–1694), who as Commissioner of the 538: 421: 364: 325:, and were interpreted as processing or 248: 207:forcing the British to leave Port Egmont 17: 8271:Falkland Islands Government Air Service 6113:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 4582: 4580: 3978: 3865:M. B. R. Cawkell; Mary Cawkell (1960). 3830: 3828: 3657: 3606: 3564: 3558: 2483:, the islanders found themselves under 2118: 1821: 1598:arch, constructed from the jaws of two 1313: 1299:both take their names from this visit. 1160:returned on 30 December 1832 and Major 622:is a translation of the French name of 8566: 7066: 4370:Commemorative Stamps of first flights 3196:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2791:A squid trawler, and a cruise ship in 2580:An Argentine minefield at Port William 1761:Even penguins were exploited for oil. 667:Under the alliance established by the 8413: 7194: 7065: 6961: 6960: 6084: 5962: 5677: 5536: 5504: 5441: 5378: 5293: 5216: 5156: 5070: 5059: 4831: 4830: 4792: 4779: 4356:"Malvinas: los secretos de la guerra" 3368: 2437:1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands 2212:1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands 1061: 574: 499:Queen Elizabeth I, the "Virgin Queen" 360: 288:) as well as the remains of a wooden 8589:Spanish colonization of the Americas 8579:British colonization of the Americas 7220: 5394:Captaincy General of the Philippines 4886:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 4771:Timeline of Falklands Island history 4577: 3825: 3547: 3541: 3493:. Yale University Press. p. 59. 3443:. Yale University Press. p. 53. 3418:. Black Rabbit Books. pp. 22–. 2783:Attempts at diversifying the economy 1779: 1692:The Falkland Islands Company Limited 1476:Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands 8584:French colonization of the Americas 7097:Indochristian painting in New Spain 5217: 4245:The History of the Falkland Islands 3957:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 18. 3222:The History of the Falkland Islands 3040:. Bradt Travel Guide. p. 159. 2908:Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands 2433:Events leading to the Falklands War 2012: 2002:, south of Stanley, is named after 1284:created later, by the 1841 British 929:United Provinces of the River Plate 561:Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland 237:to the Falkland Islands. Argentina 13: 6064:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 5537: 4818: 4707:Rockhopper presentation - page 151 4698:Rockhopper presentation - page 130 4194: 3333:from the original on 21 July 2021. 3246:Laurio Hedelvio Destéfani (1982). 2441:Occupation of the Falkland Islands 2379:, was fired upon by the Argentine 1920: 1720:Exploitation of maritime resources 1027:before departing for the islands. 101:Reassertion of British sovereignty 14: 8610: 8201:Falkland Islands Community School 8171:Falkland Landholdings Corporation 8051:Falkland Islands pound (currency) 5294: 5157: 5038:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 4740: 4612:Browne, Anthony (17 March 2002). 3781:. David and Charles. p. 59. 3001:Journal of Archaeological Science 2939:G. Hattersley-Smith (June 1983). 2775:also operate weekly flights from 2554:, is purely a figurehead without 2359:International Parliamentary Union 1433:In 1842, Moody was instructed by 1205:being hailed by native Fuegians. 1167: 245:Claims of pre-Columbian discovery 8594:Falkland Islands in World War II 7149:Criollos in the colonial society 7077:Spanish missions in the Americas 6199:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 4641:Herbert, Ian (18 January 2007). 4590:. Falkland Islands Tourist Board 4098:, vol. 2, p. 12, Regensburg 1924 3507:. falklands.info. Archived from 3412:Brian Williams (1 August 2002). 2871:, who later donated them to the 2691:were stationed there, relieving 2668:went north to change a gearbox. 2426: 1461:and work on the construction of 1423:Governor of the Falkland Islands 855:, marooned. Shortly thereafter, 459:, one of the ships belonging to 53: 8574:History of the Falkland Islands 7176:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 5060: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4660: 4559: 4551:. 15 March 2016. Archived from 4541: 4493: 4475: 4461: 4435: 4421:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 4409: 4380: 4362: 4348: 4262: 4136: 4088: 3991:. Royal Falkland Islands Police 3944: 3883: 3813: 3795: 3714: 3651: 3615:A Voyage Towards the South Pole 3583:A Voyage Towards the South Pole 3575: 3532: 3523: 3491:La Pugna por las Islas Malvinas 3482: 3469: 3456: 3447: 3441:La Pugna por las Islas Malvinas 3432: 3337: 3275: 2838: 2767:, UK with a refuelling stop at 2611:United Nations General Assembly 2368:(son of the Antarctic explorer 1785:Establishment of communications 1197:. Painted during the survey of 1164:took charge of the settlement. 905:Argentine colonisation attempts 792:, ran aground off the coast of 187:history of the Falkland Islands 8101:Falkland Islands Defence Force 5505: 5228:Captaincy General of Guatemala 4936:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 3266: 3158: 3119: 3054: 3027: 2992: 2932: 2661:took guard duty first, whilst 2271:, the airline operated by the 2019:Falkland Islands Defence Force 1967:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1953:, 8 December 1914. The German 1951:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1939:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1628:One of the remaining historic 1609: 1101:and charged them with piracy. 1015:cattle on the islands but the 927:under a license issued by the 106:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1: 8078:Representative Office, London 7127:General Archive of the Indies 6388:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 6059:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 6044:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 4993:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 4946:War of the Spanish Succession 4911:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 4567:"Falkland Islands Government" 4521:Castell, Marcus (2003–2005). 4299:Peter Biggs (November 2004). 4016:Wigglesworth, Angela. (1992) 3565:Barnard, Charles H. (1836) . 3144:10.1080/15564894.2022.2077484 2925: 2898:Origins of Falkland Islanders 2877:Wildlife Conservation Society 1976:second major naval engagement 1937:commemorates her role in the 1856:In the period just after the 1632:at Sapper Hill, near Stanley. 1620:Patagonian sheep farming boom 1602:, in 1933 to commemorate the 1549:Royal Falkland Islands Police 1392:Establishment of Port Stanley 1320:Origins of Falkland Islanders 732:Argentine War of Independence 581:Louis Antoine de Bougainville 147:Origins of Falkland Islanders 6085: 5199:Captaincy General of Yucatan 5129:Union with Holy Roman Empire 5108:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 5023:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 4096:Habbels Konversationslexikon 2914:The Falkland Islands Journal 2253:Growing links with Argentina 1904: 1862:Colonial Development Company 1332:Immediately following their 1213:in the west of the Falklands 1003:rights to Jorge Pacheco and 717:American War of Independence 656:and claimed the islands for 603:being the adjective for the 463:'s second expedition to the 7: 5963: 5679:Administrative subdivisions 4876:War of the League of Cognac 3571:. New York: J.P. Callender. 3346:The Falklands/Malvinas Case 2886: 2590:In 1983, the UK passed the 2509: 2196:the others to nine months. 1776:from 1860 until the 1880s. 773: 599:was given to the islands – 569:First Lord of the Admiralty 315:Southern rockhopper penguin 10: 8615: 6393:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 6378:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 6280:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 5442: 5178:), Western United States ( 5071: 4941:Portuguese Restoration War 3951:Wagstaff, William (2001). 3745:. D. Tatham. p. 544. 3034:Wagstaff, William (2001). 2955:Cambridge University Press 2822:of the Brent crude price. 2639: 2479:, such as Goose Green and 2430: 2232:, Argentine Naval Base at 1964: 1613: 1472:Royal Agricultural Society 1395: 1317: 1171: 1069: 734:. The Spanish garrison of 688:. This action sparked the 681:(English: Port Solitude). 292:provide evidence that the 8520: 8447: 8388: 8346: 8291: 8191: 8184: 8146: 8091: 8031: 7679: 7295: 7286: 7238: 7228: 7161:Slavery in Spanish Empire 7072: 7061: 6967: 6956: 6854: 6748: 6741: 6626: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6448:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 6358: 6227: 6189:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 6151: 6095: 6091: 6080: 6049:Barcelona Trading Company 6016: 5973: 5969: 5958: 5862: 5814:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 5784: 5726: 5688: 5684: 5673: 5624: 5583: 5547: 5543: 5532: 5511: 5448: 5389: 5321:Venezuela, part of Guyana 5300: 5223: 5174:, Central United States ( 5163: 5077: 5066: 5055: 4906:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 4891:Expulsion of the Moriscos 4837: 4826: 4786: 4781:Links to related articles 4176:. Reuters. 3 January 1984 2971:10.1017/S003224740002204X 2672:then returned to relieve 2027:Battle of the River Plate 1398:Stanley, Falkland Islands 749:under an order signed by 341:The past presence of the 284:(on the southern half of 8599:History of South America 8441:History of South America 8242:Falkland Islands English 8156:Falkland Islands Company 7899:Pebble Island Settlement 7253:1833 British Reassertion 7102:Quito painting tradition 7092:Cusco painting tradition 6453:García López de Cárdenas 6443:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 6350:Felipe González de Ahedo 6270:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 4847:Conquest of the Americas 3464:A voyage round the world 3415:Latitude & Longitude 3397:: CS1 maint: location ( 3252:. Edipress. p. 41. 3007:(6). Elsevier: 599–602. 2267:Líneas Aéreas del Estado 2085:British Antarctic Survey 1983:Graf Maximilian von Spee 1978:of the First World War. 1547:and their families. The 1136:In the aftermath of the 987:Luis Vernet's enterprise 751:Francisco Javier de Elío 583:established a colony at 513:On 24 January 1600, the 8394:) Sixth-formers attend 8326:Christ Church Cathedral 6887:Comuneros (New Granada) 6664:Balearic Islands (1558) 6383:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 6310:Ruy López de Villalobos 6265:Miguel López de Legazpi 6179:García de Toledo Osorio 5043:Western Sahara conflict 5033:Independence of Morocco 4973:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 4916:Piracy in the Caribbean 4901:French Wars of Religion 4588:"Getting Here (By Air)" 4374:30 October 2009 at the 4248:. Nelson. p. 113. 3871:. Macmillan. p. 51 3773:Ian J. Strange (1983). 3344:Laver, Roberto (2001). 2289:Grumman HU-16 Albatross 2093:West Yorkshire Regiment 2061:. Convinced by British 1752:South American sea lion 1662:on the south shores of 1616:Camp (Falkland Islands) 1592:Christ Church Cathedral 1528:Christ Church Cathedral 1367:mid-summer temperature. 1132:Penal colony and mutiny 838:Barnard dined with the 826:of the American sealer 824:Captain Charles Barnard 311:South American sea lion 305:(off the west coast of 8276:Mount Pleasant Airport 8220:Falklands Conservation 7132:Colonial Spanish Horse 6806:Colonia del Sacramento 6029:Spanish treasure fleet 5606:Royal Decree of Graces 4758:5 October 2018 at the 4336:. London. 13 July 2009 3225:. Nelson. p. 15. 3087:10.1126/sciadv.abh3803 3021:10.1006/jasc.1998.0297 2796: 2741: 2620:Relations between the 2581: 2523: 2454: 2350: 2275:Fuerza Aérea Argentina 2237: 2148: 1962: 1942: 1933:. Canopus Hill in the 1881: 1835: 1772:were rendered down in 1682: 1633: 1535: 1410: 1369: 1329: 1254:freedom following the 1214: 996: 995:Luis Vernet, 1791–1871 965: 914: 641: 544: 435: 372: 353:, but is now extinct. 258: 219:Argentine independence 194: 26: 8396:Peter Symonds College 8176:Falklands Oil and Gas 7248:1770 Falklands crisis 6290:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 6250:Juan Sebastián Elcano 5565:Council of the Indies 4926:Spanish–Moro conflict 4896:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 4856:Treaty of Tordesillas 4242:Mary Cawkell (2001). 3807:TheFreeDictionary.com 3711:, Accessed 2007-10-02 3648:, Accessed 2007-07-19 3599:Laurio H. Destéfani, 3303:10.12775/HiP.2018.008 3219:Mary Cawkell (2001). 2790: 2739: 2579: 2517: 2504:Margaret Thatcher Day 2452: 2370:Sir Ernest Shackleton 2342: 2273:Argentine Air Force ( 2221:The locally upgraded 2220: 2161:Aerolíneas Argentinas 2138: 2109:Supermarine Spitfires 1948: 1928: 1876:Islanders shovelling 1875: 1830:The freezer plant at 1829: 1802:installed a wireless 1758:, were unsuccessful. 1680: 1627: 1614:Further information: 1526: 1415:Richard Clement Moody 1405: 1348: 1327: 1181: 1019:conditions meant the 994: 956: 912: 757:Inter-colonial period 673:Louis de Bougainville 632: 587:, on East Falkland's 542: 425: 368: 343:Falkland Islands wolf 335:Diego Ramírez Islands 255:Falkland Islands wolf 252: 221:and the pressures of 88:Continuous settlement 21: 8338:Scouting and Guiding 8281:Port Stanley Airport 8073:Legislative Assembly 7087:Mesoamerican Codices 6811:Comuneros (Paraguay) 6649:Siege of Castelnuovo 6235:Christopher Columbus 6054:Consulate of the Sea 6034:Casa de Contratación 5625:Titles and positions 5018:Spanish–American War 5008:Liberal constitution 4851:Asia and the Pacific 4747:1987 American report 4529:on 14 September 2013 4051:The Falkland Islands 3779:The Falkland Islands 3644:1 April 2010 at the 3603:, Buenos Aires, 1982 2879:. He also gave them 2845:environmental issues 2769:RAF Ascension Island 2201:naval special forces 2147:, 9 September 1964.) 2119:Argentine incursions 2056:German cruiser 1822:Economic development 1726:southern right whale 1516:and the fishing and 1487:California Gold Rush 1482:is named after him. 1447:Antarctic Expedition 1417:, a highly esteemed 1314:British colonisation 1072:Falklands Expedition 1039:colonists, although 1009:a Brazilian blockade 579:The French explorer 508:Steeple Jason Island 116:Argentine occupation 96:Argentine settlement 8083:Sovereignty dispute 6816:Cartagena de Indias 6438:Diego de Mazariegos 6408:Pere Fages i Beleta 6275:Sebastián de Ocampo 5756:Provincias Internas 5728:Captaincies General 5642:Municipal president 5611:School of Salamanca 5382:Spanish East Indies 5361:Misiones Orientales 5233:Spanish West Indies 5197:, Central America ( 5144:Pyrénées-Orientales 5097:Union with Portugal 4988:Napoleonic invasion 4968:War of Jenkins' Ear 4489:. 14 November 2020. 4334:The Daily Telegraph 4222:September 27, 2006" 4201:aviation-safety.net 4020:. Pub. Peter Owen. 3291:Historia i Polityka 3079:2021SciA....7.3803H 3013:1998JArSc..25..599B 2963:1983PoRec..21..605H 2711:of New Zealand and 2596:British citizenship 2281:amphibious aircraft 2230:Santiago del Estero 2207:Santiago del Estero 1794:lighthouse and the 1645:Salvador Settlement 1557:Legislative Council 1534:with Whalebone Arch 1122:President Cleveland 943:and sank the prize 780:On 8 February 1813 742:in 1811 aboard the 728:Napoleonic invasion 638:Sir Joshua Reynolds 591:coast in 1764. The 482:marine chronometers 239:invaded the islands 8400:Chichester College 8356:Commonwealth Games 8254:Telecommunications 8208:Falkland Islanders 8111:RAF Mount Pleasant 8019:Weddell Settlement 7112:Academia Antártica 7067:Other civil topics 6433:Pánfilo de Narváez 6335:Sebastián Vizcaíno 6300:Andrés de Urdaneta 6260:Juan Ponce de León 6245:Ferdinand Magellan 6219:Bernardo de Gálvez 6118:Indian auxiliaries 5616:Trial of residence 5596:Laws of the Indies 5380:Asia and Oceania ( 5241:Dominican Republic 4680:on 23 January 2012 4449:on 1 February 2014 4174:The New York Times 4124:on 13 October 2013 4094:Dr. Adolf Genius: 3842:on 2 November 2007 3720:FitzRoy, R. 1839. 3178:on 2 February 2014 2869:Michael Steinhardt 2861:Grand Jason Island 2797: 2742: 2740:RAF Mount Pleasant 2642:RAF Mount Pleasant 2604:Princess Alexandra 2582: 2528:RAF Mount Pleasant 2524: 2473:drive on the right 2455: 2351: 2311:Falkland Islanders 2297:Tarjeta Provisoria 2287:and Stanley using 2285:Comodoro Rivadavia 2238: 2193:Bahía Buen Suceso, 2149: 1987:East Asia Squadron 1963: 1943: 1882: 1836: 1683: 1634: 1564:Upland Goose Hotel 1545:Chelsea Pensioners 1536: 1411: 1378:Colonial Secretary 1374:British Government 1330: 1215: 997: 915: 800:general and exile 642: 575:Early colonisation 545: 491:with his ship the 469:Strait of Magellan 436: 393:Ferdinand Magellan 373: 361:European discovery 347:Dusicyon australis 259: 111:Argentine invasion 27: 22:Map of the modern 8561: 8560: 8555: 8554: 8527:other territories 8407: 8406: 8384: 8383: 8371:Rifle Association 8331:Roman Catholicism 8133:RRH Byron Heights 8027: 8026: 7839:Johnson's Harbour 7729:Cape Bougainville 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7057: 7056: 6962:Spanish conquests 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6737: 6736: 6418:Pedro de Alvarado 6403:Gaspar de Portolà 6398:Pedro de Valdivia 6373:Francisco Pizarro 6325:Nicolás de Ovando 6320:Alonso de Ercilla 6295:Alonso de Salazar 6128:Ships of the line 6076: 6075: 6072: 6071: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5500: 5499: 5457:Northern Africa ( 5453:Equatorial Guinea 5437: 5436: 5374: 5373: 5289: 5288: 5212: 5211: 5203:Spanish Caribbean 5176:Spanish Louisiana 5152: 5151: 5087:Crown of Castille 5051: 5050: 5028:Spanish Civil War 5003:Adams–Onís Treaty 4983:Nootka Convention 4931:Thirty Years' War 4921:Eighty Years' War 4842:Catholic Monarchs 4832:Timeline–immersed 4307:on 6 October 2007 4280:on 20 August 2017 4255:978-0-904614-55-8 3908:on 6 October 2007 3788:978-0-8117-1961-2 3752:978-0-9558985-0-1 3670:on 5 October 2018 3664:www.ussduncan.org 3511:on 6 October 2007 3462:William Funnell, 3425:978-1-58340-209-2 3355:978-90-411-1534-8 3259:978-950-01-6904-2 3232:978-0-904614-55-8 2756:IATA airport code 2495:Margaret Thatcher 2417:nuclear submarine 2392:In 1976, after a 2081:Operation Tabarin 2073:chose instead to 2071:Admiral Graf Spee 2058:Admiral Graf Spee 1955:armoured cruisers 1800:Guglielmo Marconi 1780:Twentieth century 1459:Executive Council 1352:Johnson's Harbour 1337:support from the 1275:in October 1833. 1182:A watercolour by 1162:José María Pinedo 1142:Esteban Mestivier 644:In 1765, Captain 478:longitude problem 405:Antonio Pigafetta 183: 182: 8606: 8547: 8535:Falkland Islands 8449:Sovereign states 8434: 8427: 8420: 8411: 8410: 8189: 8188: 8056:Government House 7824:Hornby Mountains 7293: 7292: 7222:Falkland Islands 7215: 7208: 7201: 7192: 7191: 7063: 7062: 7029:Chibchan Nations 6958: 6957: 6927:Santiago de Cuba 6786:Guadalupe Island 6746: 6745: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6428:Diego de Almagro 6305:Antonio de Ulloa 6209:Ambrosio Spinola 6204:Pedro de Zubiaur 6174:Alfonso d'Avalos 6164:Antonio de Leyva 6108:Army of Flanders 6093: 6092: 6082: 6081: 5971: 5970: 5960: 5959: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5674: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5533: 5502: 5501: 5475:Peñón of Algiers 5439: 5438: 5376: 5375: 5291: 5290: 5214: 5213: 5196: 5154: 5153: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5056: 4978:Seven Years' War 4951:Queen Anne's War 4828: 4827: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4777: 4776: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4569:. Archived from 4563: 4557: 4556: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4378: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4276:. Archived from 4266: 4260: 4259: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4150:. 28 August 2012 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4075:on 27 April 2006 4071:. Archived from 4065: 4054: 4047: 4028: 4014: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3954:Falkland Islands 3948: 3942: 3939: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3904:. Archived from 3898: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3838:. Archived from 3832: 3823: 3819:Karsten, Peter, 3817: 3811: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3666:. Archived from 3655: 3649: 3636: 3619: 3612:Weddell, James, 3610: 3604: 3597: 3586: 3581:Weddell, James, 3579: 3573: 3572: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3489:Goebel, Julius. 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3439:Goebel, Julius. 3436: 3430: 3429: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3388: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3216: 3203: 3201: 3195: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3177: 3171:. Archived from 3170: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3073:(44): eabh3803. 3067:Science Advances 3058: 3052: 3051: 3037:Falkland Islands 3031: 3025: 3024: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2936: 2821: 2816:Shetland Islands 2761:RAF Brize Norton 2749:The Duke of York 2622:UK and Argentina 2556:executive powers 2530:and its port at 2386:Almirante Storni 2245:to the islands. 2226:-class submarine 2173:Tierra del Fuego 2165:Operativo Cóndor 2013:Second World War 1993:, including two 1935:Falkland Islands 1895:Operation Sutton 1858:Second World War 1514:Second World War 1463:Government House 1445:, leader of the 1199:Tierra del Fuego 1140:incident, Major 1052:Matthew Brisbane 794:Speedwell Island 669:Pacte de Famille 547:English Captain 461:Thomas Cavendish 428:John Hawkesworth 298:Tierra del Fuego 267:Falkland Islands 199:Falkland Islands 175: 168: 161: 57: 46:Falkland Islands 29: 28: 24:Falkland Islands 8614: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8545: 8528: 8526: 8516: 8443: 8438: 8408: 8403: 8380: 8342: 8321:Anglican parish 8287: 8259:Internet domain 8249:Law Enforcement 8180: 8142: 8138:RRH Mount Alice 8087: 8041:Chief Executive 8023: 8004:Volunteer Point 7989:Stanley Harbour 7934:Port San Carlos 7694:Bay of Harbours 7675: 7282: 7234: 7224: 7219: 7189: 7180: 7156:Old inquisition 7068: 7053: 6963: 6936: 6892:Trinidad (1797) 6862:La Noche Triste 6850: 6846:San Juan (1797) 6796:San Juan (1595) 6733: 6622: 6462:Notable battles 6457: 6423:Martín de Ursúa 6354: 6285:Alonso de Ojeda 6255:Juan de la Cosa 6240:Pinzón brothers 6223: 6194:John of Austria 6169:Martín de Goiti 6147: 6087: 6068: 6012: 5965: 5946: 5858: 5854:Terra Australis 5849:Río de la Plata 5794:Castilla de Oro 5780: 5722: 5718:Río de la Plata 5680: 5661: 5620: 5579: 5575:Santa Hermandad 5539: 5520: 5516:Terra Australis 5507: 5496: 5463:Spanish Morocco 5444: 5433: 5424:Northern Taiwan 5385: 5370: 5341:Río de la Plata 5296: 5285: 5219: 5218:Central America 5208: 5190: 5159: 5148: 5092:Crown of Aragon 5073: 5062: 5047: 4963:Bourbon Reforms 4833: 4822: 4817: 4782: 4760:Wayback Machine 4743: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4647:The Independent 4639: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4610: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4519: 4512: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4443:"Concordia Bay" 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4397: 4395: 4394:. 10 April 2013 4386: 4385: 4381: 4376:Wayback Machine 4367: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4229: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4195:Ranter, Harro. 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4102: 4093: 4089: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4031: 4018:Falkland People 4015: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3856: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3704: 3697: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3656: 3652: 3646:Wayback Machine 3637: 3622: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3576: 3563: 3559: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3342: 3338: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3272:Destéfani, p.42 3271: 3267: 3260: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3217: 3206: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3166:"Archived copy" 3164: 3163: 3159: 3124: 3120: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3032: 3028: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2889: 2867:philanthropist 2863:were bought by 2849:Sea Lion Island 2841: 2819: 2785: 2680:remained until 2648: 2640:Main articles: 2638: 2600:Prince of Wales 2520:Néstor Kirchner 2512: 2447: 2431:Main articles: 2429: 2366:Lord Shackleton 2255: 2121: 2113:Royal Air Force 2111:to the British 2015: 1969: 1923: 1921:First World War 1907: 1840:canning factory 1824: 1787: 1782: 1722: 1622: 1612: 1553:Chief Constable 1400: 1394: 1322: 1316: 1233:William Dickson 1176: 1170: 1134: 1074: 1068: 989: 917:In March 1820, 907: 778: 759: 738:was removed to 690:Falkland Crisis 650:Saunders Island 577: 551:, commander of 530:Sibbel de Wards 526:William Dampier 518:Sebald de Weert 489:Richard Hawkins 453:, commander of 370:Richard Hawkins 363: 301:was founded on 247: 179: 48: 45: 44:History of the 38: 12: 11: 5: 8612: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8453: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8405: 8404: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8251: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8152: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8128:RRH Mount Kent 8125: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7979:Smylie Channel 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7944:Quaker Harbour 7941: 7936: 7931: 7929:Port Patterson 7926: 7921: 7916: 7914:Port Albemarle 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7799:Grantham Sound 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7774:Falkland Sound 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7699:Bertha's Beach 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7444:Eddystone Rock 7441: 7436: 7434:Eddystone Rock 7431: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7268:Puerto Soledad 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7218: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7195: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6972:Canary Islands 6968: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6826:Túpac Amaru II 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6771:Bogotá savanna 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6679:Spanish Armada 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6573:White Mountain 6570: 6568:Cape Celidonia 6565: 6563:English Armada 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6340:Juan Fernández 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6315:Diego Columbus 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6143:Army of Africa 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6123:Spanish Armada 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6024:Manila galleon 6020: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5541: 5540: 5538:Administration 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5459:Western Sahara 5455: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5357:Banda Oriental 5338: 5324: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5172:Coastal Alaska 5164: 5161: 5160: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4823: 4820:Spanish Empire 4816: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4750: 4742: 4741:External links 4739: 4736: 4735: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4659: 4630: 4601: 4576: 4573:on 5 May 2006. 4558: 4540: 4510: 4492: 4474: 4460: 4434: 4408: 4379: 4361: 4347: 4330:"Les Gleadell" 4318: 4291: 4261: 4254: 4227: 4206: 4187: 4161: 4135: 4100: 4087: 4055: 4049:Strange, Ian, 4029: 4002: 3977: 3963: 3943: 3929: 3920: 3893: 3882: 3854: 3824: 3812: 3794: 3787: 3765: 3751: 3725: 3713: 3695: 3650: 3620: 3605: 3587: 3574: 3557: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3496: 3481: 3479:, London, 1781 3475:John Rickman, 3468: 3466:, London, 1707 3455: 3446: 3431: 3424: 3404: 3379: 3361: 3354: 3336: 3274: 3265: 3258: 3238: 3231: 3204: 3157: 3138:(2): 433–447. 3118: 3053: 3046: 3026: 2991: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2903:Puerto Soledad 2900: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2857:Bleaker Island 2840: 2837: 2812:Foinaven field 2784: 2781: 2745:Mount Pleasant 2699:barracks ships 2637: 2634: 2594:granting full 2511: 2508: 2428: 2425: 2402:Southern Thule 2394:military junta 2344:Prime Minister 2327:Foreign Office 2315:Argentine Army 2292:haul flights. 2254: 2251: 2187:("my house"). 2141:light aircraft 2120: 2117: 2105:shoulder-flash 2033:heavy cruiser 2014: 2011: 1995:battlecruisers 1965:Main article: 1922: 1919: 1906: 1903: 1823: 1820: 1796:police station 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1756:Port Albemarle 1748:Elephant seals 1721: 1718: 1611: 1608: 1572:Queen Victoria 1568:Golden Jubilee 1419:Royal Engineer 1408:Queen Victoria 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1315: 1312: 1286:Letters Patent 1260:Antonio Rivero 1241:Robert FitzRoy 1195:Conrad Martens 1172:Main article: 1169: 1168:British return 1166: 1133: 1130: 1067: 1060: 1048:Charles Darwin 988: 985: 913:Colonel Jewett 906: 903: 895:Rio de Janeiro 777: 772: 758: 755: 736:Puerto Soledad 678:Puerto Soledad 624:Îles Malouines 620:Islas Malvinas 597:Îles Malouines 589:Berkeley Sound 585:Port St. Louis 576: 573: 557:Falkland Sound 528:used the name 417:Beagle Channel 362: 359: 351:Charles Darwin 246: 243: 223:Peninsular War 211:Puerto Soledad 195:Islas Malvinas 181: 180: 178: 177: 170: 163: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 144: 136: 135: 131: 130: 129: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 90: 89: 85: 84: 83: 82: 80:British Empire 77: 75:Spanish Empire 72: 64: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8611: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8548: 8543: 8541: 8540:French Guiana 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8524: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8430: 8428: 8423: 8421: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8366:Football team 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8183: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014:Weddell Point 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7954:Rincon Grande 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:Port Stephens 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7909:Pleasant Peak 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7884:New Year Cove 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7874:Mount Weddell 7872: 7870: 7869:Mount Usborne 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7769:Eagle Passage 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7734:Cape Pembroke 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7719:Byron Heights 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7660:West Falkland 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7439:Elephant Cays 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7416:East Falkland 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Burdwood Bank 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7278:Falklands War 7276: 7274: 7273:1982 invasion 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7107:Tapada limeña 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7064: 7060: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6959: 6955: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:Montes Claros 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6639:Vienna (1529) 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368:Hernán Cortés 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6360:Conquistadors 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330:Juan de Ayala 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184:Duke of Savoy 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6079: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:Dollar (Peso) 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5943: 5942:Santo Domingo 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819:New Andalusia 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Santo Domingo 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5690:Viceroyalties 5687: 5683: 5676: 5672: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5531: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5503: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5440: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5295:South America 5292: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5215: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5180:Spanish Texas 5177: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5158:North America 5155: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5139:Franche-Comté 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4606: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4470: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4091: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4027: 4026:0-7206-0850-3 4023: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3966: 3964:9781841620374 3960: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3924: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3886: 3870: 3869: 3861: 3859: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735:"Luis Vernet" 3729: 3723: 3717: 3710: 3709: 3706:Fitzroy, R., 3702: 3700: 3691: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3553: 3552: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3453:Cawkell, p.14 3450: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3380:1-85702-502-4 3376: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3269: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3199: 3193: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3145: 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2481:Pebble Island 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2446: 2445:Falklands War 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427:Falklands War 2424: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2413:Jim Callaghan 2410: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2398:military base 2395: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2347:Jim Callaghan 2345: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2243:Lord Chalfont 2235: 2234:Mar del Plata 2231: 2227: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1959:battlecruiser 1956: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1902: 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Retrieved 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4684:14 September 4682:. Retrieved 4675:the original 4662: 4650:. Retrieved 4646: 4621:. Retrieved 4618:The Observer 4617: 4592:. Retrieved 4571:the original 4561: 4553:the original 4543: 4531:. Retrieved 4527:the original 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4463: 4451:. Retrieved 4447:the original 4437: 4427:22 September 4425:. Retrieved 4411: 4403: 4396:. Retrieved 4391: 4382: 4364: 4350: 4338:. Retrieved 4333: 4309:. Retrieved 4305:the original 4294: 4282:. Retrieved 4278:the original 4273: 4264: 4244: 4219: 4200: 4190: 4178:. Retrieved 4173: 4164: 4152:. Retrieved 4147: 4138: 4126:. Retrieved 4122:the original 4095: 4090: 4077:. Retrieved 4073:the original 4050: 4017: 3993:. Retrieved 3968:. Retrieved 3953: 3946: 3923: 3912:21 September 3910:. Retrieved 3906:the original 3896: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3867: 3844:. Retrieved 3840:the original 3820: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3778: 3768: 3756:. Retrieved 3742: 3739:David Tatham 3728: 3716: 3707: 3672:. 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Retrieved 2950: 2946:Polar Record 2944: 2934: 2912: 2853:tussac grass 2842: 2839:Conservation 2827: 2824: 2805: 2798: 2793:Port William 2773:LAN Airlines 2753: 2743: 2727: 2722: 2721:in Britain. 2714:Saint Edmund 2713: 2703: 2696: 2693:Illustrious. 2692: 2689:F-4 Phantoms 2683: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2646:Mare Harbour 2626:Carlos Menem 2619: 2608: 2589: 2583: 2571:Punta Arenas 2564: 2548: 2543: 2535: 2532:Mare Harbour 2525: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485:house arrest 2470: 2462:Mullet Creek 2456: 2421: 2407: 2391: 2385: 2375: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2331: 2319: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2274: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2247: 2239: 2236:, circa 1969 2229: 2223: 2206: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2181:Les Gleadell 2169:Río Gallegos 2150: 2144: 2130: 2122: 2101: 2089: 2079: 2070: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2031:County-class 2024: 2016: 2005: 2000:Canopus Hill 1973: 1970: 1930: 1911: 1908: 1899: 1883: 1855: 1852: 1844: 1837: 1810: 1808: 1788: 1760: 1746: 1742: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1696: 1684: 1664:Brenton Loch 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253:The extinct 230: 203: 186: 184: 43: 15: 8376:Rugby union 8121:1435 Flight 8116:1312 Flight 7919:Port Howard 7864:Mount Maria 7859:Mount Alice 7834:Hoste Inlet 7804:Green Patch 7794:Goose Green 7749:Circum Peak 7534:North Point 7263:Port Egmont 7049:Philippines 7014:El Salvador 6634:Capo d'Orso 6518:St. Quentin 6493:Rome (1527) 6152:Strategists 5902:Guadalajara 5829:New Navarre 5824:New Castile 5809:La Luisiana 5761:Puerto Rico 5751:Philippines 5708:New Granada 5398:Philippines 5359:(Uruguay), 5355:(Bolivia), 5305:New Granada 5245:Puerto Rico 5191: [ 5061:Territories 4881:Encomiendas 4722:archive.org 4453:29 December 4079:19 November 2957:: 605–606. 2765:Oxfordshire 2684:Illustrious 2258:Argentina. 2097:Royal Scots 1961:task force. 1884:Similarly, 1866:Nissen huts 1730:sperm whale 1707:Port Howard 1699:Goose Green 1610:Development 1600:blue whales 1518:cruise ship 1480:Moody Brook 1281:Crown Court 1269:Turf Island 1191:draughtsman 1005:Luis Vernet 844:War of 1812 822:On 5 April 810:River Plate 802:Joseph Holt 654:Port Egmont 549:John Strong 503:cross staff 401:San Antonio 377:archipelago 227:Luis Vernet 8568:Categories 8402:in England 7999:Teal Inlet 7969:San Carlos 7924:Port Louis 7854:Mount Adam 7714:Bull Point 7704:Bluff Cove 7666:West Point 7609:Seal Rocks 7554:Phillimore 7529:North East 7258:Hope Place 6719:Somosierra 6709:Manila Bay 6583:Nördlingen 6523:Gravelines 6003:Columnario 5975:Currencies 5892:Concepción 5864:Audiencias 5839:New Toledo 5804:La Florida 5637:Corregidor 5601:Papal bull 5506:Antarctica 5414:Micronesia 4871:Golden Age 4728:26 January 4505:www.un.org 4220:Página 12, 4148:Mercopress 3970:1 February 3846:2 November 3674:8 February 3319:8773053780 3297:(31): 11. 3182:31 January 2984:1 February 2926:References 2833:Antarctica 2754:Using the 2731:Death Star 2678:Invincible 2670:Invincible 2665:Invincible 2630:Tony Blair 2585:Land mines 2518:President 2502:celebrate 2408:Bransfield 2376:Shackleton 2305:Argentine 2177:Terry Peck 2125:Juan Perón 2063:propaganda 2037:Cumberland 1847:sheep farm 1804:telegraphy 1763:Rockhopper 1734:New Island 1660:Hope Place 1586:peat slips 1502:steamships 1339:Royal Navy 1318:See also: 1086:Breakwater 1070:See also: 972:Port Louis 744:brigantine 740:Montevideo 646:John Byron 634:John Byron 612:Saint-Malo 534:James Cook 451:John Davis 432:John Byron 319:New Island 215:Montevideo 8512:Venezuela 8457:Argentina 8266:Transport 8237:Languages 8196:Education 7889:North Arm 7879:New Haven 7814:Hill Cove 7681:Locations 7619:Speedwell 7589:Sandy Bay 7335:Beauchene 7288:Geography 7230:Capital: 7024:Nicaragua 7002:Guatemala 6912:Pichincha 6897:Chacabuco 6836:Pensacola 6781:Mataquito 6761:Cajamarca 6742:New World 6714:Trafalgar 6618:Alhucemas 6498:Landriano 6483:Comuneros 6469:Old World 6413:Joan Orpí 6133:Royalists 5907:Guatemala 5834:New Spain 5771:Venezuela 5746:Guatemala 5703:New Spain 5698:Columbian 5591:Exequatur 5491:Cape Juby 5345:Argentina 5168:New Spain 5102:Gibraltar 4866:Habsburgs 4652:10 August 4594:5 January 4274:La Nacion 3989:"History" 3758:15 August 3393:cite book 3371:Longitude 3327:133675160 3311:1899-5160 3152:1556-4894 3095:2375-2548 2979:129083566 2873:Bronx Zoo 2723:Rangatira 2707:from the 2704:Rangatira 2682:HMS 2663:HMS 2656:HMS 2499:Endurance 2466:Yorke Bay 2458:Argentina 2406:RRS 2381:destroyer 2374:RRS 2185:"Mi casa" 2157:hijacking 2153:Peronists 2067:Langsdorf 2049:HMS 2042:HMS 2035:HMS 2004:HMS 1905:Education 1604:centenary 1596:whalebone 1304:Lexington 1256:Lexington 1245:HMS 1222:HMS 1184:HMS 1138:Lexington 1124:in 1885, 1117:Lexington 1099:Lexington 1094:Lexington 1064:Lexington 1056:Lexington 1043:Lexington 1041:USS 1025:consulate 925:privateer 867:and took 814:HMS 768:fur seals 710:Cape Horn 695:HMS 565:Admiralty 559:), after 465:New World 449:explorer 409:Tehuelche 278:Patagonia 231:Lexington 121:UNSCR 502 8502:Suriname 8492:Paraguay 8477:Colombia 8316:Religion 8093:Military 8061:Governor 8033:Politics 7974:Seal Bay 7964:Salvador 7959:Roy Cove 7739:Chartres 7689:Ajax Bay 7604:Sea Lion 7594:Saunders 7559:Pleasant 7034:Colombia 7019:Honduras 6932:Asomante 6917:Ayacucho 6907:Carabobo 6882:Curalaba 6659:Ceresole 6553:Gembloux 6513:Mühlberg 6228:Mariners 6086:Military 6008:Doubloon 5993:Maravedí 5937:Santiago 5844:Paraguay 5570:Germania 5410:Caroline 5365:Malvinas 5349:Paraguay 5309:Colombia 5251:Trinidad 5118:Sardinia 4958:Bourbons 4756:Archived 4487:BBC News 4392:BBC News 4372:Archived 4311:26 March 4284:25 March 4180:5 August 4154:9 August 4128:9 August 3684:cite web 3642:Archived 3331:Archived 3192:cite web 3113:34705512 2887:See also 2865:New York 2814:off the 2777:Santiago 2652:squadron 2510:Post-war 2307:passport 2302:de facto 2283:between 2051:Achilles 1991:squadron 1886:Ajax Bay 1832:Ajax Bay 1816:Internet 1770:penguins 1356:Cheviots 1082:Superior 865:Isabella 853:Isabella 840:Isabella 833:Isabella 782:Isabella 775:Isabella 730:and the 704:and HMS 515:Dutchman 274:Fuegians 235:returned 142:Timeline 35:a series 33:Part of 8507:Uruguay 8482:Ecuador 8462:Bolivia 8293:Culture 8213:Origins 8185:Society 8148:Economy 7984:Stanley 7894:Orqueta 7844:Lafonia 7784:Fox Bay 7779:Fitzroy 7759:Douglas 7744:Chatham 7654:Weddell 7599:Sea Dog 7574:Ruggles 7539:Passage 7489:Hummock 7459:Golding 7422:Lafonia 7385:Carcass 7350:Bleaker 7315:Barclay 7297:Islands 7240:History 7166:Asiento 7137:Mustang 6997:Yucatán 6992:Chiapas 6872:Tucapel 6704:Passaro 6654:Algiers 6644:Preveza 6613:Tetouan 6608:Vitoria 6598:Bitonto 6538:Antwerp 6533:Lepanto 6488:Bicocca 5964:Economy 5887:Charcas 5882:Caracas 5776:Yucatán 5647:Regidor 5632:Alcalde 5560:Cabildo 5467:Tripoli 5406:Mariana 5353:Charcas 5329:(Peru, 5313:Ecuador 5276:Bonaire 5271:Curazao 5256:Jamaica 5184:Florida 4623:15 July 3875:29 June 3741:(ed.). 3515:19 July 3104:8550247 3075:Bibcode 3009:Bibcode 2959:Bibcode 2953:(135). 2875:-based 2829:Tourism 2820:90–105% 2719:Sealink 2615:embargo 2552:monarch 2323:Córdoba 2277:or FAA) 2145:Crónica 2075:scuttle 2006:Canopus 1980:Admiral 1931:Canopus 1880:(1950s) 1811:Consort 1774:trypots 1703:Fox Bay 1639:Cheviot 1630:corrals 1532:Stanley 1297:Fitzroy 1273:Hopeful 1229:Sarandí 1158:Sarandí 1110:Indians 1107:Charrúa 1092:of USS 1078:Harriet 1021:gauchos 1001:fishing 961:Heroína 945:Carlota 941:Heroína 937:Carlota 920:Heroína 880:whalers 763:whalers 721:sealers 706:Florida 658:Britain 640:, 1759. 616:Spanish 601:malouin 553:Welfare 474:leagues 447:English 282:Lafonia 263:Ice Age 191:Spanish 8487:Guyana 8467:Brazil 7904:Pillar 7789:French 7754:Darwin 7671:Whisky 7649:Tyssen 7644:Tussac 7629:Staats 7584:Samuel 7569:Rabbit 7564:Quaker 7544:Pebble 7514:Lively 7509:Kidney 7504:Keppel 7454:George 7400:Dunbar 7395:Coffin 7390:Cochon 7370:Broken 7365:Brandy 7330:Becher 7325:Beaver 7320:Barren 7144:Castas 6902:Boyacá 6877:Guiana 6867:Iguape 6791:Recife 6729:Mactan 6724:Annual 6689:Rocroi 6684:Leiden 6669:Djerba 6603:Bailén 6558:Ostend 6543:Azores 6138:Legión 6103:Tercio 6096:Armies 5998:Escudo 5927:Panamá 5922:Mexico 5917:Manila 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History of the Falkland Islands

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