1508:
3858:
3105:
3873:
4327:
2626:
1812:
2274:
4304:
4339:
2118:
3904:
4280:
3363:
3352:
3344:
4254:) facing a major strategic challenge related to the dismantling of the traditional shipbuilding and steel industry now subject to open international competition. Economic confidence was largely restored during the mid-1990s when the autonomous government's bet on modernization of manufacturing, R+D based specialization, and quality tourism started to bear fruit, counting on flowing credit from local savings banks. Cross-border synergies between the French and Spanish side of the Basque Country have confirmed the territory as an attractive tourist destination.
2740:
3093:
2492:
32:
3842:
3772:
were made for or they would not fit properly causing the gun to jam or not fit in at all. Ironically, the end of the
European war in 1918 brought about the decline and transformation of the Basque industry. In the French Basque Country, its inhabitants were drafted to add to the French war effort. War took a heavy toll on the Basques, 6,000 died. It also significantly spurred the penetration of French nationalist ideas into Basque territory, limited to certain circles and contexts up to that point.
2847:
2087:
1337:
2266:
4202:
confrontation to gain a new status for the Basque
Country, PNV and the Spanish Communists and Socialists opted for negotiations with the Francoist regime. In 1978, a general pardon was decreed by the Spanish Government for all politics related offences, a decision affecting directly Basque nationalist activists, especially ETA militants. In the same year, the referendum to ratify the Spanish Constitution was held. The electoral platforms closer to ETA's two branches (
3388:
2947:
1345:
1801:
2484:
2858:
1621:
2035:), but neither with success. In 587 the Franks launched a second attack on the Basques, but they were defeated on the plains of Aquitaine, implying that Basque settlement or conquest had begun north of the Pyrenees. However, the theory of a Basque expansionism in the Early Middle Ages has often been dismissed and is not necessary to understand the historic evolution of this region. Soon afterwards, the Franks and Goths created their respective
3647:
1033:
3065:'s geographic distribution of trade in late 18th century is estimated at 37.2% with France (unspecified), 62.3% with other Basque districts, and only 0.5% with the Spanish heartland. On a positive note the Spanish customs exactions imposed over the Ebro favoured a more European orientation and the circulation of innovative ideas—labelled by many in Spain as "un-Spanish"—both technical and humanistic, such as Rousseau's '
3492:, badly affected by war developments up to 1814 and intermittently cut off since 1793 from its customary trade flow with fellow Basque districts to the south, was languid and marked by small scale exploitation of natural resources in the rural milieu, e.g. mining, salt extraction, farming and wool processing, flour mills, etc. Bayonne remained the main trade hub, while Biarritz thrived as a seaside tourist resort for the elites (
1491:
1609:
3767:
war effort. Basque gunsmiths being highly competent, working in small shops and not especially concerned about patent laws(seeing as coming to Spain and actually enforcing it in the court of law was more hassle than it was monetarily worth) allowed them to flourish into a handgun making industry to make up the shortfall for France as their home factories were required for many other things. Companies such as
3631:
2016:, the only Spanish source of the period, ends in 469, the actual events of the Visigothic confrontation with the Basques are obscure. Apart from the vanished previous tribal boundaries, the great development between the death of Hydatius and the events accounted for in the 580s is the appearance of the Basques as a "mountain roaming people", most of the times depicted as posing a threat to urban life.
534:
2783:
2329:
to the Ebro valley (Saragossa and Tudela conquered in 1118), so shifting its power base to the lowlands and urban areas, with the Basque language and culture receding at the pressure of the stronger urban population and Latin (and Arabic) civilization's prestige encountered at the Ebro valley. Basque ceased to be the main language of communication in many areas of the central
Pyrenees, and
921:
3658:
latter stressed
Catholicism and the charters mingled with a Basque national awareness (Jaungoikoa eta Lege Zarra). Besides showing at the beginning slightly different positions, the Basque nationalists took hold in the industrialised Biscay and to a lesser extent Gipuzkoa, while the Carlist entrenched themselves especially in the rural Navarre and to a lesser extent in Ćlava.
3662:
tons of ore were exported from the Basque
Country to Great Britain. The profits gained in this exportation was in turn reinvested by local entrepreneurs in iron and steel industry, a move spurring an "industrial revolution" that was to spread from Bilbao and the Basque Country across Spain, despite the economic incompetence shown by the Spanish central government.
3536:—as well as Spanish and foreign high demand for iron ore. The transfer of the Spanish customs border from the southern boundary of the Basque Country to the Spanish-French border ultimately encouraged the inclusion of Spain's Basque districts in a new Spanish market, the protectionism of which favoured in that respect the birth and growth of Basque industry.
3057:, etc. At home, the need for technical innovations—not encouraged any longer by the Spanish Crown during the last third of the 18th century—the virtual exhaustion of the forests supplying the ironworks, and the decline of the Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas after the end of its trade monopoly with America heralded a major economic and political crisis.
4100:, who turned to the systematic use of arms as a form of protest in 1968. But ETA was only one component of a social, political and language movement rejecting Spanish domination but also sharply criticizing the inertia of the Basque Country's own conservative nationalists (organized in the PNV). To this day the dialectic between these two political trends, the
3674:
Galicia and
Andalusia. The Basque Country, hitherto a source of emigrants to France, Spain and America, faced for the first time in recent history the prospect of a massive influx of foreigners possessing different languages and cultures as a side-effect of industrialisation. Most of these immigrants spoke Spanish; practically all were very poor.
4257:
The 1979 Statute of
Autonomy is an organic law of mandatory implementation, but powers have been devolved gradually over decades as a result of re-negotiations between the Spanish and successive Basque regional governments according to after-electoral needs, while the transfer of many powers is still
4217:
In the 1970s and early/mid-1980s, the Basque
Country was gripped by intense violence practised by Basque nationalist and state-sponsored illegal groups and police forces. Between 1979 and 1983, in the framework of the new Spanish Constitution, the central government granted wide self-governing powers
4201:
Franco's authoritarian regime continued until 1975, while the latest years running up to the dictator's death proved harsh in a Basque
Country shaken by repression, turmoil and unrest. Two new stances arose in Basque politics, namely break or compromise. While ETA's different branches decided to keep
3766:
Industrialisation across the
Atlantic basin Basque districts (Biscay, Gipuzkoa, north-western Ćlava) was further boosted by the outbreak of World War I in Europe. Spain remained neutral in the war conflict, with Basque steel production and export further expanding thanks to the demand of the European
3702:
and its associated betting become en vogue among the high class and several pelota court were opened in Madrid. At the same time, a regular immigration of administration and customs officials from the French and Spanish heartlands ensued, ignorant of local culture and often reluctant, even hostile to
3661:
With regards to the economic activity, high quality iron ore mainly from western Biscay, processed up to the early 19th century in small traditional ironworks around the western Basque Country, was now exported to Britain for industrial processing (see section above). Between 1878 and 1900 58 million
3612:
stated that no agreement bound him, and went on to decree the "Act for the Abolition of the Basque Charters", with its 1st article proclaiming the "duties the political Constitution has always imposed on all the Spanish." The Basque districts in Spain including Navarre lost their sovereignty and were
2328:
and Aragon became separate kingdoms ruled by his sons, who were responsible for the first partitioning of Pamplona (1076). Pamplona, the main Basque kingdom (to be renamed Navarre), was absorbed and dwindled for the benefit of AragĆ³n. The kingdom of AragĆ³n itself expanded from its Pyrenean stronghold
3725:
In this period, Biscay reached one of the highest mortality rates in Europe. While the new proletariat's wretched working and living conditions were providing a natural breeding ground for the new socialist and anarchist ideologies and political movements characteristic of the late 19th century, the
3599:
failed to capture the four capitals in the territory, bringing about attrition and the gradual collapse of Carlist military strength starting in summer 1875. Other theatres of war in Spain (Castile, Catalonia) were no exception, with the Carlists undergoing a wide number of setbacks that contributed
3025:
The Guipuzcoan Company greatly added to the prosperity of the Basque districts, by exporting iron commodities and importing products such as cacao, tobacco, and hides. Merchandise imported on to the Spanish heartland in turn would incur no duties in its customs. The vibrant trade that followed added
1923:
or 'pagan wizards', they were not considered 'people of the Book' (Christians). Still in 816, Muslim chroniclers attest not far from Pamplona a so-called 'Saltan', "knight of the pagans", certainly a distorted name maybe referring to Zaldun, literally in Basque "Knight". Later Muslim historians cite
3957:
made themselves strong in the district, they initiated a terror campaign against blacklisted individuals aimed at purging the rearguard and breaking any glimmer of dissent. The confirmed death toll rose to 2,857, plus a further 305 in prison (malnutrition, ill-treatment, etc.); victims and historic
3771:
saw incredible demand during this time for their pistols, both proprietary designs and a variant of the Colt 1903 Pocket Hammerless that were hand fitted pistols called the Ruby were made in the tens of thousands. This hand fitting caused problems because magazines had to be matched to the gun they
3013:
broke into Spanish territory by the western Pyrenees (April 1719) only to find Gipuzkoans, Biscayans and Ćlavans making a formal, conditional recognition of French rule (August 1719). Confronted with a collapsing Basque loyalty, King Philip V backed down on his designs in favour of bringing customs
2160:
some 10 years earlier) was defeated by the Pamplonese and maybe the Banu Qasi, after crossing the Pyrenees, probably in the wake of Basque rebellions north of the Pyrenees. In the west fringes of Basque territory, Ćlava arose first in history attacked by Asturian and Cordovan hosts and comprising a
2519:
On the heat of the 1199ā1201 Castilian conquests (Gipuzkoa, shire of Durango, Ćlava), a number of towns were founded all along the coast during the next two hundred years. The towns chartered by the Castilian kings, thrived on fishing and maritime trade (with northern Europe), as depicted in their
1911:
started a policy of colonization in Aquitaine and Vasconia after the submission of both territories in 768ā769. Enlisting the Church on his side to strengthen his power in Vasconia, he restored Frankish authority on the high Pyrenees in 778, divided the land between bishops and abbots and began to
1892:
The collapse of the Roman Empire seems to have turned the tide. Basques are not identified anymore with Roman civilization and its declining urban life after the late 5th century, and they prevailed over Roman urban culture, so that paganism remained widespread among the Basques at least up to the
1298:
In 2015, a new scientific study of Basque DNA was published which seems to indicate that Basques are descendants of Neolithic farmers who mixed with local hunters before becoming genetically isolated from the rest of Europe for millennia. Juan Lizariturry from Uppsala University in Sweden analysed
4238:
was left out of the new autonomous region after the Socialists backed down on their initial position, and it was made into a separate autonomous region. Thereafter, despite the difficulties facing, with overt long-time institutional and academic hostility in the French Basque Country and Navarre,
3575:
the spirit and print of the agreements in respect of finances and taxation, the crowning jewels of the Southern Basque Country's separate status along with the specificity of the military draft. Following the instability of the I Spanish Republic (1868) and the struggle for dynastic succession in
1984:
While the Visigoths seem to have claimed the Basque territory from an early date, the chronicles point to their failure to subdue it, punctuated only by sporadic military successes. The years between 435 and 450 saw a succession of confrontations between the Bagaudae and Romano-Gothic troops, the
3657:
The loss of the Charters in 1876 spawned political dissent and unrest, with two traditionalist movements arising to counter the Spanish centralist and comparatively liberal stance, the Carlists and the Basque nationalists. The former emphasized staunchly catholic and absolutist values, while the
2114:, c. 769). At this time (7-8th centuries), Vasconia is sometimes mentioned as stretching from the lands of Cantabria in the south-west all the way to the river Loire in the north pointing to a not preponderant but clearly significant Basque presence in Aquitaine (i.e. between Garonne and Loire).
3673:
and heavier mining, while industrialization took off in Gipuzkoa. The large numbers of workers which both required were initially drawn from the Basque countryside and the peasantry of nearby Castile and Rioja, but increasingly immigration began to flow from the remoter impoverished regions of
3470:
and other American destinations in large numbers. They account for about half of the total emigration from France during the 19th century, estimated at 50.000 to 100.000 inhabitants. The same fate—North and South America altogether—was followed by many other Basques, who during the
2050:
In the south-western marches of the Frankish Duchy of Vasconia, extending at certain periods during the 6-8th centuries across the Pyrenees, Cantabria (maybe including Biscay and Ćlava) and Pamplona remained out of Visigothic rule, with the latter sticking to either self-rule or under Frankish
4080:
Two developments during the Franco dictatorship (1939ā1975) deeply affected life in the Basque Country in this period and afterward. One was a new wave of immigration from the poorer parts of Spain to Biscay and Gipuzkoa during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s in response to the region's escalating
3420:
However, the Carlist ideology was not in itself prone to stand up for the Basque specific institutions, traditions, and identity, but royal absolutism and Church, thriving in rural based environments and totally opposed to modern liberal ideas. They presented themselves as true Spaniards, and
2890:
endeavour in 1588, largely relying on heavy whaling and trade galleons confiscated from the reluctant Basques, proved disastrous. The Spanish defeat triggered the immediate collapse of Basque supremacy over the oceans and the rise of English hegemony. As whaling declined privateering soared.
4032:. Franco's regime passed harsh laws against all minorities in the Spanish state, including Basques, aimed at wiping out their cultures and languages. Calling Biscay and Gipuzkoa "traitor provinces", he abolished what remained of their autonomy. Navarre and Ćlava were allowed to hang onto a
3462:
over to the coast and the Pyrenees, which destroyed the formerly lucrative Bayonne-Pamplona trade and much of the region's prosperity. The dismantling of the native political system had severe consequences throughout the Basque Country, leaving many families struggling to survive after the
3531:
liberalized the exportation of iron ore, and in the same year the first mining railway line was pressed into operation. A rapid development followed, encouraged by a dynamic local bourgeoisie, coastal location, availability of technical know-how, an inflow of foreign steel industry
3428:
started to turn against the Carlists, which in turn widened the gap between the Apostolic (official) and the Basque pro-fueros parties within the Carlist camp. Echoing a widespread malaise, J.A. MuƱagorri took the lead of a faction advocating a split with claimant to the throne
2565:(32) by an Icelandic force commanded by the sheriff Ari Magnusson acting on orders of the Danish king. The act ordering the killing of Basques was finally revoked in 2015 during a Basque-Icelandic friendship event. However, northern Atlantic fishing continued at least up to the
1085:
Although little is known about the prehistory of the Basques before the period of Roman occupation owing to the difficulty in identifying evidence for specific cultural traits, the mainstream view today is that the Basque area shows signs of archaeological continuity since the
1204:
also seem to point to Basques being the most direct descendants of prehistoric Western Europeans, having the highest percent of "Western European genes" but found also at high levels among neighbor populations, as they are also direct descendants of the same people. However,
2425:, which all Castilian (and later, Spanish) monarchs, or their viceroys, would swear to uphold on oath until the 19th century. During the following decades, Castilian kings reinforced their position over Navarre's borders and secured new commercial routes, notably the
3176:
to office. The central government started to enforce its decisions single-handedly, e.g. regional quotas in military mobilization, so the different Basque autonomous governments—Navarre, Gipuzkoa, Biscay, Ćlava—felt definitely disenfranchised. During the
3239:
Army, allowed in Spain as an ally in 1808, at start encountered little difficulty in keeping the southern Basque districts loyal to the occupier, but the tide started to turn when it became apparent that the French attitude was self-serving. Meanwhile, the Spanish
1981:. It has sometimes been argued that the Basque were underlying these roving armed hosts, but this claim is far from certain. The contemporary chronicler Hydatius was well aware of the existence of the Vasconias, but does not identify the Bagaudae rebels as Basque.
3199:
uprising in Bilbao, a broad-based riot including several cross-class interests, violently quashed by the intervention of the Spanish military (1804). The offensive on the ground was accompanied by an attempt to discredit the sources of Basque self-government as
2066:
realm detached from the distant Merovingian rule. Synergies between "Roman", non-Frankish urban elites and a rural militarised Vascon power base enabled a strong political entity in south-west Gaul. The Basque-Aquitanian realm reached its zenith at the time of
1515:
Use of copper and gold, and then other metals, did not begin in the Basque Country until c. 2500 BCE. With the arrival of metal working, the first urban settlements made their appearance. One of the most notable towns on account of its size and continuity was
3374:
3060:
By the end of the 18th century the Basques were deprived of their customary trade with America and choked by the Spanish disproportionately high customs duties in the Ebro river, but at least enjoyed a fluent internal market and intensive trade with France.
2767:). A combination of factors—suspicion of the Basques, intolerance to a different language, religious practices, traditions, high status held by women in the area (cf. whaling campaigns), along with political intrigues involving the lords of Urtubie in
3953:'s insurgent forces. (The latter were known in Spain as "Nacionales"—usually rendered in English as "Nationalists"—which can be highly misleading in the Basque context). However, Navarre especially was not spared. As soon as the rebels led by
2806:
upheld actual Spanish and French territorial control and determined the fate of vague bordering areas, so establishing customs that did not exist up to that point and restricting free cross-border access. The measures decided were implemented as of 1680.
3157:, confiscations, and the death of hundreds. It has been argued that despite its 'fraternal' intent, the intervention of the French Revolution actually destroyed a highly participatory political culture, based on the provincial assemblies (the democratic
3258:"The Basques have always been a nation, their hallmarks being independence, isolation, and courage. They have always spoken their ancient language, and have constituted a confederation of small republics, related by their common ancestry and language."
2317:). William VIII intervened on the dynastic struggles taking place in AragĆ³n and other Peninsular kingdoms, but Gascony progressively moved away from the Basque political sphere, just as its own ethnic make-up: the Basque people increasingly turned into
3757:
ideas with abhorrence towards Spanish immigrants whom they perceived as a threat to the ethnic, cultural and linguistic integrity of the Basque race while also serving as a channel for the importation of new-fangled, leftist (and "un-Basque") ideas.
5925:
Urzainqui, Tomas; Esarte, Pello; GarcĆa Manzanal, Alberto; Sagredo, IƱaki; Sagredo, IƱaki; Sagredo, IƱaki; Del Castillo, Eneko; Monjo, Emilio; Ruiz de Pablos, Francisco; Guerra Viscarret, Pello; Lartiga, Halip; Lavin, Josu; Ercilla, Manuel (2013).
2880:, thrived on whale hunting, shipbuilding, iron exportation to England, and trade with northern Europe and North America during the 16th century, at which time the Basques became the masters not only of whaling but the Atlantic Ocean. However, King
2192:(recorded as Sihiminum too, maybe Semeno) in Bordeaux. They took over Bayonne, and attacked Pamplona (859), even taking the king Garcia prisoner, only released in exchange for a hefty ransom. They were to be overcome only in 982 by the Basque Duke
2180:
c. 824, the Basques managing thereafter to fend off Frankish rule to the south of the western Pyrenees. The line of the Aristas ruled Pamplona side by side with the Banu Qasi of Tudela up to the decline of both dynasties (early 10th century). When
1632:
On arrival of the Romans to current south-west France, the Pyrenees and its threshold up to Cantabria, the territory was occupied by a number of tribes, most of them non Indo-European (the nature of others remain unclear, e.g. the Caristii). The
3376:
3872:
5188:
4021:) into permanent exile. France took c. 20,000 children, Belgium 5,000, United Kingdom took 4,000, Switzerland took 800, Mexico took 455 and Denmark took 100 evacuee children. 2,895 children went to the Soviet Union and became known as
3677:
The French railway arrived at Hendaye (Hendaia) in 1864, so connecting Madrid and Paris. The railway provision for the Basque coast entailed not only a more fluent freight shipping, but a quicker expansion of the seaside spa model of
1303:, northern Spain. These individuals lived between 3,500 and 5,500 years ago, after the transition to farming in southwest Europe. The results show that these early Iberian farmers are the closest ancestors to present-day Basques.
4039:
After 1937, the Basque territories remained behind the war lines, but the French Basque Country became a forced destination for fellow Basques from Spain fleeing war, only to find themselves confined in prisoner camps, such as
1672:. Its laxness suited the Basques well, allowing them to retain their traditional laws and leadership. Romanisation was limited on the lands of the current Basque Country closer to the Atlantic, while it was more intense on the
2926:), "the last privateer" (early 19th century). By the end of the 16th century, Basques were conspicuously present in America, notably in New Spain (Mexico) in the province of Nueva Vizcaya (now Durango and Chihuahua), Chile,
2894:
Many Basques found in the Castilian-Spanish Empire an opportunity to promote their social position and venture to America to make a living and sometimes amass a little fortune that spurred the foundation of the present-day
1857:" of the martyrdom gone through in it formerly (305). Calahorra itself became episcopal see in the 4th century, with its bishop holding an authority over a territory that extended well into the lands of present-day central
2644:
managed to retain a large degree of self-government within their respective districts, practically functioning initially as separate nation-states. The western Basques managed to confirm their home rule at the end of the
3129:. The French political design intently pursued a dissolution of the Basque identity into a new French nation, and in 1793 that French national ideal was enforced with terror over the population. During the period of the
1580:
In the Basque Country, settlements now appear mainly at points of difficult access, probably for defensive reasons, and had elaborate defense systems. During this phase, agriculture seemingly became more important than
3212:(1806ā1808), commissioned by the Spanish government, praised by Godoy, and immediately contested by native scholars with their own works—P.P. Astarloa, J.J. Loizaga CastaƱos, etc. Napoleon, stationed in Bayonne (
3485:), was established with a view to defend and spread the idea of a Spanish central state, particularly in rural areas, while the 1856 education reform consciously promoted the use of the Castilian (Spanish) language.
2546:
in Basque), and also seals preserved in Navarrese and Parisian historical archives which show similar vessels. The first mention of use of a rudder was referred to as steering "Ć la Navarraise" or "Ć la Bayonnaise".
2762:
fraught with irregularities—while in 1600 allegations arise of discrimination by Castilian abbots and bishops to the Navarrese monks "for the sake of their nation", as pointed by the Kingdom's Government (the
3189:'s letters, and political developments in Gipuzkoa. The liberal class supporting self-government was quelled by the Spanish authorities following the War of the Pyrenees—court-martial in Pamplona as of 1796.
1679:
There was a significant Roman presence in the garrison of Pompaelo, a city south of the Pyrenees founded by and named after Pompey. Conquest of the area further west followed a fierce Roman campaign against the
1954:
forced their way into Hispania through the western Pyrenees, chased closely by the Visigoths in 416 as allies of Rome, while the consequences of their advances are not clear. In 418 Rome gave the provinces of
1307:
3244:(March 1812) ignored the Basque institutional reality and talked of a sole nation within the Spanish Crown, the Spanish, which in turn sparked Basque reluctance and opposition. On 18 October 1812, the acting
2196:, who made his way back from Pamplona to fight to the north of Bayonne and put a term to Viking incursions, so allowing monasteries to spring up all over Gascony thereafter, the first of which was the one of
1451:
culture. Hunters turned from large animals to smaller prey, and fishing and seafood gathering became important economic activities. The southern part of the Basque Country was first settled in this period.
3559:
in 1854). The arrival of the railway was to have a deep social, economic and cultural impact, sparking both admiration and opposition. With the expansion of the railway network, industry also developed in
1753:, where Roman towns were scarce and generally small. However, the latest 21st century findings have called into question that assumption, highlighting the importance of fishing (fish processing factories,
3280:
to Bilbao with the purpose of "restoring order." Pamplona also refused to give a blank check, Navarre's deputy in CƔdiz asked for permission to discuss the matter and call the Parliament of Navarre (the
2499:
Basques played an important role in early European ventures into the Atlantic Ocean. The earliest document to mention the use of whale oil or blubber by the Basques dates from 670. In 1059, whalers from
1481:
predominates, while caves are also employed in some places. Unlike the dolmens of the Mediterranean basin which show a preference for corridors, in the Atlantic area they are invariably simple chambers.
3326:, aimed at orthodoxy and scrutiny of inconvenient individuals. Ironically they and Ferdinand VII ended up implementing the centralizing agenda of the Spanish liberals, but without any of its benefits.
3195:'s attempt to establish in Bilbao a parallel harbour under direct royal control was perceived as a blatant interference with what were considered internal affairs of the Basques, and was met with the
5196:
4242:
The political events were accompanied by a collapse in the manufacturing industry in the Southern Basque Country following the 1973 and 1979 crises. The marked decay of the 1970s put an end to the
1403:
cultures. Except for the Aurignacian, these all seem to have originated in the Franco-Cantabrian region, which suggests no further waves of immigration into the area during the Paleolithic period.
4338:
2207:
William started a policy of rapprochement to Pamplona, by establishing dynastic ties with their rulers. Despite its newly found strength, by the 10th century the territory of Vasconia (to become
3703:
Basque language. However, meanwhile, prominent figures concerned with the decay of Basque culture started to promote initiatives aimed at enhancing its status and development, e.g. the renowned
3463:
enforcement of the French Civil Code in the continental Basque region. The French legal arrangement deprived many families of their customary common lands and had their family property divided.
3780:
2185:
rose to prominence in 905, Pamplonese allegiances switched to their neighbour Christian realms, with the new royal lineage starting its expansion south to the territory of their former allies.
1310:. "Our results show that the Basques trace their ancestry to early farming groups from Iberia, which contradicts previous views of them being a remnant population that trace their ancestry to
2137:
backed down on their 769 allegiance vow. After 781, tired of the Basque uprisings, Charlemagne appointed no more dukes, instead opting for a direct rule by creating the Kingdom of Aquitaine.
1229:
The following alternative theories about the prehistoric origins of the Basques have all had adherents at some time but are rejected by many scholars and do not represent the consensus view:
3219:
While the traumatic war developments above pushed some Basques to counter-revolutionary positions, others saw an option through. A project drafted with the input of the Basque revolutionary
4057:
3515:(ironwork) network linked to readily available timber, abundant waterways, and proximity of coastal harbours saw its final agony, but some kept operating—north of Navarre, Gipuzkoa,
3375:
3037:
Emigration to America did not stop, with Basques—reputed for their close solidarity bonds, high organizational skills and an industrious disposition—found venturing into Upper
3592:
had settled. The ruling Carlist government included not only judiciary arrangements for military matters but the establishment of civil tribunals, as well as its own currency and stamps.
3304:
and the formal comeback of Basque institutions (MayāAugust 1814) saw an overturn of the liberal stipulations approved on the 1812 Constitution of CĆ”diz, but also a serial breach of basic
1455:
Gradually, Neolithic technology started to filter through from the Mediterranean coasts, first in the form of isolated pottery items (Zatoia, Marizulo) and later with the introduction of
1822:
Despite early Christian testimonies and institutional organization, Basque Christianization was slow. The Basques hung onto their own pagan religion and beliefs (later transfigured into
3857:
2001:
ravaged the territories of the Vascones, probably looting their way through the region on their way back home from Toulouse. Settlements were clearly damaged after the raids and, while
3564:
following a different pattern—slower, distributed across different valleys, and centred on metallic manufacturing and processing, thanks to local expertise and entrepreneurship.
4647:. Researchers find that the people of northern Spain and southern France are an amalgam of early Iberian farmers and local hunters. By Bob Grant | September 9, 2015, thescientist.com.
1256:
in a single super-family. Even if such a Basque-Caucasian connection did exist, it would have to be at too great a time depth to be relevant to Indo-European migrations. Apart from a
1466:
classification of the remains suggests the possibility of some Mediterranean colonisation here. A comparable situation is found in Aquitaine, where settlers may have arrived via the
3421:
contributed to the Spanish centralizing drive. Despite the circumstances and their Catholicism, many Basques came to think that staunch conservatism was not leading them anywhere.
1406:
Within the present-day Basque Country, settlement was limited almost exclusively to the Atlantic area, probably for climatic reasons. Important Basque sites include the following:
4326:
3227:, but different identities were acknowledged within the Crown of Spain and a framework (of little certitude) for the Basque specificity was provided for on its wording. With the
2994:
to the coast and the Pyrenees. With their overseas and customary cross-Pyrenean trade—and by extension home rule—under threat, the royal advance was responded by the
1176:
among Basques, who have the highest level worldwide, had already been interpreted as suggestive of the antiquity and lack of admixture of the Basque genetic stock. In the 1990s
1772:
escaped Roman control in the midst of revolts. Several Roman villas (LiƩdena, Ramalete) were burned to the ground. The proliferation of mints is interpreted as evidence for an
1101:, shortly before Roman occupation. The possibility therefore cannot be ruled out of at least some of the same people having continued to inhabit the area for thirty millennia.
851:). Their history is therefore interconnected with Spanish and French history and also with the history of many other past and present countries, particularly in Europe and the
3455:), whereby Navarre ceased officially to exist as a kingdom and was made into a Spanish province, but keeping a set of important prerogatives, including control over taxation.
4279:
3471:
following decades set out from Basque and other neighbouring ports (Santander, Bordeaux) in search for a better life, e.g. the bard Jose Maria Iparragirre, composer of the
3903:
3073:). Cross-Pyrenean contacts among Basque scholars and public personalities also intensified, increasing awareness of a common identity beyond district specific practices.
2550:
Magellan's expedition was manned on departure by 200 sailors, at least 35 of them Basques, and when Magellan was killed in the Philippines, his Basque second-in-command,
410:
2826:
of Ustaritz) was significantly curtailed. In 1661 French centralization and the nobility's ambition to take over and privatize commons unleashed a popular rebellion in
4104:(patriotic or nationalist) Left and the PNV, dominate the nationalist part of the Basque political spectrum, the rest of which is occupied by non-nationalist parties.
980:, although this is strongly suggested both by the historically consistent toponymy of the area and by a few personal names on tombstones dating from the Roman period.
5572:
4270:
2355:, who fought Castile for control over its western lands of the realm (La Rioja, Ćlava, and parts of Old Castile; see map). In the mid-12th century, Navarrese kings
3571:(1872ā1876), the implementation of the treaties concluding the First Carlist War was faced with tensions arising from the Spanish Government's attempt to alter by
2129:'s interests in the Spanish marches (siege of Zaragoza). After pulling down the walls of Pamplona, Roland's rear guard headed north and were defeated in the first
3296:
By the end of the Peninsular War, the devastation of the maritime commerce of Labourd started in the War of the Pyrenees was complete, while across the Bidasoa,
3831:
republican forces kept working on a statute, this time only for the Basque western provinces, Ćlava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay, eventually approved in 1936, with the
1838:. However, it remained a slow internal process that stretched from the 4th century to the 12th century, with some scholars extending it up to the 15th century.
4872:
1656:), the Romans had reached the upper Ebro region at the beginning of the 2nd century BC, on the fringes of the Basque territory (Calagurris, Graccurris). Under
814:
2023:
displaced the Visigoths from Aquitaine in 507, placing the Basques between the two warring kingdoms. In 581 or thereabouts both Franks and Visigoths attacked
1764:
seem to have produced a major impact on Basque history in the late Empire. In the late 4th century and throughout the 5th century, the Basque region from the
4088:
Secondly, the regime's persecution provoked a strong backlash in the Basque Country from the 1960s onwards, notably in the form of a new political movement,
4703:
3451:
liberals strong at the moment in war and poverty stricken Pamplona confirmed most of the above arrangements, but signed the separate 1841 "Compromise Act" (
1539:
with its characteristic pottery style, which is mainly found around the Ebro Valley. Building of megalithic structures continued until the Late Bronze Age.
4692:
2561:
Early 17th century international treaties seriously undermined Basque whaling across the northern Atlantic. In 1615, Gipuzkoan whalers frequenting Iceland
2188:
In 844, the Vikings sailed up the Garonne to Bordeaux and Toulouse and raided the countryside on either bank of the river, killing the Duke of the Basques
2733:
2665:, i.e. France and Spain. Most of the Basque population ended up in Spain, or "the Spains", according to its poly-centric arrangement prevailing under the
4345:
2669:. The initial repression in Navarre on the local nobility and population (1513, 1516, 1523) was followed by a softer, compromising policy on the part of
1289:
and Basque have also been cited, but this fails to account for the fact that attempts so far to decipher Iberian using Basque as a reference have failed.
5757:
4944:
4246:
and halted the internal Spanish immigration trend started in the postwar years. The crisis left the newly established Basque autonomous government from
2152:
in Basque), acted as a buffer state between the Basques and the Cordovan Umayyads that helped consolidate the independent Kingdom of Pamplona after the
1652:
Most of the Aquitanian tribes were subjugated by Crasus, lieutenant of Caesar, in 65 BC. However, prior to this conquest (celebrated apparently, on the
3002:, or uprisings, that shook 30 towns in coastal areas (Biscay, Gipuzkoa). Spanish troops were sent over, and the widespread rebellion quelled in blood.
3500:
and Navarre showed little economic dynamism, remaining largely attached to rural activity with a small middle-class based in the capital cities—
3403:, and financed largely by the governments of the Basque districts. The opposing Isabeline Army had the vital support of British, French (notably the
756:
4717:
1391:. Throughout this region, which underwent similar cultural developments with some local variation, Aurignacian culture was successively replaced by
5708:
5646:
4014:
3314:) that came to shake the foundations of the Basque legal framework, such as fiscal sovereignty and specificity of military draft. The end of the
2899:. Basques serving under the Spanish flag became renowned sailors, and many of them were among the first Europeans to reach America. For example,
2211:
and stripped by the 11thā12th centuries of its original ethnic sense) fragmented into different feudal regions, for example, the viscountcies of
2110:
defended by the Basques and ransacked Aquitaine. After several military setbacks, the Basques pledged submission to Pippin on the river Garonne (
4303:
4112:
3027:
1507:
3062:
2520:
coat of arms. The development of ironworks (water propelled) and shipyards added to the Basque naval effort. Basque whalers used longboats or
3399:) under a modern, liberal Spanish constitution, Basques in Spain rushed to join the traditionalist army led the charismatic Basque commander
3185:, the impending threat to the self-government on the part of the Spanish royal authority was critical for war events and alliances—cf.
2554:
took the ship all the way back to Spain. Eighteen crew members completed the circumnavigation, four of them Basques. The Basques mutinied in
1676:. The survival of the separate Basque language has often been attributed to the fact that Basque Country was little developed by the Romans.
2504:
are recorded to have presented the oil of the first whale they captured to the viscount. Apparently the Basques were averse to the taste of
4644:
4425:
3297:
2758:'s breach of the binding terms laid out in his oath taking ceremony—tension came to a head in 1592 with an imposed oath pledging for
3665:
Following up economic developments started in mid-19th century and given the momentum of the Spanish internal market after the end of the
3424:
After Tomas Zumalacarregui's early and unexpected death during the Siege of Bilbao in 1835 and further military successes up to 1837, the
2094:
Vasconia's submission to the Franks after Odo's death in 735 was interrupted by frequent outbreaks of resistance, led by the latter's son
3711:
literary and cultural festivals, with the liberal Donostia also becoming a vibrant hotspot for Basque culture, featuring figures such as
5546:
4309:
2586:
2383:, AntoƱana (1182), La Puebla de ArganzĆ³n (1191). A peace treaty signed in 1179 ceded La Rioja and the northeastern part of present-day
807:
4497:
3841:
3444:
2601:("tower houses") built by local noble families, few of which survive today, were frequently razed by fire, sometimes by royal decree.
4219:
3642:(1903): "We, the Basques of today, in memory of our eternal ancestors, have gathered here to show our determination to keep Our Laws"
786:
2585:, bitter partisan wars between local ruling families. In Navarre these conflicts became polarised in a violent struggle between the
1757:) and mining sector on the Atlantic arch (the Atlantic route of cabotage), as well as other settlements dotting the Atlantic basin.
1237:
settlers: According to this theory, a precursor of the Basque language might have arrived about 6,000 years ago with the advance of
2538:
In Europe, the rudder seems to have been a Basque invention, to judge from three masted ships depicted in a 12th-century fresco in
976:, there is no direct proof that the Vascones were the modern Basques' ancestors or spoke the language that has evolved into modern
498:
3104:
2678:
2633:
1050:
1924:
Navarrese leaders of the early 9th century (but not only them) as holding onto polytheist religious practices and criticize the
3286:
3231:
in full swing, two short-lived civil constituencies were eventually created directly answerable to France: Biscay (present-day
2535:. The Basques began cod-fishing and later whaling in Labrador and Newfoundland as early as the first half of the 16th century.
1209:
have cast doubts over this theory. Along the same lines, a genetic study carried out in 2001 revealed that the Y-chromosome of
1187:, PC 5, was shown to be a typically Basque trait believed to have receded owing to the migration of Eastern peoples during the
4210:) advocated for a "No" option, while PNV called for abstention on the grounds that it had no Basque input. The results in the
4022:
2704:. The printing of books in Basque, mostly on Christian themes, was introduced in the late 16th century by the Basque-speaking
5935:
5858:
5830:
5788:
5725:
5635:
5477:
4373:
4223:
3994:
2995:
1546:, a culture of bowmen that spread rapidly through Western France and Belgium from its homeland near the Garonne c. 2400 BCE.
984:
800:
385:
2681:
remained independent and attempts at reunification, both in Iberian and continental Navarre, did not cease up to 1610—
1268:
shows few certain Celtic or other Indo-European loans, other than those transmitted via Latin or Romance in historic times.
3863:
84:
3019:
2662:
1206:
660:
367:
3928:
3430:
1213:
populations do not differ statistically from the Basques, establishing a link between them and such populations as the
1167:
3447:. It included a promise by the Spaniards to respect a reduced version of the previous Basque self-government. The pro-
2054:
After much fighting, the Duchy of Vasconia was consolidated as an independent polity between 660 and 678 ruled by the
1783:, where coins were minted for the purpose of paying troops. After the fall of the Empire, the struggle against Rome's
1745:
basin and the mountains to the north. It has been held by historians that Romanisation was significant in the fertile
5983:
5954:
5915:
5896:
5877:
5767:
5746:
5692:
5493:
3087:
3031:
1637:
show the closest identification with current Basques, but evidence points to Basque-like people extending around the
1569:
followed the Ebro upstream as far as the southern fringes of the Basque Country, leading to the incorporation of the
1072:
708:
4068:. The whole western and central Pyrenees became a hotspot for clandestine operations and organized resistance, e.g.
2931:
3014:
back to the Ebro (1719). A pardon to the leaders of the rebellion in 1726 paved the way to an understanding of the
2417:, Gipuzkoa and Ćlava back, but ultimately that did not happen. However, the Castilian king went on to ratify their
703:
4970:
2569:(1713), when the Spanish Basques were definitely deprived of their traditional northern European fishing grounds.
2161:
blur territory previously held by the Duchy of Cantabria (current Cantabria, Biscay, Ćlava, La Rioja and Burgos).
4368:
3338:
2987:
2641:
2314:
2133:(778) by the "treacherous" Basques, as put by Frankish chroniclers, suggesting that the Basques overall and Duke
1532:(Treilles group). Concurrently, caves and natural shelters remained in use, particularly in the Atlantic region.
1353:
840:
516:
3576:
Madrid, by 1873 the Carlists made themselves strong in Navarre and expanded their territorial grip all over the
5671:
3742:
popular uprising in Navarre (1893ā1894) that provided a springboard for the incipient Basque nationalism—
3054:
2153:
1054:
445:
134:
5363:
3010:
2862:
2674:
2193:
1897:. However, less than a century later, no reference is made by Frankish chroniclers to Basque paganism in the
910:
746:
675:
313:
5389:
4207:
3704:
3186:
2072:
1916:
637:
604:
491:
3686:, providing a steady flow of tourists, elitist first and middle class later—especially from Madrid.
3277:
3178:
3150:
2558:' expedition, a distinctive group who is reported to have erected a makeshift camp on an American island.
4139:
3232:
2732:
and other institutions as early as 1521, especially in bordering areas, a matter with close links to the
1811:
1549:
In the Late Bronze Age, parts of the southern Basque Country came under the influence of the pastoralist
927:
914:
594:
164:
5189:"Garat propuso a NapoleĆ³n un PaĆs Vasco unificado y separado de EspaƱa: una alternativa al nacionalismo"
2830:—led by Bernard Goihenetche "Matalaz"—ultimately quelled in blood. However, Labourd and its
2625:
886:, a 2,200 years old (1st century BC) bronze hand silhouette was unearthed in June 2021 from a Navarrese
5654:
5612:
4680:
4263:
3695:
2298:
1889:, but the actual influence of these centers on the different domains of the society is not well known.
556:
3519:. A critical moment for the development of heavy metal industry came with the introduction in 1855 of
1477:
appeared throughout the area. Burials become collective (possibly implying families or clans) and the
4214:
showed a conspicuous gap with other regions in Spain, especially in the Basque Autonomous Community.
4053:
3938:
3768:
3614:
3381:
3276:
Not only did the demand fall on deaf ears, but the Council of CƔdiz submitted the military commander
2979:
2918:
for the French and Spanish kings alike, namely Joanes Suhigaraitxipi from Bayonne (17th century) and
2907:
was partially manned by Basques, the Santa Maria vessel was made in Basque shipyards, and the owner,
2478:
1271:
Basques as an Iberian subgroup: Based on occasional use by early Basques of the Iberian alphabet and
1201:
1177:
713:
670:
22:
4028:
With the Spanish Civil War over, the new dictator began his drive to turn Spain into a totalitarian
3775:
In 1931, at the outset of the Spanish 2nd Republic, echoing the recently granted self-government to
2589:
and Beaumont parties. In Biscay, the two major warring factions were named OƱaz and Gamboa (cf. the
1525:
3391:
Jose Maria Iparragirre, a volunteer with the Carlists, a bard, an exile, and an emigrant to America
1898:
1241:. The only archaeological evidence that could partly support this hypothesis would be that for the
723:
599:
3793:), but after an initial overwhelming approval of the draft and a round of council mayor meetings,
3435:
3241:
2958:—to the Crown of Castile (1700), but the absolutist outlook inherited from his grandfather,
2551:
2363:
asserted Navarrese authority over central Ćlava in their contest with Castile by granting various
2273:
6032:
4231:
4211:
4061:
3946:
3784:
3577:
3400:
3356:
3165:
2815:
2410:
1380:
1043:
484:
344:
4528:"Temporal Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Basque Country: Influence of Post-Neolithic Events"
3293:
strong in Navarre deciding in turn to forbid his men to pledge an oath to the new Constitution.
3252:, with the assembly agreeing on the submission of deputies to CƔdiz with a negotiation request.
2349:
4097:
4089:
3998:
3730:. The Spanish government's failure to comply with the provisions established at the end of the
3589:
3290:
3220:
2986:, attempted to enlarge his tax revenue and foster a Spanish internal market by meddling in the
2982:
disquieted the Basques. It did not take long until the Spanish king, relying on prime minister
2803:
2721:
2689:
2670:
2282:
1960:
776:
440:
4258:
due. In January 2017, the first common administrative institution ever was established in the
5778:
4259:
4239:
Basque language education has grown to become a key actor in formal education at all levels.
3489:
3440:
3205:
3046:
2811:
2650:
2532:
2421:
and garner their loyalty. They managed to retain a large degree of their self-government and
2360:
2117:
2095:
872:
561:
551:
117:
4344:
Tripartite meeting of the three main Basque institutional representatives with peace broker
3493:
2285:, Pamplona controlled the entire southern Basque Country. Actually, its power extended from
5736:
5470:
Stalin's niƱos: educating Spanish Civil War refugee children in the Soviet Union, 1937-1951
4041:
3986:
3895:
3609:
3601:
3351:
3343:
3322:
in Navarre, who attempted to restore the Inquisition and established in 1823 the so-called
2971:
2955:
2900:
2713:
2682:
2555:
2409:, Castile invaded and annexed the western Basque Country, leaving Navarre landlocked. King
2399:
2290:
2189:
2182:
1775:
1520:
in southern Ćlava, which may have served as a link, and possibly a trading centre, between
1249:
1184:
894:
4668:
4006:
3800:
amidst heated controversy over the validity of the votes (Pamplona, 1932). Tellingly, the
3362:
3305:
3120:
3022:
in 1728. The Basque districts in Spain kept operating virtually as independent republics.
2810:
The region specific laws also underwent a gradual erosion and devaluation, more so in the
2728:
and sustained by the Kingdom of Navarre-Bearn, were subject to intense persecution by the
2368:
2125:
Vasconia's newly suppressed resistance cleared the way for the Frankish army to deal with
154:
8:
5970:
Collins, Roger. "The Basques in Aquitaine and Navarre: Problems of Frontier Government".
4398:
4251:
3966:
3914:
3879:
3797:
3754:
3414:
2776:
2759:
2729:
2629:
2562:
2426:
2240:
2228:
2130:
2099:
2080:
1673:
1646:
1444:
1300:
1253:
1015:
in France, to the north of the present-day Basque region, whose ancient inhabitants, the
762:
665:
375:
308:
122:
4656:
4081:
industrialization aimed to supply the Spanish internal market as a result of a post-war
3613:
assimilated to the Spanish provinces, still preserving a small set of prerogatives (the
2610:
2422:
2372:
2156:, when a Frankish expedition led by the counts Eblus and Aznar (sometimes identified as
405:
5807:
5702:
5520:
4624:
4601:
4574:
4555:
3962:
3942:
3828:
3824:
3727:
3407:
legion) and Portuguese forces, and the backing of these governments. The Irish legion (
3249:
3201:
3042:
2881:
2755:
2725:
2717:
2701:
2693:
2646:
2531:-fishing are probably responsible for early Basque contact with both the North Sea and
2345:
2325:
2260:
2224:
2220:
2177:
2134:
2059:
2040:
1543:
766:
728:
718:
627:
622:
415:
390:
4575:"The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country"
3544:
3100:
and on into the Ribera of Navarre, both fertile grounds for vineyards and cereal crops
2787:
2306:
5979:
5950:
5931:
5911:
5892:
5873:
5854:
5826:
5784:
5763:
5742:
5721:
5688:
5667:
5631:
5473:
4606:
4547:
4543:
4317:
3832:
3731:
3639:
3568:
3425:
3367:
3319:
3213:
3154:
3130:
3116:
3108:
2975:
2963:
2886:
2661:
drew to a close, the Basques got sandwiched between two rising superpowers after the
2566:
2418:
2364:
2334:
2330:
2310:
2248:
2244:
2055:
2044:
1937:
1712:
1570:
1562:
1326:
1299:
genetic material from eight Stone Age human skeletons found in El PortalĆ³n Cavern in
543:
334:
112:
3551:
in 1865, while the French railway cut its way along the Basque coast all the way to
2930:. In the latter, we hear that they went on to cluster around a national confederacy
2919:
1535:
Undecorated pottery continued from the Neolithic period up until the arrival of the
1011:. The area where a Basque-related language is best attested from an early period is
5443:
5158:
4987:
4596:
4586:
4559:
4539:
4527:
4511:
4108:
4010:
3990:
3982:
3950:
3932:
3891:
3698:, vacationed there and was followed by the court. As a result of this, the game of
3528:
3520:
3473:
3245:
3015:
2582:
2578:
2454:
2442:
2232:
2157:
2111:
2107:
2032:
1956:
1902:
1858:
1827:
1823:
1588:
It may be during this period that new megalithic structures, the (stone circle) or
1582:
1566:
1286:
1261:
1192:
1152:
1145:
771:
751:
642:
589:
566:
465:
420:
258:
238:
190:
5241:
5049:
4883:
3749:
The PNV, pursuing the goal of independence or self-government for a Basque state (
3687:
3683:
3125:
253:
5989:
5974:. J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt, ed. Cambridge: Boydell Press, 1984. Reprinted in
5682:
5625:
5573:"Jean-RenƩ Etchegaray Ʃlu prƩsident de la communautƩ d'agglomƩration Pays basque"
4402:
4363:
4313:
4247:
4124:
4049:
3605:
3585:
3501:
3467:
3318:
in Spain brought to prominence the most staunchly Catholic, traditionalists, and
3315:
3224:
3066:
3050:
3038:
3006:
2983:
2938:, formed by a melting pot of Spanish colonists and Native Americans (1620ā1625).
2908:
2835:
2739:
2709:
2539:
2434:
2376:
2356:
2145:
2012:, in an effort to destroy the Suevic kingdom of Rechiar, but as the chronicle of
1727:) with many local tribes, allowing them almost total autonomy within the Empire.
1719:(faithful) for service to the Emperor. Romans apparently entered into alliances (
1697:
1685:
1314:
1265:
977:
883:
856:
832:
781:
298:
263:
174:
127:
107:
102:
97:
92:
4669:
Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques
4513:
MS205 Minisatellite Diversity in Basques: Evidence for a Pre-Neolithic Component
3387:
3168:
was mired in constant disputes with the royal Spanish authority—breach of
2165:
2083:
posed new threats for this state, eventually spurring its downfall and breakup.
2008:
After 456, the Visigoths crossed the Pyrenees twice from Aquitaine, probably at
2005:
and Pamplona survived, IruƱa (Veleia) seems to have been abandoned as a result.
1625:
1116:'stone', which they take as evidence that the Basque language dates back to the
6017:
5851:
The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain
4405:, the Romance language that has been spoken in Aquitaine since the Middle Ages.
4203:
3712:
3691:
3670:
3228:
3182:
2851:
2772:
2666:
2491:
2318:
2265:
1886:
1536:
1517:
1308:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1210:
200:
4226:
after a referendum on a Basque statute, including its own elected parliament,
3115:
Self-government in the northern Basque Country came to an abrupt end when the
3092:
2387:
to the Castilian crown. In return, this pact acknowledged that central Ćlava,
2102:(+768). In 762, the hosts of Frankish king Pippin crossed the Loire, attacked
1853:(I) written in the early 5th century, reminding to the town's "one-time pagan
1410:
1094:
897:
regional influence, with archaeo-linguists able to identify the Basque sound "
6026:
3978:
3887:
3699:
3478:
3301:
3267:
3069:', hailed especially by the Basque liberals, who widely supported home rule (
2962:, could hardly withstand the test of the Basque contractual system. The 1713
2799:
2697:
2509:
2446:
2251:
arose as the main regional powers with Basque population in the 9th century.
2068:
1990:
1974:
1894:
1668:
in Basque) but Roman rule was not consolidated until the time of the Emperor
1590:
1500:
1495:
1463:
1272:
860:
395:
380:
243:
159:
31:
5393:
4591:
3355:
Railway bridge engineered by Eiffel's company over Ormaiztegi, home town of
2846:
1660:
in the 1st century BC, the Romans stationed in and founded Pompaelo (modern
1252:: Linked to an unproven linguistic hypothesis that includes Basque and some
5613:"The Century of the Basques: Their Influence in the Geography of the 1500s"
4610:
4551:
4065:
4029:
3974:
3954:
3883:
3466:
The new political design triggered also cross-border smuggling, and French
3192:
3173:
2636:, with a requirement for all its members to have a command in Basque (1523)
2086:
2009:
1336:
1218:
1214:
1198:
1121:
999:. Historical sources do not state whether these tribes were related to the
698:
353:
323:
318:
248:
223:
179:
5870:
Una Ruta Europea; Por Ćlava, a Compostela; Del Paso de San AdriĆ”n, al Ebro
5450:. Basque Government's Department of Education, Language Policy and Culture
4526:
Alzualde, A.; Izagirre, N.; Alonso, S.; Alonso, A.; de la RĆŗa, C. (2005).
3235:) and Navarre, along with other territories to the north of the Ebro. The
2508:
themselves, but did successful business selling it and the blubber to the
1431:
Isturitz (Lower Navarre): Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian, mural art
1428:
Aitzbitarte (Gipuzkoa): Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian
1348:
Horse paintings on the walls of the cave Ekain (Ekainberri), near Azpeitia
1340:
Map of the Franco-Cantabrian region, showing the main caves with mural art
533:
4499:
Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans
4286:
4128:
2658:
2594:
2414:
2384:
2197:
2126:
1908:
1831:
1400:
1373:
1369:
1238:
1117:
1087:
887:
460:
233:
3026:
to a flourishing building activity and the establishment of the pivotal
2946:
5972:
War and Society in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich
4227:
4069:
4033:
3716:
3459:
2991:
2954:
The Basques initially welcomed Philip V—from the lineage of King
2850:
Blacksmiths dressed up in period attire at an ironwork re-enactment in
2716:, a Protestant, converted to Roman Catholicism in order to become King
2657:
recognised separate laws, taxation and courts in each district. As the
2505:
2483:
2466:
2338:
1842:
1800:
1693:
1511:
Typical round shack and settlement of La Hoya on the Ebro banks (Ćlava)
1392:
1365:
1344:
1311:
1057: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
996:
455:
400:
5813:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
5811:
5599:
4426:"Deciphering an Ancient Enigma: The Irulegi Hand's Linguistic Mystery"
4002:
2857:
1641:
and up to the Garonne, as evidenced by Caesar's testimony on his book
1620:
6009:(in Spanish, though it can be searched in English, Basque and French)
5924:
4993:
3776:
2959:
2915:
2705:
2524:
which they rowed in the vicinity of the coast or from a larger ship.
2438:
2141:
2002:
1969:
1964:
1925:
1846:
1701:
1529:
1396:
1357:
1276:
1234:
1188:
1181:
1097:, provide evidence for continuity from Aurignacian times down to the
303:
268:
4573:
GonzĆ”lez, A. M.; GarcĆa, O.; Larruga, J. M.; Cabrera, V. M. (2006).
4013:
fled for their lives to exile by the tens of thousands, including a
3646:
2927:
2450:
1997:. Just about the same period, in 449ā51, the Suevi under their king
1459:. As in most of Atlantic Europe, this transition progressed slowly.
1379:
At this stage, the Basque Country formed part of the archaeological
1032:
5547:"Abian da Euskal Elkargoa [The Basque Community kicks off]"
4290:
4005:
on condition that the lives of the Basque soldiers were respected (
3679:
3635:
3561:
3505:
3481:, a paramilitary police force (cited in Iparragirre's popular song
3236:
3223:
to establish a Basque principality was not implemented in the 1808
3138:
2873:
2744:
2513:
2392:
2236:
2013:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1874:
1854:
1816:
1784:
1780:
1761:
1692:
protecting commercial routes all along the Ebro river, and along a
1689:
1681:
1669:
1661:
1638:
1634:
1521:
1474:
1456:
1388:
1384:
1361:
1281:
1180:
published his findings according to which one of the main European
1137:
1098:
1093:
Many Basque archaeological sites, including cave dwellings such as
1016:
1004:
1000:
992:
965:
852:
571:
273:
228:
4830:
4060:
of the French Atlantic, including the French Basque Country up to
3497:
3097:
3041:
at the head of the early expeditions and governor positions, e.g.
2685:
was set to march over Navarre at the moment of his assassination.
2337:, took over instead. The colonizers of the lands conquered to the
1870:
1608:
1490:
1413:(Biscay): Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian remains, mural art
4378:
4358:
4294:
4267:
4235:
4082:
3801:
3794:
3743:
3719:
3651:
3596:
3556:
3552:
3404:
3347:
Embrace of Bergara, the final act of the First Carlist War (1839)
3142:
3134:
2923:
2896:
2877:
2819:
2768:
2590:
2501:
2462:
2458:
2430:
2406:
2380:
2302:
2216:
2208:
2103:
2076:
2036:
1998:
1943:
1878:
1866:
1765:
1708:
1550:
1467:
1448:
1012:
988:
949:
917:
was in common use among inhabitants of this side of the Pyrenees.
839:) are an indigenous ethno-linguistic group mainly inhabiting the
828:
693:
470:
450:
293:
218:
70:
62:
4332:
Pro-peace rally in Bayonne on ETA's disarmament day (08/04/2017)
2051:
suzerainty (Councils of Toledo unattended between 589 and 684).
920:
5329:
4945:"Una jornada evoca la masacre de balleneros vascos en Islandia"
3970:
3949:, but many in Navarre, a Carlist stronghold, supported General
3910:
3848:
3524:
3516:
3409:
3146:
2677:. While heavily conditioned by its geopolitical situation, the
2640:
Basques in the present-day Spanish and French districts of the
2388:
2294:
2286:
2020:
1835:
1815:
Medieval stellae collection exhibited at the San Telmo Museum,
1805:
1657:
1653:
1613:
1596:
1478:
983:
Three different peoples inhabited the territory of the present
957:
945:
909:) among other words. This evidence backdrops the fact that the
848:
208:
5872:. Vitoria: DiputaciĆ³n Foral de Ćlava / Arabako Foru Aldundia.
5472:. Toronto Buffalo (N.Y.) London: University of Toronto press.
5412:
5210:
5090:
5078:
5066:
4924:
3804:
council of Pamplona claimed that "it is unacceptable to call
3630:
3608:
by February 1876. This time the rising Spanish Prime Minister
3329:
2861:
Harbour of Bayonne in 1755, at the height of trade within the
2313:
turned into Gascony, merged by personal union with Aquitaine (
1649:
inscriptions (person and god names), and several place-names.
1573:; this corresponds to the beginning of Indo-European, notably
6007:
A Basque Encyclopedia and other cultural and historical funds
6006:
5840:
Oroz Arizcuren, Francisco J. (1990). "Miscelania HispƔnica".
4045:
3604:'s Spanish army. Its columns advanced and took over Irun and
3512:
2827:
2782:
2487:
Basque fishing sites in Canada in the 16th and 17th centuries
2429:, by chartering new towns, e.g. TreviƱo (1254, rechartered),
2321:
on the plains to the north of the central and west Pyrenees.
2212:
1951:
1947:
1905:
was even recognized as champion of Christianity by the Pope.
1882:
1715:
in the north of Britain for many years, and earned the title
1574:
1264:, archaeology offers little support for this hypothesis. The
1257:
1008:
937:
931:
844:
632:
213:
169:
4572:
4525:
4455:
2144:(meaning "heirs of Cassius" in Arabic), founded c. 800 near
4467:
3548:
3532:
investors—partnering with a local family owned group
2615:
1769:
1742:
1730:
1242:
5424:
4884:Ćlava - Historia: Alta Edad Media (AuƱamendi Encyclopedia)
4758:
4273:
and considered a 'historic' event by the representatives.
3835:
already raging and an effective control just over Biscay.
3477:, widely held as the Basque national anthem. In 1844, the
2079:
was fighting the Basques in Pamplona, and the rise of the
1462:
In the Ebro valley, more fully Neolithic sites are found.
6012:
5346:
5344:
5284:
4479:
3738:
in Navarre) raised a public outcry, crystallizing in the
3289:. Again the plea was rejected, with the native commander
3210:
Noticias histĆ³ricas de las tres provincias vascongadas...
3018:
with Madrid officials, and the ensuing foundation of the
2528:
1173:
5947:
Modern Basque History: Eighteenth Century to the Present
5823:
Rothschild; Una historia de poder e influencia en EspaƱa
5718:
Euskal Herria Kartografian eta Testigantza Historikoetan
5124:
was coined during this period. See Watson (2003), p. 57.
4854:
4818:
4806:
4770:
3726:
end of the 19th century also saw the birth of the above
2653:
in exchange for generous terms in overseas trade. Their
2090:
The Duchy of Vasconia and neighbouring territories (740)
1688:). There are archaeological remains from this period of
5800:
La Navarre du IVe au XIIe siĆØcle: peuplement et sociĆ©tĆ©
5102:
5033:
5031:
5018:
5016:
5014:
2802:
was absorbed by the Kingdom of France, and in 1659 the
5842:
Pueblos, lengua y escrituras en la Hispania prerromana
5341:
5272:
5260:
4999:
4912:
4900:
4888:
4734:
4722:
4443:
3264:
Diccionario geogrĆ”fico-estadĆstico-histĆ³rico de EspaƱa
2834:
retained important attributions and autonomy, showing
2786:
A furnace to melt whale grease left by the Basques in
2743:
On the whale hunt, as depicted on the coat of arms of
2121:
Duchy of Vasconia and both sides of the Pyrenees (760)
1320:
968:. Despite the evident etymological connection between
6013:
Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, Reno
5317:
5305:
5222:
4842:
4794:
4782:
3973:
town of great historical and symbolic importance, by
3248:
was called in Bilbao by the Basque militia commander
2950:
French map of the Basque districts (mid-18th century)
1919:
and beginning of 9th century identify the Basques as
913:
predates the timelapse previously stimated, and this
5976:
Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain
5825:. Madrid: MARCIAL PONS, EDICIONES DE HISTORIA, S.A.
5500:(in Spanish). Basque ministry of tourism. April 2007
5139:
5127:
5054:
5028:
5011:
3958:
memory associations raise the figure to near 4,000.
3395:
Fearing that they would lose their self-government (
3172:—and talks came to a deadlock on accession of
3005:
In the wake of the events, an expedition led by the
5949:. University of Nevada, Center for Basque Studies.
5681:Douglass, William A.; Douglass, Bilbao, J. (2005).
4746:
4025:, becoming political pawns over the next 20 years.
1352:About 35,000 years ago, the lands that are now the
5521:"Local language recognition angers French academy"
4968:
3961:Another big atrocity of this war, immortalised by
3413:) was virtually annihilated by the Basques in the
1542:In Aquitaine, there was a notable presence of the
944:After the Roman invasions, in the 1st century BC,
890:hillside and is the oldest Basconic text to date.
5905:
5182:
5180:
4930:
3216:), took good note of the Basque dissatisfaction.
2297:. Through marriage Sancho also became the acting
2269:The Kingdom of Pamplone in the early 10th century
2058:Felix, who by means of a personal union with the
1285:. Apparent similarities between the undeciphered
6024:
5715:
5680:
5418:
5388:
5216:
5096:
5084:
5072:
2620:
2341:brought the new language along, and not Basque.
1104:Some scholars have interpreted the Basque words
859:keep attached to their roots, clustering around
5797:
4836:
4111:spent the summers between 1941 and 1975 at the
3149:, etc.) went on to be shaken by indiscriminate
2219:out of former tribal systems and minor realms (
1438:
1425:Koskobilo (Gipuzkoa): Aurignacian and Solutrean
1368:, who gradually displaced the region's earlier
5839:
5644:
5623:
5242:"Fernando VII: La decada del foralismo formal"
5186:
5177:
4971:"Killing of Basques now banned on West Fjords"
4485:
4473:
4461:
948:wrote that the northern parts of what are now
877:
5798:Larrea, Juan JosƩ; Bonnassie, Pierre (1998).
5759:Philip V of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice
5666:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
4681:Ancient genomes link early farmers to Basques
3034:, for the encouragement of science and arts.
2720:too ("Paris is well worth a mass"). However,
2692:made some inroads and was supported by Queen
1985:best documented of which were the battles of
1473:In the second half of the 4th millennium BC,
1434:Gatzarria (Soule): Aurignacian and Gravettian
1419:Ermitia (Gipuzkoa): Solutrean and Magdalenian
1293:
808:
492:
5928:La Conquista de Navarra y la Reforma Europea
5820:
5734:
5707:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5335:
4764:
4638:
3617:, and the 1841 Compromise Act for Navarre).
3580:except for the capital cities, establishing
3547:franchise, arrived at the bordering town of
3458:Customs were then definitely moved from the
3111:, follow-up to Donostia's destruction (1813)
2649:'s civil wars, pledging an oath to claimant
2597:in Italy). High defensive structures called
1885:(Elusa) is attested as episcopal see in the
1826:), and were Christianized at a par with the
1416:Bolinkoba (Biscay): Gravettian and Solutrean
5444:"La Guerra Civil EspaƱola en Euskal Herria"
5050:Matxinada de 1718 (AuƱamendi Entziklopedia)
4873:Ducado de Vasconia (AuƱamendi Encyclopedia)
4713:
4711:
4657:Ancient DNA cracks puzzle of Basque origins
4064:, with the rest of it being falling on the
3439:). The dissatisfaction crystallized in the
2818:. In 1660 the authority of the Assembly of
2158:the local Frankish vassal toppled in Aragon
1899:Frankish assault on Basques and Aquitanians
1893:late 7th century and the failed mission of
1422:Amalda (Gipuzkoa): Gravettian and Solutrean
1356:, together with neighbouring areas such as
5624:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (1 June 2000).
4942:
3993:, the troops of the new government of the
3753:), represented an ideology which combined
3076:
2495:Basque warriors in military outfit (1530s)
1912:baptize the pagan Basques of this region.
1733:mentions the natural division between the
815:
801:
499:
485:
5776:
5518:
4600:
4590:
4449:
3989:at Franco's bidding. In August 1937, the
3433:under the banner "Peace and Fueros" (cf.
3119:centralized government and abolished the
1901:, despite its powerful propaganda value,
1834:expansion (8th-9th century), such as the
1485:
1073:Learn how and when to remove this message
5886:
5867:
5687:. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press.
5610:
5570:
5022:
4969:Svala ArnarsdĆ³ttir, EyglĆ³ (2015-04-27).
4918:
4906:
4728:
4708:
4704:Saltus Vasconum (AuƱamendi Encyclopedia)
4075:
3645:
3629:
3523:for the mass-production of steel in the
3386:
3372:
3361:
3350:
3342:
3285:)—the jurisdictional organ of the
3103:
3091:
2945:
2856:
2845:
2781:
2738:
2624:
2616:Self-government status and accommodation
2490:
2482:
2272:
2264:
2116:
2085:
2039:in order to contain the Basques Ģ¶ the
1845:sings to the prominent Vasconic town of
1810:
1799:
1619:
1607:
1506:
1489:
1343:
1335:
1306:The official findings were published in
919:
5848:
5661:
5430:
5356:
5350:
5278:
5266:
5005:
4894:
4860:
4848:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4740:
4096:), better known by its Basque initials
3496:'s venue in 1854). During this period,
2841:
2750:The Parliament of Navarre in Pamplona (
1915:Muslim accounts from the period of the
1260:presence in the Ebro valley during the
1224:
6025:
5944:
5906:Urzainqui, T.; Olaizola, J.M. (1998).
5519:Chrisafis, Angelique (June 17, 2008).
5467:
5323:
5311:
5290:
5228:
5145:
5133:
5108:
3945:in Biscay and Gipuzkoa sided with the
3722:, or play-writer Ramon Maria Labaien.
3620:
3445:Act for the Confirmation of the Fueros
2941:
1120:. However, stone was abandoned in the
1019:, spoke a language related to Basque.
5806:
5755:
5738:Historia de Pamplona y de sus Lenguas
5684:Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World
5486:
5060:
5037:
4752:
4645:Ancient DNA Elucidates Basque Origins
3783:for the Basque territories in Spain (
3761:
3330:First Carlist War and the end of the
3300:(September 1813). The restoration of
3081:
2712:in the northern Basque Country. King
1372:population. The settlers brought the
863:which are centers for Basque people.
386:Basque Country national football team
5889:Historia de Navarre, el Estado Vasco
5816:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
5716:Esparza Zabalegi, Jose Mari (2012).
5370:(in Spanish). Eusko Ikaskuntza. 2020
5364:"Donostia / San SebastiƔn. Historia"
4515:, Santos Alonso and John A.L. Armour
4131:1978 SPANISH CONSTITUTION REFERENDUM
3967:April 1937 aerial bombing of Gernika
3625:
3096:Ebro river winding down La Rioja of
2632:called the Parliament of Navarre in
2405:was away on a diplomatic mission in
2277:The Navarrese territories circa 1179
1973:, probably with a view to defending
1931:
1055:adding citations to reliable sources
1026:
893:Basconic scripts appears to reflect
5159:"Manuel Godoy: La ofensiva teĆ³rica"
4234:, and control over taxation, while
4023:NiƱos de Rusia (Children of Russia)
3941:across Spain, in the face of which
3866:at a party rally in Donostia (1933)
3707:, a major driving force behind the
3366:Political Spain in 1854, after the
3298:San Sebastian was reduced to rubble
3020:Royal Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2990:and moving Basque customs from the
2967:
2932:engaging in war against another one
2663:Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre
2572:
2254:
2223:), while south of the Pyrenees the
2075:of 711, at which time the Visigoth
1795:
1321:Basque Country in prehistoric times
1161:
661:Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre
13:
5964:
4107:Following the monarchy tradition,
3929:World War II in the Basque Country
3847:Launch of a boat at a shipyard in
3694:of Spain. The monarch, especially
3669:, Biscay developed its own modern
1553:I culture of the Iberian plateau.
1447:, Magdalenian culture gave way to
1248:Basques arrived together with the
1168:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
14:
6044:
6000:
5844:. Salamanca, Spain: Salamanca UP.
5777:Kurlansky, Mark (11 March 2011).
5735:Jimeno Jurio, Jose Maria (1995).
5187:IƱigo Bolinaga (19 August 2013).
4718:Bagaudas (AuƱamendi Encyclopedia)
4693:Alianzas (AuƱamendi Encyclopedia)
3779:, an attempt was made to draw up
3088:End of Basque home rule in France
2472:
1741:, i.e. between the fields of the
709:End of Basque home rule in France
5821:LĆ³pez-Morell, Migule Ć. (2015).
4943:Perez Zala, Ander (2015-07-17).
4544:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00170.x
4337:
4325:
4302:
4278:
4085:policy, favoured by the regime.
3997:surrendered to Franco's fascist
3902:
3871:
3856:
3840:
3600:to the eventual victory of King
3254:
2914:Other seamen became renowned as
2724:ideas, imported via the vibrant
2683:King Henry of Navarre and France
2604:
1383:which extended all the way from
1136:) is sometimes considered to be
1031:
704:End of Basque home rule in Spain
532:
30:
6018:Brief history of Basque whaling
5600:"AuƱamendi Eusko Entziklopedia"
5592:
5571:SabathlƩ, Pierre (2017-01-23).
5564:
5539:
5512:
5461:
5436:
5382:
5296:
5234:
5151:
5114:
5043:
4962:
4936:
4931:Urzainqui & Olaizola (1998)
4877:
4866:
4697:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4617:
4566:
3798:pulled out of the draft project
3588:, where claimant to the throne
3339:End of Basque home rule (Spain)
2872:), especially proper Biscayans
2457:(Arrasate; 1260, rechartered),
2309:. However, in 1058, the former
2140:The Basque-Muslim state of the
1317:groups," says Prof. Jakobsson.
1042:needs additional citations for
5498:Turismo en Euskadi, PaĆs Vasco
5085:Douglass & Douglass (2005)
5073:Douglass & Douglass (2005)
4683:, phys.org, September 7, 2015.
4671:, September 9, 2015, pnas.org.
4519:
4505:
4491:
4418:
4391:
4266:presided over by the mayor of
4036:and limited tax prerogatives.
3650:Antoine d'Abbadie's castle in
3584:a Basque state with a seat in
2398:In 1199, while Navarre's King
2324:Following Sancho III's death,
1790:
1624:Reconstruction at the site of
1331:
924:Location of the ancient tribes
135:History of the Basque language
1:
5853:. London, UK: HarperCollins.
5604:AuƱamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
5398:AuƱamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
5246:AuƱamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
5163:AuƱamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
4837:Larrea & Bonnassie (1998)
4625:"Genes link Celts to Basques"
4412:
3151:mass deportation of civilians
2972:1714 suppression of home rule
2863:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2621:Navarre divided and home rule
2301:and held a protectorate over
2231:and the Pyrenean counties of
2194:William II Sanchez of Gascony
1616:, a commemorative Roman tower
1603:
1022:
676:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
314:Maskarada (carnival of Soule)
5994:The Perspective of the World
5647:"European Genetic Variation"
5645:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca.
4401:should not be confused with
4017:aboard chartered boats (the
3734:(1876) and before (the 1841
3468:Basques emigrated to the USA
3204:granted privileges, notably
3187:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
2836:an independent fiscal system
2176:), re-asserted his power in
1917:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
1439:Epipaleolithic and Neolithic
972:and the modern denomination
7:
5930:. Pamplona-IruƱa: Pamiela.
5780:Basque History Of The World
5611:Campbell, Craig S. (1987).
5390:Estornes Zubizarreta, Idoia
4501:, Isabelle Dupanloup et al.
4374:Basque Autonomous Community
4352:
4289:festival in support of the
4224:Ćlava, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa
4015:mass evacuation of children
3995:Basque Autonomous Community
3939:a military uprising erupted
3878:Gernika in ruins after the
3233:Basque Autonomous Community
3016:Basque regional governments
2903:'s first expedition to the
2348:was restored in 1157 under
1556:
985:Basque Autonomous Community
926:Ā·Red: Theorized as Basque,
878:First historical references
595:County of Vasconia Citerior
165:Pastoral (theatre of Soule)
10:
6049:
5868:Portilla, Micaela (1991).
4264:Basque Municipal Community
4185:ABSTENTION (% reg. voters)
4122:
4118:
4090:Basque Country And Freedom
4058:German military occupation
4011:Basques (Gipuzkoa, Biscay)
3963:Picasso's emblematic mural
3926:
3922:
3696:Maria Christina of Austria
3615:Basque Economic Agreements
3569:Third (Second) Carlist War
3529:Regional Council of Biscay
3488:The economic scene in the
3336:
3262:
3257:
3161:, and the other Estates).
3085:
2911:, may have been a Basque.
2611:Basque and Pyrenean fueros
2608:
2577:The Basque Country in the
2476:
2258:
2154:second Battle of Roncevaux
1935:
1381:Franco-Cantabrian province
1324:
1294:New genetic findings, 2015
1165:
870:
866:
855:, where a large number of
747:Basque Workers' Solidarity
557:Vasconic substratum theory
5891:(2nd ed.). Pamiela.
5762:. Yale University Press.
4054:Armistice of 22 June 1940
3909:Traditionalist plaque at
3769:Star Bonifacio Echeverria
3278:Francisco Javier CastaƱos
3246:Biscayan Regional Council
2988:Basque low-tax trade area
2980:Principality of Catalonia
2479:History of Basque whaling
1600:, made their appearance.
1577:influence in the region.
1178:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
907:blessed, fortunate, lucky
714:Basque Economic Agreement
23:Culture of Basque Country
5945:Watson, Cameron (2003).
5887:Sorauren, Mikel (1998).
5627:Genes, Pueblos y Lenguas
5468:Qualls, Karl D. (2020).
4659:, BBC, 7 September 2015.
4532:Annals of Human Genetics
4384:
4044:on the outer fringes of
4034:small local police force
3744:Basque Nationalist Party
2752:The Three States, Cortes
2679:Kingdom of Navarre-Bearn
1172:A high concentration of
915:preindoeuropean language
787:1979 Statute of Autonomy
757:1936 Statute of Autonomy
724:Basque Nationalist Party
600:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
5741:. Tafalla: Txalaparta.
5662:Collins, Roger (1990).
5606:. EuskoMedia Fundazioa.
5419:Esparza Zabalegi (2012)
5217:Esparza Zabalegi (2012)
5097:Esparza Zabalegi (2012)
4994:Urzainqui et al. (2013)
4592:10.1186/1471-2164-7-124
4212:Southern Basque Country
4062:Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
3917:, a Basque patron saint
3808:in Spanish. It is fine
3578:Southern Basque Country
3521:Bessemer blast furnaces
3441:1839 Embrace of Bergara
3401:Tomas de Zumalacarregui
3382:Gernikako Arbola anthem
3357:Tomas de Zumalacarregui
3166:Southern Basque Country
3077:Under the nation-states
2775:abbey—led to the
2754:) kept denouncing King
2734:shaky status of Navarre
2411:Alfonso VIII of Castile
2243:(later merged into the
2098:(735ā744) and grandson
1928:for allying with them.
1749:but almost null in the
741:20th and 21st centuries
5849:Preston, Paul (2013).
5802:. De Boeck UniversitƩ.
5720:. Euskal Editorea SL.
5400:. EuskoMedia Fundazioa
5368:AuƱamendi Encyclopedia
5248:. EuskoMedia Fundazioa
5165:. EuskoMedia Fundazioa
3786:Provincias Vascongadas
3654:
3643:
3392:
3384:
3370:
3359:
3348:
3291:Francisco Espoz y Mina
3121:region specific powers
3112:
3101:
3032:Xavier Maria de Munibe
2951:
2865:
2854:
2804:Treaty of the Pyrenees
2791:
2747:
2690:Protestant Reformation
2671:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2637:
2496:
2488:
2278:
2270:
2122:
2091:
1977:from the raids of the
1881:. In the 5th century,
1819:
1808:
1629:
1617:
1565:, bearers of the late
1526:Vila Nova de SĆ£o Pedro
1512:
1504:
1486:Copper and Bronze Ages
1349:
1341:
1275:'s description of the
964:were inhabited by the
941:
836:
526:History of the Basques
49:History of the Basques
5756:Kamen, Henry (2001).
5630:. Editorial Critica.
5302:Watson (2003), p. 149
4486:Cavalli-Sforza (2006)
4474:Cavalli-Sforza (2000)
4462:Oroz Arizcuren (1990)
4285:First edition of the
4260:French Basque Country
4094:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
4076:Franco's dictatorship
3649:
3633:
3567:In the run-up to the
3490:French Basque Country
3436:MuƱagorriren bertsoak
3390:
3379:
3365:
3354:
3346:
3337:Further information:
3242:Constitution of CƔdiz
3206:Juan Antonio Llorente
3107:
3095:
3086:Further information:
3047:Juan Bautista de Anza
2949:
2860:
2849:
2812:French Basque Country
2785:
2742:
2651:Isabella I of Castile
2628:
2609:Further information:
2552:Juan SebastiƔn Elcano
2494:
2486:
2461:(1268, rechartered),
2413:promised to give the
2395:belonged to Navarre.
2276:
2268:
2120:
2089:
2043:in the south and the
1936:Further information:
1814:
1803:
1623:
1611:
1510:
1493:
1347:
1339:
923:
873:Origin of the Basques
777:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
562:Proto-Basque language
552:Origin of the Basques
5193:Noticias de Gipuzkoa
4271:Jean-RenƩ Etchegaray
3987:Aviazione Legionaria
3896:Aviazione Legionaria
3864:J.A. Antonio Aguirre
3755:Christian-Democratic
3634:Memorial erected in
3610:Canovas del Castillo
3324:Comisiones Militares
3028:Royal Basque Society
2956:Henry III of Navarre
2901:Christopher Columbus
2842:Masters of the ocean
2714:Henry III of Navarre
2556:Christopher Columbus
2283:Sancho III the Great
2047:in the north (602).
1594:and the megalith or
1225:Alternative theories
1112:'axe' as containing
1051:improve this article
5908:La Navarra MarĆtima
5808:Lewis, Archibald R.
5657:on 5 December 2006.
5433:, pp. 179ā183.
5338:, pp. 155ā156.
5336:LĆ³pez-Morell (2015)
5293:, pp. 149ā150.
4839:, pp. 123ā129.
4765:Jimeno Jurio (1995)
4399:Aquitanian language
4252:Carlos Garaikoetxea
4153:YES (% total votes)
4133:
3947:Spanish republicans
3943:Basque nationalists
3880:1937 aerial bombing
3825:Basque nationalists
3638:to the traditional
3621:Late Modern history
3543:railway company, a
3511:The centuries long
3443:and the subsequent
3415:Battle of Oriamendi
3179:War of the Pyrenees
2942:A Basque trade area
2777:Basque witch trials
2760:Philip III of Spain
2730:Spanish Inquisition
2726:Ways of Saint James
2581:was ravaged by the
2339:Andalusian kingdoms
2229:Kingdom of Pamplona
2131:Battle of Roncevaux
2081:Carolingian dynasty
1841:The Christian poet
1674:Mediterranean basin
1537:Bell Beaker culture
1376:culture with them.
1254:Caucasian languages
843:(adjacent areas of
666:Basque witch trials
638:Kingdom of Pamplona
605:Kingdom of Pamplona
376:Basque rural sports
347:and performing arts
123:Aquitanian language
5978:. Variorum, 1992.
5494:"Palacio de Aiete"
4250:(led initially by
4169:NO (% total votes)
4129:
4115:of San SebastiƔn.
4019:niƱos de la guerra
3806:PaĆs Vasco-Navarro
3762:Early 20th century
3728:Basque nationalism
3655:
3644:
3541:CompaƱĆa del Norte
3527:area. In 1863 the
3483:Zibilak esan naute
3393:
3385:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3250:Gabriel Mendizabal
3123:recognized by the
3113:
3102:
3082:Revolution and war
3011:Quadruple Alliance
3009:dispatched by the
2952:
2882:Philip II of Spain
2866:
2855:
2816:southern districts
2792:
2790:off Canada's coast
2756:Philip II of Spain
2748:
2718:Henry IV of France
2647:Kingdom of Castile
2638:
2497:
2489:
2359:and his successor
2346:kingdom of Navarre
2279:
2271:
2261:Kingdom of Navarre
2225:Kingdom of Castile
2221:County of Vasconia
2164:After the battle,
2123:
2092:
2060:Duchy of Aquitaine
2041:Duchy of Cantabria
1873:, a large part of
1820:
1809:
1787:allies continued.
1630:
1628:, in central Ćlava
1618:
1544:Artenacian culture
1513:
1505:
1475:Megalithic culture
1443:At the end of the
1364:, were settled by
1350:
1342:
942:
911:Vasconic substrate
901:" (Modern Basque:
729:Sabino Arana Goiri
719:Basque nationalism
628:Lordship of Biscay
623:Kingdom of Navarre
416:Biarritz Olympique
411:Basque Rugby union
391:Athletic de Bilbao
5937:978-84-7681-803-9
5860:978-0-00-638695-7
5832:978-84-15963-59-2
5790:978-0-307-36978-9
5727:978-84-936037-9-3
5637:978-84-8432-084-5
5479:978-1-4875-0358-1
5199:on 20 August 2013
5111:, pp. 55ā57.
4863:, pp. 93ā95.
4827:, pp. 85ā87.
4815:, pp. 81ā82.
4779:, pp. 70ā71.
4430:The Archaeologist
4346:Ram Manikkalingam
4318:Euskotren Tranbia
4199:
4198:
4007:SantoƱa Agreement
3851:, Gipuzkoa (1920)
3833:Spanish Civil War
3746:founded in 1895.
3732:Third Carlist War
3705:Antoine d'Abbadie
3626:Late 19th century
3426:First Carlist War
3377:
3368:First Carlist War
3274:
3273:
3214:Castle of Marracq
3155:Landes of Gascony
3131:French Convention
3117:French Revolution
3109:Battle of Nivelle
3055:J.J. de Arrillaga
2976:Kingdom of Aragon
2964:Treaty of Utrecht
2887:Armada Invencible
2771:and the critical
2567:Treaty of Utrecht
2512:, Castilians and
2335:Navarro-Aragonese
2245:Kingdom of Aragon
2045:Duchy of Vasconia
1938:Duchy of Vasconia
1932:Early Middle Ages
1863:Sierra de Cameros
1711:was stationed on
1571:Hallstatt culture
1327:Basque Prehistory
1207:mitochondrial DNA
1083:
1082:
1075:
928:Pre-Indo-European
857:their descendants
825:
824:
590:Duchy of Vasconia
584:Early Middle Ages
509:
508:
113:Navarro-Aragonese
6040:
5990:Braudel, Fernand
5960:
5941:
5921:
5902:
5883:
5864:
5845:
5836:
5817:
5803:
5794:
5783:. Knopf Canada.
5773:
5752:
5731:
5712:
5706:
5698:
5677:
5658:
5653:. Archived from
5641:
5620:
5607:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5195:. Archived from
5184:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5026:
5020:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4715:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4594:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4523:
4517:
4509:
4503:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4450:Kurlansky (2011)
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4422:
4406:
4395:
4341:
4329:
4306:
4282:
4134:
4109:Francisco Franco
4083:self-sufficiency
3991:Eusko Gudarostea
3983:Benito Mussolini
3951:Francisco Franco
3933:War in the North
3906:
3892:Benito Mussolini
3875:
3860:
3844:
3781:a single statute
3474:Gernikako Arbola
3431:Carlos de BorbĆ³n
3378:
3255:
2998:with a trail of
2868:The Basques (or
2673:and the emperor
2583:War of the Bands
2579:Late Middle Ages
2573:Late Middle Ages
2419:Navarrese rights
2255:High Middle Ages
2073:Umayyad invasion
2033:Gregory of Tours
1828:Germanic peoples
1806:Ascain (Azkaine)
1804:Roman bridge in
1796:Christianization
1643:De Bello Gallico
1583:animal husbandry
1567:Urnfield culture
1287:Iberian language
1262:Urnfield culture
1162:Genetic evidence
1078:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1035:
1027:
817:
810:
803:
772:Battle of Bilbao
752:Indalecio Prieto
643:War of the Bands
617:Late Middle Ages
567:Basque mythology
546:and Roman Empire
536:
511:
510:
501:
494:
487:
466:Gernikako Arbola
421:Aviron Bayonnais
406:Deportivo AlavƩs
309:Saint John's Eve
299:Basque festivals
259:Espelette pepper
254:IroulƩguy (wine)
239:Idiazabal cheese
34:
25:
18:
17:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6023:
6022:
6003:
5967:
5965:Further reading
5957:
5938:
5918:
5899:
5880:
5861:
5833:
5791:
5770:
5749:
5728:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5674:
5638:
5598:
5595:
5590:
5581:
5579:
5569:
5565:
5556:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5517:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5466:
5462:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5281:, pp. 275.
5277:
5273:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5202:
5200:
5185:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5029:
5023:Campbell (1987)
5021:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4967:
4963:
4954:
4952:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4919:Portilla (1991)
4917:
4913:
4907:Portilla (1991)
4905:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4729:Sorauren (1998)
4727:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4571:
4567:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4364:Basque language
4355:
4348:
4342:
4333:
4330:
4321:
4314:Vitoria-Gasteiz
4307:
4298:
4283:
4248:Vitoria-Gasteiz
4127:
4125:Basque conflict
4121:
4078:
4050:Basses Pyrenees
3935:
3925:
3918:
3907:
3898:
3876:
3867:
3861:
3852:
3845:
3823:Undaunted, the
3764:
3640:Laws of Navarre
3628:
3623:
3606:Estella-Lizarra
3586:Estella-Lizarra
3573:faits accomplis
3545:Credit Mobilier
3502:Vitoria-Gasteiz
3494:Empress Eugenie
3373:
3341:
3335:
3316:Trienio Liberal
3225:Bayonne Statute
3090:
3084:
3079:
3067:social contract
3051:Diego de Borica
3007:Duke of Berwick
2996:western Basques
2984:Giulio Alberoni
2970:above) and the
2944:
2909:Juan de la Cosa
2844:
2788:Ćle aux Basques
2694:Jeanne d'Albret
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2575:
2481:
2475:
2453:(rechartered),
2435:Campezo/Kanpezu
2377:Vitoria-Gasteiz
2357:Sancho the Wise
2299:Earl of Castile
2263:
2257:
2202:Caput Vasconiae
2183:Sancho I Garces
1940:
1934:
1798:
1793:
1739:Saltus Vasconum
1686:Cantabrian Wars
1654:Tower of Urkulu
1606:
1559:
1488:
1441:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1315:hunter-gatherer
1296:
1266:Basque language
1227:
1202:microsatellites
1170:
1164:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1048:
1036:
1025:
956:in Basque) and
935:
925:
884:Hand of Irulegi
880:
875:
869:
821:
792:
791:
782:Basque conflict
742:
734:
733:
689:
681:
680:
656:
648:
647:
618:
610:
609:
585:
577:
576:
547:
520:
505:
476:
475:
436:
435:
426:
425:
371:
370:
359:
358:
349:
348:
329:
328:
289:
288:
279:
278:
264:Piquillo pepper
204:
203:
185:
184:
175:Mus (card game)
150:
149:
140:
139:
128:Basque surnames
103:Basque dialects
98:Standard Basque
88:
87:
76:
75:
66:
65:
54:
53:
44:
43:
21:
12:
11:
5:
6046:
6036:
6035:
6033:Basque history
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6002:
6001:External links
5999:
5998:
5997:
5987:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5942:
5936:
5922:
5916:
5903:
5897:
5884:
5878:
5865:
5859:
5846:
5837:
5831:
5818:
5804:
5795:
5789:
5774:
5768:
5753:
5747:
5732:
5726:
5713:
5693:
5678:
5672:
5659:
5642:
5636:
5621:
5608:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5563:
5538:
5511:
5485:
5478:
5460:
5435:
5431:Preston (2013)
5423:
5411:
5381:
5355:
5353:, p. 273.
5351:Collins (1990)
5340:
5328:
5326:, p. 107.
5316:
5314:, p. 151.
5304:
5295:
5283:
5279:Collins (1990)
5271:
5269:, p. 274.
5267:Collins (1990)
5259:
5233:
5231:, p. 150.
5221:
5209:
5176:
5150:
5138:
5136:, pp. 58.
5126:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5077:
5065:
5063:, p. 121.
5053:
5042:
5040:, p. 125.
5027:
5010:
5008:, p. 267.
5006:Collins (1990)
4998:
4986:
4975:Iceland Review
4961:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4897:, p. 132.
4895:Collins (1990)
4887:
4876:
4865:
4861:Collins (1990)
4853:
4849:Collins (1990)
4841:
4829:
4825:Collins (1990)
4817:
4813:Collins (1990)
4805:
4801:Collins (1990)
4793:
4789:Collins (1990)
4781:
4777:Collins (1990)
4769:
4757:
4745:
4743:, p. 104.
4741:Collins (1990)
4733:
4731:, pp. ??.
4721:
4707:
4696:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4616:
4565:
4538:(6): 665ā679.
4518:
4504:
4490:
4478:
4476:, pp. ??.
4466:
4464:, p. 502.
4454:
4442:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:Basque Country
4366:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4308:
4301:
4299:
4284:
4277:
4204:Herri Batasuna
4197:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4147:Spain overall
4145:
4142:
4137:
4120:
4117:
4077:
4074:
4056:established a
3999:Italian allies
3937:In July 1936,
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3763:
3760:
3736:Compromise Act
3713:Serafin Baroja
3692:summer capital
3671:blast furnaces
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3453:Ley Paccionada
3334:
3328:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3229:Peninsular War
3183:Peninsular War
3133:(up to 1795),
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
2968:Basque sailors
2943:
2940:
2920:Ćtienne Pellot
2843:
2840:
2642:Basque Country
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2574:
2571:
2563:were massacred
2474:
2473:Basque sailors
2471:
2350:GarcĆa RamĆrez
2259:Main article:
2256:
2253:
2062:established a
1933:
1930:
1887:Novempopulania
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1713:Hadrian's Wall
1605:
1602:
1558:
1555:
1487:
1484:
1464:Anthropometric
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1354:Basque Country
1333:
1330:
1325:Main article:
1322:
1319:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1269:
1250:Indo-Europeans
1246:
1226:
1223:
1163:
1160:
1081:
1080:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1021:
936:Ā·Blue: Proven
879:
876:
871:Main article:
868:
865:
841:Basque Country
823:
822:
820:
819:
812:
805:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
759:
754:
749:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
671:Basque whaling
668:
663:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
542:
541:
538:
537:
529:
528:
522:
521:
514:
507:
506:
504:
503:
496:
489:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
433:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
372:
366:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
350:
343:
342:
341:
338:
337:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
205:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
151:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
67:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
51:
45:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6045:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6004:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5984:0-86078-308-1
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5958:
5956:1-877802-16-6
5952:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5917:84-7681-293-0
5913:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5898:84-7681-299-X
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5879:84-7821-066-0
5875:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5775:
5771:
5769:0-30008-718-7
5765:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5748:84-8136-017-1
5744:
5740:
5739:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5696:
5694:0-87417-625-5
5690:
5686:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5481:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5421:, p. 20.
5420:
5415:
5399:
5395:
5394:"La Gamazada"
5391:
5385:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5324:Watson (2003)
5320:
5313:
5312:Watson (2003)
5308:
5299:
5292:
5291:Watson (2003)
5287:
5280:
5275:
5268:
5263:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5230:
5229:Watson (2003)
5225:
5219:, p. 73.
5218:
5213:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5181:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5148:, p. 69.
5147:
5146:Watson (2003)
5142:
5135:
5134:Watson (2003)
5130:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5109:Watson (2003)
5105:
5099:, p. 57.
5098:
5093:
5087:, p. 90.
5086:
5081:
5075:, p. 88.
5074:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5046:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5007:
5002:
4996:, p. 30.
4995:
4990:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4927:
4921:, p. 13.
4920:
4915:
4909:, p. 12.
4908:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4851:, p. 91.
4850:
4845:
4838:
4833:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4803:, p. 76.
4802:
4797:
4791:, p. 72.
4790:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4767:, p. 47.
4766:
4761:
4755:, p. 39.
4754:
4749:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4641:
4626:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4452:, p. 32.
4451:
4446:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4232:school system
4229:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:Condor Legion
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3916:
3915:Saint Michael
3913:in honour of
3912:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:Condor Legion
3885:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3700:Basque pelota
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:San SebastiƔn
3685:
3684:San SebastiƔn
3681:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3648:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3595:However, the
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3383:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3302:Ferdinand VII
3299:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3268:Pascual Madoz
3265:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:ancien rƩgime
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3043:FermĆn LasuĆ©n
3040:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:Lower Navarre
2797:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2630:King Henry II
2627:
2612:
2605:Modern period
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2469:(1272), etc.
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:town charters
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2172:, i.e. Eneko
2171:
2167:
2166:Enecco Arista
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:Odo the Great
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:Novempopulana
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1961:Tarraconensis
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:Saint Amandus
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:Peristephanon
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1528:culture) and
1527:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1502:
1501:Lower Navarre
1498:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1273:Julius Caesar
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1063:February 2016
1056:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:This section
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
933:
929:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
874:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
799:
798:
796:
795:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
764:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
738:
737:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
685:
684:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
652:
651:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
581:
580:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
540:
539:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
512:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
482:
480:
479:
472:
471:Basque stella
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
430:
429:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Real Sociedad
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Basque pelota
379:
377:
374:
373:
369:
363:
362:
355:
352:
351:
346:
340:
339:
336:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Gateau Basque
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
202:
196:
195:
192:
189:
188:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Bertsolaritza
158:
156:
153:
152:
144:
143:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
86:
80:
79:
72:
69:
68:
64:
58:
57:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
33:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
5993:
5975:
5971:
5946:
5927:
5907:
5888:
5869:
5850:
5841:
5822:
5812:
5799:
5779:
5758:
5737:
5717:
5683:
5663:
5655:the original
5650:
5626:
5616:
5603:
5593:Bibliography
5580:. Retrieved
5576:
5566:
5555:. Retrieved
5553:. 2017-01-02
5550:
5541:
5529:. Retrieved
5525:The Guardian
5524:
5514:
5502:. Retrieved
5497:
5488:
5469:
5463:
5452:. Retrieved
5447:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5397:
5384:
5372:. Retrieved
5367:
5358:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5250:. Retrieved
5245:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5201:. Retrieved
5197:the original
5192:
5167:. Retrieved
5162:
5153:
5141:
5129:
5121:
5116:
5104:
5092:
5080:
5068:
5061:Kamen (2001)
5056:
5045:
5038:Kamen (2001)
5001:
4989:
4978:. Retrieved
4974:
4964:
4953:. Retrieved
4948:
4938:
4933:, p. ?.
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4879:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4753:Lewis (1965)
4748:
4736:
4724:
4699:
4688:
4676:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4629:. Retrieved
4627:. 2001-04-03
4619:
4582:
4579:BMC Genomics
4578:
4568:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4512:
4507:
4498:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4434:. Retrieved
4432:. 2024-02-20
4429:
4420:
4397:The extinct
4393:
4256:
4243:
4241:
4228:police force
4216:
4200:
4184:
4168:
4152:
4130:
4113:Ayete Palace
4106:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4079:
4066:Vichy France
4038:
4030:nation state
4027:
4018:
3975:Adolf Hitler
3960:
3955:General Mola
3936:
3884:Adolf Hitler
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3789:
3785:
3774:
3765:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3708:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3594:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3540:
3538:
3534:Ybarra y CĆa
3533:
3510:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3434:
3423:
3419:
3408:
3396:
3394:
3331:
3323:
3312:contrafueros
3311:
3310:provisions (
3306:
3295:
3282:
3275:
3263:
3218:
3209:
3196:
3193:Manuel Godoy
3191:
3174:Manuel Godoy
3169:
3163:
3158:
3124:
3114:
3070:
3059:
3036:
3024:
3004:
2999:
2953:
2935:
2913:
2904:
2893:
2885:
2869:
2867:
2831:
2823:
2814:than in the
2809:
2795:
2794:In 1620 the
2793:
2764:
2751:
2749:
2687:
2654:
2639:
2634:Saint-Palais
2598:
2576:
2560:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2533:Newfoundland
2527:Whaling and
2526:
2521:
2518:
2498:
2427:Tunnel Route
2401:
2397:
2353:the Restorer
2352:
2343:
2323:
2315:William VIII
2293:to northern
2280:
2206:
2201:
2187:
2173:
2170:Eneko Aritza
2169:
2163:
2149:
2139:
2124:
2093:
2063:
2053:
2049:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2010:Roncesvalles
2007:
1983:
1968:
1941:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1862:
1850:
1849:in his work
1840:
1821:
1773:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1678:
1665:
1651:
1642:
1631:
1626:IruƱa-Veleia
1595:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1560:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1514:
1494:
1472:
1461:
1457:sheepherding
1454:
1442:
1405:
1378:
1351:
1305:
1297:
1280:
1245:valley area.
1228:
1199:X chromosome
1197:
1171:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:Chalcolithic
1113:
1109:
1108:'knife' and
1105:
1103:
1092:
1084:
1069:
1060:
1049:Please help
1044:verification
1041:
982:
973:
969:
961:
953:
943:
906:
902:
898:
892:
881:
861:Basque clubs
826:
761:Bombings of
699:Carlist Wars
688:19th century
525:
446:Coat of arms
354:Basque music
324:Aberri Eguna
319:Herri Urrats
249:Rioja (wine)
224:Basque cider
180:Basque dance
118:Erromintxela
48:
15:
5910:. Pamiela.
5664:The Basques
5651:Online maps
5252:16 February
5169:16 February
4287:Kilometroak
3814:EuskalerrĆa
3709:Lore Jokoak
3690:became the
3602:Alfonso XII
3479:Civil Guard
3320:absolutists
2708:.e. around
2659:Middle Ages
2595:Ghibellines
2463:Villafranca
2423:native laws
2415:Durangaldea
2385:Old Castile
2198:Saint-Sever
2190:Sigwinum II
2127:Charlemagne
1909:Charlemagne
1832:Carolingian
1830:hostile to
1791:Middle Ages
1723:, singular
1411:SantimamiƱe
1401:Magdalenian
1374:Aurignacian
1370:Neanderthal
1366:Cro-Magnons
1332:Paleolithic
1277:Aquitanians
1239:agriculture
1233:Basques as
1140:from Latin
1095:SantimamiƱe
1088:Aurignacian
895:Celtiberian
837:Euskaldunak
461:Zazpiak Bat
234:Cider house
5673:0631175652
5582:2017-02-02
5557:2017-02-02
5504:9 November
5454:2015-11-15
5374:9 November
5203:2016-02-02
4980:2015-07-22
4955:2015-05-20
4951:. Donostia
4631:2018-07-31
4436:2024-02-29
4413:References
4123:See also:
4070:Comet line
3965:, was the
3927:See also:
3816:, but not
3717:troubadour
3590:Carlos VII
3460:Ebro river
3237:Napoleonic
3221:D.J. Garat
3197:Zamacolada
3039:California
3000:matxinadas
2916:privateers
2884:'s failed
2878:Lapurdians
2874:Gipuzkoans
2765:DiputaciĆ³n
2706:bourgeoisi
2599:dorretxeak
2542:(Navarre;
2506:whale meat
2477:See also:
2467:Artziniega
2437:, Corres,
2400:Sancho VI
2361:Sancho VII
2071:, but the
1843:Prudentius
1707:A unit of
1694:Roman road
1647:Aquitanian
1604:Roman rule
1499:of Okabe (
1393:Gravettian
1312:Mesolithic
1193:Metal Ages
1185:components
1166:See also:
1128:(variants
1023:Prehistory
997:Autrigones
903:Zorioneko;
655:Modern Age
544:Prehistory
456:Laurak Bat
401:CA Osasuna
335:Literature
148:Traditions
5703:cite book
5619:. Ingeba.
5122:terrorism
5120:The word
4291:ikastolas
4244:baby boom
4102:Abertzale
3777:Catalonia
3555:in 1864 (
3030:, led by
2960:Louis XIV
2905:New World
2870:Biscaynes
2798:separate
2779:in 1609.
2722:Reformist
2675:Charles V
2667:Habsburgs
2522:traineras
2455:Mondragon
2439:Contrasta
2373:Laguardia
2291:Santander
2241:Ribagorza
2142:Banu Qasi
2003:Calahorra
1970:foederati
1965:Visigoths
1957:Aquitania
1926:Banu Qasi
1847:Calahorra
1824:mythology
1755:caetariae
1702:Burdigala
1690:garrisons
1612:Tower of
1530:Languedoc
1397:Solutrean
1358:Aquitaine
1301:Atapuerca
1235:Neolithic
1189:Neolithic
1182:autosomal
1118:Stone Age
960:(Basque:
905:English:
899:SORIONEKU
304:Olentzero
287:Festivals
269:Marmitako
191:Mythology
85:Languages
6027:Category
5810:(1965).
5617:Lurralde
5577:SudOuest
5527:. London
4611:16719915
4552:16266406
4353:See also
4312:Tram in
4220:autonomy
4144:Navarre
3971:Biscayne
3810:Vasconia
3740:Gamazada
3680:Biarritz
3636:Pamplona
3597:Carlists
3582:de facto
3562:Gipuzkoa
3506:Pamplona
3405:Algerian
3270:, 1850)
3181:and the
3139:Itxassou
2978:and the
2897:baserris
2773:Urdazubi
2745:Biarritz
2587:Agramont
2514:Flemings
2465:(1268),
2402:the Wise
2393:Gipuzkoa
2379:(1181),
2375:(1164),
2371:(1161),
2311:Vasconia
2237:Sobrarbe
2178:Pamplona
2168:(Basque
2108:Clermont
2064:de facto
2029:Wasconia
2025:Vasconia
2014:Hydatius
1995:Turiasum
1987:Toulouse
1979:Bagaudae
1942:In 409,
1875:Gipuzkoa
1855:Vascones
1817:Donostia
1785:Visigoth
1781:Vasconia
1762:Bagaudae
1737:and the
1698:Asturica
1696:between
1682:Cantabri
1670:Augustus
1662:Pamplona
1639:Pyrenees
1635:Vascones
1591:cromlech
1563:Iron Age
1557:Iron Age
1522:Portugal
1496:Cromlech
1389:Provence
1385:Asturias
1362:Pyrenees
1360:and the
1282:Iberians
1217:and the
1099:Iron Age
1090:period.
1017:Aquitani
1005:Aquitani
1001:Vascones
993:Caristii
970:Vascones
966:Vascones
954:Nafarroa
888:Lakidain
853:Americas
763:Guernica
572:Vascones
517:a series
515:Part of
274:Piperade
229:Patxaran
5531:May 27,
4602:1523212
4585:: 124.
4560:2643187
4379:Navarre
4359:Basques
4297:, 1977)
4295:Beasain
4268:Bayonne
4236:Navarre
4195:32.00%
4192:32.80%
4189:55.30%
4176:17.11%
4173:23.92%
4163:88.54%
4160:76.42%
4157:70.24%
4119:Present
4052:). The
4003:SantoƱa
3923:Wartime
3829:leftist
3818:Euzkadi
3802:Carlist
3795:Navarre
3790:Navarra
3751:Euzkadi
3720:Bilintx
3715:, poet-
3652:Hendaye
3557:Bayonne
3553:Hendaye
3287:Kingdom
3202:Castile
3159:Biltzar
3153:to the
3143:Biriatu
3137:(Sara,
3135:Labourd
3063:Navarre
2974:in the
2936:VicuƱas
2924:Hendaye
2852:Legazpi
2832:Biltzar
2824:Biltzar
2820:Labourd
2796:de jure
2710:Bayonne
2698:Navarre
2591:Guelphs
2544:Lizarra
2540:Estella
2502:Lapurdi
2459:Bergara
2431:Agurain
2407:Tlemcen
2381:Bernedo
2369:TreviƱo
2367:, i.e.
2331:Romance
2326:Castile
2303:Gascony
2249:Pallars
2217:Labourd
2209:Gascony
2174:the Oak
2112:Fronsac
2104:Bourges
2077:Roderic
2037:marches
1999:Rechiar
1991:Araceli
1963:to the
1944:Vandals
1879:Navarre
1779:around
1768:to the
1766:Garonne
1721:foedera
1709:Varduli
1561:In the
1551:Cogotas
1518:La Hoya
1468:Garonne
1449:Azilian
1445:Ice Age
1153:Catalan
1146:Spanish
1142:asciola
1126:aizkora
1110:aizkora
1013:Gascony
1007:or the
989:Varduli
962:Aragoa)
950:Navarre
867:Origins
829:Basques
767:Durango
694:Carlism
451:Lauburu
434:Symbols
294:Korrika
219:Txakoli
201:Cuisine
71:Basques
42:History
5996:, 1984
5982:
5953:
5934:
5914:
5895:
5876:
5857:
5829:
5787:
5766:
5745:
5724:
5691:
5670:
5634:
5476:
5404:24 May
4609:
4599:
4558:
4550:
4403:Gascon
4262:, the
4222:") to
4179:7.89%
3911:Leitza
3849:Pasaia
3812:, and
3667:fueros
3525:Bilbao
3517:Biscay
3449:fueros
3410:Tercio
3397:fueros
3332:fueros
3307:fueros
3283:Cortes
3170:fueros
3147:Ascain
3071:fueros
2934:, the
2928:PotosĆ
2769:UrruƱa
2655:fueros
2510:French
2451:OrduƱa
2447:Tolosa
2443:Segura
2389:Biscay
2319:Gascon
2295:Aragon
2287:Burgos
2281:Under
2247:) and
2233:Aragon
2150:Tutera
2146:Tudela
2100:Waifer
2096:Hunald
2021:Franks
1993:, and
1950:, and
1867:Biscay
1836:Saxons
1774:inner
1751:Saltus
1725:foedus
1666:IruƱea
1658:Pompey
1614:Urkulu
1597:menhir
1575:Celtic
1479:dolmen
1399:, and
1258:Celtic
1211:Celtic
1149:azuela
1144:; cf.
1138:loaned
1134:azkora
1130:axkora
1124:, and
1003:, the
987:: the
978:Basque
974:Basque
958:Aragon
946:Strabo
940:tribes
938:Celtic
934:tribes
932:Celtic
849:France
833:Basque
633:Fueros
519:on the
209:Pincho
155:Fueros
108:Gascon
93:Basque
63:People
4556:S2CID
4385:Notes
4046:Soule
3513:forge
3498:Ćlava
3098:Ćlava
2966:(see
2828:Soule
2702:Bearn
2213:Soule
2135:Lupus
1967:, as
1952:Suevi
1948:Alans
1883:Eauze
1871:Ćlava
1859:Rioja
1776:limes
1684:(see
1219:Welsh
1215:Irish
1156:aixol
1106:aizto
1009:Celts
845:Spain
368:Sport
345:Music
214:Txoko
170:Beret
5980:ISBN
5951:ISBN
5932:ISBN
5912:ISBN
5893:ISBN
5874:ISBN
5855:ISBN
5827:ISBN
5785:ISBN
5764:ISBN
5743:ISBN
5722:ISBN
5709:link
5689:ISBN
5668:ISBN
5632:ISBN
5551:EITB
5533:2010
5506:2020
5474:ISBN
5448:Hiru
5406:2014
5376:2020
5254:2014
5171:2014
4949:Naiz
4607:PMID
4548:PMID
4042:Gurs
3981:and
3969:, a
3931:and
3890:and
3827:and
3788:and
3549:Irun
3539:The
3504:and
3380:The
3164:The
2992:Ebro
2876:and
2688:The
2593:and
2391:and
2344:The
2307:LeĆ³n
2305:and
2289:and
2215:and
2106:and
2056:Duke
2019:The
1959:and
1921:magi
1877:and
1770:Ebro
1760:The
1747:Ager
1743:Ebro
1735:Ager
1731:Livy
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