History of independent Moldova

775:

privatization of production means did not boost the economy as it was desired. International financial institutions, judging the apparent presence of landmarks indicating a modern developed society in 1992, have overestimated the capacity of Moldova's economy and government to withstand the transition to market economy, and imposed the country to open its market to outside goods without implementation of any effective action to support internal production. As a result, Moldova's industry, especially machine building, became all but defunct, and unemployment skyrocketed. The economic fortunes of Moldova began to change in 2001; since then the country has seen a steady annual growth of between 5% and 10%. Early 2000s also saw a considerable growth of emigration of Moldovans looking for work (mostly illegally) in Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece,

93: 2832: 1427: 1384: 1215: 1598: 1617: 1153: 1363:, the Party of the Communists (PCRM) won 46% of the vote, (56 of the 101 seats in the Parliament), Democratic Moldova Block (BMD) won 28.5% of the vote (34 MPs), and the Christian Democratic People Party (PPCD) won 9.1% (11 MPs). On 4 April 2005, Vladimir Voronin was re-elected as country's president, supported by a part of the opposition, and on 8 April, Vasile Tarlev was again charged as head of government. On 31 March 2008, Vasile Tarlev was replaced by 842: 425: 2385: 372: 1246:, and demands an Individual Action Plan to accede to the EU. A national commission for European integration was created in June 2003, and in November 2003 all three political parties present in the parliament adopted a common declaration stating a pro-European orientation of Moldova. Since 1999, Moldova has affirmed its desire to join the European Union, and implement its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the 646: 24: 1746:(Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the existing linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity—of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their native language." 1813:: "I would like to reiterate on this occasion the position of the Republic of Moldova according to which the withdrawal of the Russian troops that remain on the Moldovan territory against its will, in conformity with the obligations assumed by the Russian Federation in 1999 in Istanbul, would create the necessary premises for ratifying and applying the Adapted CFE Treaty." 1503:, the Party of Communists, gained around 45% of the vote, whilst the other four parties which won seats each gained from around 7% to 16%. However, combined, the opposition parties to the Communists secured a greater percentage of the vote, and are now in discussion over forming a coalition. This has led some commentators to declare the election a loss for the Communists. 681:

special status within Moldova and would have the right to secede if Moldova changed its statehood, for instance by uniting with Romania. However, in subsequent talks the Transnistrian authorities declined this offer, setting course for continued independence instead. As of 2019, this conflict remains unresolved.

1004: 1324:

was again charged as head of government. Several major shifts produced in the political scene of Moldova since 2005. At first most of the opposition supported Vladimir Voronin, who was regarded as changed from being pro-Russian to being pro-Western, but this was changed largely after Voronin launched

1210:

In March–April 2002, in Chişinău, several mass protests took place against the plans of the government to fulfil its electoral promise and introduce Russian as the second state language along with its compulsory study in schools. The government mainly renounced these plans, but Russian was eventually

720:

Russian military stationed in the region (14th Army) were removed from the main part of Moldova by January 1993, but remain to this day east of the Dniester in the breakaway region, despite signing international obligations to withdraw, and against the will of Moldovan government. One such obligation

1169:

Widespread popular dissatisfaction with the government, the economy, and the reforms, however, led to a surprise at the polls in February 2001. In elections certified by international observers as free and fair, Moldova's populace voted overwhelmingly for the communists. The communist faction, which

880:

to his post as speaker of the Parliament. Authorities in Transnistria, refused to allow balloting there and discouraged the local population from participating; only some 7,500 inhabitants voted at specially established precincts in right-bank Moldova. Inhabitants of the Gagauz separatist region did

618:

in October 1991 and to his decision to run as an independent candidate in the 8 December 1991 presidential election. Running unopposed, he won after the Popular Front's efforts to organize a voter boycott failed. On 21 December 1991 Moldova, along with most of the former Soviet republics, signed the

1450:

were announced. The demonstrators claimed that the elections, in which the governing PCRM was early reported to win a majority of seats, were fraudulent, and alternatively demanded a recount, a new election, or resignation of the government. Similar demonstrations took place in other major Moldovan

1422:

of 6% and makes little allowance for alliances of smaller parties, so that smaller parties might also enter parliament, but President Vladimir Voronin had rejected such calls. Final results were announced on 8 April 2009; the ruling PCRM failed to gain the 61 seats required to elect the president,

1374:

On 18 November 2008, NATO Parliamentary Assembly adopted Resolution 371 on the future of NATO-Russia relations, with among other things, "urges the government and the parliament of Russia to respect its commitments which were taken at the Istanbul OSCE Summit in 1999 and has to withdraw its illegal

1090:

Privatization was stalled, the Moldovan leu lost 60% with respect to the US dollar within a year (August 1998-July 1999), an energy crisis swept through the country, wages and pensions were paid with a considerable delay of several months, corruption extended. The level of life plunged, with 75% of

954:

In a 27 April speech to the Parliament, President Snegur asked the Parliament to amend the constitution and change the name of the language to Romanian. The government's final decision was postponed until the fall of 1995 because of the stipulation that six months must pass before a proposed change

774:

meant also that the industrial enterprises would have to buy supplies and sell their goods by themselves, and most of the management was not prepared for such a change. Moldova undertook a privatisation plan which was effective in the transfer of the ownership of houses to the people. The attempted

1177:

Only 3 of the 31 political parties passed the 6% threshold of the 25 February 2001 elections. Winning 49.9% of the vote, the Party of Communists gained 71 of the 101 MPs, and on 4 April 2001, elected Vladimir Voronin as the country's third president. A new government was formed on 19 April 2001 by

946:

In March and April 1995, Moldovan college and secondary school students participated in a series of strikes and demonstrations in Chişinău to protest the government's cultural and educational policies. The students were joined by others protesting for economic reasons. The most emotional issue was

818:

Progress has been made on all these fronts. In 1992, the government negotiated a cease-fire arrangement with Russian and Transnistrian officials (although tensions continue) and negotiations are ongoing. In February 1994, new legislative elections were held, and the ineffective Parliament that had

1478:

The protest resulted in four deaths, 270 injured and several people jailed, among allegations of use of torture by the police, and a diplomatic row with Romania, after President Voronin accused Romania of being the force behind the riots in Chişinău. After the civil unrest, the climate in Moldova

1293:

that used the Romanian language in the Latin alphabet. This caused an increase in tensions between the Moldova and the breakaway province, which resulted in Moldova and Transnistria imposing economic sanctions on each other. The conflict was resolved later that year with Transnistrian authorities

1094:

In economic terms, the 1998 crisis provoked an emigration of labor, as well as permanent emigration from Moldova. According to the census data, from 1989 to 2004, Moldova has lost about 400,000 inhabitants, or 9% of the population. Analysts estimate that actual emigration could be higher, as many

680:

in July 1992. A demarcation line was to be maintained by a tripartite peacekeeping force (composed of Moldovan, Russian, and Transnistrian forces), and Moscow agreed to withdraw its 14th Army in parallel with finding a permanent solution for Transnistrian conflict. Also, Transnistria would have a

1081:

special mission advising the government on how to cope with the effects of the Russian crisis. Russia bought at that time 85% of Moldova's wine and brandy and most of its canned goods and tobacco. After the rouble crashed, most Russian importers put deals with Moldova on hold. Moldovan president

708:

were stationed, an independent "Transdnestrian Moldovan Republic" (TMR) was proclaimed on 16 August 1990, with its capital in Tiraspol. The motives behind this move were fear of the rise of nationalism in Moldova and the country's expected reunification with Romania upon secession from the USSR.

1551:

failed for the second time in late 2009. The Communists won 42 seats, while the Liberal-Democrats won 32, the Democratic Party won 15, and the Liberals won 12. This gave the Alliance for European Integration 59 seats, 2 short of the 61 needed to elect a president. The result thus maintained the

1351:

As of 2006, approximately 1,200 of the 14th army personnel remained stationed in Transnistria. In the last years, negotiations between the Transnistrian and Moldovan leaders have been going on under the mediation of the OSCE, Russia, and Ukraine; lately observers from the European Union and the

1495:

were won by the Communist Party with 44.7% of the vote. That gave the former ruling party 48 MPs, and the remaining 53 seats in the 101-member chamber went to four opposition parties. Opposition parties agreed to create the Alliance for European Integration that pushed the Communist Party into

1190:

in the countryside, a move outside observers have dubbed "recollectivization." However, under President Voronin, relations with Romania have, at times, worsened. Tensions arose when the President tried to introduce Russian as a second national language as well as insist that the Moldovan state

976:

President Lucinschi did manage to institute some very controversial reforms (perhaps the United States Assistance for International Development-funded "Pămînt" land privatization program was the most controversial). Indeed, his tenure was marked by constant legislative struggles with Moldova's

884:

In the February 1994 elections, only four of the dozens of political parties surpassed the 4% threshold. The new Parliament, with its Democratic Agrarian Party of Moldova majority, did not face the same gridlock that characterized the old Parliament with its majority of Popular Front hard-line

927:

Russia and Moldova signed an agreement in October 1994 on the withdrawal of Russian troops from Transnistria, but the Russian government did not ratify it; another stalemate ensued. Although the cease-fire remained in effect, further negotiations that included the Conference on Security and

1233:

for the solution of the Transnistrian conflict, which Moldovan authorities refused to accept due to political pressure from the West, since it stipulated a 20-year Russian military presence in Moldova. The federalization of Moldova would have also turned Transnistria and Gagauzia into a

1370:

Since Romania joined the European Union in 2007 and imposed a visa requirement for Moldovan citizens, as many as 800,000 Moldovan citizens have applied for Romanian citizenship (anyone with at least one grandparent who was a Romanian citizen in 1940 can apply for Romanian citizenship).

994:

Moldova's previous two presidents, Mircea Snegur and Petru Lucinschi were respectively President of the Republican Supreme Soviet and Republican Communist Party First Secretary during the Soviet Period. Both served as Politburo members, and Luchinschi was a member of the CC of CPSU.

1185:

Since his election, President Voronin has proceeded with Lucinschi's plans to privatize several important state-owned industries, and even has on occasion broken with his own party over important issues. He also repeatedly announced plans to introduce measures to promote

872:. The Soviet system was falling apart quickly, and Moldovan leadership decided to rely on itself to bring the breakaway Transnistria back under its control. In April 1992, the Parliament formed a Ministry of Defense, and Moldova began to organize its own armed forces. 977:

Parliament. Several times, the Parliament considered votes of no confidence in the president's government, and a succession of moderate, pro-Western reform prime ministers were dismissed by a Parliament that increasingly favored the growing Communist Party faction.

1305:), that Russia said was to monitor the elections for fairness; some members of the organization who nevertheless entered the country were deported. As a consequence, Russian-Moldovan ties weakened greatly, and the nation was split between building relations with 1325:

a sustained verbal campaign (in press, in official declarations, and at European fora) against Romanians and Romania, whom he blames for stealing Moldova's citizens (ca. 100,000 Moldovans have also Romanian citizenship, and other 800,000 are waiting in line).

815:, and unrest in the Transnistria region on the left bank of the Dniester river, where a separatist movement assisted by uniformed Russian military forces in the region and led by supporters of the 1991 coup attempt in Moscow declared a "Dniester republic". 2201: 717:. Negotiations held during the conflict between Russia, Ukraine, Romania, and Moldova did not produce any practical results. After a series of direct negotiations facilitated by Russia, an agreement was reached between Moldova and Transnistria. 1241:

In the wake of the November 2003 deadlock with Russia, a series of shifts in the external policy of Moldova occurred, targeted at rapprochement with the European Union. In the context of the EU's expansion to the east, Moldova wants to sign a

988:(EU) came into force in July 1998 for an initial period of ten years. It established the institutional framework for bilateral relations, set the principal common objectives, and called for activities and dialogue in a number of policy areas. 1266:(78.3% of the country's population), 2,564,850 (97.2%) were registered as Moldovans and 73,276 (2.8%) as Romanians (94.9%, resp. 5.1% in urban areas, and 98.4%, resp. 1.6% in rural areas). 2,012,542 or 76.3% of them called native language 1253:

On 19 December 2003, the Parliament passed a Law of Nationalities, which made a controversial distinction between a Moldovan majority and a Romanian minority (a historically, ethnically, and linguistically contentious distinction). In the

1250:(ENP) of the EU. Analysts claim that, in fact, Moldova did not manage to fully implement the Action Plan and instead of positive ideas it was constantly sending to Brussels contradictory signals about its commitment to implement reforms. 1174:, the leader of their faction, as president. Voronin, previously served as an official of the Moldovan Communist Party Central Committee, as well as First Secretary of the Bender City Party Committee and Minister of Internal Affairs. 1086:

was quoted as saying that the Russian crisis had cost Moldova as much as five per cent of its GDP. The country's parliament was discussing a programme aimed at reducing imports and searching for new markets outside Russia.

875:

The February 1994 Parliamentary elections were conducted peacefully and received good ratings from international observers for their fairness. Prime Minister Andrei Sangheli was re-elected to his post in March 1994, as was

587:. On 23 June 1990, the Parliament adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty which among other things stipulated the supremacy of Moldovan laws over those of the Soviet Union, and formally changed the name of the republic from 761:

in 1992, and a further 700% inflation in 1993. From 1992 till 2001, the young country suffered its worst economic crisis that left most of the population below the poverty line. In 1993, a new national currency, the

539:

and 10 November celebrating the Soviet police force offered excellent opportunities for opposition to challenge authorities in highly visible settings and disrupt events of premiere importance to the Soviet regime.

1091:

population living below the poverty line, while the economic disaster caused 600,000 people to leave the country. This eventually resulted in the interruption of relations with the International Monetary Fund.

712:

In the winter of 1991–1992 clashes occurred between Transnistrian forces, supported by elements of the 14th Guards Army, and the Moldovan police. Between 2 March and 26 July 1992, the conflict escalated into a

1411:(PCRM) won a majority of seats (60 out of 101) for the third consecutive occasion. Turnout was 59.49 percent, exceeding the 50% necessary for the election to be valid. The new parliament had to elect a new 1121:

exercised his right to dissolve Parliament, calling for new parliamentary elections. However, since no single candidate was able to garner a majority of votes, Lucinschi temporarily remained president.

599:

was elected president of Moldova on 3 September 1990 by the Parliament and pushes for independence. On 23 May 1991, the name of the state is again changed into the current Republic of Moldova.

1170:

had previously occupied 40 of the Parliament's 101 seats since they were legally allowed to exist in 1998, jumped to 71 – a clear majority. Communist deputies were then able to elect

2495: 1312:

In the 6 March 2005 elections, the Communist Party won 46% of the vote, (56 of the 101 seats in the Parliament), Democratic Moldova Block won 28.5% of the vote (34 MPs), and the

672:

volunteers, which resulted in the failure of Moldova, supported by Romania, to regain control over the breakaway republic. A ceasefire for this war was negotiated by presidents

965:, in a second round of balloting. The elections were judged as free and fair by international observers. After winning the presidential elections of 1996, on 15 January 1997, 795:, the largest percentage in Europe. Officially, Moldova's annual GDP is of the order of $ 1,000 per capita, however a significant part of the economy goes unregistered due to 783:, and other countries, in addition to work in Russia. One of the reasons for this was that in 1991, 1.3 million Moldovans, or ca. 60% of the workforce, were employed in 627:, it did not join the military branch of the CIS. Three months later, on 2 March 1992, the country achieved formal recognition as an independent state at the United Nations. 544:

activists, often going beyond the official sanction of the movement leadership, organized actions that embarrassed the republican leadership, ultimately resulted in riots in

920:(as it was called in 1991–93), and adopted other measures that distanced Moldova from Romania. The new Moldovan Constitution also provided for autonomy for Transnistria and 1136:

In the next decade, the Party of Communists used very successfully the incoherent activity of the Alliance for Democracy and Reforms for the discreditation of any form of

2214: 1297:

In the following election of 2005, the Party of the Communists was re-elected on a pro-Western platform, stressing the need for European integration. Later that year the

1199:

whether the language is identical or closely resembles Romanian. In 2007 the Moldovan government did not allow Romania to open two consulates in major cities of Moldova,

2768: 1548: 991:

At the 1999 OSCE summit, Russia signed an agreement to withdraw its troops from Transnistria by 1 January 2002. However, it has yet to follow through on this pledge.

2099: 705: 318: 1328:

The government was formed by the Party of the Communists, supported parliamentary by CDPP (deserted by many members because of that) and mostly (not always) by the

1922: 958:

The 1996 attempt by President Snegur to change the official language to "Romanian" was dismissed by the Moldovan Parliament as "promoting Romanian expansionism".

1110:(21 December 1999 – 19 April 2001). On 21 July 2000, the Parliament adopted an amendment to the Constitution that transformed Moldova from a presidential to a 45: 1226:, and was aborted as the movement lost momentum. The Communist party has also attracted much criticism over the increasingly authoritarian rule in Chişinău. 483:). Along with the other peripheral Soviet republics, from 1988 onwards, Moldova started to move towards independence. On 29 July 1989 a pro-reform Communist 313: 1720: 730: 1439: 807:

Moldova's transition to democracy was initially impeded by an ineffective Parliament, the lack of a new constitution, a separatist movement led by the

1484: 136: 1806: 2032: 1313: 1223: 1044: 1035:, which was re-legalized in 1994 after being banned in 1991, gained 40 of the 101 places in the Parliament, but was reduced to opposition when an 1564:

of the Liberal Democrats was able to secure a parliamentary majority, with the support of the Liberals and of the Democratic Party, whose leader

1423:

leaving the opposition parties with the possibility of forcing a new election. The ballot recount performed on 21 April confirmed these results.

2125: 1408: 1032: 286: 1451:

cities, including the country's second largest, Bălți, where over 7,000 people protested. The protesters organized themselves using an online

1196: 1129:, caused to some degree by displeasure with seat distributions, led to its disintegration and an overwhelming Party of Communists victory in 1804:

Statement by H.E. Mr. Andrei Stratan at the General Debate of the Sixty Second Session of the UN General Assembly, New-York, 1 October 2007

400: 243: 1467:. In Chişinău, where the number of protesters rose above 15,000, the demonstration escalated into a riot on 7 April. Rioters attacked the 1464: 924:. On 23 December 1994, the Parliament of Moldova adopted a "Law on the Special Legal Status of Gagauzia", and in 1995 it was constituted. 1823: 567:

The first partly free elections into the Moldovan parliament were held in February and March 1990. On 27 April 1990 pro-reform Communist

868:, ran an unopposed election for the presidency. On 2 March 1992, the country achieved formal recognition as an independent state at the 729:

in 2003. After 1992, Romania and Ukraine were excluded from the diplomatic activity aimed to solve the Transnistrian crisis. Later, the

1580: 1579:

as president by 62 votes out of 101, with the PCRM boycotting the election, putting an end to a political crisis that had lasted since

1447: 1404: 32: 1653: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1278: 2266: 1533:

via a referendum in 2010 in order to enable presidential election by popular vote has failed to meet the 33% turnout required. The

2005: 1553: 1530: 1243: 1222:

An attempt at re-introduction of Russian into Moldovan schools caused protests in the center of Chisinău, led by the nationalist

1055:(24 January 1997 – 1 February 1999), was marked by chronic political instability, which prevented a coherent reform program. The 961:

In the presidential elections of 1996, parliamentary speaker Petru Lucinschi surprised with an upset victory over the incumbent,

323: 2866: 1737:

Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989

896:

saw an overwhelming majority of voters favoring continued independence. Following the elections, the Parliament ratified the

528: 1964: 2871: 2573: 1480: 1468: 1298: 981: 757:

On 2 January 1992, Moldova introduced the market reforms, of which included price liberalization. This resulted in a 2,600%

603: 2578: 2364: 2103: 1759: 1591:

becoming prime minister. In the November 2014 elections the pro-European parties maintained their majority in parliament.

1544: 1522:– agreed to create a governing coalition that will push the Communist Party into opposition. The name of the coalition was 1360: 1130: 343: 556:

and his organization pummeled from both the national revivalist right and the "ultrarevolutionary" internationalist left,

2472: 2464: 2330: 1616: 1607: 1507: 1345: 1059:

was the first coalition government in the history of Moldova. Foreign policy was marked by a duality of belonging to the

886: 504: 306: 1887: 838:, which saw the removal of most reform-oriented individuals. and the decline of the pro-Romanian nationalist sentiment. 2593: 1919: 1739: 1126: 1060: 1056: 1036: 1015: 955:

to the constitution can be made. The student demonstrators declared a moratorium on further strikes until 6 September.

897: 620: 2374: 1779: 1597: 1523: 1392: 1302: 1141: 102: 2320: 1040: 393: 263: 188: 1648: 1643: 1534: 1114:, in which the president is elected by 3/5 of the votes in the parliament, and no longer directly by the people. 1717: 2410: 1301:

re-elected Voronin to a second term as president. Moldovan authorities denied entry to a Russian organization (

460: 2637: 2482: 2315: 2073: 1907: 1071: 571:

was re-elected as Speaker of the Parliament (Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Moldavia), and on 26 May 1990

231: 1918:

Ion Marandici, De a raportul Comisiei Europene la viitorul Acord cu UE, Timpul, nr. 45, 28 March 2008. See:

1074:

of 1998 in Russia, Moldova's main economic partner at the time, produced an economic crisis in the country.

947:

that of the national language – whether it should be called Moldovan, as named in the 1994 constitution, or

2835: 2543: 2259: 1247: 1182:. The country became the first post-Soviet state where a non-reformed Communist Party comes back to power. 902: 92: 2780: 2736: 2671: 2176: 1938: 1873: 1803: 1515: 1329: 1078: 725:

to withdraw the Russian troops and ammunition within 3 years, a promise reiterated at the next summit in

386: 72: 2029: 163: 2753: 2563: 2427: 2415: 1519: 1333: 1164: 1048: 549: 516: 218: 491:

of Moldavia (Speaker of the Parliament). On 27 August 1989, the PFM organized a mass demonstration in

2588: 2432: 2295: 1025: 970: 819:

been elected in 1990 to a 5-year term was replaced. A new constitution was adopted in July 1994. The

2624: 2420: 2405: 2305: 2017: 576: 541: 472: 442: 268: 2861: 2688: 2553: 2528: 2252: 2049: 1511: 1337: 1207:, that were intended to simplify the acquisition of Romanian visas for the Moldovan population.. 438: 418: 143: 37: 2619: 2558: 1708:

Horia C. Matei, "State lumii. Enciclopedie de istorie." Meronibna, București, 2006, pp. 292-294

1584: 1452: 1398: 1255: 1111: 615: 211: 183: 1827: 1320:

was re-elected as country's president, supported by a part of the opposition, and on 8 April

1211:

re-introduced as a compulsory subject in Moldovan schools, albeit only 1 to 2 hours per week.

2758: 2698: 2548: 2533: 2347: 1431: 936: 853: 636: 545: 198: 2202:

Moldova elects pro-European judge Timofti as president, ending 3 years of political deadlock

737:

remains to this day: Chişinău offers a large autonomy, while Tiraspol demands independence.

606:, Moldova declared its independence on 27 August 1991, which was recognized the same day by 2856: 2708: 2693: 2657: 2583: 2538: 2393: 1472: 1412: 796: 273: 1862: 1364: 8: 2713: 2568: 2511: 2477: 2454: 1638: 1419: 1137: 823:

was defused by the granting of local autonomy in 1994, which entered into force in 1995.

714: 657: 348: 109: 2811: 2804: 2723: 2652: 2647: 2607: 2523: 2287: 2279: 1270:(58.9% in urban areas and 84.8% in rural ones), and 552,920 or 21.0% of them called it 1187: 536: 81: 1341: 1107: 2773: 2731: 2642: 2335: 1775: 1557: 1271: 1267: 1192: 1191:

language be called Moldovan. The Romanian language in Moldova has come to be called "

948: 940: 917: 913: 831: 820: 508: 496: 476: 464: 452: 238: 1920:

http://europa.timpul.md/Article.asp?idIssue=179&idRubric=2146&idArticle=5509

1375:

military presence from the Transdnestrian region of Moldova in the nearest future."

849: 2820: 2785: 2763: 2741: 2683: 2357: 2138: 1968: 1317: 1230: 1171: 1156: 1099: 665: 640: 532: 908: 527:

and continued on 10 November, when protesters burned down the headquarters of the

2340: 2325: 2197: 2036: 1926: 1891: 1810: 1743: 1724: 1622: 1576: 1286: 1118: 1083: 1021: 1007: 966: 877: 835: 812: 771: 561: 353: 256: 1993: 1603: 1588: 1415:

as the incumbent Vladimir Voronin had to stand down after completing two terms.

2825: 2239: 1064: 985: 929: 869: 749:, the authorities in Chişinău do not exercise any control over that territory. 488: 376: 1791: 1426: 1383: 614:'s opposition to immediate reunification with Romania led to a split with the 548:. This unrest sealed the fate of the increasingly weak First Secretary of the 2850: 2746: 1884: 1863:

Moldpres:"Voronin highlighted, that we will strive for becoming an EU member"

1569: 1344:

won on 17 June 2007 the elections for the mayor of the capital Chişinău, and

1321: 1306: 1229:

Relationship between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over a

1179: 962: 865: 845: 808: 767: 677: 673: 649: 624: 611: 596: 588: 584: 568: 553: 524: 520: 512: 492: 484: 1736: 1583:. On 30 May 2013 the Alliance for European Integration was succeeded by the 1418:

The EU had called on Moldova to reform its electoral law, which foresees an

1117:

Later in 2000, when Parliament failed three times to elect a new president,

834:(28 May 1991 – 1 July 1992), were followed by a more moderate government of 2629: 2352: 1538: 1290: 763: 669: 661: 592: 158: 118: 1850: 2018:"Twitter Revolution: Fearing Uprising, Russia Backs Moldova's Communists" 1565: 1353: 827: 784: 645: 572: 456: 293: 193: 1824:"Moldovan President Wants Out of Russia's Orbit - Eurasia Daily Monitor" 1727:

by Andrei Panici, American University in Bulgaria, 2002; pages 40 and 41

1568:

was appointed temporary speaker of the Parliament, and thus also acting

1214: 1152: 2310: 1772:

Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict

1755: 1561: 1443: 1200: 1103: 1052: 1003: 893: 841: 788: 697: 689: 424: 1020:

After winning the presidential elections of 1996, on 15 January 1997,

2703: 1475:, breaking windows, setting furniture on fire and stealing property. 1263: 1259: 758: 743:, Transnistria is internationally recognized as part of Moldova, but 701: 123: 1294:

granting the establishments the status of privately funded schools.

1051:(11 MPs). However, activity of the new government of prime-minister 885:

nationalists. A new government was formed by Andrei Sangheli of the

2490: 2442: 2244: 2142: 1282: 921: 745: 722: 693: 685: 448: 176: 153: 148: 733:(OSCE) was included, and the Ukraine wes re-included. The postwar 2384: 2275: 1456: 1277:

In the summer of 2004, Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed

787:, which normally does not require such a large number of people. 739: 607: 336: 2163: 1378: 471:) was formed, which in 1989 became known as the pro-nationalist 23: 2437: 2215:"Moldova set to press on with pro-Europe course after election" 1442:

in major cities of Moldova (including the capital Chişinău and

998: 912:, adopted a new constitution that called the official language 780: 776: 557: 1942: 507:

to adopt on 31 August 1989 a language law that proclaimed the

2300: 2177:"Moldovan Parliament Sets Presidential Election For March 16" 1204: 1095:

seasonal workers remain registered as living in the country.

726: 114: 1352:

United States have become involved as observers, creating a

511:

written in the Latin script to be the state language of the

2447: 1840:

Jamestown: "Moldovan President wants out of Russia's orbit"

1235: 857: 811:(Christian Turkic) minority in the south, who declared the 580: 1496:

opposition. The Communists were in government since 2001.

1405:

parliamentary election was held in Moldova on 5 April 2009

688:

river, Transnistria, which includes a large proportion of

447:

In the new political conditions created after 1985 by the

2126:

Mihai Ghimpu will dissolve Moldova's Parliament next week

1989: 1760:

File din istorie: 1989 – anul anti-7noiembrie la Chişinău

792: 2213:

Balmforth, Richard; Tanas, Alexander (1 December 2014).

610:, and afterwards by numerous other countries. President 564:

in a snap Central Committee plenum on 16 November 1989.

2050:"A Polarized Moldova Votes, Mindful of West and Russia" 1541:

had to dissolve the parliament and hold new elections.

791:

from Moldovans abroad account for ca. 30% of Moldova's

2240:

Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova

1885:

Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission

1560:

lauded the election. In December, the prime minister

1102:(5–17 February 1999), new governments were formed by 495:, that became known as the Great National Gathering ( 2006:"Moldova Rejects EU Proposal To Change Election Law" 1895: 1487:. For this reason, the parliament was dissolved and 900:

accession treaty, modified the national anthem from

731:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

704:), and where the headquarters and many units of the 2097: 2074:"Moldova votes out Europe's last ruling Communists" 2008:, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 3 December 2008. 1387:

Protests in Chişinău after the April 2009 elections

1140:formed without Communists. Their criticisms of the 1031:At the legislative elections on 22 March 1998, the 1028:in 1989–91, became the country's second president. 826:The pro-nationalist governments of prime-ministers 579:became Prime-Minister in a watershed moment as the 2100:"Communist rout puts spotlight on obscure Moldova" 2067: 2065: 2063: 1853:Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995. 1537:therefore ruled that acting president of Moldova, 1147: 973:in 1989-91 became the country's second president. 939:. On 29 June 1995, Moldova became a member of the 802: 2011: 1718:"Romanian Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova" 1529:An subsequent attempt by the ruling coalition to 535:. Festivals on 7 November 1989 commemorating the 432: 2848: 1939:"Results of the 2007 local elections in Moldova" 1274:(34.3% in urban areas and 14.4% in rural ones). 1045:Movement for a democratic and Prosperous Moldova 700:(as of 1989, 51%, as opposed to only 40% ethnic 2191: 2098:Kole, William; Corneliu Rusnac (30 July 2009). 2060: 752: 2212: 2139:"Moldova going to third election in two years" 1547:was held in Moldova on 28 November 2010 after 1409:Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova 1033:Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova 2260: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1379:Pro-European coalitions in power 2009 to date 1258:, first since independence, of the 2,638,125 619:constitutive act that formed the post-Soviet 394: 1965:"NATO Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 371" 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 999:Alliance for Democracy and Reforms 1998–2001 864:In December 1991, an ex-communist reformer, 656:In 1992, Moldova became involved in a brief 1849:Helen Fedor, ed. Moldova: A Country Study. 1459:, hence its moniker used by the media, the 1316:(CDPP) won 9.1% (11 MPs). On 4 April 2005, 487:was appointed Chairman of the Presidium of 2267: 2253: 1238:over all major policy matters of Moldova. 721:was undertaken at the 1999 OSCE summit in 503:), which pressured the authorities of the 401: 387: 2091: 1898:, 14 December 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2007 1666: 1654:Transnistrian Declaration of Independence 1501:July 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election 935:In 1994, Moldova became a member of NATO 630: 2118: 1794:, ICE Case Studies Number 182, May 2006 1506:In August 2009, four Moldovan parties – 1425: 1382: 1213: 1159:, third President of Moldova (2001–2009) 1151: 1010:, Moldova's second president (1996–2001) 1002: 840: 644: 423: 48:of all important aspects of the article. 2071: 1797: 1730: 1554:contemporaneous constitutional deadlock 1332:. The major opposition parties include 1244:Stabilization and Association Agreement 1165:Presidential career of Vladimir Voronin 1125:Disagreements that appeared within the 1063:and steps towards a rapprochement with 881:participate in the elections, however. 2849: 1774:, p.109. Taylor & Francis (2002), 1440:wave of protests began on 7 April 2009 602:After the failure of the 19–21 August 44:Please consider expanding the lead to 2248: 2169: 1575:On 16 March 2012, parliament elected 1106:( 19 – 9 February November 1999) and 982:Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 552:. At the end of a year that had seen 2274: 1770:Hughes, James and Sasse, Gwendolyn. 1024:, the former First Secretary of the 969:, the former First Secretary of the 17: 1346:Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova 1224:Christian-Democratic People's Party 505:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 13: 2102:. Associated Press. Archived from 1994:"Communists win Moldovan election" 1556:. Observers from the OSCE and the 1218:Demonstrations in Chişinău in 2003 1127:Alliance for Democracy and Reforms 1061:Commonwealth of Independent States 1057:Alliance for Democracy and Reforms 1037:Alliance for Democracy and Reforms 1016:Alliance for Democracy and Reforms 898:Commonwealth of Independent States 621:Commonwealth of Independent States 560:replaced the First Secretary with 14: 2883: 2233: 1531:amend the constitution of Moldova 1524:Alliance for European Integration 1393:Alliance For European Integration 1314:Christian Democratic People Party 1142:Alliance For European Integration 830:(25 May 1990 – 28 May 1991), and 413:The following is timeline of the 2831: 2830: 2383: 2030:"Moldova's "Twitter Revolution"" 1615: 1596: 1041:Democratic Convention of Moldova 469:Mişcarea Democratică din Moldova 370: 264:Union of Bessarabia with Romania 91: 22: 2206: 2157: 2131: 2042: 2023: 1999: 1983: 1957: 1931: 1912: 1901: 1878: 1867: 1856: 1649:Disputed status of Transnistria 1644:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1549:indirect presidential elections 1535:Constitutional Court of Moldova 1148:Communists governance 2001–2009 1098:After the acting government of 803:Political developments in 1990s 604:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 36:may be too short to adequately 2072:Harding, Luke (30 July 2009). 1843: 1816: 1784: 1764: 1749: 1711: 1430:Protest riots in front of the 1279:four Romanian-language schools 928:Cooperation in Europe and the 766:was introduced to replace the 461:Democratic Movement of Moldova 433:Road to independence 1985–1991 415:History of independent Moldova 359:History of independent Moldova 244:Romanian military intervention 46:provide an accessible overview 1: 2867:History of Moldova since 1991 2316:Moldavian Democratic Republic 1792:Transnistria-Moldova Conflict 519:began on 7 November 1989, in 232:Moldavian Democratic Republic 2872:Political history of Moldova 1248:European Neighborhood Policy 753:Transition to market economy 660:against local insurgents in 529:Ministry of Internal Affairs 7: 2365:Declaration of independence 1632: 1479:became very polarized. The 1446:) after the results of the 1367:as head of the government. 1330:Democratic Party of Moldova 1131:2001 parliamentary election 1079:International Monetary Fund 668:and Russian, Ukrainian and 481:Frontul Popular din Moldova 10: 2888: 1396: 1390: 1334:Party Alliance Our Moldova 1162: 1049:Party of Democratic Forces 1013: 684:In the region east of the 634: 623:(CIS). Declaring itself a 550:Communist Party of Moldova 455:, in 1986, to support the 436: 2798: 2769:Controversy over identity 2722: 2679: 2670: 2615: 2606: 2519: 2510: 2496:Left Bank of the Dniester 2463: 2401: 2392: 2381: 2286: 2179:. Rferl.org. 7 March 2012 1723:27 September 2007 at the 1552:status quo following the 1026:Moldavian Communist Party 971:Moldavian Communist Party 887:Democratic Agrarian Party 2594:Unification with Romania 2306:Principality of Moldavia 2020:, Spiegel, 10 April 2009 1742:19 February 2006 at the 1659: 1545:A parliamentary election 1508:Liberal Democratic Party 664:, who were aided by the 577:Popular Front of Moldova 542:Popular Front of Moldova 473:Popular Front of Moldova 443:Popular Front of Moldova 417:which started after the 269:Transnistria Governorate 177:Principality of Moldavia 164:Voivodeship of Maramureș 2487:Autonomous territories 1925:11 January 2009 at the 1890:4 December 2007 at the 706:Soviet Guards 14th Army 501:Marea Adunare Naţională 439:Independence of Moldova 419:independence of Moldova 344:Independence of Moldova 324:Anti-fascist resistance 144:Origin of the Romanians 2039:, RFE/RL, 8 April 2009 1908:EU/MOLDOVA ACTION PLAN 1809:5 October 2008 at the 1610:), 2013 Prime Minister 1585:Pro-European Coalition 1453:social network service 1435: 1399:Pro-European Coalition 1388: 1256:2004 population census 1219: 1160: 1112:parliamentary republic 1011: 932:made little progress. 861: 653: 631:Transnistrian conflict 616:Moldovan Popular Front 500: 480: 468: 429: 212:Bessarabia Governorate 2348:Transnistria conflict 1485:elect a new president 1432:Parliament of Moldova 1429: 1386: 1217: 1163:Further information: 1155: 1006: 937:Partnership for Peace 854:Partnership for Peace 844: 648: 637:Transnistria conflict 451:policy introduced by 427: 199:United Principalities 2709:Languages of Moldova 2128:, 22 September 2010. 2035:29 June 2011 at the 1520:Our Moldova Alliance 1413:President of Moldova 1361:March 2005 elections 1195:", prompting a long 1077:Moldova received an 903:Deşteaptă-te, române 2836:Transnistria topics 2455:Rudi Geodetic Point 2296:Prehistoric Balkans 2145:. 28 September 2010 1945:on 31 December 2010 1639:Politics of Moldova 1473:presidential office 1469:parliament building 1420:electoral threshold 1299:Moldovan Parliament 1144:is a good example. 1138:political coalition 715:military engagement 459:(restructuring), a 349:War of Transnistria 337:Republic of Moldova 319:Soviet deportations 219:Treaty of Bucharest 110:Chernyakhov culture 2375:2015–2016 protests 2321:Union with Romania 2166:, 31 December 2010 2054:The New York Times 1830:on 4 December 2007 1461:Twitter Revolution 1436: 1389: 1340:, whose candidate 1220: 1188:land consolidation 1161: 1039:was formed by the 1012: 862: 852:signing Moldova's 654: 583:lost power in the 537:October Revolution 430: 377:Moldova portal 2844: 2843: 2794: 2793: 2774:Moldovan language 2666: 2665: 2602: 2601: 2579:Political parties 2544:Foreign relations 2506: 2505: 2370:Post-independence 2336:Gagauzia conflict 1896:http://www.azi.md 1625:, (Independent), 1558:Council of Europe 1365:Zinaida Greceanîi 1236:blocking minority 941:Council of Europe 832:Valeriu Muravschi 821:Gagauzia conflict 770:. The end of the 652:region of Moldova 509:Moldovan language 453:Mikhail Gorbachev 411: 410: 314:Soviet occupation 137:Early Middle Ages 63: 62: 2879: 2834: 2833: 2814: 2807: 2677: 2676: 2633: 2613: 2612: 2517: 2516: 2473:Cities and towns 2399: 2398: 2387: 2358:Transnistria War 2269: 2262: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2210: 2204: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2106:on 3 August 2009 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2069: 2058: 2057: 2046: 2040: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1971:on 20 March 2012 1967:. Archived from 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1941:. Archived from 1935: 1929: 1916: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1882: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1826:. Archived from 1820: 1814: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1782: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1747: 1734: 1728: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1619: 1600: 1516:Democratic Party 1465:Grape revolution 1318:Vladimir Voronin 1309:or with Russia. 1231:Russian proposal 1172:Vladimir Voronin 1157:Vladimir Voronin 1100:Serafim Urechean 666:14th Guards Army 641:Transnistria War 546:central Chişinău 533:Vladimir Voronin 403: 396: 389: 375: 374: 373: 189:Early Modern Era 95: 85: 67: 66: 58: 55: 49: 26: 18: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2790: 2718: 2662: 2631: 2598: 2564:Law enforcement 2502: 2459: 2428:Protected areas 2388: 2379: 2341:Gagauz Republic 2326:Greater Romania 2282: 2273: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2211: 2207: 2198:Washington Post 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2070: 2061: 2056:. 29 July 2009. 2048: 2047: 2043: 2037:Wayback Machine 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1927:Wayback Machine 1917: 1913: 1906: 1902: 1892:Wayback Machine 1883: 1879: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1844: 1833: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1811:Wayback Machine 1802: 1798: 1789: 1785: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1750: 1744:Wayback Machine 1735: 1731: 1725:Wayback Machine 1716: 1712: 1705: 1704: 1667: 1662: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1623:Nicolae Timofti 1620: 1611: 1601: 1577:Nicolae Timofti 1491:were held. The 1401: 1395: 1381: 1342:Dorin Chirtoacă 1167: 1150: 1119:Petru Lucinschi 1108:Dumitru Braghiş 1084:Petru Lucinschi 1022:Petru Lucinschi 1018: 1008:Petru Lucinschi 1001: 967:Petru Lucinschi 878:Petru Lucinschi 836:Andrei Sangheli 813:Gagauz Republic 805: 772:planned economy 755: 643: 635:Main articles: 633: 562:Petru Lucinschi 445: 437:Main articles: 435: 407: 371: 369: 364: 363: 354:Gagauz Republic 339: 329: 328: 309: 299: 298: 289: 279: 278: 259: 257:Greater Romania 249: 248: 234: 224: 223: 214: 204: 203: 179: 169: 168: 139: 129: 128: 105: 83: 76: 59: 53: 50: 43: 31:This article's 27: 12: 11: 5: 2885: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2862:Law of Moldova 2859: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2638:Communications 2635: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2589:Prime Minister 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2234:External links 2232: 2229: 2228: 2205: 2190: 2168: 2156: 2130: 2117: 2090: 2059: 2041: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1996:, 6 April 2009 1982: 1956: 1930: 1911: 1900: 1877: 1866: 1855: 1842: 1815: 1796: 1790:Olga Savceac, 1783: 1763: 1748: 1729: 1710: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1627:2012 President 1621: 1614: 1612: 1602: 1595: 1489:snap elections 1434:, 7 April 2009 1397:Main article: 1391:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1149: 1146: 1065:Western Europe 1047:(24 MPs), and 1014:Main article: 1000: 997: 986:European Union 930:United Nations 916:as opposed to 870:United Nations 850:Manfred Wörner 804: 801: 754: 751: 632: 629: 489:Supreme Soviet 434: 431: 409: 408: 406: 405: 398: 391: 383: 380: 379: 366: 365: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 316: 310: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 290: 287:Moldavian ASSR 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 266: 260: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 235: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 215: 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 140: 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 121: 112: 106: 101: 100: 97: 96: 88: 87: 78: 77: 70: 61: 60: 40:the key points 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2884: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2837: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2331:Moldavian SSR 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2178: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2124:Actmedia.eu: 2121: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1780:0-7146-8210-1 1777: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1706:(in Romanian) 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1570:head of state 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512:Liberal Party 1509: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1493:29 July polls 1490: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Liberal Party 1335: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1322:Vasile Tarlev 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1180:Vasile Tarlev 1175: 1173: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1072:rouble crisis 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1009: 1005: 996: 992: 989: 987: 983: 978: 974: 972: 968: 964: 963:Mircea Snegur 959: 956: 952: 950: 944: 942: 938: 933: 931: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910: 909:Limba noastră 905: 904: 899: 895: 892:A March 1994 890: 888: 882: 879: 873: 871: 867: 866:Mircea Snegur 859: 855: 851: 847: 846:Mircea Snegur 843: 839: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 816: 814: 810: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 769: 768:Soviet rouble 765: 760: 750: 748: 747: 742: 741: 736: 732: 728: 724: 718: 716: 710: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 679: 678:Boris Yeltsin 675: 674:Mircea Snegur 671: 667: 663: 659: 651: 650:Transnistrian 647: 642: 638: 628: 626: 625:neutral state 622: 617: 613: 612:Mircea Snegur 609: 605: 600: 598: 597:Mircea Snegur 594: 590: 589:Moldavian SSR 586: 585:Moldavian SSR 582: 578: 574: 570: 569:Mircea Snegur 565: 563: 559: 555: 554:Semion Grossu 551: 547: 543: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:Moldavian SSR 522: 518: 514: 513:Moldavian SSR 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485:Mircea Snegur 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 444: 440: 426: 422: 420: 416: 404: 399: 397: 392: 390: 385: 384: 382: 381: 378: 368: 367: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 338: 333: 332: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307:Moldavian SSR 303: 302: 295: 292: 291: 288: 283: 282: 275: 274:The Holocaust 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 258: 253: 252: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 233: 228: 227: 220: 217: 216: 213: 208: 207: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 178: 173: 172: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 138: 133: 132: 125: 122: 120: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 104: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 86: 80: 79: 74: 69: 68: 65: 57: 47: 41: 39: 34: 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 2689:Demographics 2625:Central Bank 2554:Human rights 2529:Constitution 2465:Subdivisions 2369: 2353:Transnistria 2219:. Retrieved 2208: 2193: 2181:. Retrieved 2171: 2159: 2149:30 September 2147:. Retrieved 2133: 2120: 2108:. Retrieved 2104:the original 2093: 2081:. Retrieved 2078:The Guardian 2077: 2053: 2044: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1985: 1973:. Retrieved 1969:the original 1959: 1947:. Retrieved 1943:the original 1933: 1914: 1903: 1880: 1869: 1858: 1845: 1832:. Retrieved 1828:the original 1818: 1799: 1786: 1771: 1766: 1751: 1732: 1713: 1604:Iurie Leancă 1589:Iurie Leancă 1574: 1543: 1539:Mihai Ghimpu 1528: 1505: 1498: 1477: 1460: 1437: 1417: 1402: 1373: 1369: 1358: 1350: 1327: 1311: 1296: 1276: 1252: 1240: 1228: 1221: 1209: 1184: 1176: 1168: 1135: 1124: 1116: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1076: 1069: 1030: 1019: 993: 990: 979: 975: 960: 957: 953: 945: 934: 926: 907: 901: 891: 883: 874: 863: 825: 817: 806: 764:Moldovan leu 756: 744: 738: 734: 719: 711: 683: 662:Transnistria 655: 601: 593:Moldovan SSR 566: 517:Civil unrest 446: 414: 412: 358: 239:Sfatul Țării 159:Golden Horde 119:Free Dacians 64: 51: 35: 33:lead section 15: 2857:1991 in law 2699:Health care 2620:Agriculture 2559:LGBT rights 2411:Earthquakes 2164:EU Observer 1851:Government. 1834:1 September 1566:Marian Lupu 1197:controversy 828:Mircea Druc 789:Remittances 785:agriculture 670:Don Cossack 573:Mircea Druc 457:perestroika 294:Moldovenism 194:Phanariotes 82:History of 2851:Categories 2759:Literature 2632:(currency) 2574:Parliament 2549:Government 2534:Corruption 2483:Localities 2311:Bessarabia 1756:Publika TV 1581:April 2009 1562:Vlad Filat 1483:failed to 1481:parliament 1354:5+2 format 1104:Ion Sturza 1053:Ion Ciubuc 1043:(26 MPs), 894:referendum 797:corruption 735:status quo 698:Ukrainians 690:Russophone 428:1992 stamp 184:Foundation 54:April 2021 2704:Moldovans 2694:Education 2658:Transport 2584:President 2539:Elections 2394:Geography 2221:28 August 2217:. Reuters 1975:3 January 1949:3 January 1874:Itar-Tass 1264:Romanians 1260:Moldovans 984:with the 759:inflation 702:Moldovans 531:, led by 124:Bastarnae 103:Antiquity 38:summarize 2821:Category 2754:Holidays 2714:Religion 2569:Military 2512:Politics 2491:Gagauzia 2478:Communes 2443:Dniester 2280:articles 2183:16 March 2143:BBC News 2033:Archived 1923:Archived 1888:Archived 1807:Archived 1740:Archived 1721:Archived 1633:See also 1448:election 1307:the West 1283:Tiraspol 1272:Romanian 1268:Moldovan 1193:Moldovan 949:Romanian 922:Gagauzia 918:Romanian 746:de facto 723:Istanbul 694:Russians 686:Dniester 658:conflict 521:Chișinău 497:Romanian 493:Chișinău 477:Romanian 465:Romanian 449:glasnost 154:Brodnici 149:Tivertsi 73:a series 71:Part of 2805:Outline 2781:Symbols 2742:Cuisine 2737:Costume 2724:Culture 2672:Society 2653:Tourism 2648:Poverty 2608:Economy 2524:Cabinet 2406:Climate 2288:History 2276:Moldova 2110:30 July 2083:30 July 1499:In the 1457:Twitter 1359:In the 1303:CIS-EMO 1291:Rîbnița 914:Moldova 740:De jure 692:ethnic 608:Romania 575:of the 84:Moldova 2826:Portal 2732:Cinema 2643:Energy 2438:Danube 2433:Rivers 2278: 1778: 1518:, and 1407:. The 1289:, and 1287:Bender 860:(1994) 809:Gagauz 781:Turkey 777:Cyprus 558:Moscow 475:(PFM; 75:on the 2812:Index 2786:Sport 2764:Music 2684:Crime 2421:Birds 2416:Fauna 2301:Dacia 1660:Notes 1587:with 1444:Bălţi 1205:Cahul 1201:Bălţi 856:with 727:Porto 115:Dacia 2747:Wine 2630:Leu 2448:Prut 2223:2018 2185:2012 2151:2010 2112:2009 2085:2009 1977:2011 1951:2011 1836:2009 1776:ISBN 1608:PLDM 1471:and 1262:and 1203:and 1070:The 980:The 858:NATO 848:and 696:and 676:and 639:and 581:CPSU 441:and 1990:BBC 1463:or 1281:in 906:to 793:GDP 591:to 2853:: 2200:, 2141:. 2076:. 2062:^ 2052:. 1992:: 1894:, 1758:, 1668:^ 1572:. 1526:. 1514:, 1510:, 1455:, 1438:A 1403:A 1356:. 1348:. 1336:, 1285:, 1133:. 1067:. 951:. 943:. 889:. 799:. 779:, 595:. 523:, 499:: 479:: 467:: 421:. 117:, 2268:e 2261:t 2254:v 2225:. 2187:. 2153:. 2114:. 2087:. 1979:. 1953:. 1838:. 1606:( 515:. 463:( 402:e 395:t 388:v 56:) 52:( 42:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.