Romania in the Middle Ages

2941: 2643: 1565: 2711:; only the Székelys remained more than the other "nations" Catholic. In 1568, the Transylvanian Diet at Torda decreed the free worship of these four "received denominations", but Orthodoxy still continued to be only tolerated. The Romanians' status worsened in this period. The Diets of 1554 and 1555 decided that a Catholic or Protestant peasant could not be accused of a crime except there were seven Catholic or Protestant witnesses against him, while an Orthodox peasant could be accused if there were three Catholic or Protestant or seven Orthodox witnesses. The Diet of 1559 also decreed that Romanians who had settled on lands abandoned by Catholic serfs were obliged to pay the tithe. 1575: 1609: 2696:(Hungary). Thus a separate country started to emerge, although George Martinuzzi was still negotiating with Ferdinand I on the reunification of the kingdom. For this purpose, in 1551 Ferdinand I sent an army into Transylvania where he was recognized as sole ruler by the Diet. The Ottomans, however, occupied a great part of Banat in 1552, and neither could Ferdinand I consolidate his rule over the kingdom's eastern territories. Finally, the Diet, meeting in Sebeș on March 12, 1556, swore again allegiance to "the son of King John", thus the young king and his mother returned to Transylvania. 1899: 1408: 2748: 55: 589: 2365: 2050: 2897:(1572–1574) who refused to pay the tribute to the sultan. As a result, Ottoman and Wallachian troops invaded Moldavia, but they were defeated by John III in a surprise attack near Jiliște. Now the sultan sent a large army against Moldavia, and the prince was captured and quartered. Next Aaron the Tyrant joined the anti-Ottoman coalition of Transylvania and Wallachia, and started a rebellion on November 13, 1594, simultaneously with Michael the Brave of Wallachia. 2195: 1680:(1272–1290), were characterized by civil wars throughout the entire kingdom. In Transylvania, the Saxons engaged in a local conflict with the bishop, took Alba Iulia and set fire to the cathedral. The series of wars continued in 1285 with a second Mongol invasion. During its initial stage, the Székelys, the Romanians and the Saxons successfully blocked the Mongols' access and later organized a series of ambushes provoking panic among the retreating invaders. 1595: 9537: 1169: 9527: 2559: 868: 522: 2931: 9547: 1921:, Saxons, and all kind of men" around 1290. The first sovereign of Wallachia recorded in contemporary sources was Basarab I who obtained international recognition for the independence of the principality by his victory over Charles I of Hungary in the battle of Posada on November 12, 1330. The princes of Wallachia were chosen from among his descendants – either legitimate, or not – by an assembly of the 2758:

military and monetary obligations for them. In 1562 many Székelys took up arms against John II Sigismund, but they were defeated. The Saxon towns continued to develop even in the years of upheaval. Their population, however, increased slowly, mainly as a consequence of the Saxons' traditional desire for segregation: even Hungarian craftsmen and merchants were prohibited from settling in their towns.

1118:. After a series of victory over the Ottomans, he turned against Transylvania and Moldavia where pro-Polish and pro-Ottoman princes were reigning. He invaded and occupied Transylvania in 1599, and Moldavia in 1600. Although the personal union of the three countries collapsed four months later, it served as an ideal for later generations working for the unification of the lands that now form Romania. 2765:(1564–1576) as the lawful king of Hungary and adopted the title of "prince of Transylvania and parts of the Kingdom of Hungary". The treaty also marked out the borders of the new principality, which included not only the historical province of Transylvania, but also some neighboring counties, such as Bihor and Maramureș, thenceforward collectively known as 1384:(1205–1235) granted special liberties to the Saxons who had settled in southern Transylvania. For instance, they were authorized to choose their local leaders; only the head of the entire community, the count of Sibiu, was appointed by the king. They were also granted the right to use "the forest of the Romanians and the Pechenegs". The first references to 2555:(1451–1457) was the first prince who agreed to pay tribute to the Ottomans in 1456. He was ousted by his nephew, Stephen, with the support of Vlad the Impaler of Wallachia. Stephen III the Great was to be the most important medieval Romanian monarch who managed to uphold Moldavia's autonomy against Hungary, Poland and the Ottoman Empire. 1715:, and Zărand in the territory what is now Romania – ended with sentencing a despotic person to death. The first charter referring to a general assembly of the Transylvanian counties was recorded in 1288. A general assembly of the Transylvanian nobles, Saxons, Székelys and Romanians was convoked personally by the monarch in 1291. 2571:. He came to view the Ottoman Empire as his chief enemy in the 1470s, and in 1474 he refused to pay tribute. He soon received the ultimatum of Mehmed II who demanded the surrender of Chilia, a fortress recently captured from Wallachia. Upon Stephen III's refusal, a large Ottoman army was sent against Moldavia. He called on 1758:

who suppressed a Saxon revolt in 1324. At that time, the autonomous Saxon province was divided into seats, each administered by a judge appointed by the king. In appreciation of the Transylvanian noblemen's services in the crushing of the revolt, Charles I exempted them from the taxes they had so far

2241:

The increasing defense costs fell primarily on the serfs: the rent on the land was raised and extraordinary taxes were imposed. The first peasant revolt in the territory of modern Romania broke out due to the efforts taken by the bishop of Transylvania to collect the church taxes. Led by Anton Budai

1113:

Transylvania, together with the neighboring counties, gained the status of an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty after the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary had been annexed by the Ottomans in 1541. The fall of the kingdom also deprived Wallachia and Moldavia of their main ally in

2812:

and many smaller Italian and German states. Although the Estates twice refused to endorse the declaration of war, Transylvania joined the alliance on January 28, 1595 after the leaders of the opposition had been executed on the order of the monarch. In return Rudolph II recognized Sigismund's title

2287:

By that time, the land once held in common by the Székely community had gradually become divided into smaller and smaller units; thus a vast number of the free warrior-peasants had to enter the service of their more prosperous fellow Székelys. This social stratification was formally recognized by a

2868:

region (in modern Ukraine), but his army was defeated. Now he concluded a secret treaty with Ferdinand I of Hungary, but soon had to seek refugee in Transylvania when Suleiman I led an army against him. This was the first occasion when a prince, Stephen V Lăcustă (1538–1540) was appointed by

2757:

From the Székelys, continuing warfare demanded increased military service, and the royal administration imposed special taxes on them. Although the leaders of the Székely community were exempted from taxation in 1554, but all the foot soldiers continued to be taxed, resulting in a double burden of

2295:) between Hungarians and Saxons only came to an end in 1458 by establishing a rule that municipal offices must be shared equally between the two groups. In 1486, Matthias I united all the Saxon districts in Transylvania in the "University of the Saxons" under the leadership of the elected mayor of 2995:

on October 28, 1599 and entered Alba Iulia. Here the Diet recognized him as imperial governor. He respected the traditional organization of Transylvania, and even crushed a revolt of the Romanian peasants, but forced the Diet to relieve the Orthodox priests of feudal obligations. In the spring of

2729:

lay, and who were made nobles during the time of John Hunyadi, a native of that place, because they always took part tirelessly in the battles against the Turks. All others are common people, serfs of the Hungarians and without settlements of their own, scattered everywhere, throughout the entire

2566:

In the early years of his reign, he remained allied with Poland and the Ottoman Empire, and even joined the Ottomans in attacking Wallachia. He also supported the rebellion of 1467 of the Transylvanian Estates; therefore Matthias I of Hungary launched an expedition against Moldavia, but the royal

2968:

According to the treaty signed by Michael the Brave on May 20, 1595 in Alba Iulia, Sigismund Báthory became the ruler of the three principalities and adopted the title of "prince of Transylvania, Moldavia and Transalpine Wallachia". The treaty stipulated, that the taxes would be established in

1660:

were situated in the counties. A charter referring to inns, bakeries, and bathhouses in Rodna proves the city-like way of life of its inhabitants. Salt was still the most important item of trade in this period, but trading with oxen, maidservants, and wine is also documented in royal charters.

2229:

in Transylvania. On his initiative, their assembly declared that in case of an Ottoman attack, every third nobleman and every tenth serf would take up arms. Indeed, from 1420 Ottoman attacks occurred on an annual basis. In this period many Saxon churches, and later the Székely churches of the

2302:

After Matthias I's death, the assembly of the Estates, called Diet, began to function as a regular organ of power. The peasantry suffered most from the rule of the Estates, for instance, by the limitation of their right to free movement. In 1514 thousands of peasants who had been summoned to

2825:(1545–1559), the first prince placed on the throne by the sultan, the crown became negotiable, according to the largest tribute offered. Even Michael the Brave who in time would turn against the Ottomans ascended the throne with the support of some people who had influence with the 1497:

The expansion across the Carpathians was stopped by the invasion of the Mongols that lasted from March 31, 1241 to April, 1242. It was a major watershed in the medieval history of the region: although the number of casualties is disputed, even the most prudent estimates do not go below

1643:

Since only castles built of stone and walled towns had been able to resist Mongol attacks, following the withdrawal of the Mongols the kings encouraged both the landowners and the townspeople to build stone fortifications. New stone fortresses were built, for example, at

2960:

to invade Wallachia. The two princes needed the support of Sigismund Báthory who took advantage of the situation to make himself suzerain of Wallachia and Moldavia. When Aaron the Tyrant refused Sigismund Báthory's conditions, he was replaced by the latter's protégé,

2630:

After 1529, resistance to John I in Transylvania was broken in a series of small campaigns. For instance, the last Transylvanian magnate to side with Ferdinánd I, Stephen Majláth went over to John I in early 1532, and Sibiu was occupied in 1536. On February 24, 1538,

2338:(Hungary) where the royal army was annihilated by the Ottomans on August 29, 1526. Thereafter the noblemen's political factions engaged in conflict and elected two kings. One of them, John I Szapolyai (1526–1540) was supported by the lesser nobility, while 2720:

is inhabited by three nations – Székelys, Hungarians and Saxons. I should add the Romanians who – even though they easily equal the others in number – have no liberties, no nobility and no rights of their own, except for a small number living in the district of

1305:, a higher royal official first attested in 1176, became the principal of all the counts in Transylvania. In contrast with Transylvania, the counts in modern Banat and Crișana remained in direct contact with the king who appointed and replaced them at will. 2991:(1599). The new prince was loyal to the Poles and promptly demanded that Michael the Brave accept his suzerainty. The latter secured the emperor's approval for an invasion of Transylvania and attacked the principality where the Székelys also joined him. He 2013:(1395–1397) on the throne. Thus Mircea I was forced to take refuge in Transylvania, where he agreed to be Sigismund I of Hungary's vassal. He was restored to the throne and participated in the disastrous crusade of Nicopolis organized by Sigismund I. 1301:, only ceased around 1100. Stephen I also divided his kingdom, including the territories of modern Romania he had occupied, into counties, that is administrative units around royal fortresses, each administered by a royal official called count. In time the 2171:, for whom part of his holdings, Dobruja, received its name. In about 1385 Ivanco became the ruler of the territory, but he soon disappeared during an Ottoman expedition. Dobruja was occupied by Mircea I of Wallachia in 1390 and by the Ottomans in 1395. 2583:

He also recognized Matthias I of Hungary as his suzerain and received, in return, Ciceu and Cetatea de Baltă in Transylvania. The following year, however, he found himself alone when Mehmed II invaded Moldavia. The Moldavian army was defeated in the

2376:

After the battle of Nicopolis, the Ottomans occupied Bulgaria and could attack Wallachia more easily. Mircea I the Old, however, could reoccupy Dobruja in 1402 by taking advantage of the Ottomans' difficulties after their defeat by Timur Lenk in the

2442:, turned against the Ottoman Empire. He carried out a series of attacks across the Danube in the winter of 1461–1462. The response was a massive invasion led by Mehmed II who drove Vlad III from the throne and replaced him with his brother, 2579:

on January 10, 1475. Following the battle, he addressed a letter to the Christian princes, expressing the idea that the two Romanian principalities were the "gateway to the Christian world", and if they fell "all Christendom would be in danger".

1442:

As a result of the Saxon immigration, the Székelys – Hungarian-speaking free warriors cultivating communal lands – were transferred to the southeast of the province. From the 13th century they were governed independently from the

1837:. As a result of official pressure, many Romanian noblemen converted to Catholicism. For example, the members of the powerful Drágffy family turned Catholic in the 15th century. The Ottomans raided Transylvania for the first time in 1394. 2575:, pleading for a crusade. Although the pope acknowledged his merits, by naming him "the Athlete of Christ", no anti-Ottoman coalition materialized. Even without external military support, Stephen the Great led his troops to victory in the 2288:

royal decree in 1473. Thereafter those who performed mounted military service were differentiated from those who fought as foot-soldiers; those who were unable to finance themselves even as foot-soldiers were legally reduced to servitude.

2518:. The first Ottoman attack on Moldavia in 1420 was also repulsed by him. Alexander I's death was followed by a long period of political instability, characterized by frequent fights for the throne. For instance, the struggle of his sons, 2284:, a tax from which they had been exempted was replaced with a new tax. In Transylvania, the "Three Nations" entered into a formal alliance against the king in 1467, but he quickly intervened and took the disorganized rebels by surprise. 2603:(1504–1517) whose reign was troubled by a long series of military conflicts with Poland and Wallachia. The good relations with Poland were reestablished under the reign of Stephen IV the Younger (1517–1527). His successor, 1357:. The increasing number of coin finds suggests that the province experienced economic growth in the late 11th century. The first document pertaining to the province is a royal charter of 1075 referring to taxes on salt levied at 2121:

of Poland as his suzerain, but Hungary also maintained its claim of suzerainty over the principality. Therefore, the princes of Moldavia could counterbalance the influence of Poland and Hungary by playing one off against the other.

2788:

on July 8, 1575. In the same year, he was elected king of Poland, thus a personal union was formed between the two countries that lasted until his death in 1586. He left the administration of the principality first to his brother,

2446:(1462–1475). Due to the frequent military operations, the Wallachian Plain was heavily depopulated after the end of the 14th century. On the other hand, Wallachia received a steady flow of immigrants, mostly from the 1028:

commoners. However, Romanian noblemen slowly lost the ability to participate in political life, as the 14th-century monarchs pursued a zealous pro-Catholic policy. Their position became even worse after 1437 when the so-called

283: 1628:, had been destroyed. Due to the severe depopulation, a process of organized colonization commenced that lasted for several decades. For example, a new wave of colonization resulted in the establishment of the Saxon seats of 2514:(1400–1432). He reinforced Moldavia's traditional pro-Polish orientation and declared himself a vassal of Władysław II of Poland in 1406. Thenceforth, the Moldavian armies fought together with the Poles against the 1110:, and Poland, and the import of silk, weapons and other manufactured goods from these areas had been widespread, but by the end of the 16th century the Ottoman Empire became the main market for Romanian products. 2098:. The establishment of the principality enhanced the security of travel, thus Moldavia could also profit from the transit trade between Poland and the Black Sea ports. The first local coins were minted in 1377, under 1691:

in 1291. Their economic role became also recognized, since their pastoral activities connected to cloth production of the Saxon settlements. To the monarchs, they paid a special tax in sheep, called the "fiftieth".

2885:

region (now in Ukraine). Peter IV Rareș recovered his throne in exchange for a large sum of money in 1541. His death was followed by a period characterized by fights between pretenders to the throne and among the

1734:

governed Transylvania. The latter's authority was also recognized by the Saxons and the Székelys. He even assumed royal prerogatives, such as taking over lands lacking rightful owners. After 1310, he acknowledged

1895:" ("Romanians") "just as they have owned it". In the 1270s, Litovoi extended his territory and stopped paying tribute to the king, but his army was defeated by the royal forces, and he was killed in the battle. 1619:

Having been raided twice by the Mongols within a single year, Transylvania felt the consequences of the invasion of 1241–1242 for more than two decades. The administrative centers of the province, such as

1144:

created an obstacle in the path of nomadic people moving westward. In the following period, the local population of the Carpathian–Danubian area profited from the peaceful political climate and a unitary

2342:(1526–1564) was recognized mainly in the kingdom's western counties, but the Transylvanian Saxons also supported him. Seeking the assistance of the Ottomans, John I had to pay homage to the sultan at 2250:, had no clear winner. The leaders of the noblemen, the Saxons and the Székelys, however, set up a "brotherly union" in order to join forces and crushed the peasants' resistance by the end of January 1438. 1296:

Stephen I granted privileges to the Roman Catholic Church, for example by ordering the general imposition of the tithe upon the population. Burials in most local pre-Christian cemeteries, for example at

2635:

by the representatives of the two kings of Hungary. According to the treaty, both rulers were allowed to retain the territories which they then held, but the childless John I promised to recognize the

2144:

reestablished control over the Danube Delta in the 1260s, it fell again under the direct rule of the Golden Horde sometime before 1337. By the end of the 13th century, flourishing communities of

2205:

In order to establish a zone of buffer states, Sigismund I of Hungary tried to draw the neighboring Orthodox rulers under his own suzerainty by granting them estates in his kingdom. For example,

1932:, members of the landed nobility, formed the most important social group in the principality. The vast majority of the population was formed by peasants who were called several names, such as 2596:(now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Ukraine) on the Black Sea. Having tried unsuccessfully to regain the fortresses in 1485, he concluded a peace with the sultan and agreed to pay tribute to him. 1683:

By that time, the Romanians' military role had expanded from their original task of defending the kingdom's frontiers. They participated in several military campaigns, for example against

2689:

occupied the capital of the kingdom. At the same time the sultan assigned the territories of the kingdom east of the Tisa to Queen Isabella and her son in return for an annual tribute.

2242:

Nagy, the rebellious peasants, who called themselves "the commune of the rightful Hungarian and Romanian inhabitants of this part of Transylvania", established a fortified camp on the

2545:

went into production in 1440, but their oil was also only for household use. In Moldavia, Gypsy slaves were first mentioned in 1428 when Alexander I awarded 31 Gypsy families to the

2996:

1600, he invaded Moldavia in the name of the emperor and established control over it. In July he even proclaimed himself "prince of Wallachia, Transylvania, and all of Moldavia" in

2261:

who gained a series of victories over the Ottomans after 1441. For instance, in 1442 he routed an Ottoman army that had been devastating Transylvania. Through his last victory over

17: 7482:

Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan; Constantiniu, Florin; Michelson, Paul E.; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Popa, Cristian; Popa, Marcel; Scurtu, Ioan; Vultur, Marcela; Watts, Larry L. (1997).

7180:

Barta, Gábor (1994). "The emergence of the principality and its first crises". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).

1545:

on the Lower Danube and became the absolute master of the neighboring regions. He made himself independent of the Golden Horde around 1280, but was killed in a battle in 1299.

1482:

to the east of the Carpathians. However, the Orthodox Romanian population of the territory received the sacraments from "some pseudo-bishops of the Greek rite", according to a

2856:

of Moldavia (1591–1595) signed a treaty to form an anti-Ottoman alliance. The rebellion started by the massacre of all the Ottomans in Wallachia on November 13, 1594.

2549:. In time Gypsies became specialized in several crafts: for example, throughout the Middle Ages the working of iron was an occupation reserved almost exclusively for them. 2984:(1595–1606). In June 1598 Michael the Brave recognized the suzerainty of Emperor Rudolph II, who had promised to grant subsidies to him to finance his mercenaries. 2253:

The Ottomans' attempt to conquer new territories led to a better organized policy against them. The temporary union of the Eastern and Western Churches proclaimed by the

1696:(1290–1301) even ordered, in 1293, that all the Romanians who had been settled without royal permission on noble domains be returned to the royal estate of Armeni. 7408:

Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the "Christian Republic" to the "Restoration of Dacia"". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.).

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Following their coordinated uprising, Michael the Brave attacked Ottoman strongholds along the Danube and recovered Giurgiu and Brăila, while Aaron the Tyrant seized

7370:

Makkai, László (1994). "The emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).

814: 1078:, who led a revolt against the former ruler who was appointed by the Hungarian monarch. The independence of the two principalities, however, was rarely secure, and 8521: 2109:

The succession to the throne, similarly to Wallachia, was governed by the hereditary-elective principle. Thus either a legitimate or an illegitimate member of the

2852:, that is officials personally loyal to him. Michael the Brave also adopted an anti-Ottoman policy, and upon his initiative Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania and 1548:

By the middle of the 14th century, the westernmost Mongol territories had become subject to frequent Polish and Hungarian military offensives. Grand Prince

1766:

In this period, one of the major incentives for the growth of Transylvanian towns was the trade with Wallachia and Moldavia. For instance, Brașov was granted a

8990: 2492:(1522–1529) who fought about 20 battles against the Ottomans. Finally, he was, in 1525, forced to accept Ottoman suzerainty and the rise of the tribute. 9356: 2246:

hill early in 1437. They fought two important battles against the noblemen; the first one, at Bobâlna, was won by the peasants, and the second one, near the

809: 340: 1346:("Romanians"). Some of the Pechenegs fled into the Kingdom of Hungary where they were employed to guard the border districts, for instance in Transylvania. 4662:"Istoria Ţării Rumîneşti de cînd au descălecat pravoslavnicii creştini (History of Wallachia from the time when the Orthodox Christians dismounted there)" 2607:(1527–1538, 1541–1546) intervened in the struggle for the crown of the Kingdom of Hungary: on the order of the sultan, in 1529 he invaded the 9492: 2980:

and by the united armies of the three principalities at Giurgiu. In the meantime, however, the Poles had invaded Moldavia and replaced Ștefan Răzvan by

1672:(1270–1272) to govern the kingdom's territories to the east of the Danube. Here the younger king ceded a significant part of his royal domains to 3015:

to appeal to the emperor for support. He returned to Transylvania in July 1601 at the head of an imperial army. Cooperating with the imperial general,

2769:. The death of John II Sigismund in 1571 threatened to throw the country again into the hands of the Habsburgs whose officers supported the Unitarian 1098:. The two principalities' trade with other parts of Europe began to decrease after the last decades of the 15th century. Before this the sale of 632: 2681:

elected as king (1540–1571). Ferdinand I sent troops to take Buda, but they withdrew upon the advance of the Ottoman army. On August 29, 1541

2280:

Matthias I used his officials to assert royal prerogatives that had already fallen into disuse. The noblemen found it particularly irksome that the

1656:. The process of urbanization was characterized by the predominance of the Saxon towns: out of the eight towns in Transylvania, only Alba Iulia and 2469:(1512–1521) rose to throne, but he adopted the dynastic name of Basarab in order to legitimize his rule. He wrote the first original work of 2046:, the count of the Székelys led an army over the Carpathians and occupied this region where a border province was organized by Louis I of Hungary. 3007:

on September 18, 1600. At the same time, the Poles invaded Moldavia and restored Ieremia Movilă to the throne; then they entered Wallachia, where

2453:

After 1462 Wallachia preserved its autonomy mainly through the intervention of Stephen the Great of Moldavia. At the end of the century, however,

1770:

in 1369 with respect to the trade in cloth from Poland or Germany. Thereafter, foreign merchants had to sell their most sought-after merchandise,

8343: 7709: 7427:

Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.).

2094:

remained the main agricultural tool throughout the Middle Ages. The constant clearing of land shows that finding new land was still preferred to

1478:

in 1223, some chieftains of the western Cuman tribes accepted the authority of the king of Hungary. Their conversion led to the creation of the

9005: 2291:

The prominence of the German element in the towns sometimes led to conflicts along ethnic lines. Thus the struggle for leadership in Cluj (now

1987: 1383–1386) refers to Vladislav I's former donation of Gypsies to the Vodița monastery. Later on, all the important monasteries and 782: 9082: 4439: 2625: 896: 739: 550: 213: 4661: 3041:(1604–1606) the principality voluntarily accepted Ottoman suzerainty. In the next decades, the princes of Transylvania, among them 1459:

was established in the early 13th century, Andrew II ordered that the strip of land running up to the mountains between the rivers

8553: 1207: 8511: 2673:, who in 1540 bore him a son. Already dying, the king took an oath from his barons to evade the treaty of Oradea, and his counselor, 2592:, were forced to retreat. Stephen the Great suffered the greatest setback of his reign in 1484 when the Ottomans captured Chilia and 1914: 2940: 1781:" was generalized for the forms of territorial organizations of the Romanians, but only few of them, for instance their district in 1237:

had any knowledge of the real conditions of the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries remains debated by historians.

7625: 955:

together, the three principalities whose territories were to be united some three centuries later to form modern and contemporary

8902: 8270: 819: 1940:("Romanians"), in medieval documents. In this period, animals, especially sheep, remained the main item of export, but from the 2060: 1964: 1114:

the struggle against the Ottoman Empire. In 1594, Michael the Brave of Wallachia joined the anti-Ottoman alliance initiated by

991: 2730:

country, rarely settled in open places, most of them retired in the woods, leading an unfortunate life alongside their flocks.

9576: 8960: 7744: 7543: 7436: 7417: 7325: 7250: 7227: 2909: 2692:

On October 18, the kingdom's eastern territories, including Transylvania, swore allegiance to the infant king at the Diet of

9571: 8626: 7977: 7921: 3052:, prince of Wallachia (1611–1616, 1623–1626) and of Moldavia (1616–1623), was the first ruler to appoint 2434:(1431–1436) was the first Romanian ruler to be forced to render military service to the Ottomans. Two decades later, 2424:(1420–1431), and in the next decade the throne was occupied with frequent changes either by Dan II or by his cousin, 2269:(in modern Serbia) in 1456, he saved the kingdom from Ottoman occupation for several decades. During the reign of his son, 1739:(1301–1342) as his sovereign, but in fact continued to rule independently. The king who transferred his residence to 839: 9416: 9391: 9331: 8630: 8336: 7909: 7857: 7766: 7570: 2273:(1458–1490), the Ottomans launched only one serious attack against Transylvania in 1479 when they were defeated at 2257:

in 1439 also created a favorable background for the concentration of Christian forces. Christendom found its champion in

802: 1818:"). This distinction, however, did not mean real nobility and grant them exemption from royal taxes, even for the noble 1552:

penetrated farther into the territories controlled by the Golden Horde than any European army had hitherto done. He won

9507: 8547: 8543: 8431: 7936: 2537:

and peasant households, were still the main source of clothing, food and construction, specialized production, such as

2480:

Under Theodosius I (1521–1522) the Ottoman governor of Nicopolis take advantage of the internal fights among the

2235: 2090:

In Moldavia, agriculture and animal raising remained the principal economic activities. Similarly to Wallachia, wooden

1673: 430: 325: 7564: 9550: 9512: 9042: 8824: 8516: 8446: 8427: 8042: 8017: 7528: 7506: 7491: 7476: 7454: 7398: 7379: 7360: 7341: 7307: 7288: 7269: 7208: 7189: 7170: 2762: 1537:

were under the influence of the Mongols of the Volga, known as the Golden Horde. From the 1260s, a relative of Batu,

1479: 598: 1944:

great quantities of grain were transported to the Mediterranean area. The basis of the peasants' diet was formed by

1789:, where Romanians were first mentioned in 1326, was the only district that transformed, around 1380, into a county. 9581: 8465: 8454: 8450: 8423: 8007: 7826: 7694: 7587: 2830: 1871:

in 1247, at that time at least four polities existed in the area to the south of the Carpathians. Two of them, the

1127: 929: 889: 759: 684: 543: 335: 315: 142: 2804:

In February, 1594 Sigismund Báthory announced that his country would join the anti-Ottoman alliance formed by the

2461:

annually to personally offer the tribute. Even so, he could only stay in power by collaborating with the powerful

9010: 8403: 8399: 8352: 2339: 2118: 1184:

In the 9th century centrifugal movements commenced in the Khazar Kaghanate. One of the subject peoples, the

9376: 9316: 9288: 9047: 8474: 8395: 8329: 8002: 7781: 7462:

The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century

4288:

History of Transylvania, Volume I: From the Beginnings to 1606 – Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom

3090: 2642: 987: 854: 440: 320: 72: 7576: 2416:

After Mircea I's death, princes succeeded one another on the throne with devastating frequency. For instance,

9462: 9293: 8482: 8478: 8062: 7796: 7734: 2805: 1838: 1719: 1583: 975: 727: 454: 391: 359: 268: 8910: 8906: 8777: 7872: 7811: 7667: 7618: 2904:

whose technique have remained a secret until today. For example, the interior and exterior frescoes of the

2821:

The short and unworthy reigns of Radu V's successors only increased the crisis of Wallachia. Starting with

2484:

parties, and thus dominated the political life of Wallachia. Due to the imminent danger of annexation, the

2393:, and Mircea I was forced to pay an annual tribute to the sultan. Under Mircea I iron mines were opened at 1707:. For instance, the general assembly convoked in 1279 by Ladislaus IV for seven counties – among them 420: 367: 288: 263: 3060:

district of Istanbul to high government posts. This started a trend that ultimately led to the so-called "

3048:

Wallachia and Moldavia fell back under the control of the Ottoman Empire after Michael the Brave's death.

2678: 2654: 588: 54: 9472: 8442: 8170: 8086: 7992: 7672: 3078: 2510:

The Orthodox Metropolitan See of Moldavia was recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch during the reign of

1829:

According to a royal decree of 1428, Louis I had also ordered that only Catholics be granted land in the

1082:

to multiple states became an important aspect of their diplomacy. Although Wallachia paid tribute to the

1033:", an alliance of the Hungarian noblemen, the Székelys, and the Saxons, was formed in order to crush the 882: 568: 536: 435: 425: 410: 34: 2428:(1421–1427), the former being supported by Sigismund I of Hungary and the latter by the Ottomans. 2068: 1075: 659: 171: 9467: 9457: 9421: 9263: 9165: 8820: 8501: 8391: 8138: 8012: 7972: 7899: 7816: 7801: 7281:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

3084: 1797:

which prescribed firm judicial measures against "the malefactors of any nation, especially Romanians".

714: 87: 3037:

After Michael the Brave's death, Transylvania was ruled by an imperial military commission, but under

1774:

to the tradesmen of Brașov who resold it in Wallachia in exchange for animals, cotton, wax and honey.

1564: 1464: 9190: 8953: 8876: 8706: 8563: 8409: 8175: 7931: 7821: 3045:(1613–1629), made several unsuccessful attempts to unify Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia. 2977: 2042:

in 1277 suggests that Romanian political entities existed in northern Moldavia at that time. In 1345

2840:

He soon embarked upon a program to strengthen the central authority by replacing the members of the

2225:. Sigismund I was also the first monarch who recognized, in 1419, the legislative competence of the 1810:"brought to" their lands by royal writ whose testimony in court weighed like that of nobles ("noble 1703:("general assembly") convoked by the monarchs or their representatives became an important organ of 1261:, the Hungarians controlled the region on the border of modern Romania and Hungary along the rivers 9441: 8470: 8460: 8437: 8414: 8386: 8163: 8057: 8037: 8032: 7982: 7806: 3073: 2751: 2682: 2646: 2266: 1968: 764: 156: 3023:

on August 3, but on August 19 he was assassinated on the order of his former ally, Giorgio Basta.

1448: 9145: 9115: 8842: 8808: 8133: 8103: 7882: 7862: 7729: 7611: 3004: 2992: 2925: 2600: 2505: 2164: 2163:

Towards the middle of the 14th century a state dependent of the Byzantine Empire, known as "

2131: 1743:

in 1315 could only strengthen his authority after a long series of confrontations. For instance,

1677: 1412: 1131: 1091: 1017: 1000: 639: 502: 345: 233: 166: 151: 124: 114: 8755: 4450: 3003:

However, the Hungarian noblemen, dissatisfied with the disorder, rebelled against his rule, and

2585: 482: 9502: 9258: 9032: 8895: 8891: 8803: 8670: 8118: 7962: 7887: 7719: 4669: 2976:

Ottoman troops entered Wallachia in the summer, but they were defeated by Michael the Brave at

2523: 2417: 2167:", developed in the region. Its first known ruler was Balica. He was succeeded by his brother, 2005:("ragged marshland") in Oltenia, the chaos created by the threat of attacks allowed a group of 1049: 1030: 707: 679: 310: 161: 2790: 2389:. After the two pretenders had been defeated, the Ottomans annexed again Dobruja and occupied 2331:. As a retaliation, the Diet decreed that peasants were to be tied to the land "perpetually". 2315:

against the Ottomans turned the weapons against their masters. The rebels, led by the Székely

9321: 9213: 9170: 8250: 8203: 8128: 8113: 7916: 7904: 7877: 7831: 2894: 2666: 2355: 2270: 1998:

The Ottomans entered for the first time into Wallachia in 1395. Although the invading troops

1862: 1693: 1553: 1158: 1087: 694: 278: 176: 82: 64: 3020: 2546: 1665: 9540: 9482: 9278: 9185: 9155: 9140: 8946: 8850: 8661: 8123: 8108: 8072: 8052: 7926: 7894: 7867: 7754: 7704: 7595: 3032: 2435: 2425: 2359: 2226: 2022: 1868: 1842: 1744: 1736: 1669: 1612: 1456: 1415: 1381: 1282: 1173: 1071: 1009: 979: 769: 258: 253: 200: 181: 101: 3198: 3011:

defeated Michael the Brave at Buzău. In this moment of crisis, Michael the Brave left for

2905: 2794: 2699:

The 16th century also brought about major religious changes: the Saxons converted to

2519: 2043: 8: 9426: 9406: 9386: 9351: 9283: 9195: 9062: 8746: 8741: 8730: 8710: 8680: 8260: 8245: 8235: 8153: 8148: 8047: 7997: 7987: 7845: 7776: 7739: 7679: 2822: 2785: 2470: 2421: 2382: 2254: 2028: 2010: 1846: 1802: 1338: 844: 605: 415: 372: 8577: 2973:. Around that time, the peasants were bound to the land both in Wallachia and Moldavia. 2465:

family, strongly connected to the Ottomans by trading. In 1512 a member of this family,

2335: 2206: 1898: 1625: 1608: 936:

that followed afterwards respectively. It subsequently came to an end with the reign of

9530: 9366: 9341: 9243: 9120: 9072: 9067: 9057: 8995: 8872: 8771: 8736: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8692: 8688: 8651: 8622: 8569: 8419: 8296: 8289: 8190: 8180: 8067: 7950: 7771: 7714: 7659: 7649: 7638: 7591: 7239: 2962: 2809: 2736: 2670: 2650: 2530: 2511: 2501: 2274: 1992: 1980: 1830: 1790: 1587: 1189: 1141: 1070:

in 1330. The independence of Moldavia, to the east of the Carpathians, was achieved by

983: 577: 302: 218: 43: 8684: 2774: 2761:

In the Treaty of Speyer of August 16, 1570, John II Sigismund acknowledged his rival,

2489: 1574: 1407: 1312:

controlled the territories to the east and south of the Carpathians. According to the

9526: 9268: 9238: 9228: 9218: 9135: 9125: 9110: 8977: 8922: 8887: 8883: 8861: 8838: 8834: 8767: 8763: 8702: 8666: 8656: 8646: 8641: 8618: 8213: 8143: 7967: 7539: 7524: 7502: 7487: 7472: 7450: 7432: 7413: 7394: 7375: 7356: 7337: 7321: 7303: 7284: 7265: 7246: 7223: 7204: 7185: 7166: 2934: 2921: 2770: 2747: 2674: 2454: 2443: 2431: 2145: 2079:, his line did not last long. His descendants were soon expelled by Bogdan, a former 1850: 1823: 1778: 1688: 1491: 1427: 1255: 1177: 1115: 1103: 940: 734: 7431:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207. 7412:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 209–314. 2988: 2981: 2685:

summoned the Hungarian lords to his camp, and while the reception was taking place,

2604: 2185: 2110: 1712: 1045: 1034: 9487: 9436: 9431: 9371: 9336: 9248: 9205: 9175: 9097: 9015: 8985: 8857: 8846: 8816: 8795: 8676: 8581: 8532: 8526: 8506: 8381: 8305: 8265: 8255: 8218: 8198: 8098: 7791: 7786: 2853: 2632: 2589: 2576: 2515: 2378: 2141: 1999: 1941: 1907: 1903: 1727: 1314: 1270: 1202: 1146: 1137: 1067: 933: 77: 3008: 2541:

and pottery, started to develop by the middle of the 15th century. The first

2398: 2099: 2053: 1826:" whose nobility depended on the specified military services they were to render. 1731: 1653: 1598: 1579: 1568: 1490:

was organized into a military frontier zone of the Kingdom of Hungary, called the

1266: 1262: 9497: 9411: 9381: 9105: 9022: 8918: 8830: 8698: 8321: 8240: 8230: 7724: 3042: 3038: 2987:

On March 30, 1599 Sigismund Báthory abdicated the throne in favor of his cousin,

2552: 2199: 2076: 2039: 1794: 1637: 1475: 1419: 1373: 1258: 1063: 849: 752: 330: 208: 2608: 2316: 2222: 1361:. The earliest precious metal mine in medieval Transylvania, the silver mine at 9401: 9346: 9300: 9253: 9233: 9077: 9000: 8914: 8868: 8536: 8310: 4449:. www.stm.unipi.it (Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Storia). Archived from 2901: 2834: 2588:, but the Ottomans, suffering from a lack of provisions and an outbreak of the 2572: 2568: 2466: 2320: 1751: 1640:

received, in 1292, royal permission to settle Romanians in the lands he owned.

1350: 1333: 1325: 1251: 1083: 1025: 943:(1593–1601) who managed, for a short time between 1599 and 1600, to rule 921: 872: 526: 273: 186: 4283: 2969:

Wallachia by the Transylvanian Diet, together with a council of 12 Wallachian

2231: 1913:

Romanian historical tradition associates the foundation of Wallachia with the

1517:

After the withdrawal from the Kingdom of Hungary, the Mongol forces halted at

9565: 9160: 8573: 8223: 3016: 2900:

The 16th century was characterized by the flourishing of ecclesiastical

2826: 2784:

The decisive battle between the two candidates was won by Stephen Báthory at

2439: 2149: 2095: 2035: 1976: 1602: 1530: 1247: 1242: 1150: 1095: 2462: 1629: 9326: 9223: 9027: 8636: 8208: 8024: 7556:

Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor.

2953: 2708: 2593: 2394: 2258: 2247: 2189: 2153: 1834: 1782: 1767: 1723: 1708: 1704: 1518: 1512: 1435: 1431: 1328:

in the 1010s. The Pechenegs were swept aside from their territories by the

1211: 952: 918: 914: 654: 614: 223: 7499:

Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365

2328: 1786: 1740: 1121: 971: 9477: 9180: 9087: 8969: 7689: 3061: 3049: 2957: 2700: 2292: 1917:

who crossed the Carpathians from Transylvania accompanied by "Romanians,

1876: 1522: 1460: 1452: 1385: 1099: 1041: 986:. They were divided into several types of administrative units, such as " 925: 789: 689: 228: 119: 2049: 1349:

The 11th-century settlements in Transylvania are characterized by small

1230: 1005: 9052: 8938: 8751: 7557: 2457:(1495–1508) became an obedient subject of the sultan and visited 2312: 2218: 2168: 1771: 1718:

When Andrew III died in 1301, the entire kingdom was in the hands of a

1621: 1538: 1483: 1185: 1094:(1457–1504) conducted successful military operations against the 1059: 2385:

and supported the struggle of Musa and Mustafa against their brother,

2364: 2243: 1806:, the Romanians' local leaders, by establishing a distinction between 1200:

and crossed the Carpathians around 896. According to the 13th-century

967: 467: 9361: 9130: 8158: 2726: 2704: 2686: 2636: 2477:, to his son, Teodosius on moral, political, and military questions. 2262: 2214: 2210: 2157: 2137: 1526: 1372:("guest settlers") arrived in Transylvania from Germany and from the 1354: 1309: 1298: 1290: 1079: 1013: 944: 619: 507: 4440:"Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th-16th Century)" 2870: 2343: 2319:, occupied several towns, such as Oradea and Șoimoș, but on July 15 2072: 1880: 1633: 1594: 1393: 995: 9396: 9273: 9150: 7603: 2865: 2693: 2542: 2458: 2386: 2308: 1949: 1888: 1747:, the last stronghold of Ladislaus Kán's sons surrendered in 1321. 1549: 1529:

set up his own capital. Henceforth, the steppes between the rivers

1320: 1193: 948: 937: 672: 649: 644: 492: 487: 472: 2722: 2410: 2194: 2059:

Romanian historical tradition links the foundation of Moldavia to

1468: 1004:, but the province was seldom treated as a single unit, since the 9037: 8613: 7634: 4893: 4891: 2878: 2874: 2766: 2558: 2538: 2447: 2390: 1963:

The Orthodox Metropolitan See of Wallachia was recognized by the

1884: 1684: 1649: 1542: 1487: 1197: 1168: 956: 832: 497: 477: 7262:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

6119: 6117: 6115: 5069: 5067: 5026: 5024: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4484: 4482: 2997: 2930: 2619: 2526:(1433–1447) ended in 1435 by the division of the country. 2140:

was included in the area dominated by the Mongols. Although the

1289: 1000–1038) "led an army against his maternal uncle, 1086:

from 1417, and Moldavia from 1456, their two medieval monarchs,

3057: 3053: 3012: 2949: 2882: 2864:

In 1531 Peter IV Rareș invaded Poland in order to reoccupy the

2402: 1945: 1918: 1645: 1534: 1329: 1188:

left its dominion and settled in the region between the rivers

1162: 1107: 4888: 4553: 4551: 2438:(1448, 1456–1462, 1476), notorious as the model for the 1229:), while Crișana was inhabited by several peoples, among them 8759: 7684: 6112: 5064: 5021: 4608: 4479: 3000:, thus bringing about the union of the three principalities. 2406: 2296: 1957: 1785:(now in Hungary and Ukraine), achieved official recognition. 1401: 1397: 1377: 1362: 1358: 1342:

relates that the Cumans defeated many nations, including the

1219: 1021: 963: 610: 462: 109: 4393: 3291: 2136:

After 1242 most of the territory between the Danube and the

1867:

According to a charter issued by Béla IV of Hungary for the

1136:

At the end of the 8th century the establishment of the

6898: 6896: 6274: 6042: 5940: 5938: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4928: 4878: 4876: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4631: 4629: 4577: 4575: 4548: 4171: 4159: 3800: 3545: 2658: 2304: 2091: 1455:

became the agents of expansion in Transylvania. When their

1380:

who in time became collectively known as "Saxons". In 1224

7538:(The History of the Romanians). Librairie Artheme Fayard. 6356: 6354: 6352: 6291: 6289: 5486: 5459: 5246: 4495: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3991: 3989: 3926: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3210: 1814:"), and others whose evidence counted for less ("commoner 1476:

the defeat of the Cumans by the Mongols on the river Kalka

6549: 5573: 5476: 5474: 5263: 5261: 5207: 5205: 5190: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4383: 4381: 4072: 3902: 3890: 3845: 3177: 3175: 2334:

The downfall of the Kingdom of Hungary was marked by the

2221:

in modern Romania, and Mircea I of Wallachia was granted

2174: 1657: 6893: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6523: 6521: 6496: 6494: 6414: 6252: 6250: 6180: 5935: 5872: 5738: 5714: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5095: 5052: 5004: 4949: 4873: 4750: 4626: 4587: 4572: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4318: 4316: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4200: 4198: 4125: 4123: 4050: 4048: 4023: 4021: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3481: 3479: 3414: 2793:(1575–1581), and then to his brother's minor son, 2741:

On the Situation of Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia

2083:

of Maramureș who fled to Moldavia and joined with local

1800:

Louis I's decree also regulated the legal status of the

1471:

be transferred from the Romanians to the new monastery.

6984: 6908: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6780: 6733: 6426: 6366: 6349: 6325: 6286: 6262: 5689: 5168: 5166: 5141: 5139: 5129: 5127: 4810: 4808: 4507: 4251: 4222: 4108: 4084: 4001: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3950: 3878: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3670: 3604: 3602: 3528: 3516: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3255: 3243: 2915: 2311:, in modern Hungary) to join the crusade proclaimed by 1668:(1235–1270) appointed his eldest son, the future 1122:

Early Middle Ages (late 8th century–early 13th century)

998:" were subordinated to a special royal official called 7054: 7052: 7050: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6677: 6675: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6578: 6576: 6237: 6235: 6222: 6220: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6023: 6021: 6019: 5990: 5988: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5901: 5899: 5755: 5753: 5510: 5471: 5435: 5414: 5390: 5330: 5328: 5313: 5258: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5202: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4405: 4378: 3172: 3142: 2952:(now in Ukraine). In response, the sultan ordered the 1853:) ended in disaster for the Christian forces in 1396. 1822:. Their status corresponded to that of the Hungarian " 1750:

After the king's victory, one of his loyal adherents,

1388:

in Transylvania are connected to the vineyards of the

6996: 6655: 6617: 6588: 6561: 6518: 6506: 6491: 6454: 6402: 6378: 6337: 6313: 6301: 6247: 5787: 5665: 5648: 5615: 5585: 5563: 5561: 5546: 5534: 5447: 5378: 5178: 4979: 4916: 4560: 4519: 4366: 4313: 4301: 4234: 4195: 4120: 4060: 4045: 4018: 3938: 3914: 3857: 3833: 3635: 3614: 3476: 3464: 2031:

and the Dniester was controlled by the Golden Horde.

341:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

7084: 7082: 7080: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6769: 6767: 6713: 6711: 6538: 6536: 6443: 6441: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6054: 6005: 6003: 5928: 5926: 5726: 5677: 5163: 5136: 5124: 5112: 4805: 4793: 4536: 4263: 4210: 4135: 4033: 3971: 3731: 3714: 3687: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3504: 3447: 3426: 3384: 3357: 3345: 3324: 3279: 3267: 3231: 1975: 1377). The earliest written information about 1883:

were granted to the knights, but the lands ruled by

1332:

between 1064 and 1078. A late variant of the oldest

1165:, confirm the role of agriculture in their economy. 1012:

seats were administered separately. In the kingdom,

7116: 7095: 7047: 6972: 6942: 6872: 6745: 6672: 6638: 6605: 6573: 6466: 6390: 6232: 6217: 6205: 6141: 6129: 6016: 5985: 5950: 5911: 5896: 5884: 5842: 5750: 5636: 5522: 5402: 5366: 5325: 5301: 5294: 5292: 5278: 5276: 5217: 5151: 5084: 5082: 5041: 5039: 4845: 4834: 4832: 4781: 4769: 4738: 4726: 4467: 4447:

Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective

4342: 3779: 3312: 8351: 7334:Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary 7238: 6696: 6100: 5830: 5558: 4641: 4354: 2869:the sultan. At the same time, the sultan occupied 2797:(1581–1602), bestowing on them the title of 2611:and defeated the army of Ferdinand I's partisans. 928:in the late 3rd century and with the start of the 7447:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 7077: 6954: 6854: 6764: 6708: 6533: 6438: 6160: 6066: 6033: 6000: 5923: 4183: 4096: 3110: 3108: 3106: 2893:The idea of anti-Ottoman struggle was revived by 2614: 2113:could be proclaimed prince by an assembly of the 2038:'s reference to the Romanians' conflict with the 1967:in 1359. Wallachia issued its own currency under 18:Carpathian-Dniester area in the Early Middle Ages 9563: 7241:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 5976: 5289: 5273: 5079: 5036: 4903: 4829: 2420:(1418–1420) was overthrown by his cousin, 2236:gave local architecture a distinctive appearance 1153:", that developed in the region. Finds from the 7571:"Cum au uitat românii un mileniu de istorie II" 4437: 3196: 1501: 1206:("Deeds of the Hungarians") at the time of the 994:". The heads of the Transylvanian counties or " 7565:"Cum au uitat românii un mileniu de istorie I" 7144: 7142: 7140: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 5503: 5501: 4659: 4335: 4333: 4331: 3103: 1699:In the last decades of the 13th century, 1368:In the 12th and 13th centuries 8954: 8337: 7619: 7217: 6123: 5073: 5030: 4897: 4697: 4695: 4281: 4152: 4150: 3817: 3815: 3021:defeated the Transylvanian troops at Guruslău 2801:, while he himself took the title of prince. 2620:Establishment of Principality of Transylvania 2179: 1856: 1554:a major victory over the united Mongol troops 890: 544: 4290:. mek.niif.hu (Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár) 2944:Moldavia, Transylvania and Wallachia in 1600 2703:, while most of the Hungarians converted to 2175:Towards Ottoman domination (1397–1529) 2016: 7137: 6084: 5498: 4328: 3135: 3133: 2725:, where it is believed that the capital of 1559: 1556:on the Dnieper near the Black Sea in 1363. 1506: 8961: 8947: 8344: 8330: 7626: 7612: 7201:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness 4692: 4147: 3824: 3812: 3336: 2916:Age of Michael the Brave (1595–1601) 913:began shortly after the withdrawal of the 897: 883: 551: 537: 7297: 6902: 6420: 6186: 6048: 5944: 5878: 5744: 5058: 5015: 4955: 4934: 4882: 4763: 4593: 1498:15 percent of the total population. 1308:From the end of the 9th century the 8968: 7426: 5106: 4635: 4581: 4257: 4228: 4177: 4165: 4114: 4090: 4012: 3995: 3956: 3884: 3806: 3708: 3681: 3551: 3539: 3522: 3378: 3297: 3249: 3216: 3181: 3148: 3130: 3026: 2939: 2929: 2746: 2641: 2626:Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711) 2557: 2363: 2193: 2048: 1897: 1730:gained the upper hand in the Banat, and 1607: 1593: 1573: 1563: 1406: 1353:with ceramic assemblages marked by clay 1285:, the first crowned monarch of Hungary ( 1167: 7467:Treptow, Kurt W.; Popa, Marcel (1996). 7331: 6432: 6360: 6331: 6295: 6280: 6268: 1074:(1359–1365), a nobleman from the 1024:, an ecclesiastical tax payable by all 14: 9564: 7391:Romanians and Romania: A Brief History 7369: 7350: 7218:Brezianu, Andrei; Spânu, Vlad (2007). 5516: 5492: 5480: 5465: 5441: 5420: 5396: 5319: 5267: 5252: 5240: 5211: 4501: 4416: 4387: 4322: 4307: 4245: 4204: 4129: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4027: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3646: 3620: 3485: 3470: 3366: 3285: 3273: 3237: 2665:However, John I married a daughter of 2148:merchants had settled in the towns of 1965:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1058: 1310–1352) terminated the 1044:state between the Carpathians and the 8942: 8325: 7607: 7374:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–244. 7259: 7236: 7203:. Central European University Press. 7184:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 245–293. 7179: 7165:. Central European University Press. 7160: 7002: 6730:Treptow, Popa 1996, pp. 91, 130, 181. 6666: 6623: 6599: 6567: 6555: 6527: 6512: 6500: 6460: 6408: 6384: 6343: 6319: 6307: 6256: 6060: 5973:Treptow, Popa 1996, pp. xlviii-xlvix. 5793: 5784:Treptow, Popa 1996, pp. xlvii–xlviii. 5671: 5659: 5621: 5591: 5579: 5552: 5540: 5453: 5384: 5196: 5184: 4922: 4814: 4799: 4566: 4530: 4372: 4269: 4216: 4141: 4039: 3980: 3737: 3725: 3696: 3608: 3593: 3581: 3510: 3458: 3432: 3420: 3390: 3351: 3330: 3318: 3261: 3192: 3190: 2027:After 1241 the territory between the 1254:. Around that time, according to the 1214:was inhabited by "Vlachs and Slavs" ( 7633: 7283:. The University of Michigan Press. 7278: 7198: 7122: 5869:Treptow, Popa 1996, pp. xlviii, 215. 5732: 5683: 5172: 5145: 5118: 4668:. www.bmb-on-line.ro. Archived from 4542: 3785: 2615:Ottoman suzerainty (1530–1594) 1979:in modern Romania, a deed issued by 1777:In the 14th century, the name " 9546: 8991:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 7486:. The Center for Romanian Studies. 7407: 7388: 7101: 7058: 6990: 6978: 6948: 6914: 6887: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6786: 6758: 6739: 6702: 6681: 6649: 6611: 6582: 6472: 6396: 6372: 6241: 6226: 6211: 6154: 6135: 6106: 6027: 5994: 5961: 5917: 5905: 5890: 5848: 5836: 5759: 5720: 5695: 5642: 5567: 5528: 5408: 5372: 5334: 5307: 5228: 5157: 4985: 4858: 4787: 4775: 4744: 4732: 4647: 4513: 4473: 4399: 4360: 4348: 4189: 4102: 2117:. In 1387 Peter I Mușat recognized 1246:, the second leader in rank of the 24: 9083:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 7523:The University of Michigan Press. 7513: 7449:. University of Washington Press. 3187: 2633:a secret pact was signed in Oradea 1676:. The first years of the reign of 1569:Romanian Orthodox church at Densuș 1502:High Middle Ages (1242–1396) 25: 9593: 9513:Historiography in the Middle Ages 7550: 4284:"Saxon Towns and Political Unity" 2993:defeated his opponent at Șelimbăr 2844:, an advisory body consisting of 1480:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania 1040:Wallachia, the first independent 9545: 9536: 9535: 9525: 7469:Historical Dictionary of Romania 7220:Historical Dictionary of Moldova 7128: 7107: 7064: 7034: 7021: 7008: 6933: 6920: 6841: 6792: 6724: 6687: 6629: 6478: 6192: 5967: 5863: 5854: 5821: 5812: 5799: 5778: 5765: 5701: 5627: 5606: 5597: 5426: 5353: 5340: 4991: 4970: 4961: 4940: 4864: 4820: 4713: 4704: 4683: 4653: 4599: 4431: 4422: 2409:were extracted in the region of 1318:, they fought together with the 1293:, and occupied Gyula's country. 1128:Romania in the Early Middle Ages 866: 760:Union of Bessarabia with Romania 587: 520: 53: 9011:Christianity in the Middle Ages 9006:Decline of Hellenistic religion 7318:Romania: An Illustrated History 7302:. Ohio State University Press. 4275: 3962: 3869: 3791: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3661: 3652: 3626: 3566: 3557: 3491: 3438: 3405: 3396: 3303: 3222: 3197:Notary of King Béla, Anonymus. 2034:Nevertheless, the contemporary 1250:, converted to Christianity in 1102:, grain, honey, and wax to the 9289:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 8353:European Middle Ages by region 7501:. Cambridge University Press. 7429:History of Romania: Compendium 7410:History of Romania: Compendium 7336:. Atlantisz Publishing House. 7245:. Cambridge University Press. 5827:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. xlviii. 3163: 3154: 3121: 2816: 1841:(1387–1437) organized a 974:, and Transylvania – now 855:History of independent Moldova 740:Romanian military intervention 13: 1: 9463:Disability in the Middle Ages 9136:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 9068:Rise of the Venetian Republic 7353:Early Transylvania (895–1324) 7154: 2859: 2806:Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II 2599:He was succeeded by his son, 2000:were defeated somewhere in a 1972: 1925:until the 16th century. 1365:was first mentioned in 1235. 1092:Stephen the Great of Moldavia 1054: 728:Moldavian Democratic Republic 360:Socialist Republic of Romania 9577:History of Romania by period 8778:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 7577:"Roumania: Past and Present" 7534:Durandin, Catherine (1995). 7163:The Roma in Romanian History 5612:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. xvii. 3797:Vásáry 2005, pp. 91–92, 161. 3097: 3091:List of Transylvanian rulers 2381:. He even intervened in the 2349: 1908:Vienna Illustrated Chronicle 1233:. Whether the author of the 214:Principality of Transylvania 7: 9572:Medieval history of Romania 7521:A History of the Romanians. 7519:Castellan, Georges (1989). 7464:. Brill. 978-90-04-17536-5. 6635:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. lix. 6039:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. lii. 5932:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 147. 5860:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 215. 4870:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 176. 4826:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 104. 4557:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 148. 3563:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 194. 3067: 2773:. Now the sultan appointed 2752:Evangelical Church in Sibiu 2495: 2397:and copper mining began at 2061:the "dismounting of Dragoș" 1915:"dismounting of Radu Negru" 1248:Hungarian tribal federation 1088:Mircea the Old of Wallachia 10: 9598: 9264:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 7910:Chief of the General Staff 7264:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 5982:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 24. 5298:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 44. 4967:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. li. 4946:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 88. 4710:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 39. 3030: 2919: 2623: 2499: 2353: 2198:Fortified Saxon church at 2183: 2129: 2125: 2075:was succeeded by his son, 2020: 1860: 1857:Establishment of Wallachia 1510: 1451:. Besides the Saxons, the 1125: 962:Over most of this period, 269:1848 Wallachian Revolution 88:Prehistory of Transylvania 73:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 9521: 9450: 9309: 9204: 9191:Mongol invasion of Europe 9096: 8976: 8877:Principality of Chernigov 8786: 8707:Principality of Catalonia 8604: 8595: 8492: 8372: 8359: 8283: 8189: 8094: 8085: 7958: 7949: 7853: 7844: 7762: 7753: 7658: 7645: 7575:Samuelson, James (1882). 7558:"History of Transylvania" 7316:Klepper, Nicolae (2002). 6124:Brezianu & Spânu 2007 5074:Brezianu & Spânu 2007 5031:Brezianu & Spânu 2007 4898:Brezianu & Spânu 2007 4666:Letopiseţul Cantacuzinesc 4605:Vásáry 2005, pp. 146–147. 3667:Spinei 2006, pp. 154–155. 3402:Spinei 2006, pp. 103–105. 3079:List of Wallachian rulers 2777:, a Catholic politician, 2567:army was defeated in the 2017:Establishment of Moldavia 1793:(1342–1382) issued 1590:in the early 14th century 1447:by a royal official, the 982: – were part of the 264:1848 Moldavian Revolution 8856:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 7937:Unification with Moldova 7858:Administrative divisions 7445:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). 7389:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1999). 7332:Kontler, László (1999). 7300:The Romanians: A History 7298:Georgescu, Vlad (1991). 7279:Fine, John V. A (1994). 7134:Klepper 2002, pp. 84–85. 4438:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2003). 4402:, pp. 219–220, 258. 3085:List of Moldavian rulers 3074:Banat in the Middle Ages 3064:" in Romania's history. 3005:defeated him at Mirăslău 2837:ambassador to Istanbul. 2234:, were fortified, which 2180:Intra-Carpathian regions 2106: 1375–1391). 2069:Voivodeship of Maramureș 1560:Intra-Carpathian regions 1507:Outer-Carpathian regions 1076:Voivodeship of Maramureș 1066:with his victory in the 1035:Bobâlna peasant uprising 765:Transnistria Governorate 673:Principality of Moldavia 660:Voivodeship of Maramureș 172:Voivodeship of Maramureș 157:Banat in the Middle Ages 9582:Romanian principalities 9146:Investiture Controversy 9116:Second Bulgarian Empire 8787:Central, Eastern Europe 8493:Central, Eastern Europe 7497:Vásáry, István (2005). 7460:Spinei, Victor (2009). 7372:History of Transylvania 7222:. The Scarecrow Press. 7182:History of Transylvania 3776:Vásáry 2005, pp. 71–72. 3572:Sedlar 1994, pp. 92–93. 3127:Spinei 2009, pp. 47–49. 2926:Long War (Ottoman wars) 2601:Bogdan III the One-Eyed 2506:Stephen III of Moldavia 2340:Ferdinand I of Habsburg 2132:Principality of Karvuna 1720:dozen powerful noblemen 1678:Ladislaus IV of Hungary 1132:Origin of the Romanians 1020:, were exempt from the 840:Independence of Moldova 820:Anti-fascist resistance 640:Origin of the Romanians 326:Union with Transylvania 234:Danubian Principalities 167:Second Bulgarian Empire 152:History of Transylvania 125:Origin of the Romanians 9503:Post-classical history 9259:Fall of Constantinople 9166:Capet–Plantagenet feud 9033:First Bulgarian Empire 8671:Burgundian Netherlands 8512:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8043:Science and technology 7351:Kristó, Gyula (2003). 7237:Curta, Florin (2006). 7161:Achim, Viorel (2004). 4282:László Makkai (2001). 2965:(1595) on the throne. 2945: 2937: 2754: 2745: 2662: 2563: 2522:(1432–1442) and 2373: 2202: 2165:the country of Cavarna 2056: 1910: 1839:Sigismund I of Hungary 1795:a royal decree in 1366 1616: 1605: 1591: 1571: 1439: 1423: 1181: 1090:(1386–1418) and 1031:Union of Three Nations 911:Middle Ages in Romania 708:Bessarabia Governorate 162:First Bulgarian Empire 8548:Late Medieval Kingdom 8544:High Medieval Kingdom 7827:Territorial evolution 7710:United Principalities 7536:Historie des Roumains 7199:Boia, Lucian (1997). 3027:After the first union 2943: 2933: 2895:John III the Terrible 2750: 2713: 2667:Sigismund I of Poland 2645: 2561: 2367: 2356:Mircea I of Wallachia 2271:Matthias I of Hungary 2197: 2119:Władysław II Jagiełło 2052: 1901: 1863:Founding of Wallachia 1701:congregatio generalis 1694:Andrew III of Hungary 1615:seats in Transylvania 1611: 1597: 1577: 1567: 1449:count of the Székelys 1410: 1376:regions on the river 1324:("Romanians") in the 1222:, "a certain Vlach" ( 1196:. They abandoned the 1171: 1157:settlements, such as 695:United Principalities 316:Union with Bessarabia 279:United Principalities 177:Founding of Wallachia 83:Bronze Age in Romania 9483:Medieval reenactment 9279:Renaissance Humanism 9186:Medieval Warm Period 9156:Republic of Florence 8970:European Middle Ages 8756:Caliphate of Córdoba 8662:Republic of Florence 8271:World Heritage Sites 7484:A History of Romania 7320:. Hippocrene Books. 7148:Klepper 2002, p. 89. 7113:Klepper 2002, p. 84. 6939:Klepper 2002, p. 79. 6693:Klepper 2002, p. 69. 6097:Sedlar 1994, p. 396. 5723:, pp. 255, 284. 5633:Klepper 2002, p. 61. 5603:Sedlar 1994, p. 320. 5507:Sedlar 1994, p. 410. 5432:Sedlar 1994, p. 272. 5133:Vásáry 2005, p. 161. 4976:Vásáry 2005, p. 156. 4689:Klepper 2002, p. 52. 4660:Stoica Ludescu (?). 4339:Sedlar 1994, p. 356. 4156:Vásáry 2005, p. 149. 3968:Sedlar 1994, p. 287. 3935:, pp. 160, 176. 3875:Sedlar 1994, p. 118. 3830:Vásáry 2005, p. 164. 3821:Sedlar 1994, p. 380. 3758:Sedlar 1994, p. 215. 3749:Sedlar 1994, p. 214. 3658:Spinei 2006, p. 154. 3632:Sedlar 1994, p. 211. 3411:Klepper 2005, p. 46. 3342:Sedlar 1994, p. 275. 3309:Sedlar 1994, p. 164. 3300:, pp. 148, 150. 3169:Klepper 2002, p. 44. 3160:Spinei 2009, p. 223. 3033:Early Modern Romania 2586:Battle of Valea Albă 2512:Alexander I the Good 2436:Vlad III the Impaler 2360:Vlad III the Impaler 2023:Founding of Moldavia 1869:Knights Hospitallers 1843:crusade against them 1737:Charles I of Hungary 1687:in 1260 and against 1550:Olgierd of Lithuania 1525:where their leader, 1521:(now Russia) on the 1382:Andrew II of Hungary 1279:Annals of Hildesheim 1174:Carpathian Mountains 980:Carpathian Mountains 455:By historical region 254:Transylvanian School 182:Founding of Moldavia 9196:Kingdom of Portugal 9063:Old Church Slavonic 9048:Anglo-Saxon England 8747:Lordship of Ireland 8742:Kingdom of Scotland 8731:Kingdom of Portugal 8711:Kingdom of Valencia 8681:Kingdom of Asturias 7680:Prehistoric Romania 7471:. Scarecrow Press. 7260:Engel, Pál (2001). 6993:, pp. 310–311. 6917:, pp. 308–309. 6838:, pp. 296–297. 6826:, pp. 297–298. 6814:, pp. 306–307. 6789:, pp. 278–279. 6742:, pp. 277–278. 6558:, pp. 259–260. 6375:, pp. 283–284. 6283:, pp. 140–142. 5818:Sedlar 1994, p. 56. 5698:, pp. 254–255. 5582:, pp. 363–364. 5495:, pp. 236–237. 5468:, pp. 230–231. 5255:, pp. 224–225. 5199:, pp. 232–233. 4701:Sedlar 1994, p. 32. 4516:, pp. 239–240. 4504:, pp. 218–220. 4428:Sedlar 1994, p. 64. 4180:, pp. 185–187. 4168:, pp. 185–186. 4081:, pp. 220–221. 3911:, pp. 187–188. 3899:, pp. 160–161. 3854:, pp. 76, 159. 3809:, pp. 199–200. 3767:Vásáry 2005, p. 69. 3554:, pp. 164–165. 3444:Sedlar 1994, p. 11. 3423:, pp. 306–307. 3228:Spinei 2009, p. 75. 3219:, pp. 140–141. 3139:Spinei 2009, p. 50. 2823:Mircea the Shepherd 2791:Christopher Báthory 2471:Romanian literature 2255:Council of Florence 2209:of Serbia received 2029:Eastern Carpathians 1847:battle of Nicopolis 978:to the west of the 845:War of Transnistria 833:Republic of Moldova 815:Soviet deportations 715:Treaty of Bucharest 606:Chernyakhov culture 421:Historical timeline 321:Union with Bukovina 289:War of Independence 9377:In popular culture 9342:Crusading movement 9214:Hundred Years' War 9073:Civitas Schinesghe 9058:Carolingian Empire 9043:Kingdom of Croatia 8996:Barbarian kingdoms 8907:Grand Principality 8825:Kingdom of Croatia 8772:Emirate of Granada 8737:Kingdom of England 8721:Kingdom of Navarre 8715:Kingdom of Majorca 8693:Kingdom of Galicia 8689:Kingdom of Castile 8652:Republic of Venice 8623:Kingdom of Bohemia 8063:Telecommunications 7978:Foreign investment 7797:Historical regions 7596:Early Modern Times 7592:History of Romania 7074:1997, pp. 150–151. 7031:1997, pp. 149–150. 6930:1997, pp. 144–145. 6851:1997, pp. 143–144. 6802:1997, pp. 130–131. 6202:1997, pp. 116–117. 5350:1997, pp. 109–110. 3264:, pp. 20, 24. 2946: 2938: 2810:Philip II of Spain 2755: 2663: 2564: 2562:Europe around 1470 2547:Bistrița Monastery 2531:cottage industries 2502:Alexander the Good 2374: 2203: 2057: 2011:Vlad I the Usurper 1981:Dan I of Wallachia 1911: 1891:were left "to the 1824:conditional nobles 1791:Louis I of Hungary 1666:Béla IV of Hungary 1636:; and the lord of 1617: 1606: 1592: 1588:Kingdom of Hungary 1572: 1440: 1277:. In 1003, as the 1208:Hungarian conquest 1182: 1142:Caucasus Mountains 984:Kingdom of Hungary 976:regions in Romania 873:Moldova portal 527:Romania portal 392:Romania since 1989 303:Kingdom of Romania 247:National Awakening 219:Eyalet of Temesvar 201:Early Modern Times 9559: 9558: 9468:Basic topics list 9269:Swiss mercenaries 9219:Wars of the Roses 9126:Kingdom of Poland 9111:Holy Roman Empire 8978:Early Middle Ages 8936: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8888:Novgorod Republic 8862:Kingdom of Bosnia 8800:Bulgarian Empire 8703:Kingdom of Aragon 8667:Duchy of Burgundy 8657:Republic of Genoa 8647:Kingdom of Naples 8642:Kingdom of Sicily 8631:Swiss Confederacy 8619:Holy Roman Empire 8591: 8590: 8319: 8318: 8279: 8278: 8081: 8080: 7945: 7944: 7922:Political parties 7873:Foreign relations 7840: 7839: 7735:Communist Romania 7695:Early Middle Ages 7588:Early Middle Ages 7569:Nicolae, Adrian. 7563:Nicolae, Adrian. 7544:978-2-213-59425-5 7438:978-973-7784-12-4 7419:978-973-7784-12-4 7355:. Lucidus Kiadó. 7326:978-0-7818-0935-1 7252:978-0-521-89452-4 7229:978-0-8108-5607-3 6488:1997, pp. 134–135 6051:, pp. 24–25. 4988:, pp. 48–49. 4937:, pp. 17–18. 2935:Michael the Brave 2922:Michael the Brave 2906:Voroneț Monastery 2831:Sir Edward Barton 2795:Sigismund Báthory 2679:John II Sigismund 2677:, had the infant 2675:George Martinuzzi 2490:Radu V of Afumați 2455:Radu IV the Great 2444:Radu III the Fair 2432:Alexander I Aldea 2383:Ottoman civil war 2327:defeated them at 2267:siege of Belgrade 2054:Fortress at Neamț 1936:("neighbors") or 1851:Nikopol, Bulgaria 1492:Banate of Severin 1486:of 1234. In 1233 1256:Byzantine Emperor 1180:in modern Romania 1116:Pope Clement VIII 1104:Holy Roman Empire 1048:was created when 941:Michael the Brave 930:Early Middle Ages 907: 906: 810:Soviet occupation 633:Early Middle Ages 561: 560: 416:Romanian language 368:Soviet occupation 16:(Redirected from 9589: 9549: 9548: 9539: 9538: 9529: 9488:Medieval studies 9332:Church and State 9206:Late Middle Ages 9098:High Middle Ages 9016:Christianization 8986:Migration Period 8963: 8956: 8949: 8940: 8939: 8858:Banate of Bosnia 8796:Byzantine Empire 8677:Crown of Castile 8627:Kingdom of Italy 8602: 8601: 8370: 8369: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8323: 8322: 8299: 8292: 8171:Social structure 8092: 8091: 8028: 7993:Great Depression 7956: 7955: 7851: 7850: 7760: 7759: 7705:Early Modern Era 7628: 7621: 7614: 7605: 7604: 7442: 7423: 7404: 7385: 7366: 7347: 7313: 7294: 7275: 7256: 7244: 7233: 7214: 7195: 7176: 7149: 7146: 7135: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7086: 7075: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7045: 7038: 7032: 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5903: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5357: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5287: 5280: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5134: 5131: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5093: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5034: 5028: 5019: 5013: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4624: 4617: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4486: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4455: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4016: 4010: 3999: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3685: 3679: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3501:1997, pp. 62–63. 3495: 3489: 3483: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3200:Gesta Hungarorum 3194: 3185: 3179: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3062:Phanariot period 2908:represent this " 2854:Aaron the Tyrant 2743: 2577:battle of Vaslui 2516:Teutonic Knights 2426:Radu II the Bald 2379:battle of Ankara 2336:battle of Mohács 2207:Stefan Lazarević 2142:Byzantine Empire 1974: 1942:Wallachian Plain 1904:Battle of Posada 1752:Thomas Szécsényi 1728:Theodore Vejtehi 1626:Cetatea de Baltă 1216:blasij et sclaui 1203:Gesta Hungarorum 1147:material culture 1138:Khazar Khaganate 1068:battle of Posada 1056: 1016:peasants, being 934:Migration Period 917:from the former 899: 892: 885: 871: 870: 869: 685:Early Modern Era 591: 581: 563: 562: 553: 546: 539: 525: 524: 523: 426:Military history 411:Economic history 78:Hamangia culture 57: 47: 29: 28: 21: 9597: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9517: 9498:Neo-medievalism 9446: 9382:Itinerant court 9305: 9200: 9121:Georgian Empire 9106:Norman Conquest 9092: 9038:Frankish Empire 8972: 8967: 8937: 8928: 8873:Kingdom of Rus' 8831:Crusader states 8788: 8782: 8699:Crown of Aragon 8685:Kingdom of León 8614:Frankish Empire 8607:Northern Europe 8606: 8597: 8587: 8494: 8488: 8375:Northern Europe 8374: 8366:political units 8365: 8363: 8361: 8355: 8350: 8320: 8315: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8275: 8185: 8139:Public holidays 8077: 8038:Property bubble 8026: 7941: 7900:Law enforcement 7836: 7817:Protected areas 7749: 7725:Greater Romania 7654: 7641: 7632: 7602: 7582: 7553: 7516: 7514:Further reading 7439: 7420: 7401: 7382: 7363: 7344: 7310: 7291: 7272: 7253: 7230: 7211: 7192: 7173: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7087: 7078: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7048: 7039: 7035: 7026: 7022: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6964: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6894: 6886: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6716: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6673: 6665: 6656: 6648: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6589: 6581: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6492: 6483: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6294: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6172: 6161: 6153: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6017: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5951: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5358: 5354: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5218: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5022: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4908: 4904: 4900:, p. xxiv. 4896: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4846: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4673: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4329: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3070: 3043:Gabriel Bethlen 3039:Stephen Bocskay 3035: 3029: 2928: 2920:Main articles: 2918: 2910:Moldavian style 2862: 2819: 2775:Stephen Báthory 2744: 2735: 2718:(Transylvania) 2628: 2622: 2617: 2553:Peter III Aaron 2508: 2498: 2488:grouped around 2401:. In addition, 2362: 2352: 2200:Cristian, Sibiu 2192: 2182: 2177: 2134: 2128: 2025: 2019: 1865: 1859: 1726:ruled Crișana, 1601:'s fortress at 1578:The domains of 1562: 1515: 1509: 1504: 1416:Cârța Monastery 1374:French-speaking 1336:chronicle, the 1259:Constantine VII 1218:) and ruled by 1134: 1126:Main articles: 1124: 1064:King of Hungary 903: 867: 865: 860: 859: 850:Gagauz Republic 835: 825: 824: 805: 795: 794: 785: 775: 774: 755: 753:Greater Romania 745: 744: 730: 720: 719: 710: 700: 699: 675: 665: 664: 635: 625: 624: 601: 579: 572: 557: 521: 519: 514: 513: 512: 457: 447: 446: 445: 405: 397: 396: 387: 386:Post-Revolution 379: 378: 377: 362: 352: 351: 350: 336:Fascist Kingdom 331:Greater Romania 305: 295: 294: 293: 259:Organic Statute 248: 240: 239: 238: 209:Silistra Eyalet 203: 193: 192: 191: 146: 131: 130: 129: 104: 94: 93: 92: 67: 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9595: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9543: 9533: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9493:Misconceptions 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9301:Little Ice Age 9298: 9297: 9296: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9254:Western Schism 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9210: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9008: 9003: 9001:Late antiquity 8998: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8966: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8943: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8899: 8884:Rus' Khaganate 8880: 8865: 8854: 8828: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8798: 8792: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8723: 8718: 8696: 8674: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8616: 8610: 8608: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8540: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8440: 8435: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8389: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8367: 8357: 8356: 8349: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8301: 8300: 8293: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8176:Urban planning 8173: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8058:Stock Exchange 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7932:Prime Minister 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7664: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7631: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7601: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7552: 7551:External links 7549: 7548: 7547: 7532: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7495: 7480: 7465: 7458: 7443: 7437: 7424: 7418: 7405: 7399: 7386: 7380: 7367: 7361: 7348: 7342: 7329: 7314: 7308: 7295: 7289: 7276: 7270: 7257: 7251: 7234: 7228: 7215: 7209: 7196: 7190: 7177: 7171: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7136: 7127: 7115: 7106: 7104:, p. 313. 7094: 7076: 7063: 7061:, p. 312. 7046: 7033: 7020: 7007: 7005:, p. 296. 6995: 6983: 6981:, p. 310. 6971: 6953: 6951:, p. 309. 6941: 6932: 6919: 6907: 6903:Georgescu 1991 6892: 6890:, p. 307. 6871: 6853: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6791: 6779: 6763: 6761:, p. 278. 6744: 6732: 6723: 6707: 6695: 6686: 6684:, p. 275. 6671: 6669:, p. 294. 6654: 6652:, p. 306. 6637: 6628: 6626:, p. 263. 6616: 6614:, p. 283. 6604: 6602:, p. 260. 6587: 6585:, p. 282. 6572: 6570:, p. 271. 6560: 6548: 6532: 6530:, p. 274. 6517: 6515:, p. 284. 6505: 6503:, p. 283. 6490: 6477: 6475:, p. 304. 6465: 6463:, p. 282. 6453: 6437: 6435:, p. 152. 6425: 6421:Georgescu 1991 6413: 6411:, p. 287. 6401: 6399:, p. 281. 6389: 6387:, p. 258. 6377: 6365: 6363:, p. 148. 6348: 6346:, p. 257. 6336: 6334:, p. 146. 6324: 6322:, p. 254. 6312: 6310:, p. 253. 6300: 6298:, p. 142. 6285: 6273: 6271:, p. 140. 6261: 6259:, p. 251. 6246: 6244:, p. 277. 6231: 6229:, p. 276. 6216: 6214:, p. 269. 6204: 6191: 6187:Georgescu 1991 6179: 6159: 6157:, p. 267. 6140: 6138:, p. 266. 6128: 6126:, p. 338. 6111: 6099: 6083: 6065: 6053: 6049:Georgescu 1991 6041: 6032: 6030:, p. 256. 6015: 5999: 5997:, p. 255. 5984: 5975: 5966: 5964:, p. 274. 5949: 5945:Georgescu 1991 5934: 5922: 5920:, p. 273. 5910: 5908:, p. 272. 5895: 5893:, p. 271. 5883: 5879:Georgescu 1991 5871: 5862: 5853: 5851:, p. 263. 5841: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5798: 5796:, p. 236. 5786: 5777: 5764: 5762:, p. 215. 5749: 5745:Georgescu 1991 5737: 5735:, p. 508. 5725: 5713: 5700: 5688: 5686:, p. 505. 5676: 5674:, p. 371. 5664: 5662:, p. 249. 5647: 5645:, p. 180. 5635: 5626: 5624:, p. 370. 5614: 5605: 5596: 5594:, p. 364. 5584: 5572: 5557: 5555:, p. 356. 5545: 5543:, p. 348. 5533: 5531:, p. 233. 5521: 5519:, p. 235. 5509: 5497: 5485: 5483:, p. 236. 5470: 5458: 5456:, p. 302. 5446: 5444:, p. 230. 5434: 5425: 5423:, p. 231. 5413: 5411:, p. 262. 5401: 5399:, p. 227. 5389: 5387:, p. 285. 5377: 5375:, p. 261. 5365: 5352: 5339: 5337:, p. 260. 5324: 5322:, p. 226. 5312: 5310:, p. 258. 5300: 5288: 5272: 5270:, p. 225. 5257: 5245: 5243:, p. 241. 5233: 5231:, p. 259. 5216: 5214:, p. 224. 5201: 5189: 5187:, p. 232. 5177: 5175:, p. 423. 5162: 5160:, p. 253. 5150: 5148:, p. 367. 5135: 5123: 5121:, p. 215. 5111: 5109:, p. 202. 5094: 5078: 5076:, p. 284. 5063: 5059:Georgescu 1991 5051: 5035: 5033:, p. xxv. 5020: 5016:Georgescu 1991 5003: 4990: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4956:Georgescu 1991 4948: 4939: 4935:Georgescu 1991 4927: 4925:, p. 166. 4915: 4902: 4887: 4883:Georgescu 1991 4872: 4863: 4861:, p. 254. 4844: 4828: 4819: 4804: 4792: 4790:, p. 249. 4780: 4778:, p. 236. 4768: 4764:Georgescu 1991 4749: 4747:, p. 214. 4737: 4735:, p. 222. 4725: 4712: 4703: 4691: 4682: 4652: 4640: 4638:, p. 191. 4625: 4607: 4598: 4594:Georgescu 1991 4586: 4584:, p. 190. 4571: 4569:, p. 407. 4559: 4547: 4545:, p. 424. 4535: 4533:, p. 203. 4518: 4506: 4494: 4478: 4476:, p. 247. 4466: 4430: 4421: 4419:, p. 215. 4404: 4392: 4390:, p. 219. 4377: 4375:, p. 270. 4365: 4353: 4351:, p. 234. 4341: 4327: 4325:, p. 233. 4312: 4310:, p. 235. 4300: 4274: 4272:, p. 144. 4262: 4260:, p. 189. 4250: 4248:, p. 205. 4233: 4231:, p. 188. 4221: 4219:, p. 131. 4209: 4207:, p. 231. 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4144:, p. 126. 4134: 4132:, p. 204. 4119: 4117:, p. 183. 4107: 4095: 4093:, p. 181. 4083: 4071: 4069:, p. 220. 4059: 4057:, p. 198. 4044: 4042:, p. 119. 4032: 4030:, p. 143. 4017: 4015:, p. 187. 4000: 3998:, p. 180. 3985: 3983:, p. 108. 3970: 3961: 3959:, p. 177. 3949: 3947:, p. 162. 3937: 3925: 3923:, p. 178. 3913: 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 206. 3877: 3868: 3866:, p. 214. 3856: 3844: 3842:, p. 159. 3832: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3790: 3788:, p. 227. 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3740:, p. 102. 3730: 3728:, p. 413. 3713: 3711:, p. 174. 3701: 3699:, p. 414. 3686: 3684:, p. 175. 3669: 3660: 3651: 3649:, p. 193. 3634: 3625: 3623:, p. 189. 3613: 3611:, p. 354. 3598: 3596:, p. 115. 3586: 3584:, p. 116. 3574: 3565: 3556: 3544: 3542:, p. 164. 3527: 3525:, p. 163. 3515: 3513:, p. 352. 3503: 3490: 3488:, p. 171. 3475: 3473:, p. 112. 3463: 3461:, p. 251. 3446: 3437: 3435:, p. 306. 3425: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3393:, p. 181. 3383: 3381:, p. 153. 3371: 3356: 3354:, p. 355. 3344: 3335: 3333:, p. 250. 3323: 3311: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3252:, p. 147. 3242: 3230: 3221: 3209: 3186: 3184:, p. 145. 3171: 3162: 3153: 3151:, p. 135. 3141: 3129: 3120: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3031:Main article: 3028: 3025: 2989:Andrew Báthory 2982:Ieremia Movilă 2917: 2914: 2902:mural painting 2861: 2858: 2842:sfatul domnesc 2818: 2815: 2733: 2655:her infant son 2651:Queen Isabella 2639:' succession. 2624:Main article: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2605:Peter IV Rareș 2573:Pope Sixtus IV 2569:battle of Baia 2497: 2494: 2440:Dracula legend 2351: 2348: 2321:John Szapolyai 2282:lucrum camarae 2186:Bobâlna revolt 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2130:Main article: 2127: 2124: 2111:Mușatin family 2021:Main article: 2018: 2015: 1861:Main article: 1858: 1855: 1754:was appointed 1722:. Among them, 1561: 1558: 1511:Main article: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1457:abbey at Cârța 1252:Constantinople 1123: 1120: 1084:Ottoman Empire 1026:Roman Catholic 905: 904: 902: 901: 894: 887: 879: 876: 875: 862: 861: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 836: 831: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 817: 812: 806: 801: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 786: 783:Moldavian ASSR 781: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 767: 762: 756: 751: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 737: 731: 726: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 711: 706: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 676: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 608: 602: 597: 596: 593: 592: 584: 583: 574: 573: 566: 559: 558: 556: 555: 548: 541: 533: 530: 529: 516: 515: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 459: 458: 453: 452: 449: 448: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 376: 375: 370: 364: 363: 358: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 307: 306: 301: 300: 297: 296: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 274:Danube Vilayet 271: 266: 261: 256: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 205: 204: 199: 198: 195: 194: 190: 189: 187:Rumelia Eyalet 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 148: 147: 137: 136: 133: 132: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 106: 105: 100: 99: 96: 95: 91: 90: 85: 80: 75: 69: 68: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9594: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9552: 9544: 9542: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9161:Scholasticism 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023:Rise of Islam 9021: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8959: 8957: 8952: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789:and Near East 8785: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8603: 8600: 8594: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495:and Near East 8491: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8342: 8340: 8335: 8333: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8033:National Bank 8031: 8029: 8023: 8019: 8018:petrochemical 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7983:Foreign trade 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7622: 7617: 7615: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7578: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7529:0-88033-154-2 7526: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7508: 7507:0-521-83756-1 7504: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7492:973-98091-0-3 7489: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7477:0-8108-3179-1 7474: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7455:0-295-97290-4 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7400:0-88033-440-1 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7381:963-05-6703-2 7377: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7362:963-9465-12-7 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7343:963-9165-37-9 7339: 7335: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7309:0-8142-0511-9 7305: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7290:0-472-08260-4 7286: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7271:1-86064-061-3 7267: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7210:963-9116-96-3 7206: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7191:963-05-6703-2 7187: 7183: 7178: 7174: 7172:963-9241-84-9 7168: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7131: 7125:, p. 39. 7124: 7119: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7092:1997, p. 151. 7091: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7073: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7044:1997, p. 150. 7043: 7037: 7030: 7024: 7018:1997, p. 148. 7017: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6969:1997, p. 147. 6968: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6950: 6945: 6936: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6905:, p. 30. 6904: 6899: 6897: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6869:1997, p. 144. 6868: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6777:1997, p. 130. 6776: 6770: 6768: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6736: 6727: 6721:1997, p. 143. 6720: 6714: 6712: 6705:, p. 73. 6704: 6699: 6690: 6683: 6678: 6676: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6632: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6546:1997, p. 128. 6545: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6487: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6451:1997, p. 134. 6450: 6444: 6442: 6434: 6429: 6423:, p. 41. 6422: 6417: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6345: 6340: 6333: 6328: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6304: 6297: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6189:, p. 45. 6188: 6183: 6177:1997, p. 116. 6176: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6109:, p. 64. 6108: 6103: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6081:1997, p. 115. 6080: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6063:, p. 47. 6062: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6013:1997, p. 109. 6012: 6006: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5979: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5947:, p. 68. 5946: 5941: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5892: 5887: 5881:, p. 21. 5880: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5839:, p. 63. 5838: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5809:1997, p. 105. 5808: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5781: 5775:1997, p. 101. 5774: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5747:, p. 24. 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5711:1997, p. 100. 5710: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5644: 5639: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5570:, p. 68. 5569: 5564: 5562: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5369: 5363:1997, p. 111. 5362: 5356: 5349: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5295: 5293: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5107:Sălăgean 2005 5103: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5061:, p. 35. 5060: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5018:, p. 23. 5017: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4958:, p. 18. 4957: 4952: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4885:, p. 17. 4884: 4879: 4877: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4823: 4817:, p. 14. 4816: 4811: 4809: 4802:, p. 13. 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4766:, p. 22. 4765: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4686: 4672:on 2011-07-27 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4650:, p. 45. 4649: 4644: 4637: 4636:Sălăgean 2005 4632: 4630: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4602: 4596:, p. 16. 4595: 4590: 4583: 4582:Sălăgean 2005 4578: 4576: 4568: 4563: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4475: 4470: 4456:on 2011-07-18 4452: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4363:, p. 55. 4362: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4304: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4258:Sălăgean 2005 4254: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4229:Sălăgean 2005 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4192:, p. 50. 4191: 4186: 4179: 4178:Sălăgean 2005 4174: 4167: 4166:Sălăgean 2005 4162: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4116: 4115:Sălăgean 2005 4111: 4105:, p. 53. 4104: 4099: 4092: 4091:Sălăgean 2005 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4013:Sălăgean 2005 4009: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3996:Sălăgean 2005 3992: 3990: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3965: 3958: 3957:Sălăgean 2005 3953: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3885:Sălăgean 2005 3881: 3872: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3816: 3808: 3807:Sălăgean 2005 3803: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3710: 3709:Sălăgean 2005 3705: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3682:Sălăgean 2005 3678: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3553: 3552:Sălăgean 2005 3548: 3541: 3540:Sălăgean 2005 3536: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3523:Sălăgean 2005 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3379:Sălăgean 2005 3375: 3369:, p. 98. 3368: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3321:, p. 44. 3320: 3315: 3306: 3299: 3298:Sălăgean 2005 3294: 3288:, p. 66. 3287: 3282: 3276:, p. 65. 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3250:Sălăgean 2005 3246: 3240:, p. 32. 3239: 3234: 3225: 3218: 3217:Sălăgean 2005 3213: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3182:Sălăgean 2005 3178: 3176: 3166: 3157: 3150: 3149:Sălăgean 2005 3145: 3136: 3134: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3017:Giorgio Basta 3014: 3010: 3009:Simion Movilă 3006: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2963:Ștefan Răzvan 2959: 2955: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2829:, among them 2828: 2827:Sublime Porte 2824: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2737:Antun Vrančić 2732: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:Baia de Aramă 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2275:Câmpul Pâinii 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2100:Peter I Mușat 2097: 2096:crop rotation 2093: 2088: 2087:in a revolt. 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2063:, a Romanian 2062: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2044:Andrew Lackfi 2041: 2037: 2036:Thomas Tuscus 2032: 2030: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1732:Ladislaus Kán 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1599:Ladislaus Kán 1596: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580:Ladislaus Kán 1576: 1570: 1566: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1411:Ruins of the 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1315:Eymund's saga 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1140:north of the 1139: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:Ottoman Turks 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 920: 916: 915:Roman legions 912: 900: 895: 893: 888: 886: 881: 880: 878: 877: 874: 864: 863: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 837: 834: 829: 828: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803:Moldavian SSR 799: 798: 791: 788: 787: 784: 779: 778: 771: 770:The Holocaust 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 754: 749: 748: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 729: 724: 723: 716: 713: 712: 709: 704: 703: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 674: 669: 668: 661: 658: 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36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 9322:Architecture 9294:Great Famine 9284:Universities 9224:Hussite Wars 9141:Great Schism 9028:Papal States 8903:Principality 8637:Papal States 8558: 8362:histories of 8204:Architecture 8134:Prostitution 8104:Demographics 8008:construction 7883:Human rights 7863:Constitution 7730:World War II 7699: 7586: 7584: 7535: 7520: 7498: 7483: 7468: 7461: 7446: 7428: 7409: 7390: 7371: 7352: 7333: 7317: 7299: 7280: 7261: 7240: 7219: 7200: 7181: 7162: 7130: 7118: 7109: 7097: 7089: 7071: 7066: 7041: 7036: 7028: 7023: 7015: 7010: 6998: 6986: 6974: 6966: 6944: 6935: 6927: 6922: 6910: 6866: 6848: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6799: 6794: 6782: 6774: 6735: 6726: 6718: 6698: 6689: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6563: 6551: 6543: 6508: 6485: 6480: 6468: 6456: 6448: 6433:Kontler 1999 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6361:Kontler 1999 6339: 6332:Kontler 1999 6327: 6315: 6303: 6296:Kontler 1999 6281:Kontler 1999 6276: 6269:Kontler 1999 6264: 6207: 6199: 6194: 6182: 6174: 6131: 6102: 6078: 6056: 6044: 6035: 6010: 5978: 5969: 5913: 5886: 5874: 5865: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5806: 5801: 5789: 5780: 5772: 5767: 5740: 5728: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5638: 5629: 5617: 5608: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5548: 5536: 5524: 5512: 5488: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5360: 5355: 5347: 5342: 5315: 5303: 5286:1997, p. 79. 5283: 5248: 5236: 5192: 5180: 5153: 5114: 5092:1997, p. 70. 5089: 5054: 5049:1997, p. 83. 5046: 5001:1997, p. 72. 4998: 4993: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4951: 4942: 4930: 4918: 4913:1997, p. 69. 4910: 4905: 4866: 4842:1997, p. 99. 4839: 4822: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4740: 4728: 4723:1997, p. 76. 4720: 4715: 4706: 4685: 4674:. 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Retrieved 4287: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4224: 4212: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4137: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4035: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3826: 3802: 3793: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3733: 3704: 3663: 3654: 3628: 3616: 3589: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3547: 3518: 3506: 3498: 3493: 3466: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3347: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3224: 3212: 3199: 3165: 3156: 3144: 3123: 3118:1997, p. 52. 3115: 3093:(up to 1918) 3087:(up to 1859) 3081:(up to 1859) 3047: 3036: 3002: 2986: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2954:Grand Vizier 2947: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2863: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2820: 2803: 2798: 2783: 2778: 2771:Gáspár Bekes 2763:Maximilian I 2760: 2756: 2740: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2709:Unitarianism 2698: 2691: 2664: 2629: 2609:Székely Land 2598: 2594:Cetatea Alba 2582: 2565: 2551: 2534: 2528: 2509: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2452: 2430: 2415: 2395:Baia de Fier 2375: 2369: 2333: 2324: 2317:George Dózsa 2301: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2259:John Hunyadi 2252: 2248:Apatiu River 2240: 2204: 2190:John Hunyadi 2162: 2135: 2114: 2108: 2103: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2064: 2058: 2033: 2026: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993:Gipsy slaves 1988: 1984: 1971:(1364– 1962: 1953: 1952:, while the 1937: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1912: 1892: 1872: 1866: 1835:Timiș county 1833:district of 1828: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1783:Bereg County 1776: 1768:staple right 1765: 1760: 1759:paid to the 1755: 1749: 1724:Roland Borsa 1717: 1705:court system 1700: 1698: 1682: 1663: 1642: 1618: 1547: 1516: 1513:Golden Horde 1496: 1473: 1444: 1441: 1436:Transylvania 1432:Sibiu County 1424:Kloster Kerz 1389: 1369: 1367: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1241: 1240:In 953, the 1239: 1234: 1226: 1223: 1215: 1212:Transylvania 1201: 1183: 1154: 1135: 1112: 1053: 1046:lower Danube 1039: 999: 961: 953:Transylvania 910: 908: 735:Sfatul Țării 655:Golden Horde 615:Free Dacians 503:Transylvania 431:Christianity 346:World War II 224:Varat Eyalet 138: 26: 9551:WikiProject 9478:Medievalism 9317:Agriculture 9181:Manorialism 9176:Communalism 9171:Monasticism 9088:Reconquista 9078:Kievan Rus' 8869:Kievan Rus' 8605:Western and 8598:territories 8522:Czech lands 8373:Western and 8119:Immigration 7963:Agriculture 7782:Earthquakes 7720:World War I 7700:Middle Ages 7690:Roman Dacia 7393:. Boulder. 5517:Makkai 1994 5493:Makkai 1994 5481:Makkai 1994 5466:Makkai 1994 5442:Makkai 1994 5421:Makkai 1994 5397:Makkai 1994 5320:Makkai 1994 5268:Makkai 1994 5253:Makkai 1994 5241:Makkai 1994 5212:Makkai 1994 4502:Makkai 1994 4417:Makkai 1994 4388:Makkai 1994 4323:Makkai 1994 4308:Kristó 2003 4246:Makkai 1994 4205:Kristó 2003 4130:Makkai 1994 4079:Kristó 2003 4067:Kristó 2003 4055:Makkai 1994 4028:Kristó 2003 3945:Kristó 2003 3933:Kristó 2003 3921:Kristó 2003 3909:Kristó 2003 3897:Kristó 2003 3864:Makkai 1994 3852:Kristó 2003 3840:Kristó 2003 3647:Makkai 1994 3621:Makkai 1994 3486:Kristó 2003 3471:Kristó 2003 3367:Kristó 2003 3286:Kristó 2003 3274:Kristó 2003 3238:Kristó 2003 3050:Radu Mihnea 2958:Sinan Pasha 2881:), and the 2813:of prince. 2701:Lutheranism 2368:Wallachia ( 2293:Cluj-Napoca 2232:Ciuc region 2071:. Although 1969:Vladislav I 1541:settled at 1523:Volga River 1453:Cistercians 1434:, southern 1386:viniculture 1326:Kievan Rus' 1273:, Tisa and 1178:main rivers 790:Moldovenism 690:Phanariotes 578:History of 311:World War I 229:Phanariotes 139:Middle Ages 120:Roman Dacia 115:Dacian Wars 44:History of 9566:Categories 9473:Land terms 9427:Technology 9407:Philosophy 9387:Literature 9352:Demography 9053:Viking Age 8764:Almoravids 8752:al-Andalus 8725:Portugal ( 8568:Anatolia ( 8261:Philosophy 8246:Literature 8129:Minorities 8114:Healthcare 8027:(currency) 8003:automotive 7917:Parliament 7878:Government 7832:Topography 7745:Since 1989 7740:Revolution 7155:References 7003:Barta 1994 6667:Barta 1994 6624:Barta 1994 6600:Barta 1994 6568:Barta 1994 6556:Barta 1994 6528:Barta 1994 6513:Barta 1994 6501:Barta 1994 6461:Barta 1994 6409:Barta 1994 6385:Barta 1994 6344:Barta 1994 6320:Barta 1994 6308:Barta 1994 6257:Barta 1994 6061:Achim 2004 5794:Engel 2001 5672:Engel 2001 5660:Barta 1994 5622:Engel 2001 5592:Engel 2001 5580:Engel 2001 5553:Engel 2001 5541:Engel 2001 5454:Engel 2001 5385:Engel 2001 5197:Engel 2001 5185:Engel 2001 4923:Engel 2001 4815:Achim 2004 4800:Achim 2004 4676:2010-11-01 4567:Curta 2006 4531:Engel 2001 4460:2011-01-19 4373:Engel 2001 4294:2010-11-01 4270:Engel 2001 4217:Engel 2001 4142:Engel 2001 4040:Engel 2001 3981:Engel 2001 3738:Engel 2001 3726:Curta 2006 3697:Curta 2006 3609:Curta 2006 3594:Engel 2001 3582:Engel 2001 3511:Curta 2006 3459:Curta 2006 3433:Curta 2006 3421:Curta 2006 3391:Curta 2006 3352:Curta 2006 3331:Curta 2006 3319:Engel 2001 3262:Engel 2001 2978:Călugăreni 2687:his troops 2683:Suleiman I 2649:receiving 2647:Suleiman I 2533:, both in 2524:Stephen II 2500:See also: 2463:Craiovești 2354:See also: 2313:Pope Leo X 2219:Baia Sprie 2184:See also: 2169:Dobrotitsa 2040:Ruthenians 1956:also used 1845:, but the 1772:broadcloth 1711:, Crasna, 1630:Sighișoara 1622:Alba Iulia 1582:and other 1539:Nogai Khan 1484:papal bull 1474:Following 1465:Cârțișoara 1413:Romanesque 1339:Oghuz-name 1281:narrates, 1186:Hungarians 1149:, called " 1060:suzerainty 680:Foundation 373:Revolution 65:Prehistory 9458:Dark Ages 9367:Household 9362:Hastilude 9131:Feudalism 8923:Despotate 8867:Ukraine ( 8851:Jerusalem 8815:Croatia ( 8570:Byzantine 8542:Hungary ( 8533:Byzantine 8432:1169–1536 8159:Romanians 8124:Languages 8109:Education 8073:Transport 8053:Squatting 7927:President 7895:Judiciary 7868:Elections 7812:Mountains 7755:Geography 7123:Boia 1997 5733:Fine 1994 5684:Fine 1994 5173:Fine 1994 5146:Fine 1994 5119:Fine 1994 4543:Fine 1994 3786:Fine 1994 3098:Footnotes 3056:from the 2890:parties. 2850:dregători 2817:Wallachia 2727:Decebalus 2705:Calvinism 2637:Habsburgs 2543:oil wells 2529:Although 2475:Teachings 2473:, titled 2418:Michael I 2350:Wallachia 2346:in 1529. 2329:Timișoara 2263:Mehmed II 2215:Baia Mare 2211:Satu Mare 2158:Licostomo 2138:Black Sea 1948:eaten as 1787:Maramureș 1741:Timișoara 1670:Stephen V 1664:In 1257, 1584:oligarchs 1527:Batu Khan 1355:cauldrons 1321:Blökkumen 1310:Pechenegs 1299:Hunedoara 1283:Stephen I 1080:vassalage 1050:Basarab I 972:Maramureș 945:Wallachia 620:Bastarnae 599:Antiquity 508:Wallachia 483:Maramureș 102:Antiquity 9541:Category 9508:Timeline 9397:Minstrel 9392:Medicine 9274:Chivalry 9229:Burgundy 9151:Crusades 8919:Lordship 8901:Serbia ( 8882:Russia ( 8821:Pannonia 8817:Dalmatia 8768:Almohads 8596:Medieval 8531:Greece ( 8443:Scotland 8428:800–1169 8360:Medieval 8306:Category 8236:Folklore 8154:Religion 8149:Refugees 8048:Services 7998:Industry 7988:Forestry 7905:Military 7846:Politics 7777:Counties 7668:Timeline 7639:articles 7102:Pop 2005 7088:Treptow 7070:Treptow 7059:Pop 2005 7040:Treptow 7027:Treptow 7014:Treptow 6991:Pop 2005 6979:Pop 2005 6965:Treptow 6949:Pop 2005 6926:Treptow 6915:Pop 2005 6888:Pop 2005 6865:Treptow 6847:Treptow 6836:Pop 2005 6824:Pop 2005 6812:Pop 2005 6798:Treptow 6787:Pop 2005 6773:Treptow 6759:Pop 2005 6740:Pop 2005 6717:Treptow 6703:Pop 1999 6682:Pop 2005 6650:Pop 2005 6612:Pop 2005 6583:Pop 2005 6542:Treptow 6484:Treptow 6473:Pop 2005 6447:Treptow 6397:Pop 2005 6373:Pop 2005 6242:Pop 2005 6227:Pop 2005 6212:Pop 2005 6198:Treptow 6173:Treptow 6155:Pop 2005 6136:Pop 2005 6107:Pop 1999 6077:Treptow 6028:Pop 2005 6009:Treptow 5995:Pop 2005 5962:Pop 2005 5918:Pop 2005 5906:Pop 2005 5891:Pop 2005 5849:Pop 2005 5837:Pop 1999 5805:Treptow 5771:Treptow 5760:Pop 2005 5721:Pop 2005 5707:Treptow 5696:Pop 2005 5643:Pop 2005 5568:Pop 1999 5529:Pop 2005 5409:Pop 2005 5373:Pop 2005 5359:Treptow 5346:Treptow 5335:Pop 2005 5308:Pop 2005 5282:Treptow 5229:Pop 2005 5158:Pop 2005 5088:Treptow 5045:Treptow 4997:Treptow 4986:Pop 1999 4909:Treptow 4859:Pop 2005 4838:Treptow 4788:Pop 2005 4776:Pop 2005 4745:Pop 2005 4733:Pop 2005 4719:Treptow 4648:Pop 1999 4619:Treptow 4514:Pop 2005 4488:Treptow 4474:Pop 2005 4400:Pop 2005 4361:Pop 1999 4349:Pop 2005 4190:Pop 1999 4103:Pop 1999 3497:Treptow 3114:Treptow 3068:See also 2877:(now in 2860:Moldavia 2734:— 2694:Debrecen 2671:Isabella 2496:Moldavia 2459:Istanbul 2387:Mehmed I 2309:Budapest 1950:porridge 1889:Seneslau 1779:district 1674:noblemen 1390:hospites 1370:hospites 1231:Székelys 1194:Dniester 1176:and the 1159:coulters 1072:Bogdan I 1042:medieval 1018:Orthodox 1014:Romanian 988:counties 949:Moldavia 932:and the 922:province 650:Brodnici 645:Tivertsi 569:a series 567:Part of 493:Muntenia 488:Moldavia 473:Bukovina 404:By topic 35:a series 33:Part of 9451:Related 9437:Warfare 9432:Theatre 9422:Slavery 9417:Science 9372:Hunting 9337:Cuisine 9310:Culture 9249:Castile 9244:England 8911:Kingdom 8843:Antioch 8839:Tripoli 8582:Ottoman 8559:Romania 8537:Ottoman 8527:Georgia 8517:Croatia 8507:Armenia 8502:Albania 8424:400–800 8420:Ireland 8415:Germany 8392:England 8387:Denmark 8382:Corsica 8364:current 8290:Outline 8219:Cuisine 8199:Academy 8191:Culture 8181:Welfare 8164:Gypsies 8087:Society 8068:Tourism 7973:Exports 7951:Economy 7802:Islands 7772:Climate 7715:Kingdom 7673:ancient 7660:History 7635:Romania 2879:Moldova 2875:Tighina 2866:Pocuția 2848:, with 2835:English 2799:voivode 2786:Sânpaul 2779:voivode 2767:Partium 2539:weaving 2520:Iliaș I 2448:Balkans 2391:Giurgiu 2325:voivode 2265:at the 2244:Bobâlna 2227:Estates 2223:Făgăraș 2146:Genoese 2126:Dobruja 2081:voivode 2067:of the 2065:voivode 2009:to put 1977:Gypsies 1919:papists 1906:in the 1885:Litovoi 1761:voivode 1756:voivode 1689:Austria 1685:Bohemia 1654:Unguraș 1650:Rimetea 1586:in the 1543:Isaccea 1531:Dnieper 1488:Oltenia 1445:voivode 1334:Turkish 1303:voivode 1198:steppes 1163:sickles 1062:of the 1006:Székely 1001:voivode 990:" and " 968:Crișana 957:Romania 580:Moldova 498:Oltenia 478:Dobruja 468:Crișana 441:Judaism 46:Romania 9531:Portal 9412:Poetry 9239:France 8915:Empire 8896:Moscow 8892:Ryazan 8847:Edessa 8835:Cyprus 8809:Second 8727:County 8574:Seljuk 8564:Serbia 8554:Poland 8466:Sweden 8410:France 8311:Portal 8241:Humour 8214:Cinema 8144:Racism 8013:mining 7968:Energy 7822:Rivers 7767:Cities 7650:Topics 7637: 7542: 7527: 7505: 7490: 7475: 7453: 7435: 7416: 7397: 7378: 7359: 7340: 7324: 7306: 7287: 7268: 7249: 7226: 7207: 7188: 7169: 7090:et al. 7072:et al. 7042:et al. 7029:et al. 7016:et al. 6967:et al. 6928:et al. 6867:et al. 6849:et al. 6800:et al. 6775:et al. 6719:et al. 6544:et al. 6486:et al. 6449:et al. 6200:et al. 6175:et al. 6079:et al. 6011:et al. 5807:et al. 5773:et al. 5709:et al. 5361:et al. 5348:et al. 5284:et al. 5090:et al. 5047:et al. 4999:et al. 4911:et al. 4840:et al. 4721:et al. 4621:et al. 4490:et al. 3499:et al. 3116:et al. 3058:Phanar 3054:Greeks 3013:Prague 2971:boyars 2950:Ismail 2883:Budjak 2871:Brăila 2846:boyars 2833:, the 2661:(1541) 2590:plague 2486:boyars 2467:Neagoe 2422:Dan II 2403:sulfur 2344:Mohács 2323:, the 2154:Chilia 2150:Vicina 2115:boyars 2085:boyars 2073:Dragoș 2007:boyars 2002:rovină 1991:owned 1989:boyars 1954:boyars 1946:millet 1938:rumâni 1934:vecini 1930:boyars 1923:boyars 1881:Farcaș 1873:cnezat 1820:knezes 1816:knezes 1812:knezes 1808:knezes 1803:knezes 1713:Sătmar 1652:, and 1646:Codlea 1634:Mediaș 1535:Danube 1420:German 1400:, and 1394:Cricău 1330:Cumans 1275:Toutis 1227:blacus 1224:quidam 1108:Venice 996:counts 951:, and 571:on the 37:on the 9442:Women 9402:Music 9357:Domes 9347:Dance 9234:Milan 8804:First 8760:Taifa 8475:Early 8471:Wales 8461:Spain 8447:Early 8438:Italy 8396:Early 8297:Index 8266:Sport 8256:Music 8251:Media 8099:Crime 7807:Lakes 7792:Flora 7787:Fauna 7685:Dacia 7599:> 7585:< 4454:(PDF) 4443:(PDF) 3204:(PDF) 3019:, he 2888:boyar 2723:Hațeg 2535:boyar 2482:boyar 2411:Buzău 2407:amber 2372:1404) 2307:(now 2297:Sibiu 1958:wheat 1893:Olati 1875:s of 1849:(now 1831:Sebeș 1745:Ciceu 1709:Bihor 1613:Saxon 1519:Sarai 1469:Arpaș 1428:Cârța 1402:Romos 1398:Ighiu 1378:Rhine 1363:Rodna 1359:Turda 1291:Gyula 1267:Mureș 1263:Timiș 1243:gyula 1235:Gesta 1220:Gelou 1155:Dridu 1151:Dridu 1100:hides 1022:tithe 1010:Saxon 992:seats 964:Banat 926:Dacia 919:Roman 611:Dacia 463:Banat 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