1478:
1991:
by deserted lands and the Tatars and their cattle roamed in the borderlands. Thereupon they asked
Vladislav, the Hungarian king, to let them leave, and King Vladislav graciously assented. They left Maramureș, together with all their companions and with their wives and children, to cross the high mountains. Many trees were cut down and many cliffs were pushed aside, but they crossed the mountains and arrived at the place where Dragoș had killed the bison. They liked it and dismounted there. They chose an intelligent man named Dragoș of their number and appointed him to be their lord and voivode, and thus the country of Moldavia was founded by the will of God. —
1841:
1462:
1821:
1754:, who administered Galicia in the name of King Louis I of Hungary, gave shelter to one "Vlach voivode", named George, who had fled to Galicia because of the "unexpected treason of his people". According to Spinei, George Koriatovich died in 1375, which excludes his identification with "Voivode George". Spinei also says that George Koriatovich most probably ruled in southeastern Moldavia which had been liberated from Mongol rule. The first Moldavian silver and bronze coins were minted for Petru Mușat in 1377.
64:
598:
1099:
1680:
877:
531:
1609:
1352:, which was preserved in a Russian annals completed in 1505, King Vladislav of Hungary sent envoys to invite the "Old-Romans and the Romanians" to fight against the Mongols and afterwards he rewarded the "Old-Romans" with lands in Maramureș. Historians Ionel Cândea and Dumitru Țeicu identify this event with the battle of Hód Lake (1280), Cuman opponents being substituted in the chronicle by tartars. Historians Pavel Parasca and
1547:, they reached as far as the Moldova River where they killed the beast. They liked the place where they stopped and decided to settle on the banks of the river. Dragoș went back to Maramureș only to return with all his people "on the fringes of the lands where the Tatars roamed". Ritual huntings which end with the establishment of a state, a town or a people are popular elements of the folklore of various peoples of
1539:, the Vlachs came to Maramureș during the reign of King Vladislaus of Hungary to fight against the Mongols. This document represents Dragoș as one of the Romanians whom "King Vladislav" had granted estates in Maramureș. According to the various versions of the legend of his "dismounting", Dragoș left for a hunting, together with his retainers. While chasing an
1665:
a country". Although Küküllő stated that Bogdan was finally forced to accept Louis's suzerainty and to pay a yearly tribute to him, modern historians – including Denis
Deletant, Tudor Sălăgean, Victor Spinei, and István Vásáry – agree that Bogdan could actually preserve the independence of Moldavia.
1642:(now Vyshkovo in Ukraine), in 1343, and with a Vlach lord in Maramureș, Giula of Giulești, in 1349. According to historian Radu Carciumaru, Bogdan's conflict with the royal castellan suggests that he had been opposed to the presence of the representatives of royal authority in Maramureș years before he left for Moldavia.
1037:—took control of the lands east of the Carpathians in the 1240s. The Mongols promoted international commerce, and an important trade route developed along the Dniester. The circulation of Hungarian and Bohemian coins shows that there were also close economic contacts between the basin of the Moldova and
1990:
hey returned home and spoke of the beauty of that country and of its rivers and springs to the other people so that to convince them to move there. The latter also liked the idea and decided to leave for the place where their companions were staying and to search for a new homeland. It was surrounded
1664:
King Louis I of
Hungary attempted to restore his rule in Moldavia, but the chronology of the military actions against Bogdan is uncertain. John of Küküllő wrote that Bogdan "was often battled against" by the army of Louis, but the "number of Vlachs inhabiting that land increased, transforming it into
1438:
The dates on coins found in the area indicate the change of status of
Moldavia from Mongolian rule to Vlach rule. The minting of Mongol coins continued in Orheiul Vechi until 1367 or 1368, showing that a "late Tatar state" survived in the southern region between the Prut and the Dniester. No Mongol
1392:
warriors against the
Mongols who had made raids in Transylvania. Lackfi and his army inflicted a crushing defeat upon a large Mongol army on 2 February 1345. The Székelys again invaded the "land of the Tatars" in 1346. According to both chronicles, the Mongols withdrew as far as the Dniester after
1717:
in 1371, addressing his bull to "Lațcu, Duke of
Moldavia". According to Sălăgean, the Holy See "consolidated the international status of Moldavia" by granting the title "duke" to Lațcu. On 14 March 1372, King Louis I of Hungary, who had also inherited Poland in 1370, signed a treaty with Emperor
1985:
There was a smart and courageous man, Dragoș, among them. One day, he left with his companions for a hunt and they came across the footprints of a bison. Following it, they crossed the snowy mountains and arrived at a wonderful and even place where they spotted the bison. They killed it under a
1284:
and a bath were also excavated. The local inhabitants used high quality ceramics (amphorae-like vessels, pitchers, mugs, jars and pots), similar to those found in other parts of the Golden Horde. The
Mongols supported international commerce, which led to the formation of a "Mongol road" from
1692:, referred to the country as Maurovlachia ("Black Vlachia"), Rusovlachia ("Vlachia near Russia") or Moldovlachia ("Moldavian Vlachia"). The Turkish name of Moldavia – Kara Boğdan – demonstrates Bogdan's preeminent role in the establishment of the principality.
1590:'s chronicle stated that Dragoș's rule in Moldavia "was like a captaincy", implying that he was a military commander. King Louis I of Hungary mentioned Moldavia as "our Moldavian land". The province initially included the northwestern part of the future principality (it is now known as
1409:
Both Poland and
Hungary took advantage of the decline of the Golden Horde by starting a new expansion in the 1340s. After a Hungarian army defeated the Mongols in 1345, new forts were built east of the Carpathians. Royal charters, chronicles and place names show that Hungarian and
1840:
1439:
coins minted after 1368 or 1369 have been found in the region of the
Dniester, showing that the Mongol rulers did not control the territory any more. Moldavia initially included a small territory between the Prut and Siret. Louis exempted the merchants of "
1965:. The Old-Romans started the fight, preceding everybody else. They were followed by the masses of the Hungarians and the Romans who were in the Latin faith. Thus the Tatars were defeated first by the Old-Romans, then by the Hungarians and the
1649:, according to a royal diploma, issued on 2 February 1365. Consequently, Bogdan must have come to Moldavia before that date. Historian Pál Engel dates Bogdan's arrival as 1359, taking advantage of the power vacuum that followed the death of
1594:). In 1360, Louis granted estates to a Vlach lord, Dragoș of Giulești, for subjugating the Moldavian Vlachs who had revolted against Louis. The identification of Dragoș of Giulești with the first ruler of Moldavia is debated among scholars.
1414:
colonists settled in the region. Dragoș took possession of the lands along the
Moldova with the approval of King Louis I of Hungary, but the Vlachs rebelled against Louis's rule already in the late 1350s. Dragoș was succeeded by his son,
974:, another Vlach voivode from Maramureș who had fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians in 1359 and took control of Moldavia, wresting the region from Hungary. It remained a principality until 1859, when it united with
1700:
Bogdan was succeeded by his son, Lațcu, around 1367. After Franciscan friars from Poland converted him to Catholicism, Lațcu initiated the establishment of a Roman Catholic diocese in Moldavia in 1370. His direct correspondence with the
1427:, in the early 1360s. Bogdan, who resisted Louis's attempts to restore Hungarian suzerainty for several years, was the first independent ruler of Moldavia. The earliest Moldavian silver and bronze coins were minted in 1377. The
1769:, mentioned between Lațcu and Peter. The record in the Caffa register suggests that the two voivodes—Costea and Petru Mușat—had the same position. The division of the medieval principality into two greater administrative units—
292:
1574:
wrote of 48 years. Consequently, the date of the dismounting is debated by modern historians. For instance, Dennis Deletant says that Dragoș came to Moldavia soon after the establishment of the Diocese of Milkovia in 1347.
1820:
1265:, who visited the court of the Great Khan in the 1250s, listed "the Blac", or Vlachs, among the peoples who paid tribute to the Mongols, but the Vlachs' territory is uncertain. Rubruck described "Blakia" as "
3782:
1687:
The new state derived its name from the Moldova River. In Latin and Slavic documents, it was mentioned as "Moldova", "Moldava" or "Moldavia". On the other hand, the Byzantines, who regarded it as a new
1217:. New settlements appeared along the lower course of the Prut. The local inhabitants' burial rites radically changed: inhumation replaced cremation and no grave goods can be detected after around 1000.
1630:
in 1407, which starts with "Bogdan Voivode". Bogdan, who had been the voivode of the Vlachs in Maramureș, gathered the Vlachs in that district and "secretly passed into Moldavia", according to
3783:"Cine a fost "Laslău craiul unguresc" din tradiția medievală despre întemeierea Țării Moldovei [Who was "Laslău, Hungarian king" of the medieval tradition on the founding of Moldavia]"
1661:
in the early 1360s, enabled Bogdan to come to Moldavia and expel Balc in 1363. Sălăgean says that it was only in 1365 that Bogdan seized power in Moldavia with the assistance of local Vlachs.
1810:
the Almighty, Voivode of Moldavia and her to the entire Vlach country from the mountains to the shores of the sea" on 30 March 1392. After years of negotiations, the Ecumenical Patriarch,
1973:
hey asked King Vladislav not to force them to adopt the Latin faith, but to let them keep their own Christian faith according to the Greek rite and to grant them a place to stay. King
4043:
Bolovan, Ioan; Constantiniu, Florin; Michelson, Paul E.; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Popa, Cristian; Popa, Marcel; Scurtu, Ioan; Treptow, Kurt W.; Vultur, Marcela; Watts, Larry L. (1997).
3541:
Bolovan, Ioan; Constantiniu, Florin; Michelson, Paul E.; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Popa, Cristian; Popa, Marcel; Scurtu, Ioan; Treptow, Kurt W.; Vultur, Marcela; Watts, Larry L. (1997).
1562:
which gives 1352 as the date. However, the same chronicles add various years when determining the period between Dragoș's arrival to Moldavia and the first year of the reign of
1048:
In addition to the dominant Turkic population, medieval chronicles and documents mention other peoples who lived between the Carpathians and the Dniester, including the
823:
4177:"From the Foundation of the Principalities, between the Middle of the Thirteenth and of the Fourteenth Centuries to the Accession of Michael the Brave, A.D. 1593."
1142:"—spread in the lands along the Lower Danube (in both present-day Bulgaria and Romania) and in the territory east of the Carpathians. After the arrival of the
1353:
1213:. The Pechenegs took control of the territory, but most Dridu settlements survived their arrival. Only the fortifications were destroyed in the 10th or early
818:
349:
4176:
1878:
river. It existed until 1859, when it united with Wallachia as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, the state included the regions of
1276:
Archaeological finds—kilns to produce pottery and furnaces to puddle iron ore—identify towns that were important economic centers of the Golden Horde. At
641:
1134:. During the previous millennium, the region had been subject to invasions by nomadic peoples, followed by a peaceful period around 750 during the
3835:
Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.).
1981:
and Tisa at a place called Crij. The Old-Romans gathered and settled there. They married Hungarian women and led them into their own Christian
1496:, a Vlach ruler, with the founding of Moldavia. According to legend, he led a hunting party to the region and dismounted from his horse at the
1233:
and defeating the Ulagh peoples" during the Mongol invasion of 1241. His narrative shows that the "Quara-Ulagh," or Black Vlachs, lived in the
791:
1957:
sent envoys to the Old-Romans and the Romanians. Thereupon we, Romanians joined forces with the Old-Romans and came to Hungary to help King
905:
748:
559:
222:
29:
This article is about the founding of the medieval Principality of Moldavia. For the establishment of the modern Republic of Moldova, see
1761:
on the Black See, two Genoese envoys were sent to "Constantino et Petro vayvoda" in 1386. Historians identified Voivode Constantino with
1961:
Before long, the decisive battle was fought between the Hungarian king, Vladislav, and the Tatar prince, Neymet, along the banks of the
1949:
In the time of King Vladislav, the Tatars led by their prince, Neymet advanced from the waters of the Prut and the Moldova against the
1802:
refused to acknowledge their consecration. Petru Mușat expanded his authority as far as the Danube and the Black Sea. His successor,
1428:
1616:
Most early Moldavian chronicles begin their lists of the rulers of Moldavia with Dragoș and state that he was succeeded by his son,
1504:
or "dismounting". It was during this hunting trip that he judged the region to be more attractive for his people than the Land of
828:
1645:
The dating of Bogdan's departure from Maramureș is uncertain. His estates there were confiscated and granted to the son of Sas,
1969:
Vladislav, the Hungarian king rejoiced over the divine assistance. He highly appreciated and rewarded the Old-Romans for their
1799:
30:
17:
4115:
4092:
4033:
3950:
3912:
3844:
3825:
3771:
3711:
3692:
3657:
3626:
3583:
3524:
Andreescu, Stefan (1998). "The making of the Romanian principalities". In Giurescu, Dinu C.; Fischer-Galați, Stephen (eds.).
3485:
3446:
3407:
2831:
848:
1432:
811:
1324:
shows the existence of either local elites or armed peasant groups between the Carpathians and the upper courses of the
3943:
Românii în Europa medievală (Între Orientul bizantin şi Occidentul latin). Studii în onoarea profesorului Victor Spinei
1851:
1332:. The local inhabitants used pottery of lower quality than those used in the lands directly controlled by the Mongols.
1188:
which was set up around 1050 contains the earliest reference to Romanians living east of the Carpathians. It refers to
439:
334:
1253:
and other historians identify the duke as a Vlach ruler, because his name is similar to the Hungarian word for Vlach (
4157:
4138:
4071:
4052:
3992:
3969:
3931:
3884:
3865:
3752:
3730:
3550:
3368:
1930:
1340:
The earliest contemporary reference to Romanians in Maramureș was recorded in a royal charter in 1326. In that year,
607:
1093:
1080:: the Mongols defeated the Qara-Ulagh, or Black Vlachs, in 1241, and the Vlachs invaded Galicia in the late 1270s.
898:
768:
693:
552:
344:
324:
151:
3856:
Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter
1798:, ordained two bishops for Moldova, one of them being Joseph Mușat, who was related to the voivode. However, the
1787:
1440:
1654:
863:
449:
329:
81:
1986:
willow and feasted on it. Then God brought the idea to his mind that he should find a new homeland and settle
1847:
1827:
1249:
of the Mongols, met a "Duke Olaha" who "was leaving with" his retinue to the Mongols in 1247. Victor Spinei,
736:
463:
400:
368:
277:
1653:, Khan of the Golden Horde. According to Carciumaru, a lasting conflict between King Louis I of Hungary and
1891:
429:
376:
297:
272:
3905:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century
597:
63:
1925:
1811:
1634:'s chronicle. Royal charters recorded that Bogdan had come into a conflict with János Kölcsei, the royal
1477:
891:
577:
545:
444:
434:
419:
43:
1558:
The "dismounting" by Dragoș took place in 1359, according to most Moldavian chronicles. Except that the
1420:
947:
668:
180:
4192:
1674:
723:
147:
96:
3478:
The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck (His journey to the court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253–1255)
1328:. Hungarian and Bohemian coins were in circulation in the same territory during the first half of the
1846:
The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in 1359 AD, another date proposed for the founding of Moldavia by
1743:
1269:
territory" south of the Lower Danube, showing that he identified it with the northern regions of the
1242:
1466:
1297:(now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine) developed into an important emporium. It was established by
1103:
773:
165:
1783:, also implies the former existence of two polities, which were united by the Moldavian monarchs.
1612:
Impression of Bogdan I, the 15th-century founder of Moldavia, by Pierre Auguste Bellet (1865–1924)
1443:" from paying taxes in Hungary in exchange for securing the tax exempt status of the merchants of
1385:
1360:
who reigned between 1270 and 1290. With the disintegration of the Golden Horde after the death of
1357:
1270:
1089:
1015:
648:
511:
354:
242:
175:
160:
133:
123:
3560:
1920:
1631:
1369:
491:
1751:
1710:
1513:
1226:
716:
688:
319:
170:
3507:
3468:
3429:
3390:
1107:
1915:
1658:
1525:
1365:
703:
287:
185:
91:
73:
1766:
1627:
1795:
1727:
1603:
1424:
1411:
1341:
1238:
991:
971:
778:
267:
262:
209:
110:
1586:
Moldavia emerged as a "defensive border province" of the Kingdom of Hungary. A version of
8:
1871:
1807:
1803:
1364:
in 1341, both Poland and Hungary started to expand towards the steppe zone in the 1340s.
1348:
in Romania) in the "district of Maramureș" to a Vlach noble, Stanislau. According to the
1234:
1123:
853:
614:
424:
381:
3437:
Cross, Samuel Hazard (Translator); Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (Co-translator) (1953).
1705:
shows that he wanted to demonstrate the independence of Moldavia. Upon Lațcu's request,
1368:
invaded the Principality of Galicia already in 1340. Two 14th-century chronicles—one by
1313:
1072:. The Vlachs' presence in that territory is well documented from the 1160s. Their local
1022:
started to expand their authority over parts of the territory from around 1150, but the
4127:
3981:
3615:
3495:
3456:
3417:
3378:
1762:
1735:
1730:, according to the earliest lists of the rulers of Moldavia. However, the 15th-century
1563:
1377:
1262:
1019:
959:
586:
311:
227:
52:
1450:
4153:
4134:
4111:
4088:
4067:
4048:
4029:
3988:
3965:
3946:
3927:
3908:
3880:
3861:
3840:
3821:
3797:
3767:
3748:
3726:
3707:
3688:
3653:
3622:
3579:
3546:
3529:
3481:
3442:
3403:
3364:
2827:
1899:
1398:
1393:
their defeats. Archaeological research shows that forts were erected at Baia, Siret,
1298:
923:
743:
3839:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207.
1646:
1517:
1485:
1202:
1135:
86:
3331:
2821:
1706:
1617:
1416:
858:
761:
339:
217:
1394:
1294:
1138:, which led to growth of the population the region. A new material culture—the "
4129:
The Rise of the Polish Monarchy: Piast Poland in East Central Europe, 1320–1370
3740:
1791:
1587:
1321:
1250:
1147:
1127:
1038:
1031:
999:
995:
881:
535:
282:
195:
1978:
1718:
Charles IV who acknowledged Louis's rights in many lands, including Moldavia.
1361:
4186:
3801:
3680:
3533:
1750:
under Polish suzerainty—to be voivode, but later poisoned him. In late 1377,
1580:
1576:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1381:
1181:
1174:, "Waladj", and "Blaghā" are ethnic groups that have been connected with the
1139:
951:
1794:, in Kraków on 26 September 1387. Upon Peter's request, Anton, the Orthodox
3667:
Deletant, Dennis (1986). "Moldavia between Hungary and Poland, 1347–1412".
3610:
1461:
1266:
1023:
963:
663:
623:
232:
3962:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365
1505:
1345:
943:
3636:
Davis, Sacha (2011). "East–West Discourses in Transylvania: Transitional
1894:
half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the
1552:
1325:
798:
698:
237:
128:
1870:
The Principality of Moldavia, grew to include the territory between the
1389:
1289:
along the Dniester. Almost 5000 Mongol coins from the first half of the
1083:
3764:
The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church, 1071–1453 AD
3595:"The Genesis of the Medieval State on the Romanian Territory: Moldavia"
1879:
1826:
The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in 1345 AD, after the foundation of
1246:
3652:. Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers. pp. 127–154.
1520:. A concurrent theory suggests that the Vlachs of Maramureș came from
1508:
in the Kingdom of Hungary, where they were then living. One theory by
1293:
have been excavated in the same region. At the mouth of the Dniester,
985:
476:
3285:
3283:
3281:
1650:
1635:
1419:, but Sas' son was expelled from Moldavia by a former voivode of the
1373:
1277:
1206:
1195:
1185:
1167:
1151:
1049:
1003:
975:
628:
516:
1814:, acknowledged Joseph Mușat as Metropolitan of Maurovlachia in 1401.
1679:
1516:
ethnic groups (known as Vlachs in the Middle Ages) had survived the
1512:
suggests that the Land of Maramureș was one of the "Romanias" where
1493:
1456:
1444:
1286:
1154:
in the 830s, the local inhabitants fortified their settlements with
939:
3594:
1887:
1875:
1865:
1831:
1739:
1702:
1639:
1608:
1591:
1190:
1171:
1155:
1061:
1053:
967:
681:
658:
653:
501:
496:
481:
3818:
At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities
3278:
1620:, who ruled for four years. The only exception is the list of the
1317:
1229:, a Mongol army "proceeded by way of the Qara-Ulagh, crossing the
3398:
di Plano Carpini, Giovanni; Hildinger, Erik (Translator) (1996).
1895:
1747:
1689:
1621:
1548:
1540:
1470:
1143:
1115:
1098:
1034:
1027:
979:
935:
841:
506:
486:
3723:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
3650:
The East–West Discourse: Symbolic Geography and its Consequences
3266:
1201:
A competing group, the Magyars, left the Pontic steppes for the
3540:
3337:
1903:
1883:
1779:
1757:
According to a record in the register of the Genoese colony in
1281:
1175:
1111:
1073:
1011:
955:
2431:
2971:
2852:
2455:
2061:
1962:
1765:, whom the list of the voivodes of Moldavia, recorded in the
1758:
1714:
1544:
1065:
1007:
931:
619:
471:
118:
3796:(1). Universitatea Libera Internationala din Moldova: 7–21.
3319:
2961:
2959:
2756:
2409:
2407:
1777:("Lower Country")—each administered by a high official, the
3143:
1579:
estimates the foundation of Moldavia to around the time of
1492:
Romanian histories cite Moldavian chronicles, which credit
1258:
1159:
4102:
Golden, P. B. (1984). "Cumanica: The Qipčaqs in Georgia".
3295:
3172:
3170:
3155:
3121:
3119:
3041:
3039:
3037:
2903:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2505:
2394:
2392:
2280:
2278:
2209:
2207:
3397:
3225:
3022:
2995:
2956:
2704:
2675:
2404:
2365:
2326:
2240:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2008:
1451:
Arrival of Dragoș in Moldavia and his "dismounting" there
1312:
that have been found together with agricultural tools at
3565:
Tradiția istorică despre întemeierea statelor românești
3359:
Al-Dīn, Rashīd; Boyle, John Andrew (Translator) (1971).
3244:
3242:
3240:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3082:
3080:
3078:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2881:
2879:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2355:
2353:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2224:
2222:
2163:
3307:
3213:
3201:
3167:
3131:
3116:
3034:
3012:
3010:
2915:
2891:
2840:
2801:
2735:
2716:
2640:
2558:
2556:
2495:
2493:
2419:
2389:
2275:
2263:
2204:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2020:
3436:
2114:
2112:
2091:
2044:
2032:
1850:, this date also coincides with the foundation of the
3254:
3237:
3182:
3092:
3075:
3063:
3051:
2983:
2939:
2927:
2876:
2864:
2780:
2768:
2687:
2663:
2628:
2616:
2599:
2580:
2568:
2541:
2529:
2467:
2377:
2350:
2338:
2246:
2219:
2151:
1084:
The Vlachs—the earliest Romanians—and their neighbors
350:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
3007:
2553:
2517:
2490:
2443:
2314:
2175:
2124:
1657:
and the Lithuanians' victory over the Tatars in the
3761:
3704:
Mendicants in Moldavia: Mission in an Orthodox Land
3289:
3104:
2109:
2097:
2073:
1209:and the Bulgarians defeated them at the end of the
986:
Competing cultures in the future region of Moldavia
4126:
3980:
3614:
3400:The Story of the Mongols: Whom We Call the Tartars
1178:, or Romanians, of the region of the Carpathians.
3898:. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Româna.
3877:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
1220:
4184:
3762:Papadakis, Aristeides; Meyendorff, John (1994).
3617:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250
1683:The Principality of Moldavia at its peak in 1483
1257:), but the name may have also been a version of
3439:The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text
1335:
3573:
3528:. East European Monographs. pp. 77–104.
3325:
3272:
2762:
1859:
1583:'s decisive victory over the Tatars in 1345.
1308:Weapons and harness pieces from the 13th and
899:
553:
4013:Vechile cronici moldovenești până la Ureche
1977:granted them lands in Maramureș between the
1830:Defensive March, which would grow to become
990:Moldavia developed in the lands between the
3940:
3921:
3358:
3301:
2681:
2511:
2198:
2026:
2014:
1404:
1122:The Moldavian region—the lands between the
978:, initiating the development of the modern
3592:
3028:
2977:
2965:
2858:
2710:
2461:
1726:Lațcu, who died in 1375, was succeeded by
906:
892:
560:
546:
4061:
3739:
3599:Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana
3523:
3219:
3176:
3137:
2921:
2846:
2729:
2269:
2213:
1429:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
4080:
3834:
3685:A Brief Illustrated History of Romanians
3666:
3559:
3313:
3207:
3149:
3125:
3045:
2897:
2823:A Brief Illustrated History of Romanians
2807:
2750:
2657:
2425:
2398:
2284:
2145:
2055:
1678:
1607:
1476:
1460:
1435:, after years of negotiations, in 1401.
1130:—acquired a territorial identity in the
1097:
4087:(in French). Librairie Artheme Fayard.
3922:Treptow, Kurt W.; Popa, Marcel (1996).
3853:
3780:
3679:
3475:
2819:
2523:
2308:
2296:
2157:
1668:
14:
4185:
4150:Romanians and Romania: A Brief History
4101:
4021:
4010:
3978:
3959:
3941:Țeicu, Dumitru; Cândea, Ionel (2008).
3902:
3893:
3874:
3815:
3574:Brezianu, Andrei; Spânu, Vlad (2007).
3260:
3248:
3231:
3195:
3161:
3098:
3086:
3069:
3057:
3001:
2989:
2950:
2933:
2909:
2885:
2870:
2795:
2774:
2698:
2669:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2593:
2574:
2562:
2547:
2535:
2499:
2484:
2437:
2413:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2257:
2228:
2169:
2133:
2118:
2103:
2079:
2038:
1943:
1800:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
998:, which had been dominated by nomadic
962:in the 1350s. The independence of the
31:Declaration of Independence of Moldova
4124:
3720:
3701:
3669:The Slavonic and East European Review
3635:
3609:
3441:. Medieval Academy of America. ISBN.
3110:
3016:
2449:
2241:di Plano Carpini & Hildinger 1996
2186:
2067:
1597:
1473:, the probable quarry in Dragoș' hunt
1110:" whom many historians identified as
3516:
3476:Jackson, Peter (Translator) (2009).
1535:According to the early 16th-century
1447:in "the country of Lord Demetrius".
1225:According to the Persian historian,
4147:
4133:. The University of Chicago Press.
4047:. The Center for Romanian Studies.
3896:Moldavia in the 11th–14th Centuries
3860:(in German). R. Oldenbourg Verlag.
3545:. The Center for Romanian Studies.
1551:, including the Hungarians and the
1482:Voivode Dragoș's hunt for the bison
942:, soon followed by his people from
24:
4028:(in Romanian). Editura V. Frunza.
4003:
3879:. University of Washington Press.
3702:Dobre, Claudia Florentina (2009).
3351:
2092:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953
1906:parts are territories of Ukraine.
1198:merchant at an unspecified place.
1014:—from around 900. The neighboring
25:
4204:
4168:
1931:Bulgarian lands across the Danube
3987:. Matthias Corvinus Publishing.
3924:Historical Dictionary of Romania
3766:. St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
3706:. Aurel Verlag und Handel Gmbh.
3648:". In Maxwell, Alexander (ed.).
3576:Historical Dictionary of Moldova
3569:(in Romanian). Editura Eminescu.
1839:
1819:
1356:identify "King Vladislaus" with
1344:granted the "land Zurduky" (now
1094:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
875:
769:Union of Bessarabia with Romania
596:
529:
62:
3747:. Ohio State University Press.
3526:Romania: A Historic Perspective
3361:The Successors of Genghis Khan'
3290:Papadakis & Meyendorff 1994
2813:
2302:
2290:
2234:
2192:
1568:Anonymous Chronicle of Moldavia
1500:—hence the name of this event,
1441:Demetrius, Prince of the Tatars
4110:. Harrassowitz Verlag: 45–87.
3964:. Cambridge University Press.
3837:History of Romania: Compendium
3790:Revista de istorie și politică
3621:. Cambridge University Press.
3480:. Hackett Publishing Company.
3402:. Branden Publishing Company.
2085:
1734:wrote that the Vlachs elected
1732:Lithuanian-Ruthenian Chronicle
1721:
1655:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1372:and the other by an anonymous
1221:Mongol invasion and occupation
930:) began with the arrival of a
864:History of independent Moldova
749:Romanian military intervention
13:
1:
4152:. Columbia University Press.
4022:Boldur, Alexandru V. (1992).
3363:. Columbia University Press.
3346:
2820:Djuvara, Neagu (2016-10-28).
1852:Metropolis of Ungro-Wallachia
737:Moldavian Democratic Republic
369:Socialist Republic of Romania
4104:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
4081:Durandin, Catherine (1995).
4066:. East European Monographs.
4017:(in Romanian). Editură Göbl.
2002:
1626:, which was recorded in the
1570:mentioned 44 years, but the
1528:) in the second half of the
1433:Metropolitan See of Moldavia
1076:were first mentioned in the
223:Principality of Transylvania
7:
4062:Castellan, Georges (1989).
3854:Schramm, Gottfried (1997).
1909:
1786:Petru Mușat paid homage to
1566:in 1400. For instance, the
1336:Decline of the Golden Horde
10:
4209:
4064:A History of the Romanians
3983:Dacians, Romans, Romanians
3816:Rădvan, Laurențiu (2010).
3725:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
1863:
1860:Growth of the principality
1675:Romania in the Middle Ages
1672:
1601:
1454:
1162:along the Dniester in the
1087:
278:1848 Wallachian Revolution
97:Prehistory of Transylvania
82:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
28:
4175:Samuelson, James (1882).
3593:Carciumaru, Radu (2012).
3326:Brezianu & Spânu 2007
3273:Brezianu & Spânu 2007
2763:Brezianu & Spânu 2007
2070:, pp. 124, 157, 185.
1744:Grand Prince of Lithuania
1243:Giovanni di Plano Carpini
1205:after a coalition of the
958:there as a vassal to the
273:1848 Moldavian Revolution
4148:Pop, Ioan Aurel (1999).
3926:. Scarecrow Press, Inc.
3875:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994).
3745:The Romanians: A History
3578:. Scarecrow Press, Inc.
2440:, pp. 162–163, 226.
1936:
1695:
1467:Coat of arms of Moldavia
1421:Voivodeship of Maramureș
1405:The founding of Moldavia
774:Transnistria Governorate
682:Principality of Moldavia
669:Voivodeship of Maramureș
181:Voivodeship of Maramureș
166:Banat in the Middle Ages
4125:Knoll, Paul W. (1972).
3960:Vásáry, István (2005).
3903:Spinei, Victor (2009).
3894:Spinei, Victor (1986).
3781:Parasca, Pavel (2011).
3302:Treptow & Popa 1996
2682:Treptow & Popa 1996
2512:Țeicu & Cândea 2008
2199:Al-Dīn & Boyle 1971
2027:Treptow & Popa 1996
2015:Treptow & Popa 1996
1993:Moldo-Russian chronicle
1926:Balkan–Danubian culture
1572:Moldo-Russian Chronicle
1537:Moldo-Russian Chronicle
1378:King Louis I of Hungary
1358:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
1350:Moldo-Russian Chronicle
1271:Second Bulgarian Empire
1245:, a papal envoy to the
1090:Origin of the Romanians
1016:Principality of Galicia
954:. Dragoș established a
950:, to the region of the
849:Independence of Moldova
829:Anti-fascist resistance
649:Origin of the Romanians
335:Union with Transylvania
243:Danubian Principalities
176:Second Bulgarian Empire
161:History of Transylvania
134:Origin of the Romanians
4083:Historie des Roumains
3979:Vékony, Gábor (2000).
1796:Metropolitan of Halych
1773:("Upper Country") and
1752:Vladislaus II of Opole
1711:Roman Catholic Diocese
1684:
1613:
1560:Moldo-Polish chronicle
1489:
1474:
1301:merchants in the late
1227:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1119:
927:
717:Bessarabia Governorate
171:First Bulgarian Empire
18:Foundation of Moldavia
4011:Bogdan, Ioan (1891).
3561:Brătianu, Gheorghe I.
1916:Founding of Wallachia
1788:Władysław II Jagiełło
1738:—who was a nephew of
1682:
1659:Battle of Blue Waters
1611:
1480:
1464:
1388:, to lead an army of
1386:Count of the Székelys
1366:Casimir III of Poland
1101:
928:Descălecatul Moldovei
704:United Principalities
325:Union with Bessarabia
288:United Principalities
186:Founding of Wallachia
92:Bronze Age in Romania
4045:A History of Romania
3543:A History of Romania
3164:, pp. 195, 217.
2912:, pp. 195, 200.
1921:History of Maramureș
1669:Successors to Bogdan
1604:Bogdan I of Moldavia
1342:Charles I of Hungary
1239:Southern Carpathians
992:Carpathian Mountains
920:founding of Moldavia
464:By historical region
263:Transylvanian School
191:Founding of Moldavia
4024:Istoria Basarabiei
3721:Engel, Pál (2001).
3340:, pp. 151–155.
3338:Bolovan et al. 1997
3275:, pp. 382–383.
3234:, pp. 164–165.
3152:, pp. 194–195.
3004:, pp. 207–208.
2980:, pp. 183–184.
2861:, pp. 179–180.
2464:, pp. 173–174.
2416:, pp. 476–477.
2374:, pp. 328–329.
2335:, pp. 148–149.
1896:Republic of Moldova
1872:Eastern Carpathians
1808:By the grace of God
1401:in the late 1340s.
1124:Eastern Carpathians
1114:(Sjonhem cemetery,
938:(military leader),
854:War of Transnistria
842:Republic of Moldova
824:Soviet deportations
724:Treaty of Bucharest
615:Chernyakhov culture
430:Historical timeline
330:Union with Bukovina
298:War of Independence
3506:has generic name (
3467:has generic name (
3428:has generic name (
3389:has generic name (
2172:, pp. 94, 96.
1806:, styled himself "
1767:Bistrița Monastery
1736:George Koriatovich
1685:
1628:Bistrița Monastery
1614:
1598:Bogdan the Founder
1564:Alexander the Good
1490:
1475:
1263:William of Rubruck
1120:
1020:Kingdom of Hungary
960:Kingdom of Hungary
882:Moldova portal
536:Romania portal
401:Romania since 1989
312:Kingdom of Romania
256:National Awakening
228:Eyalet of Temesvar
210:Early Modern Times
4193:Medieval Moldavia
4117:978-3-447-08527-4
4094:978-2-213-59425-5
4035:978-5-85886-027-3
3952:978-973-1871-17-2
3914:978-90-04-17536-5
3846:978-973-7784-12-4
3827:978-90-04-18010-9
3773:978-0-88141-058-7
3713:978-3-938759-12-7
3694:978-973-50-4334-6
3659:978-3-0343-0198-5
3644:or Latin-Western
3640:, German-Western
3628:978-0-521-89452-4
3585:978-0-8108-5607-3
3517:Secondary sources
3487:978-0-87220-981-7
3448:978-0-915651-32-0
3409:978-0-8283-2017-7
2833:978-973-50-5381-9
2041:, pp. 48–50.
1431:acknowledged the
1354:Șerban Papacostea
1280:, the ruins of a
1102:The 11th-century
916:
915:
819:Soviet occupation
642:Early Middle Ages
570:
569:
425:Romanian language
377:Soviet occupation
16:(Redirected from
4200:
4163:
4144:
4132:
4121:
4098:
4077:
4058:
4039:
4018:
3998:
3986:
3975:
3956:
3937:
3918:
3899:
3890:
3871:
3850:
3831:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3787:
3777:
3758:
3736:
3717:
3698:
3676:
3663:
3632:
3620:
3606:
3589:
3570:
3556:
3537:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3452:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2826:. Humanitas SA.
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1843:
1823:
1531:
1524:(in present-day
1518:Great Migrations
1486:Constantin Lecca
1331:
1314:Vatra Moldoviței
1311:
1304:
1292:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1203:Carpathian Basin
1165:
1136:Khazar Khaganate
1133:
1079:
1071:
1059:
1044:
970:was gained when
908:
901:
894:
880:
879:
878:
694:Early Modern Era
600:
590:
572:
571:
562:
555:
548:
534:
533:
532:
435:Military history
420:Economic history
87:Hamangia culture
66:
56:
38:
37:
21:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4141:
4118:
4095:
4074:
4055:
4042:
4036:
4006:
4004:Further reading
4001:
3995:
3972:
3953:
3934:
3915:
3887:
3868:
3847:
3828:
3806:
3804:
3792:(in Romanian).
3785:
3774:
3755:
3741:Georgescu, Vlad
3733:
3714:
3695:
3660:
3629:
3586:
3553:
3519:
3514:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3425:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3354:
3352:Primary sources
3349:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3183:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3035:
3029:Carciumaru 2012
3027:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2978:Carciumaru 2012
2976:
2972:
2966:Carciumaru 2012
2964:
2957:
2949:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2859:Carciumaru 2012
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2736:
2728:
2717:
2711:Carciumaru 2012
2709:
2705:
2697:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2600:
2592:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2468:
2462:Carciumaru 2012
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1912:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1844:
1835:
1824:
1746:, and ruled in
1724:
1707:Pope Gregory XI
1698:
1677:
1671:
1632:John of Küküllő
1606:
1600:
1529:
1514:Eastern Romance
1469:, depicting an
1459:
1453:
1407:
1376:friar—say that
1370:John of Küküllő
1338:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1290:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1163:
1131:
1096:
1088:Main articles:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1057:
1042:
988:
912:
876:
874:
869:
868:
859:Gagauz Republic
844:
834:
833:
814:
804:
803:
794:
784:
783:
764:
762:Greater Romania
754:
753:
739:
729:
728:
719:
709:
708:
684:
674:
673:
644:
634:
633:
610:
588:
581:
566:
530:
528:
523:
522:
521:
466:
456:
455:
454:
414:
406:
405:
396:
395:Post-Revolution
388:
387:
386:
371:
361:
360:
359:
345:Fascist Kingdom
340:Greater Romania
314:
304:
303:
302:
268:Organic Statute
257:
249:
248:
247:
218:Silistra Eyalet
212:
202:
201:
200:
155:
140:
139:
138:
113:
103:
102:
101:
76:
54:
47:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4170:
4169:External links
4167:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4145:
4139:
4122:
4116:
4099:
4093:
4078:
4072:
4059:
4053:
4040:
4034:
4019:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3976:
3970:
3957:
3951:
3938:
3932:
3919:
3913:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3872:
3866:
3851:
3845:
3832:
3826:
3813:
3778:
3772:
3759:
3753:
3737:
3731:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3681:Djuvara, Neagu
3677:
3664:
3658:
3633:
3627:
3607:
3605:(12): 172–188.
3590:
3584:
3571:
3557:
3551:
3538:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3486:
3473:
3447:
3434:
3408:
3395:
3369:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3328:, p. 303.
3318:
3316:, p. 202.
3306:
3304:, p. 136.
3294:
3292:, p. 264.
3277:
3265:
3263:, p. 220.
3253:
3251:, p. 218.
3236:
3224:
3220:Georgescu 1991
3212:
3210:, p. 198.
3200:
3198:, p. 217.
3181:
3177:Andreescu 1998
3166:
3154:
3142:
3138:Andreescu 1998
3130:
3128:, p. 193.
3115:
3103:
3101:, p. 160.
3091:
3089:, p. 143.
3074:
3072:, p. 211.
3062:
3060:, p. 207.
3050:
3048:, p. 191.
3033:
3031:, p. 184.
3021:
3019:, p. 166.
3006:
2994:
2992:, p. 207.
2982:
2970:
2968:, p. 182.
2955:
2953:, p. 159.
2938:
2936:, p. 206.
2926:
2922:Andreescu 1998
2914:
2902:
2900:, p. 200.
2890:
2888:, p. 201.
2875:
2873:, p. 203.
2863:
2851:
2847:Georgescu 1991
2839:
2832:
2812:
2810:, p. 190.
2800:
2798:, p. 200.
2779:
2777:, p. 198.
2767:
2765:, p. 127.
2755:
2753:, p. 129.
2734:
2730:Andreescu 1998
2715:
2713:, p. 172.
2703:
2701:, p. 157.
2686:
2674:
2672:, p. 216.
2662:
2660:, p. 201.
2639:
2637:, p. 325.
2627:
2625:, p. 334.
2615:
2613:, p. 156.
2598:
2596:, p. 176.
2579:
2577:, p. 175.
2567:
2552:
2550:, p. 127.
2540:
2538:, p. 133.
2528:
2516:
2514:, p. 280.
2504:
2489:
2487:, p. 197.
2466:
2454:
2452:, p. 270.
2442:
2430:
2428:, p. 197.
2418:
2403:
2401:, p. 198.
2388:
2386:, p. 152.
2376:
2364:
2362:, p. 150.
2349:
2347:, p. 521.
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2287:, p. 196.
2274:
2270:Georgescu 1991
2262:
2260:, p. 131.
2245:
2233:
2231:, p. 113.
2218:
2214:Andreescu 1998
2203:
2191:
2189:, p. 186.
2174:
2162:
2150:
2148:, p. 153.
2138:
2123:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2058:, p. 135.
2043:
2031:
2019:
2017:, p. 135.
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:(Spinei, 1986)
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1864:Main article:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1818:
1792:King of Poland
1723:
1720:
1697:
1694:
1673:Main article:
1670:
1667:
1602:Main article:
1599:
1596:
1588:Grigore Ureche
1455:Main article:
1452:
1449:
1406:
1403:
1337:
1334:
1310:14th centuries
1251:Vlad Georgescu
1222:
1219:
1215:11th centuries
1148:Pontic steppes
1128:Dniester River
1106:referring to "
1104:runestone G134
1085:
1082:
1039:Central Europe
1000:Turkic peoples
996:Dniester River
987:
984:
914:
913:
911:
910:
903:
896:
888:
885:
884:
871:
870:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
826:
821:
815:
810:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
795:
792:Moldavian ASSR
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
776:
771:
765:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
746:
740:
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
720:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
685:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
617:
611:
606:
605:
602:
601:
593:
592:
583:
582:
575:
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
539:
538:
525:
524:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
462:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
385:
384:
379:
373:
372:
367:
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
315:
310:
309:
306:
305:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
283:Danube Vilayet
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
213:
208:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
196:Rumelia Eyalet
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
157:
156:
146:
145:
142:
141:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
108:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
77:
72:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
49:
48:
41:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4205:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4161:
4159:0-88033-440-1
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4140:0-226-44826-6
4136:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4073:0-88033-154-2
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4054:973-98091-0-3
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4008:
3996:
3994:1-882785-13-4
3990:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3973:
3971:0-521-83756-1
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3933:0-8108-3179-1
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3886:0-295-97290-4
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3867:3-486-56262-2
3863:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3754:0-8142-0511-9
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3732:1-86064-061-3
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:. Humanitas.
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:(2): 189–211.
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3611:Curta, Florin
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3552:973-98091-0-3
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3465:|first1=
3458:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:|first2=
3419:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:|first2=
3380:
3372:
3370:0-231-03351-6
3366:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3314:Sălăgean 2005
3310:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3222:, p. 27.
3221:
3216:
3209:
3208:Deletant 1986
3204:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3179:, p. 96.
3178:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3150:Deletant 1986
3146:
3140:, p. 95.
3139:
3134:
3127:
3126:Deletant 1986
3122:
3120:
3113:, p. 39.
3112:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3046:Deletant 1986
3042:
3040:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2924:, p. 94.
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2898:Sălăgean 2005
2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2849:, p. 18.
2848:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2809:
2808:Deletant 1986
2804:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2751:Brătianu 1980
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2732:, p. 92.
2731:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2684:, p. 88.
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2658:Sălăgean 2005
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2565:, p. 24.
2564:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2502:, p. 11.
2501:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2426:Sălăgean 2005
2422:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2399:Sălăgean 2005
2395:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2323:, p. 30.
2322:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2299:, p. 139
2298:
2293:
2286:
2285:Sălăgean 2005
2281:
2279:
2272:, p. 17.
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2243:, p. 119
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2216:, p. 78.
2215:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2160:, p. 52.
2159:
2154:
2147:
2146:Sălăgean 2005
2142:
2136:, p. 54.
2135:
2130:
2128:
2121:, p. 83.
2120:
2115:
2113:
2106:, p. 82.
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2082:, p. 85.
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2056:Sălăgean 2005
2052:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1980:
1967:Romanians. …
1964:
1951:Hungarians. …
1946:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:) and all of
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Roman I Mușat
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1581:Andrew Lackfi
1578:
1577:Neagu Djuvara
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1522:Great Vlachia
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:Nicolae Iorga
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:Moldova River
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Andrew Lackfi
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1278:Orheiul Vechi
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1194:who killed a
1193:
1192:
1187:
1184:wrote that a
1183:
1182:Victor Spinei
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:north of the
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Dridu culture
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:in the early
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:Moldova River
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
909:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
889:
887:
886:
883:
873:
872:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
843:
838:
837:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:Moldavian SSR
808:
807:
800:
797:
796:
793:
788:
787:
780:
779:The Holocaust
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
758:
757:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
738:
733:
732:
725:
722:
721:
718:
713:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
683:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
638:
637:
630:
627:
625:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
604:
603:
599:
595:
594:
591:
585:
584:
579:
574:
573:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
541:
540:
537:
527:
526:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
460:
459:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
410:
409:
402:
399:
398:
392:
391:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
365:
364:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
308:
307:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
253:
252:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
211:
206:
205:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
153:
149:
144:
143:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
112:
107:
106:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
75:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
45:
40:
39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
4149:
4128:
4107:
4103:
4085:
4082:
4063:
4044:
4026:
4023:
4015:
4012:
3982:
3961:
3942:
3923:
3904:
3895:
3876:
3858:
3855:
3836:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3793:
3789:
3763:
3744:
3722:
3703:
3684:
3672:
3668:
3649:
3645:
3642:Siebenbürgen
3641:
3637:
3616:
3602:
3598:
3575:
3567:
3564:
3542:
3525:
3504:|first=
3477:
3438:
3399:
3360:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3268:
3256:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3106:
3094:
3065:
3053:
3024:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2822:
2815:
2803:
2770:
2758:
2706:
2677:
2665:
2630:
2618:
2570:
2543:
2531:
2526:, p. 7.
2524:Parasca 2011
2519:
2507:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2379:
2367:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2311:, p. 30
2309:Jackson 2009
2304:
2297:Jackson 2009
2292:
2265:
2236:
2201:, p. 70
2194:
2165:
2158:Djuvara 2014
2153:
2141:
2099:
2094:, p. 56
2087:
2075:
2063:
2034:
2029:, p. 7.
2022:
2010:
1992:
1959:Vladislav. …
1945:
1904:southeastern
1898:, while the
1869:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1756:
1731:
1725:
1699:
1686:
1663:
1644:
1622:
1615:
1585:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1536:
1534:
1530:13th century
1501:
1491:
1481:
1437:
1408:
1399:Târgu Trotuș
1395:Piatra Neamț
1349:
1339:
1330:14th century
1307:
1303:13th century
1295:Cetatea Albă
1291:14th century
1275:
1254:
1224:
1200:
1189:
1180:
1132:14th century
1121:
1078:13th century
1070:13th century
1047:
1043:14th century
1024:Golden Horde
989:
964:Principality
919:
917:
744:Sfatul Țării
664:Golden Horde
624:Free Dacians
512:Transylvania
440:Christianity
355:World War II
233:Varat Eyalet
190:
35:
26:
3807:17 February
3261:Spinei 1986
3249:Spinei 1986
3232:Vásáry 2005
3196:Spinei 1986
3162:Spinei 1986
3099:Vásáry 2005
3087:Vásáry 2005
3070:Spinei 2009
3058:Spinei 1986
3002:Spinei 2009
2990:Spinei 2009
2951:Vásáry 2005
2934:Spinei 1986
2910:Spinei 2009
2886:Spinei 1986
2871:Spinei 1986
2796:Spinei 1986
2775:Spinei 1986
2699:Vásáry 2005
2670:Spinei 1986
2635:Rădvan 2010
2623:Rădvan 2010
2611:Vásáry 2005
2594:Spinei 1986
2575:Spinei 1986
2563:Sedlar 1994
2548:Spinei 1986
2536:Vásáry 2005
2500:Vékony 2000
2485:Spinei 1986
2438:Spinei 1986
2414:Rădvan 2010
2384:Spinei 1986
2372:Rădvan 2010
2360:Spinei 1986
2345:Rădvan 2010
2333:Spinei 1986
2321:Vásáry 2005
2258:Spinei 1986
2229:Spinei 1986
2170:Spinei 2009
2134:Spinei 2009
2119:Spinei 2009
2104:Spinei 2009
2080:Spinei 2009
2039:Spinei 2009
1983:religion. …
1975:Vladislav …
1955:Vladislav …
1775:Țara de Jos
1771:Țara de Sus
1728:Petru Mușat
1722:Petru Mușat
1709:set up the
1553:Lithuanians
1380:dispatched
1362:Öz Beg Khan
1231:mountains …
1211:9th century
1164:9th century
1058:9th century
948:voivodeship
934:(Romanian)
799:Moldovenism
699:Phanariotes
587:History of
320:World War I
238:Phanariotes
148:Middle Ages
129:Roman Dacia
124:Dacian Wars
53:History of
3945:. Istros.
3347:References
3111:Dobre 2009
3017:Engel 2001
2450:Engel 2001
2187:Curta 2006
2068:Curta 2006
1971:courage. …
1882:(with the
1880:Bessarabia
1502:descălecat
1247:Great Khan
1172:Tivercians
1060:, and the
1054:Tivercians
1032:Turkicized
1030:and later
689:Foundation
382:Revolution
74:Prehistory
3907:. BRILL.
3820:. BRILL.
3802:1857-4076
3534:237138831
3496:cite book
3457:cite book
3418:cite book
3379:cite book
2003:Footnotes
1812:Matthew I
1651:Berdi Beg
1636:castellan
1526:Macedonia
1506:Maramureș
1346:Strâmtura
1322:Cozănești
1207:Pechenegs
1196:Varangian
1186:runestone
1168:Ulichians
1158:and deep
1156:palisades
1152:Black Sea
1118:, Sweden)
1050:Ulichians
1004:Pechenegs
976:Wallachia
946:, then a
944:Maramureș
629:Bastarnae
608:Antiquity
517:Wallachia
492:Maramureș
111:Antiquity
4187:Category
3743:(1991).
3683:(2014).
3613:(2006).
3563:(1980).
1988:there. …
1910:See also
1900:northern
1888:Bukovina
1876:Dniester
1874:and the
1866:Moldavia
1848:Dragos I
1832:Moldavia
1740:Algirdas
1703:Holy See
1623:voivodes
1592:Bukovina
1374:Minorite
1261:. Friar
1191:Blakumen
1126:and the
1108:Blakumen
1074:polities
1064:and the
1062:Brodnici
1052:and the
994:and the
980:Romanian
972:Bogdan I
968:Moldavia
924:Romanian
659:Brodnici
654:Tivertsi
578:a series
576:Part of
502:Muntenia
497:Moldavia
482:Bukovina
413:By topic
44:a series
42:Part of
1892:western
1890:. The
1828:Dragos'
1748:Podolia
1690:Vlachia
1549:Eurasia
1541:aurochs
1471:aurochs
1390:Székely
1299:Genoese
1267:Assan's
1235:Eastern
1146:to the
1144:Magyars
1116:Gotland
1068:in the
1056:in the
1035:khanate
982:state.
936:voivode
589:Moldova
507:Oltenia
487:Dobruja
477:Crișana
450:Judaism
55:Romania
4156:
4137:
4114:
4091:
4070:
4051:
4032:
3991:
3968:
3949:
3930:
3911:
3883:
3864:
3843:
3824:
3800:
3770:
3751:
3729:
3710:
3691:
3656:
3646:Ardeal
3638:Erdély
3625:
3582:
3549:
3532:
3484:
3445:
3406:
3367:
2830:
1884:Budjak
1780:vornic
1763:Costea
1494:Dragoș
1457:Dragoș
1445:Brașov
1425:Bogdan
1287:Kraków
1282:mosque
1176:Vlachs
1166:. The
1112:Vlachs
1028:Mongol
1012:Cumans
956:polity
940:Dragoș
580:on the
46:on the
3786:(PDF)
1979:Mureș
1953:King
1937:Notes
1759:Caffa
1715:Siret
1696:Lațcu
1545:bison
1412:Saxon
1326:Siret
1318:Coșna
1160:moats
1066:Alans
1008:Ouzes
1002:—the
932:Vlach
620:Dacia
472:Banat
445:Islam
293:ASTRA
152:Early
119:Dacia
4154:ISBN
4135:ISBN
4112:ISBN
4089:ISBN
4068:ISBN
4049:ISBN
4030:ISBN
3989:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3947:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3881:ISBN
3862:ISBN
3841:ISBN
3822:ISBN
3809:2015
3798:ISSN
3768:ISBN
3749:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3689:ISBN
3654:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3580:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3530:OCLC
3508:help
3482:ISBN
3469:help
3443:ISBN
3430:help
3404:ISBN
3391:help
3365:ISBN
2828:ISBN
1963:Tisa
1902:and
1647:Balc
1640:Visk
1484:(by
1465:The
1397:and
1320:and
1259:Oleg
1255:oláh
1092:and
1018:and
1010:and
918:The
1713:of
1638:of
1618:Sas
1543:or
1417:Sas
1237:or
1026:—a
966:of
4189::
4108:IV
4106:.
3794:IV
3788:.
3673:64
3671:.
3601:.
3597:.
3500::
3498:}}
3494:{{
3461::
3459:}}
3455:{{
3422::
3420:}}
3416:{{
3383::
3381:}}
3377:{{
3280:^
3239:^
3184:^
3169:^
3118:^
3077:^
3036:^
3009:^
2958:^
2941:^
2878:^
2782:^
2737:^
2718:^
2689:^
2642:^
2601:^
2582:^
2555:^
2492:^
2469:^
2406:^
2391:^
2352:^
2277:^
2248:^
2221:^
2206:^
2177:^
2126:^
2111:^
2046:^
1790:,
1742:,
1555:.
1532:.
1423:,
1384:,
1316:,
1305:.
1273:.
1241:.
1170:,
1045:.
1006:,
926::
622:,
4162:.
4143:.
4120:.
4097:.
4076:.
4057:.
4038:.
3997:.
3974:.
3955:.
3936:.
3917:.
3889:.
3870:.
3849:.
3830:.
3811:.
3776:.
3757:.
3735:.
3716:.
3697:.
3662:.
3631:.
3603:2
3588:.
3555:.
3536:.
3510:)
3490:.
3471:)
3451:.
3432:)
3412:.
3393:)
3373:.
2836:.
1854:.
1834:.
1488:)
922:(
907:e
900:t
893:v
561:e
554:t
547:v
154:)
150:(
33:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
