1688:; poor sugarcane harvests due to unfavorable weather; high sugar prices in the world market that made more attractive to produce sugar rather than ethanol; and other domestic factors that resulted in a decline of its annual production despite a growing demand in the local market. Brazilian ethanol fuel production in 2011 was 21.1 million liters (5.6 billion U.S. liquid gallons), down from 26.2 million liters (6.9 billion gallons) in 2010. A supply shortage took place for several months during 2010 and 2011, and prices climbed to the point that ethanol fuel was no longer attractive for owners of flex-fuel vehicles; the government reduced the minimum ethanol blend in gasoline to reduce demand and keep ethanol fuel prices from rising further; and for the first time since the 1990s, ethanol fuel was imported from the United States.
1590:
1648:
1246:
1056:
regulated by the government, as well as pricing of both gasoline and ethanol fuel, the latter subject to fixed producer prices. As a complement, the government provided subsidies to guarantee a lower ethanol price at the pump as compared to gasoline, as consumers were promised that ethanol prices would never be higher than 65% the price of gasoline. As sugar prices sharply increased in the international market by the end of 1988 and the government did not set the sugar export quotas, production shifted heavily towards sugar production causing an ethanol supply shortage, as the real cost of ethanol was around
1016:
1639:. By December 2010 both Honda flexible-fuel motorcycles had reached cumulative production of 515,726 units, representing an 18.1% market share of the Brazilian new motorcycle sales in that year. As of January 2011 there were four flex-fuel motorcycle models available in the market. During 2011 a total of 956,117 flex-fuel motorcycles were produced, raising its market share to 56.7%. Since their inception in 2009 almost 1.5 million flexible-fuel motorcycles had been produced in the country through December 2011, and the two million mark was reached in August 2012.
1098:
26:
1304:
876:
5416:
4907:
1721:
1735:
1266:, have increased ethanol consumption up to the point that during the first two months of 2008 ethanol consumption increased by 56% when compared to the same period in 2007, and achieving a landmark in ethanol consumption in February 2008, when ethanol retail sales surpassed the 50% market share of the gasoline-powered fleet. This level of ethanol fuel consumption had not been reached since the end of the 80s, at the peak of the
1008:. As a result of supply shortages and high ethanol fuel prices, in 2010 the government mandated a temporary 90-day blend reduction from E25 to E20 beginning February 1, 2010. As supply shortages took place again between the 2010–2011 harvest seasons, some ethanol was imported from the US, and in April 2011 the government reduced the minimum mandatory blend to 18 percent, leaving the mandatory blend range between E18 and E25.
1707:
4917:
900:
381:, representing 9.4% of all ethanol production in the country. Due to German submarine attacks threatening oil supplies, the mandatory blend was as high as 50 percent in 1943. After the end of the war cheap oil caused gasoline to prevail, and ethanol blends were only used sporadically, mostly to take advantage of sugar surpluses, until the 1970s, when the
1012:
E25 as the maximum blend, as opposed to flex-fuel cars. The government approved the higher blend as an economic incentive for ethanol producers, due to an existing overstock of over 1 billion liters (264 million US gallons) of ethanol. The implementation of E27 is expected to allow the consumption of the overstock before the end of 2015.
89:. Government policies and technological advances also allowed the country to achieve a landmark in ethanol consumption, when ethanol retail sales surpassed 50% market share of the gasoline-powered vehicle fleet in early 2008. This level of ethanol fuel consumption had only been reached in Brazil once before, at the peak of the
1146:(ECU) which blend of gasoline and alcohol is being burned. This task is accomplished automatically through software developed by Brazilian engineers, called "Software Fuel Sensor" (SFS), fed with data from the standard sensors already built-in the vehicle. The technology was developed by the Brazilian subsidiary of
1158:, and it is called "Multifuel." This technology allows the controller to regulate the amount of fuel injected and spark time, as fuel flow needs to be decreased and also self-combustion needs to be avoided when gasoline is used because ethanol engines have compression ratio around 12:1, too high for gasoline.
1233:
in 2010. Flexible-fuel vehicles were 22% of the car sales in 2004, 73% in 2005, 87.6% in July 2008, and reached a record 94% in August 2009. The production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010, and 15.3 million units by March 2012.
1627:
is sold for around US$ 2,700. Because the motorcycle does not have a secondary gas tank for a cold start like the
Brazilian flex cars do, the fuel tank must have at least 20% of gasoline to avoid start up problems at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). The motorcycle's panel includes a gauge
2093:
The authors found that for some countries in
Central Africa and Latin America ethanol can represent a large industry, at least relative to current exports. The list of the relative importance of biofuels (sugarcane ethanol in particular and replicating the Brazilian production system) is headed by
1663:
The
Brazilian subsidiaries of Magneti Marelli, Delphi and Bosch have developed and announced the introduction in 2009 of a new flex engine generation that eliminates the need for the secondary gasoline tank by warming the ethanol fuel during starting, and allowing flex vehicles to do a normal cold
1278:
Between 1979 and 2011, Brazil substituted around 22 million pure gasoline-powered vehicles with 5.7 million neat ethanol vehicles, 14.8 million flex-fuel vehicles and almost 1.5 million flex motorcycles. The number of neat ethanol vehicles still in use by 2003 was estimated between 2 and 3 million
1011:
By mid-March 2015, the government raised the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25% to 27%. The blend on premium gasoline was kept at 25% upon request by ANFAVEA, the
Brazilian association of automakers, because of concerns about the effects on the higher blend on cars that were built only for
1076:
In 1990, production of neat ethanol vehicles fell to 10.9% of the total car production as consumers lost confidence in the reliability of ethanol fuel supply, and began selling or converting their cars back to gasoline fuel. By the beginning of 1997 Fiat, Ford, and
General Motors had all stopped
1055:
of oil fell from an average of US$ 78.2 in 1981 to an average of US$ 26.8 per barrel in 1986. Also, by mid-1989, a shortage of ethanol fuel supply in the local market left thousands of vehicles in line at gas stations or out of fuel in their garages. At the time ethanol production was tightly
1042:
After reaching more than four million cars and light trucks running on pure ethanol by the late 1980s, representing 33% of the country's motor vehicle fleet, ethanol production and sales of neat ethanol cars tumbled due to several factors. First, gasoline prices fell sharply as a result of the
1582:. In 2007 Magneti Marelli presented the first motorcycle with flex technology. Delphi Automotive Systems also presented in 2007 its own injection technology for motorcycles. Besides the flexibility in the choice of fuels, a main objective of the fuel-flex motorcycles is to reduce CO
1664:
start at temperatures as low as −5 °C (23 °F), the lowest temperature expected anywhere in the
Brazilian territory. Another improvement is the reduction of fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions, between 10% and 15% as compared to flex motors sold in 2008. In March 2009
1290:, taking advantage of the higher ethanol blends and maximizing the benefits of the higher oxygen content of ethanol, resulting in lower emissions and improving fuel efficiency, allowing flex engines in 2008 models to reduce the fuel economy gap to 20 to 25% that of gasoline.
1261:
The flexibility of
Brazilian FFVs empowered the consumers to choose the fuel depending on current market prices. The rapid adoption and commercial success of "flex" vehicles, as they are popularly known, together with the mandatory blend of alcohol with gasoline as
965:
suitable for dissipating heat due to higher flame temperatures, and an auxiliary cold-start system that injects gasoline from a small tank to aid cold starting. Six years later, approximately 75% of
Brazilian passenger cars were manufactured with ethanol engines.
358:, and as early as 1919, the Governor of Pernambuco mandated all official vehicles to run on ethanol. The first ethanol fuel production plant went on line in 1927, the Usina Serra Grande Alagoas (USGA), located in the Northeastern state of
859:
was based on the low cost of sugar at the time, the idle capacity for distillation at the sugar plants, and the country's tradition and experience with this feedstock. Other sources of fermentable carbohydrates were also explored such as
1237:
This rapid adoption of the flex technology was facilitated by the fuel distribution infrastructure already in place, as around 27,000 filling stations countrywide were available by 1997 with at least one ethanol pump, a heritage of the
1039:, low-interest loans for agro-industrial ethanol firms, and fixed gasoline and ethanol prices where hydrous ethanol sold for 59% of the government-set gasoline price at the pump. These incentives made ethanol production competitive.
3407:
Through
December 2011 DENATRAN reports a total registered fleet of 70.5 million, including motorcycles, trucks and special equipment, 52.1 million excluding two- and three-wheeler, and 39.8 million automobiles and light commercial
1060:
per barrel. As ethanol production stagnated at 12 billion liters and could not keep pace with the increasing demand required by the now significant ethanol-only fleet, the
Brazilian government began importing ethanol from
1279:
vehicles, and 1.22 million as of December 2011. There were 80 flex car and light truck models available in the market manufactured by 12 major carmakers by December 2011, and four flex-fuel motorcycle models available.
2063:
2305:
1234:
As of December 2011, the fleet of flex automobiles and light commercial vehicles had reached 14.8 million vehicles, representing 21% of Brazil's motor vehicle fleet and 31.8% of all registered light vehicles.
1270:
Program. According to two separate research studies conducted in 2009, at the national level 65% of the flex-fuel registered vehicles regularly use ethanol fuel, and all-year-long by 93% of flex car owners in
1695:, combined with government subsidies set to keep gasoline price lower than the international market value, by November 2013 only 23% flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol regularly, down from 66% in 2009.
1628:
to warn the driver about the actual ethanol-gasoline mix in the storage tank. During the first eight months after its market launch the CG 150 Titan Mix has sold 139,059 motorcycles, capturing a 10.6%
4141:
985:) in the entire country. This law also authorized the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries; since 2003 these limits were fixed at a maximum of 25% (
350:
uses. The first use of sugarcane ethanol as fuel in Brazil dates back to the late twenties and early thirties of the 20th century, with the introduction of the automobile in the country. After
1134:
starting in 2003. A key innovation in the Brazilian flex technology was avoiding the need for an additional dedicated sensor to monitor the ethanol-gasoline mix, which made the first American
1185:
called PowerTrain. That year production of full flex-fuel reached 39,853 automobiles and 9,411 light commercial vehicles. By 2008, popular manufacturers that build flexible fuel vehicles are
4503:
373:
ethanol to all imports of gasoline by volume. The number of distilleries producing ethanol fuel went from 1 in 1933 to 54 by 1945. Fuel-grade ethanol production increased from 100,000
3493:
3312:
2306:"Portaria No. 7 de 11 de Janeiro de 2010 do Ministério de Estado da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e Resolução No. 1 do Conselho Interministeriarl do Açúcar e do Álcool"
1451:
The first ethanol-powered buses were delivered in May 2011, and the 50 buses will start regular service in June 2011. The fleet of 50 ethanol-powered ED95 buses had a cost of
2079:
4852:
3775:
2493:
This paper was originally presented in the XVI International Synposium on Alcohol Fuels, and augmented or slightly revised with the addition of new information in 2006–2008.
1782:(in Portuguese) (Second ed.). Berlendis & Vertecchia, São Paulo: UNICA – União da Agroindústria Canavieira do Estado de São Paulo. CDD-338.173610981. Archived from
2312:
4077:
2821:
2051:
The author considers that ethanol can be a transport solution for Brazil, but one that only can be replicated in other tropical countries, from Africa to the Caribbean.
4285:
3063:
4311:
2205:
3810:
1972:
1636:
1069:
in 1991. Simultaneously, the government began reducing ethanol subsidies, thus marking the beginning of the industry's deregulation and the slow extinction of the
888:
4340:
4166:
3282:
2687:
2143:
4145:
3983:
2400:
2651:
3893:
3347:
3214:
2473:
3951:
3914:
2176:
1386:
emissions. Performance is also important as previous tests have shown a reduction in fuel economy of around 60% when E95 is compared to regular diesel.
4847:
4619:
2947:
1624:
1597:
2854:
3858:
1820:
1035:
The Brazilian government provided three important initial motivators for the ethanol industry: guaranteed purchases by the state-owned oil company
4030:
945:, the first 16 gasoline stations began supplying hydrous ethanol in May 1979 for a fleet of 2,000 neat ethanol adapted vehicles, and by July, the
5293:
4511:
4232:
3889:
3261:
2278:
1432:", the local bus operator, to introduce a fleet of 50 ethanol-powered ED95 buses by May 2011. The city's government objective is to reduce the
4373:
2795:
2342:
3092:
69:, and the world's largest exporter. Several important political and technological developments led Brazil to become the world leader in the
3521:
366:. As other plants began producing ethanol fuel, two years later there were 500 cars running on this fuel in the country's Northeast Region.
3602:
2618:
4258:
3552:
2770:"Lei Nº 8.723, de 28 de Outubro de 1993. Dispõe sobre a redução de emissão de poluentes por veículos automotores e dá outras providências"
1089:
and their derivatives). The manufacturers requested a reinstatement of a stable gasohol program and promised to develop products by 1999.
4549:
4463:
4106:
1763:
377:
in 1933 to 51.5 million liters in 1937, representing 7% of the country's fuel consumption. Production peaked to 77 million liters during
4794:
2903:
4624:
3669:
1909:
5455:
5298:
3322:
1672:, the first flex fuel model without an auxiliary tank for cold start. The Flex Start system used by the Polo was developed by Bosch.
3744:
3785:
1340:
973:
with gasoline, fluctuating from 1976 until 1992 between 10% and 22%. Due to this mandatory minimum gasoline blend, pure gasoline (
3467:
1829:
4195:
4169:[Two million flex motorcycles produced by Honda are proof of the technology acceptance in the country] (in Portuguese).
2436:
1398:
4110:
4085:
2832:
2586:
2769:
1883:
2118:
2043:
1951:
1843:
1052:
4289:
2375:
1351:
model with a modified diesel engine capable of running with 95% hydrous ethanol blended with a 5% ignition improver, with a
5366:
2544:
2071:
2067:
1444:, São Paulo. These buses use the same technology and fuel as the 700 buses manufactured by Scania and already operating in
1275:, the main ethanol producer state where local taxes are lower, and prices at the pump are more competitive than gasoline.
4953:
4348:
4319:
4174:
3290:
2695:
2209:
1286:
with hydrated ethanol (E100) that was 25 to 35% lower than gasoline, but flex engines are now being designed with higher
3697:
3031:
2408:
4920:
3626:
3236:
3165:
2512:
1366:
During the trial period performance and emissions were monitored by the National Reference Center on Biomass (CENBIO -
1777:
1459:) and due to the higher cost of the ED95 fuel, one of the firms participating in the cooperation agreement, Raísen (a
997:
harvest and the levels of ethanol production from sugarcane, resulting in blend variations even within the same year.
3959:
3924:
1758:
3071:
1779:
A Energia da Cana-de-Açúcar –Doze estudos sobre a agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e a sua sustentabilidade
1263:
993:) by volume. Since then, the government has set the percentage on the ethanol blend according to the results of the
990:
986:
982:
843:), launched in 1975, was a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automobile fuels derived from
425:
2748:
2147:
1125:
977:) is no longer sold in the country. A federal law was passed in October 1993 establishing a mandatory blend of 22%
3987:
4584:
4542:
3344:"Automakers in Brazil Hit 10M Flex-Fuel Vehicle Mark; Brazilian Sugarcane Association Urges Global Dissemination"
2986:
2659:
1589:
2481:
1692:
1344:
1020:
950:
918:
429:
415:
4629:
2515:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). Archived from
2180:
1393:
city. The bus was a Swedish Scania with a Brazilian CAIO body. The second bus was scheduled to operate between
1019:
As of 2009 there are still neat ethanol cars running on Brazilian roads. Shown here a neat ethanol car fueling
1005:
2948:"Perspectivas de un Programa de Biocombustibles en América Central: Proyecto Uso Sustentable de Hidrocarburos"
4789:
1436:
of the city's bus fleet of 15,000 diesel-powered buses, with a final goal that the entire bus fleet use only
4438:
3390:
2954:
2720:
2249:"Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia: uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas"
1647:
1245:
5050:
4826:
4743:
3211:"Kia introduces new Flex-Fuel Soul Flex at Brazilian Motor Show; boosts output and lowers fuel consumption"
974:
869:
2252:
2248:
1375:
5396:
5386:
5313:
4857:
4784:
4667:
4657:
4652:
4470:
3868:
1283:
5105:
5450:
4910:
4726:
4677:
4566:
4535:
3369:
2513:"Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2011: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957/2010"
1998:
334:
or ethanol is obtained as a by-product of sugar mills producing sugar, and can be processed to produce
3343:
5445:
5371:
5079:
4811:
1383:
1130:
Confidence in ethanol-powered vehicles was restored with the introduction in the Brazilian market of
5249:
1578:
The latest innovation within the Brazilian flexible-fuel technology is the development of flex-fuel
1347:) bus began operations in São Paulo city in December 2007 as a one-year trial project. The bus is a
1249:
Historical trend of Brazilian production of light vehicles by type of fuel, neat ethanol (alcohol),
1150:
in 1994, but was further improved and commercially implemented in 2003 by the Italian subsidiary of
5345:
5318:
4383:
2799:
2350:
1748:
961:, amount of fuel injected, replacement of materials subject to corrosion by ethanol, use of colder
934:
892:
355:
3210:
3096:
1441:
1142:, used to measure the quality of combustion in conventional engines, is also required to tell the
4946:
4718:
4056:
4034:
2982:
2879:
1942:
1726:
1685:
1586:
emissions by 20 percent, and savings in fuel consumption in the order of 5% to 10% are expected.
4236:
4205:(in Portuguese). Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa (Cenbio). August 2008. Archived from
4167:"Dois milhões de motos flex produzidas pela Honda comprovam boa aceitação da tecnologia no País"
3117:
2626:
5303:
4892:
4731:
4378:
4262:
3722:
3139:
2030:
831:, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as a fuel. The National Alcohol Program -
347:
19:
4474:
3843:
2931:
1813:
925:
After testing in government fleets with several prototypes developed by local subsidiaries of
5440:
4753:
4748:
4639:
4009:
3698:"São Paulo joins EU's BEST project with pure ethanol bus trial; over 400 in operation so far"
3446:
1605:
1250:
1170:
1131:
1109:
2911:
2035:
42:
4862:
4672:
3915:"Substituição de diesel por etanol: vantagem que novos ônibus trazem à cidade de São Paulo"
3863:
3673:
1916:
1665:
1178:
1015:
949:
was launched to the market, becoming the first modern commercial neat ethanol-powered car (
930:
2066:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Sustainability Science Program,
1652:
1272:
1028:
8:
5401:
4877:
4867:
4821:
4574:
3748:
1367:
1155:
1143:
1086:
836:
70:
3780:
2953:(in Spanish). Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Archived from
1317:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
883:
1800 was the first prototype engineered with a neat ethanol-only engine. Exhibit at the
5419:
5220:
5045:
5033:
4939:
4779:
4594:
4142:"Nova Honda NXR 150 Bros Mix é a 1ª On-Off Road com tecnologia bicombustível do Brasil"
3831:
3422:"Contaminação de Águas Subterrâneas por Derramamentos de Gasolina: O problema é grave?"
3189:
2477:
2075:
2025:
1977:
1801:
1680:
Since 2009, the Brazilian ethanol industry has experienced financial stress due to the
1471:), will supply the fuel to the municipality at 70% the market price of regular diesel.
1194:
1097:
1082:
942:
335:
5267:
3651:
3471:
3190:"Livina, primeiro carro flex da Nissan chega com preços entre R$ 46.690 e R$ 56.690"
1849:
1394:
5340:
5232:
4882:
4816:
4703:
4604:
4558:
4407:
4206:
2440:
2114:
2039:
1947:
1839:
1635:
In September 2009, Honda launched a second flexible-fuel motorcycle, the on-off-road
1464:
1356:
1287:
1147:
958:
4698:
4117:
3584:[Brazilian fleet of light vehicles (Otto cycle)] (in Portuguese). UNICA Data
3372:(in Portuguese). Ministério de Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (MDIC)
2590:
65:
program, which allowed the country to become the world's second largest producer of
25:
5272:
5183:
5023:
4806:
4801:
3581:
3421:
2773:
2683:
2064:"Certification Strategies, Industrial Development and a Global Market for Biofuels"
1887:
1433:
1402:
1154:. A similar fuel injection technology was developed by the Brazilian subsidiary of
864:
and other feedstocks. The first phase of the program concentrated in production of
5116:
4693:
2437:"USGA: Em 1927, o Primeiro Grande Empreendimento Brasileiro em Álcool Combustível"
1632:, and ranking second in sales of new motorcycles in the Brazilian market in 2009.
910:
was the first modern automobile launched to the market capable of running on neat
5381:
5243:
5193:
3317:
3036:
1783:
1669:
1379:
1151:
828:
382:
2552:
4842:
4662:
4647:
3815:
2110:
1835:
1452:
1437:
1360:
1352:
1166:
1105:
1078:
1044:
938:
385:
resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness on the dangers of oil dependence.
4506:[Today just 23% of flex fuel cars are using ethanol] (in Portuguese).
3627:"Com novo modelo flex, mais de metade da produção da Honda será bicombustível"
2998:
See chapters Introduction (pp. 339-444) and Pillar I: Innovation (pp. 445-482)
953:) sold in the world. Brazilian carmakers modified gasoline engines to support
5434:
5391:
5057:
4599:
4412:
4344:
4315:
4170:
4081:
3955:
3919:
3701:
3630:
3577:
3286:
3041:
2907:
2691:
2622:
2404:
2003:
1740:
1712:
1681:
1460:
1417:
1139:
331:
312:
February and April. The minimum blend floor was reduced to E18 in April 2011.
310:
Note: The 2010 reduction from E25 to E20 was temporary and took place between
78:
74:
3419:
2721:"Álcool combustível completa 30 anos nos postos com previsão de crescimento"
2516:
1623:
in March 2009. Produced by its local subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the
5333:
5203:
5040:
4998:
4978:
4614:
4609:
4579:
4507:
4341:"Volks lança sistema que elimina tanquinho de gasolina para partida a frio"
4033:(in Portuguese). G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo. 2003-03-11. Archived from
2899:
2614:
2094:
Suriname, Guyana, Bolivia, Paraguay, DR of Congo, and Cameroon. See pp. 5–6
1753:
1629:
1117:
970:
914:
844:
378:
339:
62:
3747:(in Portuguese). Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa. Archived from
1413:
1406:
1390:
818:(2) Total light vehicles include autos and light trucks built with diesel,
5376:
5328:
5323:
5308:
5094:
5067:
5028:
5013:
4988:
4872:
1579:
1077:
producing ethanol powered cars, leaving only Volkswagen (who offered the
962:
363:
351:
327:
4221:
Ano 2, No. 3 (every article is presented in both English and Portuguese)
875:
5237:
5173:
5018:
4983:
4763:
4233:"Nova tecnologia dispensa gasolina na partida de carros bicombustíveis"
3394:
3012:
Feltrin, Ariverson (1998-02-18). "Manufacturers want alcohol program".
2772:(in Portuguese). Casa Civil da Presidência da República. Archived from
2724:
1608:
1230:
1214:
1206:
1162:
1024:
852:
323:
38:
2785:
See article 9º and modifications approved by Law Nº 10.696, 2003-07-02
2545:"Licenciamento total de automóveis e comerciais leves por combustível"
2439:(in Portuguese). Onde Vamos Boletim Enfoque. June 2000. Archived from
2401:"Setor Sucroenergético - Histórico: Ciclo Econômico da Cana-de-Açúcar"
1222:
5361:
5277:
5178:
5003:
4962:
4758:
4708:
2855:"Mistura de etanol na gasolina sobe para 27% a partir de 16 de março"
2177:"Consumo de álcool supera o de gasolina pela primeira vez em 20 anos"
1973:"With Big Boost From Sugar Cane, Brazil Is Satisfying Its Fuel Needs"
1656:
1616:
1445:
1425:
1378:, and compared with similar diesel models, with special attention to
1348:
1186:
1174:
1048:
1036:
1001:
994:
978:
865:
856:
319:
82:
58:
30:
4887:
4527:
2311:(in Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União. 2010-01-12. Archived from
2290:
This decree fixed the mandatory blend at 25% starting July 1st, 2007
2281:(in Portuguese). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento
1720:
1138:
flex fuel vehicles too expensive. This was accomplished through the
369:
A decree was issued on February 20, 1931, mandating the blend of 5%
5261:
5226:
5151:
5141:
5084:
1440:
by 2018. Scania will manufacture the buses in its plant located in
1254:
1242:
program, and by October 2008 have reached 35,000 fueling stations.
1135:
1113:
946:
907:
848:
370:
4464:"Accelerating Industry Innovation - 2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook"
3393:(in Portuguese). Departamento Nacional de Trânsito. Archived from
3142:[GM launches the 2004 Corsa 1.8 with "Flexpower" engine].
2826:
1910:"Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels"
1775:
1229:
launched its first flex fuel in the Brazilian market in 2009 and
5168:
5162:
5111:
4993:
4970:
4589:
3806:
3603:"Cresce presença de carros flex importados no mercado brasileiro"
2857:[Ethanol blend will increase to 27% beginning March 16].
1884:"Industry Statistics: Annual World Ethanol Production by Country"
1734:
1202:
1198:
1181:
1.8 Flexpower, using an engine developed by a joint-venture with
954:
911:
359:
343:
66:
3234:
3163:
2547:[Total automobiles and light-trucks registered by fuel]
5214:
5146:
5062:
5008:
3468:"Anuário da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira 2018, ANFAVEA"
2125:
See Executive Summary and Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience.
2061:
1915:. Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Archived from
1601:
1226:
1218:
1102:
1066:
1062:
904:
861:
86:
54:
3952:"Motos flex foram as mais vendidas em 2009 na categoria 150cc"
2652:"Brazil's ethanol effort helping lead to oil self-sufficiency"
899:
5188:
5131:
5121:
5074:
4371:
1907:
1620:
1594:
1468:
1421:
1210:
880:
374:
4931:
2343:"Dilma assina medida que dá poder à ANP para regular etanol"
2107:
Biofuels in Africa: Opportunities, Prospects, and Challenges
1946:. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 153–155, 160–161.
1939:
1831:
Biofuels in Africa: Opportunities, Prospects, and Challenges
5156:
5126:
4461:
2852:
2798:(in Portuguese). Reuters Brasil. 2010-01-11. Archived from
2373:
1190:
1182:
926:
73:, and a policy model for other developing countries in the
4374:"Brazil Ethanol Drive Falters on Domestic Supply Shortage"
3984:"Magneti Marelli apresenta a moto flexível em combustível"
3283:"Participação de carros flex nas vendas volta a bater 94%"
2246:
969:
The Brazilian government also made mandatory the blend of
308:
Source: J.A. Puerto Rica (2007), Table 3.8, pp. 81–82
5136:
3811:"São Paulo terá primeira frota de ônibus movida a etanol"
3723:"Sao Paulo Puts Ethanol Bus into Service in BEST Project"
3370:"Álcool combustível - Uso veicular do álcool combustível"
1409:
city. The two test buses operated regularly for 3 years.
1173:
capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol.
3890:"São Paulo putting 50 Scania ethanol buses into service"
3262:"Venda de carros flex cresceu 31% em julho, diz Anfavea"
2144:"ANP: consumo de álcool combustível é 50% maior em 2007"
322:
has been cultivated in Brazil since 1532. Introduced in
4408:"Brazilian brew: America opens up to Brazilian ethanol"
4144:(in Portuguese). MotoDriver. 2009-09-17. Archived from
3670:"Começa a circular em São Paulo ônibus movido a etanol"
3420:
Henry Xavier Corseuil; Marcus Sal Molin Marins (1997).
1389:
In November 2009, a second ED95 bus began operating in
3986:(in Portuguese). WebMotors. 2007-11-07. Archived from
3773:
2945:
2796:"Governo reduz mistura de etanol na gasolina para 20%"
4230:
4010:"Moto flex 'imita' carros e deve chegar até dezembro"
3582:"Frota brasileira de autoveículos leves (ciclo Otto)"
2584:
104:
Historical evolution of ethanol blends used in Brazil
4261:(in Portuguese). Automotive Business. Archived from
3672:(in Portuguese). Estado de São Paulo. Archived from
3064:"Volkswagen to stop making gas-only cars for Brazil"
3029:
2208:(in Portuguese). Agropecuária Brasil. Archived from
1702:
1480:
Ethanol flex-fuel motorcycle manufacturing in Brazil
4078:"Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo"
4057:"Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil"
3313:"Brasil alcança marca de 10 milhões de carros flex"
2378:[Ethanol content in gasoline rises today].
1691:As a result of higher ethanol prices caused by the
1619:motorcycle was launched to the Brazilian market by
4031:"Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo"
3095:(in Portuguese). Wolkswagen Brazil. Archived from
2206:"ANP estima que consumo de álcool supere gasolina"
2179:(in Portuguese). Cornélio Notícias. Archived from
2062:Hausmann, Ricardo; Rodrigo Wagner (October 2009).
2024:
4196:"Here comes the 'Flex' vehicles third generation"
3745:"São Paulo recebe segundo ônibus movido a etanol"
3237:"How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever!"
3235:Adam Lashinsky; Nelson D. Schwartz (2006-01-24).
3166:"How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever!"
3164:Adam Lashinsky; Nelson D. Schwartz (2006-01-24).
2718:
1908:Daniel Budny and Paulo Sotero, ed. (April 2007).
1642:
5432:
4286:"Bosch investe na segunda geração do motor flex"
4274:Originally published in Revista Valor Econômico.
3652:"Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges"
3444:
3192:(in Portuguese). Car Magazine Online. 2009-03-18
2682:
2542:
2203:
2104:
1827:
1334:
1282:The early technology in flex fuel engines had a
1000:Since July 2007, the mandatory blend was 25% of
814:: ANFAVEA, 1979–2010, and Denatran/ANFAVEA 2011.
5294:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
4402:
4400:
4288:(in Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. Archived from
3856:
3491:
3140:"GM lança Corsa 1.8 com motor "Flexpower" 2004"
2980:
2649:
2471:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2034:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. p.
1659:model without an auxiliary tank for cold start.
330:exported to Europe by the Portuguese settlers.
4504:"Etanol é usado hoje em apenas 23% dos carros"
4455:
4372:Raymond Colitt; Stephan Nielsen (2012-03-13).
4283:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3742:
3310:
3259:
2983:"A Blueprint for Green Energy in the Americas"
2587:"Brazil's Ethanol Program – An Insider's View"
2538:
2536:
2534:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2141:
1999:"Biofuels in Brazil: Lean, green and not mean"
816:Notes: (1) Flex-fuel motorcycles not included.
4947:
4543:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3859:"Cosan fornecerá etanol para 50 ônibus de SP"
3576:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
2746:
2678:
2676:
2199:
2197:
1886:. Renewable Fuels Association. Archived from
1412:In November 2010 the municipal government of
820:gasoline, neat ethanol, and flexfuel engines.
396:Ethanol-only and Flexible-fuel light vehicles
4397:
4367:
4365:
4309:
4007:
3621:
3619:
3605:(in Portuguese). Direto da Usina. 2011-09-15
3595:
2898:
2822:"A gasolina vai matar a indústria do etanol"
2813:
2613:
2293:
2266:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
1970:
1675:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4256:
4159:
4054:
3978:
3976:
3923:(in Portuguese). 2011-05-26. Archived from
3907:
3762:
3570:
3025:
3023:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2609:
2607:
2531:
2496:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2349:(in Portuguese). 2011-04-28. Archived from
1776:Macedo, Isaias de Carvalho, editor (2007).
1764:Flexible-fuel vehicles in the United States
1363:nozzles, and altered the injection timing.
1341:BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport (BEST)
4954:
4940:
4550:
4536:
4462:Renewable Fuels Association (2012-03-06).
4333:
4303:
4188:
3938:
3776:"São Paulo ganha frota de ônibus a etanol"
3664:
3662:
3538:
3507:
2853:Fábio Amato e Filipe Matoso (2015-03-04).
2714:
2712:
2673:
2645:
2643:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2374:Fábio Amato e Filipe Matoso (2015-03-16).
2194:
1991:
957:ethanol characteristics. Changes included
362:, producing fuel with 75% ethanol and 25%
354:some experimenting took place in Brazil's
5299:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
4362:
4235:(in Portuguese). Globo G1. Archived from
4105:
4099:
3949:
3616:
3494:"Etanol é usado em 65% da frota flexível"
3275:
3120:(in Portuguese). ParanaOnline. 2006-03-30
2819:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2376:"Mistura de etanol na gasolina sobe hoje"
2279:"Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007"
2247:Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico (2008-05-08).
2161:
2146:(in Portuguese). Invertia. Archived from
2128:
1819:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1372:Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa
398:manufactured in Brazil from 1979 to 2011
4439:"How ethanol moves and where it's going"
4427:
3973:
3383:
3361:
3304:
3253:
3020:
3007:
3005:
2941:
2939:
2885:
2742:
2740:
2604:
2551:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA. Archived from
2454:
1964:
1865:See Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience
1646:
1588:
1474:
1244:
1096:
1014:
898:
874:
395:
103:
24:
18:For broader coverage of this topic, see
4501:
4259:"Partida a Frio Chega com a Linha 2009"
3805:
3659:
3447:"Margem estreita não intimida pequenas"
3438:
3336:
3228:
3011:
2976:
2974:
2762:
2709:
2640:
2422:
2113:, Washington, D.C. pp. xix–xxxii.
1940:Inslee, Jay; Bracken Hendricks (2007).
855:. The decision to produce ethanol from
5433:
4277:
3692:
3690:
3118:"Volkswagen lança Golf Total Flex 1.6"
3016:. São Paulo, Brazil: Gazeta Mercantil.
2872:
2573:
2369:
2367:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2055:
2018:
1405:, one of the main business centers of
1293:
388:
326:that year, sugar was one of the first
4935:
4557:
4531:
3774:Martha San Juan França (2011-05-26).
3700:. Biopact. 2008-01-31. Archived from
3644:
3555:[2011 Motorcycle Production]
3496:(in Portuguese). Diario do Grande ABC
3203:
3137:
3002:
2946:Luiz A. Horta Nogueira (2004-03-22).
2936:
2737:
1933:
1901:
1177:followed three months later with the
1169:1.6 Total Flex, the first commercial
1165:launched in the Brazilian market the
5367:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
4916:
4231:Priscila Dal Poggetto (2008-03-13).
3367:
2971:
2585:Milton Briquet Bastos (2007-06-20).
2263:Ph.D. Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81–82
2072:John F. Kennedy School of Government
2068:Center for International Development
1876:
1343:project, the first ethanol-powered (
1297:
1092:
851:, in favor of ethanol produced from
96:
53:dates from the 1970s and relates to
3687:
3030:João Gabriel de Lima (2006-02-01).
2364:
2330:
2223:
1112:capable of running on any blend of
93:Program near the end of the 1980s.
13:
3654:. The Royal Society. January 2008.
1769:
14:
5467:
3449:(in Portuguese). Gazeta Mercantil
2543:Renavam/Denatran (January 2012).
1759:Ethanol fuel in the United States
1693:Brazilian ethanol industry crisis
51:history of ethanol fuel in Brazil
5456:History of agriculture in Brazil
5415:
5414:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4203:Revista Brasileira de BioEnergia
3725:. Green Car Congress. 2007-12-23
3656:Policy Document 01/08, pp. 35–36
2719:Fernando Scheller (2009-05-09).
2589:. Energy Tribune. Archived from
1733:
1719:
1705:
1359:from 18:1 to 28:1, added larger
1302:
1126:Flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil
885:Memorial Aeroespacial Brasileiro
4495:
4250:
4224:
4134:
4116:(in Portuguese). Archived from
4070:
4048:
4023:
4001:
3882:
3867:(in Portuguese). Archived from
3850:
3799:
3784:(in Portuguese). Archived from
3736:
3715:
3485:
3460:
3445:Roberta Scrivano (2008-10-07).
3413:
3321:(in Portuguese). Archived from
3264:(in Portuguese). Estadao.com.br
3182:
3157:
3131:
3110:
3085:
3056:
3040:(in Portuguese). Archived from
2987:Inter-American Development Bank
2925:
2846:
2831:(in Portuguese). Archived from
2788:
2393:
1958:See Chapter 6. Homegrown Energy
3857:Eduardo Magossi (2010-11-25).
3492:Wagner Oliveira (2009-09-30).
2650:Marla Dickerson (2005-06-17).
2098:
1643:New generation of flex engines
1478:
1416:city signed an agreement with
1:
4961:
4284:Agência Estado (2008-06-10).
4059:(in Portuguese). Folha Online
3743:Fernando Saker (2009-11-13).
3311:Agência Estado (2010-03-04).
3260:Agencia Estado (2008-08-06).
2749:"The Brazilian ethanol model"
2142:Agência Brasil (2008-07-15).
1870:
1335:Ethanol-powered diesel engine
71:sustainable use of bioethanol
4347:. 2009-03-12. Archived from
4173:. 2012-09-06. Archived from
4084:. 2003-03-11. Archived from
3553:"Produção Motocicletas 2011"
3522:"Produção Motocicletas 2010"
3289:. 2009-09-08. Archived from
3070:. 2006-03-23. Archived from
2747:William Lemos (2007-02-05).
1604:market and became the first
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1548:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1004:ethanol and 75% gasoline or
804:
792:
787:
775:
770:
758:
753:
741:
736:
724:
719:
707:
702:
690:
685:
673:
668:
656:
651:
639:
634:
622:
617:
605:
600:
588:
583:
571:
566:
554:
549:
537:
532:
520:
515:
503:
498:
486:
481:
469:
7:
5397:Issues relating to biofuels
5387:Energy return on investment
4471:Renewable Fuels Association
4310:Quatro Rodas (March 2009).
4012:(in Portuguese). UOL Carros
4008:Aldo Tizzani (2008-04-23).
2932:Oak Ridge National Lab data
2175:UOL Noticias (2008-04-11).
1971:Larry Rother (2006-04-10).
1698:
1561:
1547:
1533:
1519:
1257:vehicles from 1979 to 2017.
841:Programa Nacional do Álcool
791:
774:
757:
740:
723:
706:
689:
672:
655:
638:
621:
604:
587:
570:
553:
536:
519:
502:
485:
468:
10:
5472:
4490:See pp. 3, 8, 10 22 and 23
4437:Kris Bevill (2011-11-15).
4257:Marli Olmos (2007-11-26).
4055:Agencia EFE (2003-03-11).
3559:(in Portuguese). ABRACICLO
3527:(in Portuguese). ABRACICLO
2091:Discussion Paper 2009-15.
1655:E-Flex 2009 was the first
1355:body. Scania adjusted the
1339:Under the auspices of the
1123:
17:
5410:
5372:Energy content of biofuel
5354:
5286:
5202:
5093:
4969:
4901:
4835:
4772:
4717:
4686:
4638:
4565:
4443:Ethanol Producer Magazine
3427:(in Portuguese). Amda.org
2474:"Ethanol's first century"
2253:Universidade de São Paulo
2204:Gazeta Mercantil (2008).
2105:Mitchell, Donald (2010).
1828:Mitchell, Donald (2010).
1676:2009–2013 supply shortage
1376:Universidade de São Paulo
1311:This section needs to be
1156:Delphi Automotive Systems
809:
306:
296:
29:Mechanized harvesting of
5346:Thermal depolymerization
5319:Industrial biotechnology
4795:Automobiles manufactured
4312:"Volkswagen Polo E-Flex"
3950:Abraciclo (2010-01-27).
2981:Garten Rothkopf (2007).
2820:Hugo Cilo (2011-04-29).
2472:William Kovarik (2008).
1749:Alternative fuel vehicle
989:) and a minimum of 20% (
5314:Fischer–Tropsch process
5304:Biomass heating systems
4853:Federative units by HDI
4848:Federative units by GDP
3014:Gazeta Mercantil Online
2880:Winning the Oil Endgame
1727:Renewable energy portal
1686:economic crisis of 2008
941:, and compelled by the
4893:Central Bank of Brazil
4502:Estadão (2013-11-14).
4379:Bloomberg Businessweek
3053:Print edition No. 1941
2031:Hot, Flat, and Crowded
1660:
1612:
1371:
1258:
1132:flexible-fuel vehicles
1121:
1053:real 2004 dollar value
1032:
922:
896:
870:blending with gasoline
840:
46:
20:Ethanol fuel in Brazil
3391:"DENATRAN Frota 2011"
3032:"A riqueza é o saber"
2878:Lovins. A.B. (2005).
1650:
1592:
1475:Flex-fuel motorcycles
1442:São Bernardo do Campo
1248:
1171:flexible fuel vehicle
1124:Further information:
1106:VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex
1100:
1018:
902:
878:
827:As a response to the
35:Saccharum officinarum
28:
4123:on November 22, 2009
3864:O Estado de S. Paulo
3138:Staff (2003-06-28).
2619:"O petróleo da cana"
2568:Carta de ANFAVEA 308
1666:Volkswagen do Brasil
1600:was launched in the
1430:Viação Metropolitana
5402:Sustainable biofuel
4790:Automotive industry
4620:Stabilization plans
3093:"A Nova Volkswagen"
2904:"Um sonho corroído"
2688:"30 anos de etanol"
1838:, Washington, D.C.
1483:
1294:Latest developments
1144:engine control unit
893:São José dos Campos
389:The Pro-Alcohol era
336:alcoholic beverages
4827:Telecommunications
4109:(September 2009).
3894:Green Car Congress
3842:has generic name (
3348:Green Car Congress
3215:Green Car Congress
3144:O Estado do Paraná
2478:Radford University
2076:Harvard University
2026:Thomas L. Friedman
1978:The New York Times
1853:(Available in PDF)
1812:has generic name (
1787:(Available in PDF)
1661:
1613:
1611:sold in the world.
1479:
1401:, passing through
1384:particulate matter
1288:compression ratios
1259:
1122:
1033:
923:
897:
346:for industrial or
47:
5451:Biofuel in Brazil
5428:
5427:
5341:Sabatier reaction
4929:
4928:
4883:Brazilian disease
4798:
4785:Creative industry
4740:
4704:Cingapura project
4625:2007–10 recession
4605:Brazilian Miracle
4559:Economy of Brazil
4343:(in Portuguese).
4314:(in Portuguese).
4080:(in Portuguese).
3954:(in Portuguese).
3629:(in Portuguese).
3285:(in Portuguese).
2906:(in Portuguese).
2723:(in Portuguese).
2690:(in Portuguese).
2656:The Seattle Times
2621:(in Portuguese).
2443:on March 19, 2008
2403:(in Portuguese).
2251:(in Portuguese).
2120:978-0-8213-8516-6
2045:978-0-374-16685-4
1953:978-1-59726-175-3
1845:978-0-8213-8516-6
1576:
1575:
1516:
1509:
1498:
1465:Royal Dutch Shell
1357:compression ratio
1332:
1331:
1110:flexible-fuel car
1093:The Flex-fuel era
959:compression ratio
943:second oil crisis
825:
824:
821:
465:
452:
402:
317:
316:
313:
97:Early experiences
5463:
5446:Energy in Brazil
5418:
5417:
5262:Pongamia pinnata
4956:
4949:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4919:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4792:
4734:
4727:Renewable energy
4678:Animal husbandry
4552:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4510:. Archived from
4499:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4473:. Archived from
4468:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4382:. Archived from
4369:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4318:. Archived from
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4211:
4200:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4115:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3958:. Archived from
3947:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:on July 23, 2011
3781:Brasil Econômico
3771:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3580:(October 2012).
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3470:. Archived from
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2910:. Archived from
2896:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2694:. Archived from
2684:Jornal do Brasil
2680:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2658:. Archived from
2647:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2625:. Archived from
2611:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2582:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2540:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2509:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2480:. Archived from
2469:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2407:. Archived from
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2339:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2244:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2139:
2126:
2124:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2078:. Archived from
2059:
2053:
2049:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1880:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1848:. Archived from
1824:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1637:NXR 150 Bros Mix
1625:CG 150 Titan Mix
1598:CG 150 Titan Mix
1512:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1458:
1457:US$ 12.3 million
1434:carbon footprint
1403:Avenida Paulista
1327:
1324:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1059:
810:
455:
442:
401:(Selected years)
400:
393:
392:
383:first oil crisis
356:Northeast Region
307:
101:
100:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5406:
5382:Energy forestry
5350:
5282:
5244:Jatropha curcas
5205:
5198:
5106:Camelina sativa
5096:
5089:
4965:
4960:
4930:
4925:
4897:
4831:
4768:
4713:
4682:
4634:
4561:
4556:
4526:
4517:
4515:
4500:
4496:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4435:
4428:
4419:
4417:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4389:
4387:
4370:
4363:
4354:
4352:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4325:
4323:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4104:
4100:
4091:
4089:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4053:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4013:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3965:
3963:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3855:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3819:(in Portuguese)
3804:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3752:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3585:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3146:(in Portuguese)
3136:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3068:Automotive News
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3028:
3021:
3010:
3003:
2991:
2989:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2897:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2861:(in Portuguese)
2851:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2574:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2382:(in Portuguese)
2372:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2245:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2140:
2129:
2121:
2103:
2099:
2085:
2083:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1772:
1770:Further reading
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1678:
1653:Volkswagen Polo
1645:
1585:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1456:
1438:renewable fuels
1380:carbon monoxide
1337:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1161:In March 2003,
1152:Magneti Marelli
1128:
1095:
1057:
829:1973 oil crisis
819:
817:
815:
793:Total 1979–2011
463:
461:
459:
457:
450:
448:
446:
444:
438:
436:
434:
432:
421:
419:
413:
411:
399:
397:
391:
311:
309:
131:
123:
115:
105:
99:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5258:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5233:Chinese tallow
5230:
5223:
5218:
5210:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5101:
5099:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5080:Water hyacinth
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4868:Infrastructure
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4699:Auxílio Brasil
4696:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4525:
4524:
4494:
4454:
4426:
4396:
4361:
4332:
4302:
4276:
4249:
4223:
4187:
4158:
4133:
4098:
4069:
4047:
4022:
4000:
3972:
3937:
3906:
3881:
3849:
3816:Terra Networks
3809:(2010-11-25).
3798:
3761:
3735:
3714:
3686:
3658:
3643:
3615:
3594:
3569:
3537:
3506:
3484:
3459:
3437:
3412:
3382:
3360:
3335:
3303:
3274:
3252:
3227:
3202:
3181:
3156:
3130:
3109:
3084:
3055:
3019:
3001:
2970:
2935:
2924:
2902:(1989-05-24).
2884:
2871:
2845:
2812:
2787:
2761:
2736:
2708:
2686:(2009-05-24).
2672:
2639:
2617:(1979-06-13).
2603:
2572:
2530:
2495:
2453:
2421:
2392:
2363:
2347:Reuters Brasil
2329:
2292:
2265:
2222:
2193:
2160:
2127:
2119:
2111:The World Bank
2097:
2054:
2044:
2017:
1990:
1963:
1952:
1932:
1900:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1844:
1836:The World Bank
1825:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1730:
1716:
1700:
1697:
1684:caused by the
1677:
1674:
1651:The Brazilian
1644:
1641:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1499:
1488:
1476:
1473:
1361:fuel injection
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1108:was the first
1094:
1091:
1045:1980s oil glut
823:
822:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
501:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
467:
466:
453:
440:
423:
408:
404:
403:
390:
387:
315:
314:
304:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
120:
117:
112:
108:
107:
98:
95:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5468:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Food vs. fuel
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5034:vegetable oil
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4922:
4914:
4912:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:Other sectors
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Bolsa Família
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:Plano Trienal
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4514:on 2016-05-16
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4480:on 2012-05-14
4476:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4415:
4414:
4413:The Economist
4409:
4403:
4401:
4386:on 2012-09-14
4385:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4368:
4366:
4351:on 2012-12-06
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4322:on 2009-03-07
4321:
4317:
4316:Editora Abril
4313:
4306:
4292:on 2009-01-10
4291:
4287:
4280:
4265:on 2008-11-01
4264:
4260:
4253:
4239:on 2008-05-16
4238:
4234:
4227:
4212:on 2008-10-03
4208:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4177:on 2012-12-31
4176:
4172:
4171:UNICA, Brazil
4168:
4162:
4148:on 2009-09-29
4147:
4143:
4137:
4119:
4112:
4111:"Vendas 2009"
4108:
4102:
4088:on 2009-08-04
4087:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4058:
4051:
4037:on 2012-02-24
4036:
4032:
4026:
4011:
4004:
3990:on 2008-06-11
3989:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3962:on 2012-12-05
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3927:on 2012-12-05
3926:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3871:on 2011-07-14
3870:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3840:|author=
3833:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3751:on 2011-08-13
3750:
3746:
3739:
3724:
3718:
3704:on 2008-09-22
3703:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3676:on 2009-02-17
3675:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3653:
3647:
3632:
3631:UNICA, Brazil
3628:
3622:
3620:
3604:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3578:UNICA, Brazil
3573:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3495:
3488:
3474:on 2018-12-16
3473:
3469:
3463:
3448:
3441:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3397:on 2012-08-01
3396:
3392:
3386:
3371:
3368:MDIC (2012).
3364:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3325:on 2011-07-16
3324:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3293:on 2012-12-09
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3263:
3256:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3191:
3185:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3099:on 2008-09-15
3098:
3094:
3088:
3074:on 2009-02-13
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3044:on 2008-09-05
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2960:on 2008-05-28
2956:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2914:on 2009-02-08
2913:
2909:
2908:Editora Abril
2905:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2835:on 2011-05-03
2834:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2802:on 2011-07-21
2801:
2797:
2791:
2776:on 2008-10-06
2775:
2771:
2765:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2698:on 2011-07-06
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2662:on 2008-12-27
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2629:on 2008-10-06
2628:
2624:
2623:Editora Abril
2620:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2593:on 2011-07-10
2592:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2558:on 2012-01-31
2554:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2519:on 2013-05-31
2518:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2484:on 2008-12-11
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:on 2012-09-13
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2353:on 2011-04-30
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2318:on 2016-03-13
2314:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2212:on 2008-06-01
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2183:on 2009-02-01
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2150:on 2008-12-26
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2082:on 2010-01-22
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2006:
2005:
2004:The Economist
2000:
1994:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:Apollo's Fire
1936:
1922:on 2008-05-28
1918:
1911:
1904:
1890:on 2008-04-08
1889:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1855:on 2011-08-11
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1803:
1789:on 2012-12-11
1785:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:Energy portal
1736:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:Brazil portal
1703:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:credit crunch
1673:
1671:
1668:launched the
1667:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1563:Total 2009-11
1554:
1551:
1540:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1511:
1500:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:joint venture
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1326:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1027:gas station,
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906:
901:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
813:
808:
801:
798:
795:
784:
781:
778:
767:
764:
761:
750:
747:
744:
733:
730:
727:
716:
713:
710:
699:
696:
693:
682:
679:
676:
665:
662:
659:
648:
645:
642:
631:
628:
625:
614:
611:
608:
597:
594:
591:
580:
577:
574:
563:
560:
557:
546:
543:
540:
529:
526:
523:
512:
509:
506:
495:
492:
489:
478:
475:
472:
454:
441:
431:
427:
424:
417:
409:
406:
405:
394:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:Ethyl alcohol
329:
325:
321:
305:
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
129:
126:
121:
118:
113:
110:
109:
102:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Latin America
76:
75:tropical zone
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
21:
16:
5441:Ethanol fuel
5260:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5225:
5221:Big bluestem
5213:
5206:energy crops
5161:
5104:
4736:
4732:Ethanol fuel
4615:Plano Collor
4610:Samba effect
4595:Rubber cycle
4580:Coffee cycle
4516:. Retrieved
4512:the original
4508:Revista Veja
4497:
4489:
4482:. Retrieved
4475:the original
4457:
4446:. Retrieved
4442:
4418:. Retrieved
4416:. 2012-01-07
4411:
4388:. Retrieved
4384:the original
4377:
4353:. Retrieved
4349:the original
4335:
4324:. Retrieved
4320:the original
4305:
4294:. Retrieved
4290:the original
4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4263:the original
4252:
4241:. Retrieved
4237:the original
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4207:the original
4202:
4190:
4179:. Retrieved
4175:the original
4161:
4150:. Retrieved
4146:the original
4136:
4125:. Retrieved
4118:the original
4101:
4090:. Retrieved
4086:the original
4072:
4061:. Retrieved
4050:
4039:. Retrieved
4035:the original
4025:
4014:. Retrieved
4003:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:the original
3964:. Retrieved
3960:the original
3929:. Retrieved
3925:the original
3918:
3909:
3898:. Retrieved
3896:. 2010-11-29
3884:
3873:. Retrieved
3869:the original
3862:
3852:
3821:. Retrieved
3814:
3801:
3790:. Retrieved
3786:the original
3779:
3753:. Retrieved
3749:the original
3738:
3727:. Retrieved
3717:
3706:. Retrieved
3702:the original
3678:. Retrieved
3674:the original
3646:
3635:. Retrieved
3633:. 2011-01-12
3607:. Retrieved
3597:
3586:. Retrieved
3572:
3561:. Retrieved
3529:. Retrieved
3498:. Retrieved
3487:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:the original
3462:
3451:. Retrieved
3440:
3429:. Retrieved
3415:
3406:
3399:. Retrieved
3395:the original
3385:
3374:. Retrieved
3363:
3352:. Retrieved
3350:. 2010-03-06
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3316:
3306:
3295:. Retrieved
3291:the original
3277:
3266:. Retrieved
3255:
3244:. Retrieved
3240:
3230:
3219:. Retrieved
3217:. 2010-10-27
3205:
3194:. Retrieved
3184:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:
3159:
3148:. Retrieved
3143:
3133:
3122:. Retrieved
3112:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3087:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:the original
3067:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:the original
3037:Revista Veja
3035:
3013:
2997:
2990:. Retrieved
2962:. Retrieved
2955:the original
2927:
2916:. Retrieved
2912:the original
2900:Revista Veja
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2858:
2848:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:the original
2825:
2815:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:the original
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:the original
2764:
2753:. Retrieved
2728:. Retrieved
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2664:. Retrieved
2660:the original
2655:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:the original
2615:Revista Veja
2595:. Retrieved
2591:the original
2567:
2560:. Retrieved
2553:the original
2521:. Retrieved
2517:the original
2486:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2445:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2413:. Retrieved
2409:the original
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2379:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:the original
2346:
2320:. Retrieved
2313:the original
2283:. Retrieved
2256:. Retrieved
2214:. Retrieved
2210:the original
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2106:
2100:
2092:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2057:
2050:
2029:
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2007:. 2008-06-26
2002:
1993:
1982:. Retrieved
1976:
1966:
1957:
1941:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1878:
1864:
1857:. Retrieved
1850:the original
1830:
1791:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1778:
1754:Ethanol fuel
1690:
1679:
1662:
1634:
1630:market share
1614:
1577:
1455:20 million (
1450:
1429:
1411:
1399:Vila Mariana
1388:
1365:
1338:
1320:
1312:
1284:fuel economy
1281:
1277:
1267:
1260:
1239:
1236:
1160:
1140:lambda probe
1129:
1075:
1070:
1041:
1034:
1010:
999:
971:ethanol fuel
968:
924:
915:ethanol fuel
884:
868:ethanol for
845:fossil fuels
832:
826:
811:
443:Total Light
379:World War II
368:
340:ethanol fuel
318:
106:(1976–2015)
90:
63:ethanol fuel
50:
48:
34:
15:
5377:Energy crop
5324:Pellet fuel
5309:Biorefinery
5273:Switchgrass
5117:Coconut oil
5095:Energy from
5029:Cooking oil
5014:Biogasoline
4989:Babassu oil
4873:Brazil Cost
4749:Solar power
4744:Electricity
4640:Agriculture
4630:2014 crisis
2751:. ICIS news
1810:|last=
1670:Polo E-Flex
1580:motorcycles
1345:E95 or ED95
1323:August 2021
963:spark plugs
462:Total light
449:(including
364:ethyl ether
352:World War I
328:commodities
5435:Categories
5287:Technology
5268:Salicornia
5251:Miscanthus
5174:Sugar beet
5046:cellulosic
5019:Bioliquids
4999:Biobutanol
4863:Corruption
4802:Healthcare
4764:Eletrobras
4673:Irrigation
4575:Gold cycle
4518:2013-11-16
4484:2012-03-22
4448:2012-03-22
4420:2012-03-22
4390:2012-03-22
4355:2003-03-12
4326:2003-03-12
4296:2008-09-23
4269:2008-10-15
4243:2008-10-15
4216:2008-09-23
4181:2012-09-11
4152:2010-02-10
4127:2010-01-26
4092:2003-03-11
4063:2003-03-11
4041:2003-03-11
4016:2008-09-07
3994:2008-09-07
3966:2010-02-10
3931:2011-05-27
3900:2010-11-29
3875:2010-11-27
3823:2010-11-27
3792:2011-05-27
3755:2011-05-28
3729:2008-11-22
3708:2008-11-22
3680:2008-11-22
3637:2011-03-18
3609:2012-01-22
3588:2012-10-31
3563:2012-01-21
3531:2011-02-15
3500:2009-10-18
3478:2018-12-16
3453:2008-11-26
3431:2008-09-13
3401:2012-01-22
3376:2012-03-22
3354:2010-03-09
3329:2010-03-07
3297:2009-09-13
3268:2009-09-13
3246:2008-08-13
3221:2010-10-28
3196:2009-03-26
3175:2008-05-04
3150:2015-11-24
3124:2008-10-18
3103:2008-10-18
3078:2008-10-18
3048:2008-08-19
2992:2008-08-22
2964:2008-05-09
2918:2008-11-29
2865:2015-03-22
2839:2011-05-03
2806:2010-02-10
2780:2008-10-05
2755:2008-08-14
2730:2009-05-29
2702:2009-05-29
2666:2008-11-29
2633:2008-11-29
2597:2008-08-14
2562:2012-01-21
2528:pp. 62–63.
2523:2012-01-22
2488:2008-11-13
2447:2008-11-09
2415:2008-11-09
2386:2015-03-22
2357:2011-05-03
2322:2010-02-10
2285:2008-10-05
2258:2008-10-05
2216:2008-08-09
2187:2008-10-18
2154:2008-08-09
2086:2010-02-09
2011:2008-11-28
1984:2008-04-28
1926:2008-05-03
1894:2008-05-02
1871:References
1859:2011-02-08
1793:2009-03-09
1615:The first
1609:motorcycle
1482:2009–2011
1368:Portuguese
1268:Pró-Álcool
1240:Pró-Álcool
1231:Kia Motors
1215:Mitsubishi
1207:Volkswagen
1163:Volkswagen
1071:Pró-Álcool
1025:Piracicaba
931:Volkswagen
853:sugar cane
847:, such as
837:Portuguese
833:Pró-Álcool
802:61,141,083
799:14,828,220
348:antiseptic
324:Pernambuco
91:Pró-Álcool
39:Piracicaba
5362:Agflation
5255:giganteus
5184:Sunflower
5179:Sugarcane
5097:foodstock
5004:Biodiesel
4963:Bioenergy
4858:Companies
4822:Transport
4759:Petrobras
4709:Fome Zero
4107:ABRACICLO
3832:cite news
2882:, p. 105.
2859:Globo.com
2725:Globo.com
2380:Globo.com
1802:cite book
1657:flex fuel
1617:flex fuel
1606:flex-fuel
1602:Brazilian
1593:The 2009
1569:5,057,523
1566:1,476,962
1555:1,687,436
1541:1,830,614
1527:1,539,473
1446:Stockholm
1414:São Paulo
1407:São Paulo
1391:São Paulo
1374:) at the
1353:Marcopolo
1273:São Paulo
1251:flex fuel
1187:Chevrolet
1175:Chevrolet
1103:Brazilian
1101:The 2003
1073:Program.
1051:adjusted
1049:inflation
1037:Petrobras
1029:São Paulo
1006:E25 blend
1002:anhydrous
995:sugarcane
981:ethanol (
979:anhydrous
905:Brazilian
866:anhydrous
857:sugarcane
796:5,658,450
785:3,425,674
782:2,848,071
768:3,408,683
765:2,627,111
751:3,024,755
748:2,541,153
734:3,004,535
731:2,243,648
717:2,803,919
714:1,936,931
700:2,471,224
697:1,391,636
683:2,377,453
666:2,181,131
649:1,721,841
632:1,700,146
615:1,596.882
598:1,501,060
581:1,324,665
496:1,048,692
479:1,022,083
464:vehicles
460:as %
458:vehicles
447:Produced
320:Sugarcane
220:E20-12-20
200:E18-20-23
146:E18-22-13
83:Caribbean
59:sugarcane
43:São Paulo
31:sugarcane
5420:Category
5355:Concepts
5238:Duckweed
5227:Camelina
5204:Non-food
5152:Rapeseed
5142:Palm oil
5085:Wood gas
5058:Methanol
5051:mixtures
4971:Biofuels
4911:Category
4780:Industry
3408:vehicles
2829:Dinheiro
2028:(2008).
1699:See also
1515:% total
1508:produced
1497:produced
1463:between
1264:E25 fuel
1255:gasoline
1114:gasoline
947:Fiat 147
908:Fiat 147
849:gasoline
451:exports)
445:Vehicles
439:Produced
437:vehicles
433:Flexible
422:Produced
420:vehicles
412:Ethanol
371:hydrated
292:E18-E25
5169:Soybean
5163:Sorghum
5112:Cassava
5041:Ethanol
5024:Biomass
4994:Bagasse
4979:Alcohol
4921:Commons
4817:Tourism
4812:Exports
4737:History
4687:Welfare
4590:Fazenda
4567:History
3807:Reuters
3241:Fortune
3170:Fortune
1552:956,117
1538:332,351
1524:188,494
1513:Flex as
1313:updated
1223:Citroën
1203:Renault
1199:Peugeot
1118:ethanol
1083:Santana
955:hydrous
912:hydrous
680:857,899
663:332,507
575:264,651
564:847,838
547:978,519
541:569,189
530:960,570
524:697,731
513:854,761
507:590,915
490:254,001
456:Ethanol
360:Alagoas
344:alcohol
277:1987–88
272:E20-25
257:1984–86
212:E23-25
183:1993–98
130:Ethanol
122:Ethanol
114:Ethanol
67:ethanol
61:-based
5215:Arundo
5147:Potato
5063:Stover
5009:Biogas
4888:Camelô
4807:Mining
4719:Energy
4668:Coffee
4658:Orange
4653:Banana
4585:Empire
2570:pp. 4.
2117:
2042:
1950:
1842:
1506:cycles
1504:motor-
1502:Total
1495:cycles
1493:motor-
1426:Scania
1349:Scania
1253:, and
1227:Nissan
1219:Toyota
1067:Africa
1063:Europe
1058:US$ 45
1047:. The
937:, and
862:manioc
812:Source
677:51,476
660:51,012
646:49,264
643:34,919
626:56,594
609:10,106
558:83,259
375:liters
286:E20-25
266:E24-25
132:blend
124:blend
116:blend
87:Africa
85:, and
81:, the
55:Brazil
5334:stove
5189:Wheat
5132:Maize
5122:Grape
5075:Straw
4984:Algae
4836:Misc.
4478:(PDF)
4467:(PDF)
4345:UNICA
4210:(PDF)
4199:(PDF)
4121:(PDF)
4114:(PDF)
4082:UNICA
3956:UNICA
3920:UNICA
3557:(PDF)
3525:(PDF)
3425:(PDF)
3287:UNICA
2958:(PDF)
2951:(PDF)
2827:ISTOÉ
2692:UNICA
2556:(PDF)
2549:(PDF)
2405:UNICA
2327:pp. 3
2316:(PDF)
2309:(PDF)
1920:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1621:Honda
1595:Honda
1572:29.2
1558:56.7
1544:18.1
1530:12.2
1491:Flex
1469:Cosan
1428:and
1422:Cosan
1418:UNICA
1211:Honda
1179:Corsa
1148:Bosch
1087:Kombi
1023:at a
881:Dodge
805:33.5
788:83.1
771:77.1
754:84.0
737:74.7
720:69.1
703:56.3
686:38.2
669:17.6
592:1,451
584:20.0
550:58.2
533:72.6
516:69.1
499:24.2
473:4,614
435:fuel
127:Year
119:Year
111:Year
5329:mill
5278:Wood
5157:Rice
5127:Hemp
5068:corn
4843:Real
4754:Vale
4663:Beer
4648:Wine
3844:help
3318:Veja
2115:ISBN
2040:ISBN
1956:. .
1948:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1821:link
1814:help
1549:2011
1535:2010
1521:2009
1487:Year
1467:and
1397:and
1395:Lapa
1382:and
1221:and
1195:Ford
1191:Fiat
1183:Fiat
1116:and
1065:and
1021:E100
951:E100
939:Ford
927:Fiat
919:E100
903:The
776:2011
759:2010
742:2009
725:2008
708:2007
691:2006
674:2005
657:2004
652:4.9
640:2003
635:3.3
623:2002
618:0.6
606:2000
601:0.1
589:1998
572:1993
567:9.8
555:1990
538:1988
521:1986
504:1983
487:1980
482:0.5
470:1979
430:E100
416:E100
410:Neat
407:Year
302:E27
299:2015
289:2011
283:2003
269:2010
263:2002
252:E25
249:2009
243:2001
237:1982
232:E25
229:2008
223:2000
217:1981
209:2007
203:1999
197:1978
192:E20
189:2006
177:1977
172:E22
169:2005
163:1992
157:1976
152:E20
149:2004
143:1989
137:1931
49:The
5194:Yam
5137:Oat
2036:190
1453:R$
1167:Gol
1136:M85
1079:Gol
991:E20
987:E25
983:E22
889:CTA
835:- (
694:775
426:E20
342:or
280:E22
260:E20
246:E22
240:E15
226:E20
206:E24
186:E22
180:E10
166:E13
160:E11
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