Abortion in Australia

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limit of 28 weeks of pregnancy. Abortions must be performed in a hospital, and be approved by two physicians, and are also subject to a residency requirement (patient must be a resident of South Australia for at least two months). The hospital, dual approval, and residency requirement may be waived in an emergency. Abortions in South Australia are available for free or low cost at some of the public health facilities, including The Pregnancy Advisory Centre. This Pregnancy Advisory Centre is a registered hospital, with doctors available for approval. Both medical and surgical abortions are performed.

761:, from May 1998, abortions became legal on request (with a referral from a doctor) up to 20 weeks of pregnancy, though subject to counselling by a medical practitioner other than the one performing the abortion. After 20 weeks of pregnancy, abortions were only able to be performed if the foetus was likely to be born with severe medical problems, which needed to be confirmed by two independently appointed doctors. For girls under 16 years of age, one parent needed to be notified, except where permission has been granted by the Children's Court or when the child did not live with her parents. 615:

for the prescription of medical abortion tablets. The Interpretive Report 2018 recorded 742 abortions in the previous 12 months with 73% being medical abortion with tablets before 9 weeks gestation, the remaining 27% were conducted in hospital. Since the legislative change, 99.33% of terminations of pregnancy were conducted under 14 weeks of gestation. This has also meant that the waiting time in a public hospital for a surgical termination has reduced which has policy and public health economic implications.

229:, and equipment to lock the doors of the clinic. He was intending to murder all patients and staff in the building, though he was overpowered after shooting and killing a security guard. Anti-abortion activists had been protesting outside the clinic, though left 15 minutes before Knight's attack. Knight, described by the prosecution as a "hermit obsessed with killing abortion doctors", was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. In January 2009, a firebombing using 5701: 267:, the federal government-funded public health scheme. As of 2015, Medicare effectively halved the cost of surgical abortion, and those provided by private healthcare insurers, which are also regulated by the federal government. The federal government also provides funding to public hospitals, and can thereby influence abortion policy and practice. Abortions and abortion advice are regarded as health services, and are exempt from the 896:

take into account differences between states. For example, unpublished data from Western Australia estimates a rate of 19.4 terminations per 1000 women in the same age bracket, which would indicate about 82,700 abortions projected nationally. The South Australian data also indicates that the vast majority of abortions performed between 1994 and 2002 occurred before 14 weeks gestation. Less than 2% took place at or after 20 weeks.

97:, which held that abortion was lawfully justified if "necessary to preserve the physical or mental health of the woman concerned, provided that the danger involved in the abortion did not outweigh the danger which the abortion was designed to prevent". Since then, court rulings and legislative reform have helped deliver a medical framework for abortion in Australia; the Menhennitt ruling was later largely adopted by courts in 426: 408: 390: 372: 354: 336: 318: 300: 911:

influence of right-wing Christian politicians. Stigma surrounding the issue of abortion, however, still remains, and can severely impact women's sense of identity and mental health, and also influence whether an abortion is obtained. Women may choose to state they suffered a miscarriage, rather than telling people they had an abortion, to avoid negative reactions.

745:. Under the ruling, abortions were only legal if necessary to preserve the woman from a serious danger to her life or health — beyond the normal dangers of pregnancy and childbirth — that would result if the pregnancy continued, and is not disproportionate to the danger being averted. Menhennitt's ruling remained the basis for abortion law in Victoria until the 580:(1995), which extended the period during which health concerns might be considered from the duration of pregnancy to include the woman's future health and well-being. In 2006, Dr. Suman Sood was convicted of two counts of performing an illegal abortion where she failed to enquire as to whether a lawful reason for performing the abortion did exist. 641:, which declared abortion to be legal if necessary to preserve the woman from a serious danger to her life or health—beyond the normal dangers of pregnancy and childbirth—that would result if the pregnancy continued, and is not disproportionate to the danger being averted. Until 2008, abortion law in Queensland closely mirrored the law in 702:, since 21 November 2013, abortions are allowed on request up to 16 weeks of pregnancy. After 16 weeks abortion requires the consent of two doctors on medical or psychological grounds. The law also prohibits filming, the holding of protests, harassment, or intimidation of patients or staff within 150 metres of abortion clinics. 596:; and Require doctors to disclose conscientious objection at the start of the consultation and refer patients to another doctor who does not have such an objection or to the local Women's Health NSW centre". The bill was introduced to the upper house on 11 August 2016. It was defeated in the second reading 25–14 on 11 May 2017. 246:

2021, Western Australia became the last state to introduce safe access zones. In the months prior, patients at abortion clinics in that state were continuing to be approached and intimidated by protesters; footage was also obtained of anti-abortion campaigners protesting outside a Western Australian clinic at the height of the

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found that 61% of Australians said abortion should be lawful without question in the first trimester of pregnancy, while 26% said it should be lawful depending on the reason. In the second trimester and third trimesters, support for outright lawful abortion was 12% and 6%, respectively, while 57% and

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In September 2023, progressive abortion reforms were made, which included fully removing abortion from the criminal code, removing the need for parental notification for minors, and reducing the number of doctors needed to approve most abortions from two to one. The need for mandatory counselling was

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Since at least the 1990s, tactics used by anti-abortion campaigners outside abortion clinics included "verbal abuse, threats, impeding entry to clinics, displaying violent imagery, and acts of 'disturbing theater' such as pushing a blood-splattered doll in a pram". In response, states and territories

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A woman's sexual partner is not required to be notified of an abortion, and Australian courts will not grant injunctions to prevent the procedure, even if the applicant is the putative father of the foetus. No waiting periods are imposed on having an abortion. A minor does not need to notify a parent

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The availability of abortion facilities in the state is limited. The state's public health system provides abortion services in only extraordinary circumstances (e. g., in cases of foetal abnormality); so, most women access pregnancy terminations through the private sector. In 2017, the state's only

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From 1925 until 2001, Tasmania's Criminal Code prohibited "unlawful abortion", without actually stating what was lawful or not. While it had never actually been prosecuted, it had been held that Victoria's Menhennitt ruling of 1969 and New South Wales' Levine ruling applied in Tasmanian law. In late

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Legislation in 1969 legalised abortion when necessary to protect the life or physical or mental health of the woman — taking into account the current and reasonably foreseeable future — or in cases when the child was likely to be born with serious handicaps. Abortions must be performed before a time

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The Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act was enacted on 1 July 2017 and removed the need for two doctors to examine a woman before 14 weeks gestation, implemented a 150-metre "safe access zone" around clinics, removed the requirement of parental approval for the procedure and provided the ability

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In August 2016, Mehreen Faruqi released an exposure draft of the Abortion Law Reform (Miscellaneous Acts Amendment) Bill 2016 to "Repeal sections 82–84 of the Crimes Act, relating to abortion offences; Provide for a 150 metre safe access zone around abortion clinics and service providers to ensure a

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stated the issue was controversial and sensitive and decisions should be left to the states. His Coalition colleagues were largely quiet on the matter, while anti-abortion groups including the Australian Christian Lobby and Cherish Life campaigned against Labor on the issue. Cherish Life incorrectly

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In 2006, after losing his veto power over abortifacients, Tony Abbott lobbied for funding of alternative counseling to pregnant women through church-affiliated groups to lower the national abortion rate, without success. In 2010, however, while he was seeking election as Liberal Party leader, Abbott

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Since at least the 1980s, opinion polls have shown a majority of Australians support abortion rights, and that support for abortion rights is increasing. While anti-abortion violence is rare in Australia, anti-abortion activists have used tactics including "verbal abuse, threats, and impeding entry"

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In June 2024, a bill passed in the ACT Assembly increasing abortion services by allowing nurses and midwives to prescribe abortion medication for the first time, in addition to doctors. The bill also introduced a requirement for health practitioners who refuse to provide abortion services to either

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South Australia is the only state which collects and publishes data on abortions. In 2002 there were 5147 medical abortions performed in South Australia, or 17.2 per 1000 women aged 15–44. Projected nationally, this would suggest that about 73,300 abortions were performed nationwide. This does not

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on 19 February 2021, by 29 votes to 15. As an amendment banning so-called "gender-selective abortion" was passed by the Assembly, the amendments were agreed to by the Legislative Council on 2 March 2021, and received royal assent on 11 March 2021. The legislation required further regulations to be

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Telehealth services for abortion typically involve consultations via video calls, phone calls, or other digital communication platforms, where healthcare providers can prescribe medication for medical abortions. This method significantly increases access to abortion services, especially for those

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In December 2021, the Northern Territory eased restrictions on abortions, allowing access between 14 and 24 weeks with the approval of one doctor instead of the previous two required. They also legalised terminations after 24 weeks with the approval of two doctors, removing the previous provision

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Menhennitt ruling, which held an abortion to be legal if a doctor had an honest and reasonable belief that, due to "any economic, social, or medical ground or reason", the abortion was necessary to "preserve the woman involved from serious danger to her life or physical or mental health which the

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Under the new law, abortions are made available on request during the first 22 weeks of gestation. After that time, two doctors must agree that it is appropriate, based on the woman's current and future physical, psychological, and social circumstances. This is similar to laws in other states and

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upheld these laws after they were challenged by two people arrested for violating them. The petitioners claimed their right to freedom of political communication had been denied as a result of the laws, though the court dismissed the appeals, saying the laws served a legitimate purpose. In August

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pandemic, Australian states and territories have adapted their healthcare policies to include telehealth services for abortion, recognizing the importance of maintaining access to essential health services during lockdowns and travel restrictions. This adjustment reflects a broader trend towards

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being introduced in late 2005 to transfer the approval back to the TGA. The bill was made law in 2006. From 2006 to 2012, the drug was still not registered by the TGA, and medical practitioners needed special status from the TGA in order to prescribe it; even after registration its use still has

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Since 3 December 2018, abortion in Queensland has been available on request during the first 22 weeks of gestation. After that period, two doctors must sign off on the procedure before a woman can access an abortion unless there is a danger to the life of the woman or, in a multiple pregnancy,

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Traditional Christian beliefs played a large factor influencing Australia's initial policies opposing abortion. Changing attitudes to abortion and reproductive rights have correlated with fewer Australians perceiving their country to be a "Christian nation", which, in turn, has decreased the

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A bill decriminalising abortion was introduced into the state parliament in October 2020. Under the legislation, abortion can be performed upon request up to 22 weeks and six days gestation. After that period, a medical practitioner can only perform an abortion if they consult with another

201:. The party's policy included requiring public hospitals to offer abortion procedures consistently under new Commonwealth funding agreements, encouraging New South Wales to remove abortion from its criminal laws and building an abortion clinic in Tasmania. In response Liberal Party leader 892:-funded procedures that could result in an "abortive outcome" performed each year from 1995 to 2004, but this figure includes miscarriages as well as terminations. On the other hand, many women who have medical abortions performed at private hospitals may not claim the Medicare rebate. 587:

was to introduce a bill decriminalising abortion in NSW. However, on the eve of the introduction of the bill on 23 June 2016, it was removed from the order of business for the following day, despite being first in the order of precedence for months, scheduled and publicly announced.

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The effectiveness and safety of telehealth abortions have been supported by various studies, indicating similar outcomes to in-person services. These findings underscore the potential of telehealth to revolutionize access to abortion services, making it an essential component of

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poll found that 56% of Australians thought the abortion laws in place, which generally allow abortion for the sake of life, health, or economic factors, were "about right", 16% want changes in law, to make abortion "more accessible", and 17% want changes to make it "less

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In 2007, a poll by AuSSA found that 4% of Australians are opposed to abortion in all circumstances, 33% believe abortion should be allowed in certain circumstances, and 57% believed it should be readily available whenever a woman wants one; 7% were undecided, or did not

237:, Western Australia. Damage was minimal, and only resulted in smashed windows and blackened external walls. Police believed graffiti saying "baby killers" on the building was related to the attack; however, the medical clinic did not actually offer abortion services. 768:

Western Australia was the last jurisdiction in Australia not to have safe access zones. A bill to create safe zones within 150 metres of abortion clinics was formally passed in August 2021, and went into legal effect from 1 September on assent. A 2020 report by the

2912: 3188: 871:(NSW), so that s 4(1)(a) now defines "grievous bodily harm" as including "the destruction (other than in the course of a medical procedure) of the foetus of a pregnant woman, whether or not the woman suffers any other harm". This was further amended by the 728:, since 2008, abortions are allowed on request up to 24 weeks of pregnancy, with abortions after that time requiring two doctors to agree that it is appropriate, based on the woman's current and future physical, psychological, and social circumstances. 887:

There is a lack of consistent data collection standards across states due to differences in definitions, making it difficult or impossible to accurately quantify the number of abortions performed in Australia each year. There were an average of 75,700

250:, despite social distancing guidelines at the time. All jurisdictions have their exclusion zone at 150m around abortion clinics at all times, except for the Australian Capital Territory which may set a zone of 50m with approval from a health minister. 50:

outside abortion clinics. In response, all jurisdictions have enacted laws prohibiting protesters from harassing visitors and staff within a certain radius of abortion clinics, starting with Tasmania in 2013 and lastly with Western Australia in 2021.

611:, abortion requires the approval of two doctors after 24 weeks' gestation. Surgical and medical abortion are available in the public health system. This is unusual in Australia where abortion services are frequently outsourced to private providers. 928:

In 2003, a poll by The Australian Survey of Social Attitudes (AuSSA) found that 81% of Australians believe a woman should have the right to choose an abortion, and only 9% believe they should not; 7% were "neutral", and 2% could not

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were among those opposing it, on the belief it would lead to "coerced abortion and sterilization". This attitude is believed to have been influenced by previous government interference in Indigenous autonomy, including the

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found that a clear majority of both Labor Party and Liberal Party voters support abortion rights. The study also showed that 77 per cent of winning candidates in the 2007 election favoured an unrestricted approach to

3331: 1961: 3174: 1459: 511:. Abortion care is now regulated under the framework of health law, standards, policies, and professional ethics that apply to all healthcare. There is no gestational limit preventing an abortion in the ACT. 105:, and was influential in some other states. Over time, this has come to be broadly defined so as to include the mental health of the woman, to which unwanted pregnancy is interpreted as clinically injurious. 1868: 1717: 665:, South Australian residents up to 23 weeks pregnant can have an early medication or surgical abortion. Safe access zones of 150 metres are provided around abortion clinics, effective since 1 January 2021. 2833: 1843: 1045: 789:

services across Australia. This approach allows women in remote, rural, and urban areas to access safe and legal abortion services, without the need for physical attendance in a healthcare facility.

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refer patients to a practitioner that provides those services, or information on how to find one, bringing the ACT "into line with other states and territories" which had already required this.

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holding the balance of power in the Senate. Howard brokered a deal with Harradine to ensure his support for proposed bills, including the privatisation of national telecommunications provider

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Abortion rights received more attention over the 1970s across Australia, due, in part, to the efforts of many organisations and individuals such as the Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA),

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began creating "safe access zones", which prevent protesting about abortion within a proscribed area surrounding a clinic. Tasmania was the first state to do so in 2013. In April 2019, the

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also removed, and the time at which additional requirements for abortion apply was increased from 20 weeks gestation to 23 weeks. The changes came into effect on 27 March 2024.

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Since colonisation, abortion in Australia has always been regulated by state (previously colonial) law. Before the end of the 19th century, each colony had adopted the Imperial

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Since March 2016, it has been an offence to protest within 50 m of an abortion clinic within the Australian Capital Territory (otherwise called "protest free zones").

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issued by the government, in order to come into effect. The government published the regulations on 23 June 2022; they came into effect on 7 July 2022. Health Minister

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territories. The medical practitioner performing the abortion has an obligation to give appropriate medical care if the abortion results in a live baby being born.

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2001, the Criminal Code was clarified to state that an abortion must be carried out under a set of criteria resembling those of the South Australian requirements.

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of a proposed abortion, nor is parental consent required. While abortions are regulated by the states and territories, the procedure is partially funded under the

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polled 5,267 men and women in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Canberra. The survey found 80% of people believed a woman should have a right to have an abortion.

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Since at least the 1980s, opinion polls have shown a majority of Australians support abortion rights, and that support for abortion rights is increasing.

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practitioner, and if both are of the view that the procedure is medically appropriate. The reform removed abortion entirely from the criminal code. The

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Since April 2023, abortion is free or at no cost for official Australian Capital Territory residents, a legal first for an Australian jurisdiction.

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How many abortions are there in Australia? A discussion of abortion statistics, their limitations, and options for improved statistical collection

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Shankar, Mridula; Black, Kirsten I.; Goldstone, Philip; Hussainy, Safeera; Mazza, Danielle; Petersen, Kerry; Lucke, Jayne; Taft, Angela (2017).

1641: 1062: 38:: Surgical abortions are readily available on request within the first 22 to 24 weeks of pregnancy in most jurisdictions, and up to 16 weeks in 5350: 4208: 3587:"Abortion is a difficult solution to a problem: A discursive analysis of interviews with women considering or undergoing abortion in Australia" 2745: 2138: 1966: 876: 872: 541: 530: 190:

in 2019, listed "equitable access to pregnancy termination services" as a key measure of success for maternal, sexual and reproductive health.

2381: 2256: 4179: 2291: 2178: 147:(TGA). As TGA assessment is a requirement for drugs to be sold in Australia, this created a ministerial veto. Accordingly, the abortifacient 2431: 4450: 3517: 2779:"Impact of legislative change on waiting time for women accessing surgical abortion services in a rural hospital in the Northern Territory" 1506: 1230: 210:, who retained his seat at the election, said the misrepresentation of the party's abortion policy was a factor in his decrease in votes. 1491: 2614: 175:. The motion was voted down (10–36). There is no evidence that sex-selective abortions are common in Australia, though according to the 3272: 2719: 1168: 1919: 845:. As of 2008, in South Australia, "child destruction" came under the heading of "abortion". The definition is somewhat broader in the 2540: 2362: 3698: 2668: 179:, attempting to create bans on the procedure is a "well-known tactic of opponents of abortion to limit women's access to abortion". 5548: 4734: 4359: 3469: 3444: 3418: 3362: 1530: 770: 2405: 1989: 3932: 3847: 1795: 858: 719: 160:

special conditions and restrictions. There is opinion among medical experts in Australia that abortifacients are over-regulated.

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Beyond 22 weeks and 6 days legal with two doctors' approval. Safe access zones of 150 metres provided around abortion clinics.

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claimed that Labor had an "extreme late-term abortion agenda", and that "more babies would die" if they were elected. Labor MP

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Fix, Laura; Seymour, Jane W.; Sandhu, Monisha Vaid; Melville, Catriona; Mazza, Danielle; Thompson, Terri-Ann (1 July 2020).

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to "the destruction (other than in the course of a medical procedure or a termination of a pregnancy in accordance with the

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does not have a "child destruction" enactment, but the Crimes Amendment (Grievous Bodily Harm) Act 2005 (NSW) amended the

5518: 5118: 4644: 4564: 3880: 3117: 3076: 2858: 2526: 905: 135:. In return, Harradine received support for introducing restrictions on abortion. As a result, unlike other medications, 35: 5503: 3219:"At-home telemedicine for medical abortion in Australia: a qualitative study of patient experiences and recommendations" 1434: 360:

Beyond 22 weeks legal with two doctors' approval. Safe access zones of 150 metres are provided around abortion clinics.

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is rare in Australia. The first serious attack and murder by an anti-abortion activist occurred in 2001, carried out by

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after 2026. The Criminal Code of Norfolk Island, which remains in force in the territory, does not prohibit abortion.

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Prior to the new law, abortion had been explicitly listed in New South Wales as a crime under sections 82–84 of the

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Beyond 23 weeks legal with two doctors' approval. Safe access zones of 150 metres provided around abortion clinics.

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Beyond 24 weeks legal with two doctors' approval. Safe access zones of 150 metres provided around abortion clinics.

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Beyond 16 weeks legal with two doctors' approval. Safe access zones of 150 metres provided around abortion clinics.

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Beyond 24 weeks legal with two doctors' approval. Safe access zones of 150 metres provided around abortion clinics.

5730: 5365: 4223: 4137:– briefing paper prepared for the New South Wales Parliament concerning laws regarding abortion in Australia (2017) 3723: 2588: 2505: 972: 963: 925:

In 1987, a Saulwick poll found only about 7% of Australians would not approve of abortions under any circumstances.

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dedicated low-cost surgical abortion clinic closed. Some women chose to fly interstate for pregnancy terminations.

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Beyond 22 weeks legal with two doctors' approval. Safe access zones are set at 150 metres around abortion clinics.

198: 187: 144: 3540:"No longer a "Christian nation": why Australia's Christian Right loses policy battles even when it wins elections" 3305: 3029: 5385: 5324: 4654: 3390: 2986: 2382:"ACT becomes first jurisdiction to offer free abortions as Canberra patients shed light on troubling experiences" 690:, for "delay and bury these regulations, and failed to explain to the community why they did not progress them". 140: 4134: 549:. The legislation took abortion out of the 119-year-old criminal code, and regulates it as a medical procedure. 5725: 5579: 5248: 3894: 1213: 810: 247: 234: 4910: 4499: 546: 3465: 2116: 5664: 5375: 4609: 4440: 4243: 4165: 3885: 1924: 1397:"Medical Abortion in Australia: What Are the Clinical and Legal Risks? Is Medical Abortion Over-regulated?" 846: 829:. The offence is called "killing unborn child", and can be committed only around the time of childbirth in 496: 293: 43: 3586: 2088: 5178: 5173: 4975: 4970: 4534: 4253: 3414: 2563:"'My body was a political stalemate': NSW has the abortion law debate it has been avoiding for 100 years" 1744: 1321: 1093: 944:

found that 65% of Australians approved of surgical abortion, and 22% disapproved; and that 62% believed

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Must be provided by medical doctor. Health Minister may set 50 metre exclusion zones for protests.

156: 3818: 3748:"Majority Of Australians Think Abortion Pill (RU486) Should Be Made Available To Australian Women" 3658: 2778: 2238: 2220: 1278:

Petersen, Kerry A. (2010). "Early medical abortion: legal and medical developments in Australia".

5569: 5370: 5294: 5264: 5238: 4945: 4940: 4855: 4529: 4430: 4233: 3777: 3703: 1535: 1067: 1004: 480: 242: 222: 176: 55: 2615:"Historic First Abortion Law Reform Bill Introduced in NSW Parliament, Posted on 11 August 2016" 503:. Before then, abortion law was for many years governed by case law under sections 82–84 of the 462:

Most laws of New South Wales and Queensland, including their abortion laws, are set to apply to

5574: 5279: 5208: 5168: 5148: 5128: 4935: 4905: 4875: 4865: 4784: 4754: 4729: 4634: 4514: 4478: 4400: 3819:"Betts, Katharine. Attitudes to abortion: Australia and Queensland in the twenty-first century" 2636:"Issues Backgrounder Number 3 - Abortion law and the Reproductive Health Care Reform Bill 2019" 2457: 987: 952: 628: 194: 172: 4036:"Access, equity, and costs of induced abortion services in Australia: a cross-sectional study" 3772: 2518: 2501: 2477: 1483: 34:

of the procedure has been enacted in all jurisdictions. Access to abortion varies between the

5671: 5654: 5646: 5631: 5589: 5528: 5471: 5416: 5314: 5299: 5143: 4990: 4629: 4554: 4085:"Barriers around access to abortion experienced by rural women in New South Wales, Australia" 1142: 1036:"Explainer: what are abortion clinic safe-access zones and where do they exist in Australia?" 5533: 2179:"Abortion laws making it easier to terminate later-term pregnancies passed by NT parliament" 1884:"Anti-abortion activists lose High Court challenge to laws banning protests outside clinics" 1787: 1774: 1584:"Labor promises free abortions, pushes to decriminalise procedure in federal election pitch" 5681: 5594: 5584: 5461: 5451: 5436: 5360: 5304: 5223: 5218: 5193: 5063: 4960: 4890: 4839: 4819: 4749: 4724: 4709: 4619: 4218: 2386: 2340:"Abortion clinic protests banned in WA as safe access zones bill approved to protect women" 2183: 1888: 1646: 1588: 1511: 1439: 1326: 889: 854: 725: 642: 599:

Since 1 July 2018, it has been illegal to protest within 150 metres of an abortion clinic.

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A legal precedent concerning the legality of abortion was set in Australia in 1969, by the

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Kirkman, Maggie; Rowe, Heather; Hardiman, Annarella; Rosenthal, Doreen (1 March 2011).

3567: 2814: 1507:"From croissants to communism: Bernardi uses Senate motions to make ideological points" 1303: 1291: 1118: 992: 879:) of the foetus of a pregnant woman, whether or not the woman suffers any other harm". 838: 608: 329: 1675:"Christian lobby targets key conservative seats in test of US-style campaign activism" 42:. Later-term abortions can be obtained with the approval of two doctors, although the 5704: 5564: 5431: 5390: 5380: 5228: 5153: 5123: 5015: 4980: 4965: 4930: 4915: 4895: 4769: 4759: 4744: 4704: 4669: 4393: 4258: 4248: 4228: 4106: 4065: 4057: 4016: 4006: 3981: 3971: 3906: 3796: 3791: 3606: 3571: 3559: 3278: 3246: 3238: 2818: 2806: 2798: 2320: 2305: 2072: 2060: 2048: 1943: 1859:"Anti-abortion activists lose bid to overturn clinic safe access zones in two states" 1416: 1408: 1295: 1209: 1146: 1110: 834: 826: 758: 419: 124: 31: 3918: 1347:"Too Many, Too Late and the Adoption Alternative: Shame and Recent Abortion Debates" 1307: 151:, which was widely used overseas, was banned in Australia. The continued refusal by 5599: 5456: 5355: 5284: 4950: 4920: 4824: 4739: 4604: 4339: 4213: 4096: 4047: 3898: 3786: 3598: 3551: 3539: 3230: 2790: 2257:""Historic day for women" as abortion officially decriminalised in South Australia" 1287: 1122: 1102: 476: 230: 3555: 5636: 4664: 4584: 4549: 4445: 4152: 3757: 3304:. Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel. 1 December 2008. Archived from 2481: 1091:

Baird, Barbara (January 2015). "Medical abortion in Australia: a short history".

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With advancements in technology and the need for accessible healthcare services,

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Prior to December 2018, abortion access in Queensland was determined by the 1986

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which stated abortions were only legal after 24 weeks to save a woman's life.

5719: 5604: 4579: 4524: 4061: 3610: 3563: 3242: 3189:"Health Regulations Amendment (Abortion Legislation Reform) Regulations 2024" 2929: 2802: 1412: 686:

criticised the former Liberal government, which was defeated by Labor at the

168: 136: 4052: 4035: 4020: 3985: 3387:"Tasmania. Criminal Code Act 1924 (No. 69 of 1924), as amended through 2003" 2746:"Decriminalisation in the NT signals abortion is part of normal health care" 2061:

Norfolk Island Applied Laws and Service Delivery (Queensland) Ordinance 2021

1396: 155:, then Minister for Health, to allow abortifacients into Australia led to a 5614: 5609: 5523: 5485: 4544: 4457: 4140: 4110: 4069: 3910: 3800: 3250: 3169: 2810: 2432:"Abortion decriminalised in NSW after controversial bill passes final vote" 1863: 1712: 1679: 1613: 1420: 1299: 1136: 1114: 1009: 945: 741: 683: 536: 148: 127:

was in power in Australia, with conservative independent Tasmanian Senator

93: 1740:"Husic points to misrepresentation of abortion policy for Labor vote loss" 535:

Abortion was decriminalised in New South Wales on 2 October 2019 with the

5619: 4000: 3965: 3843: 2592: 2202: 951:

In 2006, interviews found that 80% of Australians disapproved the use of

499:(ACT), references to abortion as a criminal offence were repealed by the 152: 1346: 425: 407: 389: 371: 353: 335: 317: 299: 3509: 3218: 830: 782: 347: 102: 4157: 2794: 1642:"Why conservatives are not making a fuss over Labor's abortion policy" 1231:"The lethal legacy of Brian Harradine: his long war on women's rights" 749:(Vic) decriminalised abortions up to a gestational limit of 24 weeks. 560:(NSW) since 1900, but the interpretation of the law is subject to the 4101: 814: 2766:. Women's Health-Chronic Conditions and Prevention. 18 January 2019. 2203:"Abortion legalised in Queensland after historic vote in Parliament" 5624: 4599: 4539: 4416: 4188: 2695:"Privatising abortion is not good for women's health (or finances)" 2261: 842: 797: 786: 699: 383: 226: 207: 39: 225:. Knight forced his way into a Melbourne clinic carrying a rifle, 3937: 3728: 1838: 1259: 132: 3510:

Angela Pratt; Amanda Biggs; Luke Buckmaster (14 February 2005),

2783:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

1920:"Women "Harassed" Outside Abortion Clinics in Western Australia" 793:

women facing geographical barriers or those who prefer privacy.

776: 4002:

Gender relations in Australia : domination and negotiation

3065:

Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013 - Sect. 9

2363:"Canberra abortion clinics to get protest-free "privacy zones"" 2239:"Proclamation made under the Termination of Pregnancy Act 2018" 1990:"Here's why there should be no gestational limits for abortion" 1235: 1206:

Populate and Perish: Australian Women's Fight for Birth Control

948:

should be available to women, while 31% believed it should not.

825:

Each state and territory has its own criminal code relating to

1173: 4033: 3113:"Is abortion legal in Australia? It's complicated - ABC News" 3584: 1531:"Explainer: Responding to abortion and sex selection claims" 4385: 4141:

Marie Stopes Australia | Leading national abortion provider

2913:"Fact Sheet 5: Termination and the Criminal Justice System" 3967:

Women who do and women who don't join the women's movement

1394: 3998: 977:

42%, respectively, said it depended on the circumstances.

3466:"Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (No. 58 of 2008) – Sect 9" 3216: 1460:"Tony Abbott pledges to make no changes to abortion law" 841:. It is called "causing death of child before birth" in 773:

found that 70% of people approved of safe access zones.

653:, by a single judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. 2834:"Queensland parliament votes to decriminalise abortion" 2777:

Belton, Suzanne; McQueen, Georgia; Ali, Edwina (2020).

2139:"Abortion clinic "safe access zones" become law in NSW" 1834:"'Baby Killers' graffiti, bomb found at medical centre" 1183: 30:

is legal. There are no federal abortion laws, and full

3878: 3773:"Australian attitudes toward sex selection technology" 2859:"Termination of Pregnancy Bill 2018 Explanatory Notes" 1395:

O'Rourke, Anne; Belton, Suzanne; Mulligan, Ea (2016).

1378:"RU486: time to lift restrictions on medical abortion" 849:, and comparably broad to English law in Tasmania and 213: 2469: 2467: 820: 731:

Before 2008, abortion law was based on the Victorian

76:, which, in turn, was derived from English laws from 2987:"Contentious abortion law reform passes Lower House" 2948:"South Australia Termination of Pregnancy Bill 2020" 2667:

Government, Northern Territory (18 September 2017).

1208:. Sydney: Sydney: Allen and Unwin. pp. 78–101. 4083:Doran, Frances; Hornibrook, Julie (18 March 2016). 4040:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

2737: 2641:. NSW Parliamentary Research Service. August 2019. 2286: 2284: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1609:"Labor's abortion policy: all the issues explained" 986:When abortion began to be legislated in 1969, some 303:

Legal, free, and accessible (no gestational limit).

3659:"Attitudes to Abortion in Australia: 1972 to 2003" 3046: 2464: 501:Crimes (Abolition of Offence of Abortion) Act 2002 164:pledged not to make any changes to abortion laws. 3881:"Australian attitudes to early and late abortion" 3771:Kippen, Rebecca; Evans, Ann; Gray, Edith (2011). 2177:Perera, Alicia; Mabin, Saskia (1 December 2021). 2117:"Abortion 'safe-access zones' laws passed in NSW" 1560:. Department of Health. 30 April 2019. p. 23 5717: 3077:"Tasmania decriminalises abortion amid protests" 2981: 2979: 2776: 2281: 2006: 1203: 4082: 3770: 3339:(v14-b0-05 ed.). 27 June 2009. p. 142 1577: 1575: 1457: 677:passed the bill on 3 December 2020, as did the 490: 3848:"Right to choose abortion wins strong support" 2669:"Abortion: termination of pregnancy in the NT" 1967:Government of the Australian Capital Territory 545:, passed a week earlier by both houses of the 531:Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 (New South Wales) 4401: 4173: 3963: 3274:First do no harm: law, ethics, and healthcare 3049:"Abortion to finally be decriminalised in SA" 3023: 3021: 2976: 2111: 2109: 1204:Siedlecki, Stephania; Wyndham, Diana (1990). 805:solutions into reproductive health services. 777:Telehealth Services for Abortion in Australia 139:drugs were made to require approval from the 116:, and activist medical practitioners such as 46:only requires a single physician's approval. 3933:"Call for early abortion to be lawful: poll" 3812: 3810: 3625:"It's time to come clean on abortion debate" 2083: 2081: 1962:"No-cost abortions now available in the ACT" 1572: 1555:"National Women's Health Strategy 2020-2030" 573:continuance of the pregnancy would entail". 375:Legal. Accessible up to 22 weeks and 6 days. 197:unveiled a national abortion policy for the 3134:"New law will not end abortion controversy" 3005:"Termination of Pregnancy Regulations 2022" 2589:"Abortion Law Reform Bill – Exposure draft" 2176: 2172: 2170: 1129: 1086: 1084: 1082: 962:In 2009, a study of polls conducted during 4408: 4394: 4180: 4166: 3095:"Tas abortion reform removes stigma: govt" 3027: 3018: 2825: 2666: 2425: 2423: 2106: 2049:Norfolk Island Applied Laws Ordinance 2016 1983: 1981: 1944:"Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915" 1913: 1911: 1802: 1451: 1163: 1161: 1159: 184:National Women's Health Strategy 2020–2030 4100: 4051: 3816: 3807: 3790: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 2692: 2333: 2331: 2078: 1917: 1788:"Australian abortion clinic guard killed" 1581: 1435:"Abbott pushes abortion counselling plan" 1057: 1055: 981: 112:, and government initiatives such as the 3470:Australasian Legal Information Institute 3445:Australasian Legal Information Institute 3419:Australasian Legal Information Institute 3363:Australasian Legal Information Institute 3157: 2560: 2491: 2167: 2136: 1956: 1954: 1831: 1277: 1079: 785:has become a pivotal mode for providing 274: 4187: 3721: 3516:, Parliamentary Library, archived from 3505: 3503: 3501: 3381: 3379: 3299:"Criminal Code Act 1899: Reprint No. 7" 3177:from the original on 21 September 2023. 3030:"New SA abortion laws to start in July" 2962:"Abortion reform passes SA upper house" 2851: 2420: 2406:"Increased access to abortion services" 2360: 2132: 2130: 1978: 1908: 1375: 1156: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1025: 859:Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (Victoria) 771:Western Australian Department of Health 720:Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (Victoria) 114:Royal Commission on Human Relationships 14: 5718: 4146:Children by choice | Abortion by state 3970:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3879:Lachlan J de Crespigny (5 July 2010). 3736:from the original on 11 December 2018. 3722:Grattan, Michelle (16 February 2005). 3711:from the original on 11 December 2018. 3683:"Survey on abortion - 80% in favour". 3647: 3409: 3407: 3333:Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913 3277:. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 360–2. 3270: 3257: 3074: 2743: 2648:from the original on 26 September 2019 2474:CES v Superclinics (Australia) Pty Ltd 2394:from the original on 21 February 2024. 2328: 2089:"Reproductive Health Care Reform Bill" 1987: 1672: 1639: 1504: 1344: 1075:from the original on 27 December 2019. 1052: 258: 193:Before the 2019 federal election, the 4389: 4161: 4005:. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 3945:from the original on 31 December 2012 3842: 3537: 2831: 2764:"Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform" 2430:Raper, Ashleigh (26 September 2019). 2429: 2337: 2191:from the original on 1 December 2021. 1951: 1881: 1871:from the original on 8 November 2020. 1856: 1810:"Arsonists attack mosman park clinic" 1606: 1596:from the original on 26 October 2020. 1519:from the original on 1 November 2020. 1484:"Motions - Abortion - Gender grounds" 1447:from the original on 28 October 2016. 1371: 1369: 1334:from the original on 23 October 2020. 1228: 1194:(1986) 9 Queensland Lawyer Reports 8. 1090: 602: 458: 456: 263:Abortions are partially funded under 233:was attempted at a medical clinic in 143:before they could be assessed by the 62:, or by private healthcare insurers. 4570:Libertarian perspectives on abortion 4135:Abortion law: a national perspective 3999:Kay Saunders; Raymond Evans (1992). 3498: 3433: 3376: 3223:BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 3075:Smiley, Stephen (22 November 2013). 2350:from the original on 12 August 2021. 2231: 2213: 2127: 1846:from the original on 2 January 2021. 1798:from the original on 4 October 2020. 1752:from the original on 30 January 2021 1720:from the original on 8 November 2020 1705: 1621:from the original on 8 November 2020 1255:"Tony Abbott, the new drug watchdog" 1178:CES v Superclinics Australia Pty Ltd 1048:from the original on 3 October 2020. 1022: 752: 583:In June 2016, Greens upper house MP 578:CES v Superclinics Australia Pty Ltd 91:in the Victorian Supreme Court case 73:Offences Against the Person Act 1861 4645:Societal attitudes towards abortion 4565:Legalized abortion and crime effect 3591:Women's Studies International Forum 3404: 3291: 3118:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3047:Stephanie Richards (24 June 2022). 2527:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2379: 2221:"Termination of Pregnancy Act 2018" 1974:from the original on 28 April 2023. 1932:from the original on 25 March 2021. 1832:Sapienza, Joseph (7 January 2009). 1687:from the original on 4 January 2021 1543:from the original on 10 March 2020. 1505:Yaxley, Louise (16 November 2017). 906:Societal attitudes towards abortion 214:Anti-abortion violence and protests 123:In the mid-1990s, the conservative 24: 4595:Misinformation related to abortion 4505:Beginning of pregnancy controversy 3903:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03732.x 3756:. 11 February 2006. Archived from 3351: 3323: 2934:www.pregnancyadvisorycentre.com.au 2693:McInerney, Marie (19 April 2018). 2416:from the original on 27 June 2024. 2338:Shine, Rhiannon (12 August 2021). 2325:, Federal Register of Legislation. 2321:"Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955" 2310:, Federal Register of Legislation. 2075:, Federal Register of Legislation. 2063:, Federal Register of Legislation. 2051:, Federal Register of Legislation. 1948:, Federal Register of Legislation. 1896:from the original on 13 April 2019 1882:Byrne, Elizabeth (10 April 2019). 1820:from the original on 6 March 2016. 1494:from the original on 22 July 2019. 1366: 1292:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03736.x 1267:from the original on 18 June 2020. 1243:from the original on 23 June 2020. 964:Australia's 2007 federal elections 656: 524: 453: 321:Legal. Accessible up to 22 weeks. 25: 5742: 4510:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis 4128: 3631:. 1 February 2005. Archived from 3198:. Government of Western Australia 2744:Belton, Suzanne (24 March 2017). 2361:Cornish, Ruby (29 October 2015). 2269:from the original on 3 March 2021 2002:from the original on 6 July 2022. 1918:Gillespie, Eden (25 March 2021). 1654:from the original on 20 July 2019 1607:Tovey, Josephine (7 March 2019). 1458:Nicola Berkovic (9 August 2010). 899: 568:of 1971, itself derived from the 429:Legal. Accessible up to 23 weeks. 411:Legal. Accessible up to 24 weeks. 393:Legal. Accessible up to 16 weeks. 357:Legal. Accessible up to 22 weeks. 339:Legal. Accessible up to 24 weeks. 110:Control Abortion Referral Service 5700: 5699: 4076: 4027: 3992: 3957: 3925: 3872: 3836: 3792:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.050 3764: 3740: 3715: 3691: 3676: 3617: 3578: 3531: 3483: 3458: 2832:Owens, Jared (17 October 2018). 1988:Millar, Erica (12 August 2019). 1857:Davey, Melissa (10 April 2019). 1229:Keane, Bernard (24 April 2014). 973:The Medical Journal of Australia 424: 406: 388: 370: 352: 334: 316: 298: 253: 199:2019 Australian federal election 145:Therapeutic Goods Administration 18:History of abortion in Australia 4655:Termination for medical reasons 3860:from the original on 1 May 2014 3538:Smith, David T. (27 May 2021). 3391:Harvard School of Public Health 3210: 3181: 3145: 3125: 3105: 3087: 3068: 3059: 3040: 2997: 2954: 2940: 2922: 2905: 2880: 2770: 2756: 2712: 2686: 2660: 2628: 2607: 2581: 2561:Aubusson, Kate (23 June 2016). 2554: 2533: 2511: 2450: 2398: 2373: 2354: 2313: 2298: 2249: 2195: 2149: 2066: 2054: 2042: 1936: 1875: 1850: 1825: 1780: 1764: 1732: 1699: 1666: 1640:Tingle, Laura (14 March 2019). 1633: 1600: 1582:Greenbank, Amy (6 March 2019). 1547: 1523: 1498: 1476: 1427: 1388: 1338: 1314: 1271: 1034:Penovic, Tania (15 June 2018). 853:. The offence was abolished in 469: 440: 4209:Federated States of Micronesia 3895:Australian Medical Association 3330:"§290: Killing unborn child". 2137:Visentin, Lisa (7 June 2018). 1247: 1222: 1197: 970:In 2010, a study published in 649:was affirmed in the 1994 case 13: 1: 4500:Beginning of human personhood 3556:10.1080/09637494.2021.1946344 2380:Roy, Thalia (20 April 2023). 2093:Parliament of New South Wales 1673:Martin, Sarah (10 May 2019). 1015: 882: 622: 4610:Paternal rights and abortion 4415: 3886:Medical Journal of Australia 3699:"Sex, Science & Society" 3441:"Crimes Act 1900 Section 42" 3152:Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 3142:Retrieved 15 September 2008. 1925:Special Broadcasting Service 877:Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 873:Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 847:Australian Capital Territory 747:Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 542:Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 497:Australian Capital Territory 491:Australian Capital Territory 294:Australian Capital Territory 44:Australian Capital Territory 7: 4535:Ethical aspects of abortion 3544:Religion, State and Society 3359:"Criminal Code Act – Notes" 3028:Tim Dormin (23 June 2022). 2306:"Christmas Island Act 1958" 1401:Journal of Law and Medicine 1094:Reproductive Health Matters 1063:"Abortion Law in Australia" 998: 713: 693: 10: 5747: 4495:Abortion and mental health 3724:"Poll backs abortion laws" 3603:10.1016/j.wsif.2010.11.002 3235:10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200612 2504: (15 September 2006), 2021:Children by Choice Assoc, 1322:"The facts of Tony's life" 903: 717: 626: 547:New South Wales parliament 528: 65: 5695: 5645: 5557: 5484: 5409: 5338: 5257: 5024: 4848: 4685: 4678: 4487: 4474:Abortion-rights movements 4466: 4423: 4300: 4277: 4196: 3853:The Sydney Morning Herald 3817:Katehrine, Betts (2009). 3657:Katherine, Betts (2004). 2567:The Sydney Morning Herald 2523:Radio National Law Report 2519:"The Sood Abortion Trial" 2143:The Sydney Morning Herald 2024:"Australian Abortion Law" 1706:Karp, Paul (9 May 2019). 1107:10.1016/j.rhm.2015.10.002 688:March 2022 state election 219:Abortion-related violence 4735:Central African Republic 4520:Abortion under communism 4360:Northern Mariana Islands 2866:Parliament of Queensland 2502:[2006] NSWSC 762 2478:[1995] NSWSC 103 1777: (19 November 2002). 1352:University of Wollongong 1345:Albury, Rebecca (2007). 1191:R v Bayliss & Cullen 821:"Child destruction" laws 739:in 1969, in the case of 735:, as interpreted by the 5731:Health law in Australia 5570:Dilation and evacuation 5519:Conscientious objection 5504:History of abortion law 4530:Crisis pregnancy center 4479:Anti-abortion movements 4325:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4089:Rural and Remote Health 4053:10.1111/1753-6405.12641 3778:Fertility and Sterility 3704:High Court of Australia 3489:Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), 3271:McLean, Sheila (2006). 2073:Criminal Code 2007 (NI) 1536:Human Rights Law Centre 1149:667 (3 June 1969), 1143:[1969] VicRp 85 1068:Parliament of Australia 1005:Abortion in New Zealand 920:Women's Electoral Lobby 481:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 243:High Court of Australia 177:Human Rights Law Centre 5575:Dilation and curettage 5539:Late-term restrictions 5059:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4635:Sex-selective abortion 4515:Anti-abortion violence 3964:Robyn Rowland (1984). 3629:Emily's List Australia 2720:"Legislation Database" 2243:legislation.qld.gov.au 2225:legislation.qld.gov.au 1775:[2002] VSC 498 1376:Swannel, Cate (2019). 988:Indigenous Australians 982:Indigenous perceptions 953:sex-selective abortion 634:another unborn child. 629:Abortion in Queensland 269:Goods and Services Tax 195:Australian Labor Party 173:sex-selective abortion 171:moved a motion to ban 58:public health scheme, 36:states and territories 5726:Abortion in Australia 5632:Self-induced abortion 4630:Self-induced abortion 4555:Genetics and abortion 4451:Philosophical aspects 4303:and other territories 4151:31 March 2021 at the 3685:Sydney Morning Herald 3173:. 21 September 2023. 3012:legislation.sa.gov.au 2868:. State of Queensland 2724:legislation.nt.gov.au 2508:(NSW, Australia). 1153:(Vic, Australia). 718:Further information: 576:This was expanded by 529:Further information: 275:Summary of state laws 157:private member's bill 28:Abortion in Australia 5595:Menstrual extraction 5544:Parental involvement 5006:United Arab Emirates 4620:Prenatal development 3760:on 4 September 2007. 3311:on 19 September 2009 1490:. 16 November 2017. 1443:. 21 February 2006. 1263:. 16 November 2015. 448:Jervis Bay Territory 188:Department of Health 5605:Abortifacient drugs 5325:Trinidad and Tobago 4640:Sidewalk counseling 4625:Reproductive rights 4590:Minors and abortion 3753:Roy Morgan Research 3131:(24 August 2008). " 3101:. 21 November 2013. 2993:. 19 February 2021. 2950:. 22 November 2021. 2323:. 18 December 2020. 2308:. 18 December 2020. 2294:. 22 November 2021. 1330:. 1 December 2009. 1139:(Menhennitt ruling) 942:Roy Morgan Research 940:In 2006, a poll by 934:Nielsen Corporation 811:reproductive health 796:In response to the 675:Legislative Council 651:Veivers v. Connolly 592:patient's right to 259:Federal involvement 186:, published by the 141:Minister for Health 5499:Constitutional law 5290:Dominican Republic 4615:Post-abortion care 4575:Limit of viability 4560:Late-term abortion 3846:(5 October 2009). 3635:on 5 February 2005 3520:on 2 December 2014 3421:. 27 November 2008 2209:. 19 October 2018. 1539:. 15 August 2019. 1472:on 11 August 2010. 1071:. 31 August 1998. 993:Stolen Generations 839:Northern Territory 803:digital healthcare 609:Northern Territory 603:Northern Territory 330:Northern Territory 282:State or territory 56:Federal Government 5713: 5712: 5565:Vacuum aspiration 5480: 5479: 4383: 4382: 4375:Wallis and Futuna 4320:Clipperton Island 4278:Associated states 3707:. 30 March 1988. 3136:. 23 August 2008. 2964:. 3 December 2020 2795:10.1111/ajo.13117 2529:. 29 August 2006. 2488:(NSW, Australia). 1970:. 20 April 2023. 1946:. 2 October 2001. 1488:They Vote For You 1176:25. Confirmed in 835:Western Australia 827:child destruction 759:Western Australia 753:Western Australia 737:Menhennitt ruling 679:House of Assembly 436: 435: 420:Western Australia 248:COVID-19 pandemic 231:Molotov cocktails 167:In 2017, Senator 125:Howard government 89:Menhennitt ruling 32:decriminalisation 16:(Redirected from 5738: 5703: 5702: 5600:Medical abortion 5534:Informed consent 5524:Fetal protection 5376:Papua New Guinea 5366:Marshall Islands 4683: 4682: 4605:One-child policy 4410: 4403: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4365:Pitcairn Islands 4335:French Polynesia 4315:Christmas Island 4244:Papua New Guinea 4224:Marshall Islands 4197:Sovereign states 4182: 4175: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4102:10.22605/rrh3538 4080: 4074: 4073: 4055: 4031: 4025: 4024: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3826:People and Place 3823: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3785:(5): 1824–1826. 3768: 3762: 3761: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3666:People and Place 3663: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3507: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3268: 3255: 3254: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2750:The Conversation 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2591:. Archived from 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2515: 2509: 2495: 2489: 2471: 2462: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2335: 2326: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2265:. 3 March 2021. 2253: 2247: 2246: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2085: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2030:on 31 March 2021 2026:. Archived from 2019: 2004: 2003: 1995:The Conversation 1985: 1976: 1975: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1816:. 16 July 2001. 1806: 1800: 1799: 1794:. 16 July 2001. 1784: 1778: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1579: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1559: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1468:. Archived from 1455: 1449: 1448: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1373: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1201: 1195: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1165: 1154: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1088: 1077: 1076: 1059: 1050: 1049: 1041:The Conversation 1031: 484: 477:Christmas Island 475:Also applies to 473: 467: 460: 451: 446:Also applies to 444: 428: 410: 392: 374: 356: 338: 320: 302: 279: 278: 21: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5691: 5641: 5637:Unsafe abortion 5553: 5549:Spousal consent 5509:Laws by country 5476: 5405: 5386:Solomon Islands 5334: 5253: 5179:North Macedonia 5020: 4971:Northern Cyprus 4844: 4674: 4665:Unsafe abortion 4550:Forced abortion 4483: 4462: 4446:Abortion debate 4419: 4414: 4384: 4379: 4302: 4296: 4279: 4273: 4254:Solomon Islands 4192: 4186: 4153:Wayback Machine 4131: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4081: 4077: 4032: 4028: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3941:. 5 July 2010. 3931: 3930: 3926: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3841: 3837: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3769: 3765: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3720: 3716: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3661: 3655: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3583: 3579: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3521: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3269: 3258: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3045: 3041: 3026: 3019: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2826: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2595:on 7 March 2019 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2569:. Fairfax Media 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2498:R v Sood (No 3) 2496: 2492: 2486:Court of Appeal 2472: 2465: 2458:Crimes Act 1900 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2428: 2421: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2378: 2374: 2359: 2355: 2336: 2329: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2175: 2168: 2163:. 27 June 2022. 2155: 2154: 2150: 2135: 2128: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2022: 2020: 2007: 1986: 1979: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1916: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1880: 1876: 1855: 1851: 1830: 1826: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1769: 1765: 1755: 1753: 1748:. 30 May 2019. 1745:Daily Telegraph 1738: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1605: 1601: 1580: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1503: 1499: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1456: 1452: 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5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5249:United Kingdom 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5074:Czech Republic 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 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4162: 4156: 4155: 4143: 4138: 4130: 4129:External links 4127: 4124: 4123: 4075: 4046:(3): 309–314. 4026: 4011: 3991: 3976: 3956: 3924: 3871: 3835: 3806: 3763: 3739: 3714: 3690: 3675: 3646: 3616: 3597:(2): 121–129. 3577: 3550:(3): 231–247. 3530: 3497: 3482: 3457: 3432: 3403: 3375: 3350: 3322: 3290: 3283: 3256: 3229:(3): 172–176. 3209: 3196:WA Legislation 3180: 3156: 3144: 3124: 3121:. 25 May 2018. 3104: 3086: 3067: 3058: 3039: 3017: 2996: 2975: 2953: 2939: 2921: 2904: 2879: 2850: 2838:The Australian 2824: 2789:(3): 459–464. 2769: 2755: 2736: 2711: 2685: 2659: 2627: 2606: 2580: 2553: 2532: 2510: 2490: 2463: 2449: 2419: 2410:ACT Government 2397: 2372: 2353: 2327: 2312: 2297: 2280: 2248: 2230: 2212: 2194: 2166: 2148: 2126: 2105: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2005: 1977: 1950: 1935: 1907: 1874: 1849: 1824: 1801: 1779: 1763: 1731: 1698: 1665: 1632: 1599: 1571: 1546: 1522: 1497: 1475: 1465:The Australian 1450: 1426: 1407:(1): 221–238. 1387: 1365: 1337: 1313: 1270: 1246: 1221: 1214: 1196: 1182: 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5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:Six-week bans 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410:South America 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5330:United States 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258:North America 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5139:Liechtenstein 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 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4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4330:Easter Island 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4012:0-7295-1218-5 4008: 4004: 4003: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3977:0-7102-0296-2 3973: 3969: 3968: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3687:. 8 May 1973. 3686: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3486: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3286: 3284:0-7546-2614-8 3280: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2963: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2765: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2674: 2670: 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