History of Vietnam (1945–present)

3096:: There is no reason to expect, and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate, that the actual executions were less than planned; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors. First, this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns (or waves) that followed during 1954–1956. Second, the decree was meant to apply to free areas (under the control of the Viet Minh government), not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954–1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle. Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low-end estimate of the real number. This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper "Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953–1956" presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies, Center for SE Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley (February 2001). In this paper Moise (7–9) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book (which was 5,000) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions. Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs, but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate. This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more, taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign, the unauthorized killings at the local level, and the suicides following arrest and torture (the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases, however). 2250: 1650: 1823:, were persecuted during the late 1950s Nhân Văn Giai Phẩm events and the 1960s Trial Against the Anti-Party Revisionists (Vụ Án Xét Lại Chống Đảng) for speaking their opinions. Nevertheless, this iron grip, together with consistent support from the Soviet Union and China, gave North Vietnam a militaristic advantage over South Vietnam. North Vietnamese leadership also had a steely determination to fight, even when facing massive casualties and destruction at their end. The young North Vietnamese were idealistically and innocently patriotic, ready to give the ultimate sacrifice for the "liberation of the South" and the "unification of the motherland". 2108:. South Vietnamese troops had anticipated attack against the neighboring province of Pleiku, and were caught off guard. President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ordered the moving of all troops from the Central Highland to the coastal areas, as with shrinking American aid, South Vietnamese forces could not afford to spread too thin. However, due to lack of experience and logistics for such a large troop movement in such a short time, the whole South Vietnamese 2nd Corps got bogged down on narrow mountain roads, flooded with thousands of civilian refugees, and was decimated by ambushes along the way. The South Vietnamese First Corps near the 2628:. This was the first such visit in 30 years. Although the visit mostly went well, a few embarrassing events occurred such as the White House's official website (www.whitehouse.gov) accidentally depicting the flag of South Vietnam in its official announcement of the visit. This provoked dismay and hostile comments from the Vietnamese government until the White House officially apologized and corrected the webpage. In addition, a crowd of hostile protesters gathered outside the White House during Phan's meeting with President Bush denouncing the Vietnamese Communist Party and waving South Vietnamese flags. 2351:'s death in 1976 due to Hanoi's unremitting loyalty to the Soviet Union, which was at odds with China during the 1970s. By 1978, most trade and material assistance programs between the two countries had ceased and Vietnam forbade Chinese ships from docking at its ports. As the Khmer Rouge were allies of Beijing, this further aggravated tensions and following border skirmishes, the VPA launched a full-scale armed invasion of Cambodia during the first week of 1979. This had the effect however of causing conflict with China and during a visit to the US in February, 1236: 1737:. Other US allies, such as Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, and Taiwan also sent troops to South Vietnam. Although the American-led troops succeeded in containing the advance of Communist forces, the presence of foreign troops, the widespread bombing over all of Vietnam, and the social vices that mushroomed around US bases upset the sense of national pride among many Vietnamese, North and South, causing some to become sympathetic to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong. In 1965, Air Marshal 1538: 1780:

160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time. However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500. A Northern democratic literary movement called

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farmers were coerced into state-controlled cooperatives. Transportation of food and goods between provinces was deemed illegal except by the government. Within a short period of time, Vietnam was hit with severe shortages of food and basic necessities. Due to a combination of factors including trade embargoes, exceptional floods, material shortages and peasant resistance, the

1784:(from the names of the two magazines which started the movement, based in Hanoi) developed, which attempted to encourage the democratization of the North and the free expression of thought. Intellectuals were thus lured into criticizing the leadership so they could be arrested later, and many were sent to hard labor camps (Gulags), following the model of the 1988:). Over the course of the year the Viet Cong forces were pushed out of all cities in South Vietnam and nearly decimated. In subsequent major offensives in later years, North Vietnamese regulars with artillery and tanks took over the fighting. In the months following the Tet Offensive, an American unit massacred civilian villagers, suspected to be sheltering 2265:. For the people fleeing by sea, their wooden boats were often not seaworthy, were packed with people like sardines, and lacked sufficient food and water. Many were caught or shot at by the Vietnamese coast guards, and many perished at sea due to boats sinking, capsizing in storms, starvation and thirst. Another major threat was the 2241:, where food, consumer goods, and banned literature could be bought at high prices. The security apparatus also failed to stop a nationwide clandestine network of people trying to escape the country. In many cases, the security officers of entire districts were bribed and even got involved in organizing the escape schemes. 1500:), and denouncing "bourgeois and feudal" tendencies in arts and literature. Many true patriots and devoted Communist revolutionaries in the Viet Minh suffered mistreatment or were even executed during these movements. Many others became disenchanted and left the Viet Minh. The United States became strongly opposed to 1646:, which aimed to build fortified villages to remove and lock out Communists. However, it was in some ways ineffective as many covert communists were already part of the population and visually indistinguishable. It became unpopular as it limited the villagers' freedom and altered their traditional way of life. 1595:, who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions". The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom. It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the 2538:

stated that "The Party wishes sternly to criticize itself." and "Our nation's manifold difficulties, while aggravated by outside circumstances that could not be helped, are nonetheless worsened by the various errors and shortcoming of officials." Le also expressed his dismay at the average age of the

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in the South as they had done in the North. The security apparatus network (Công An: literally "Public Security", a communist term for the security apparatus) controlled every aspect of people's lives. Censorship was strict and ultra-conservative, with most pre-1975 works in the fields of music, art,

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took power in a coup, and presided over a stable junta, and promised to hold elections under US pressure. In 1967, South Vietnam managed to conduct a National Assembly and Presidential election with Lt. General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu being elected to the Presidency, bringing the government to some level of

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Soon after the Paris Agreement on Cambodia resolved the conflict in October 1991, however, Vietnam established or reestablished diplomatic and economic relations with most of Western Europe, and several Asian countries. In February 1994, the United States lifted its economic embargo against Vietnam,

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Overall, the first decade after reunification was not a happy time for the country. Nonstop warfare consumed large amounts of Vietnam's resources, both financially and by depleting the labor force of young men. The country remained internationally isolated, having little contact with nations outside

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had led the coup against Diệm in 1963. By the mid-1970s, he had leaned toward the "Third Party" (Thành Phần Thứ Ba), South Vietnamese elites who favored dialogues and cooperation with the North. Communist infiltrators in the South tried to work out political deals to let Dương Văn Minh ascend to the

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Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and "land reform", which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every

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Between 1963 and 1965, South Vietnam was extremely unstable as no government could keep power for long. There were more coups, often more than one every year. The Communist-run Viet Cong expanded their operation and scored some significant military victories during this period. In 1965, US President

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were also a source of motivation. Although communist governments in Eastern Europe were collapsing in 1989, Vietnam was kept comparatively isolated from these events due to its poverty and geographical distance and a few small pro-democracy protests in Hanoi were quickly suppressed. The fall of the

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The Second Five Year Plan was adopted for 1981 and showed a clear move towards more market reforms and away from the rigid central planning of the 1976–80 scheme. Real change would not begin until the second half of the decade when Lê Duẩn died in July 1986, succeeded as general secretary by Trường

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While most refugees were resettled to other countries within five years, others languished in these camps for over a decade. In the 1990s, refugees who could not find asylum were deported back to Vietnam. Communities of Vietnamese refugees arrived in the US, Canada, Australia, France, West Germany,

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to avoid persecution from the imminent Communist regime. At the same time, Viet Minh armed forces from South Vietnam were also moving to North Vietnam, as dictated by the Geneva Accord. However, some high-ranking Viet Minh cadres secretly remained in the South to follow the local situation closely,

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was cut off, received conflicting orders from Saigon on whether to fight or to retreat, and eventually collapsed. Many civilians tried to flee to Saigon via land, air, and sea routes, suffering massive casualties along the way. In early April 1975, South Vietnam set up a last-ditch defense line at

2566:, eight years his junior. Phạm Văn Đồng retired as premier in 1987. Upon their accession, the country's new leadership denounced their geriatric predecessors for "utterly failing to improve the people's living standards, check corruption, or instill a more flexible, non-dogmatic outlook on life." 1701:

the problems of Diệm's government were undermining the US's anti-Communist effort in Southeast Asia, and of Diệm's increasing resistance and non-cooperation with the American government. On November 1, 1963, with the planning and backing of the CIA and the Kennedy administration, South Vietnamese

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who landed in southern Vietnam on 6 September 1945, disarming the Japanese and restoring order. They had to re-arm Japanese prisoners of war known as Gremlin force to keep order until more troops arrived. The British began to withdraw in December 1945, but this was not completed until June of the

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Compounding all this was the complete failure of the Five-Year Plan adopted in 1976, as Vietnam remained one of the world's poorest countries with a per-capita GDP of less than US$ 300 and almost totally dependent on Soviet aid, which reached as much as US$ 3 billion a year by 1982. Moscow faced

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was dissolved. The Party emphasized development of heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture. Over the next few years, private enterprises were seized by the government and their owners were often sent to the New Economic Zones—a communist euphemism for a thick jungle—to clear land. The

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on April 30, 1975, sparing Saigon from destruction. Nevertheless, the reputation of the North Vietnamese army towards perceived traitors preceded them, and hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese fled the country by all means: airplanes, helicopters, ships, fishing boats, and barges. Most were

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Despite the defeat of South Vietnam, there was no serious demobilization of the Vietnamese People's Army, which remained one of Asia's largest militaries at over one million troops, or sign that warfare was coming to an end anytime soon. Not only were Vietnamese soldiers highly experienced from

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became the 3rd U.S. Head of State to visit Vietnam. His historic visit helped to normalize relations with Vietnam. This improvement of U.S-Vietnam relations was further increased by the lifting of a lethal arms embargo, allowing the Vietnamese government to buy lethal weapons and modernize its

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space station. During the early 1980s, a number of overseas Vietnamese organizations were created with the aim of overthrowing the Vietnamese Communist government through armed struggle. Most groups attempted to infiltrate Vietnam but eventually were eliminated by Vietnamese security and armed

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was seriously deficient in training, equipment, and communications. Over 30,000 Chinese troops were killed or wounded in three weeks of battling Vietnamese border guards and militia (the VPA was then in Cambodia and had no involvement in the war). Shortly afterwards, they withdrew with Beijing

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Although Ngô Đình Diệm personally was respected for his nationalism, political stability and policies triggering rapid economic growth, he ran a nepotistic and authoritarian government. Elections were routinely rigged and Diệm favored of minority Roman Catholics on many issues, believing that

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3. The stipulations formulated above will immediately enter into force. Immediately after the exchange of signatures, each of the High Contracting Parties will take all measures necessary to stop hostilities in the field, to maintain the troops in their respective positions, and to create the

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had promised elections to determine the government for a unified Vietnam. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected

2558:, showed no sign of stepping down any time soon despite their combined age of 226 and clearly failing health (all of them visited Moscow for medical treatment during 1982). Although they saw the need for reforms and fighting corruption, such change was beyond their ability by this point. 2222:), and signing a Friendship Pact, which was in fact a military alliance. Tension between Vietnam and China mounted together with China's rivalry with the Soviet Union and conflict erupted with Cambodia, China's ally. Vietnam was also subject to trade embargoes by the U.S. and its allies. 2533:

allies to reduce outlays to Vietnam. Soviet-Vietnamese relations were also harmed by the former's wishes to have greater involvement in Vietnam's economic development and increased access to military facilities. In 1982, the VCP held its 5th National Congress in which General Secretary

2651:, Russia, and the United States. Although the leadership was presiding over a period of rapid economic growth, official corruption and a widening gap between urban wealth and rural poverty remained stubborn problems that were eroding the VCP's authority. In 2006, Vietnam hosted the 1567:(South Vietnam). The Republic of Vietnam (RVN) was proclaimed in Saigon on October 26, 1955. The United States began to provide military and economic aid to the RVN, training RVN personnel, and sending U.S. advisors to assist in building the infrastructure for the new government. 1353:

following year. The last British soldiers were killed in Vietnam in June 1946. Altogether 40 British and Indian troops were killed and over a hundred were wounded. Vietnamese casualties were 600. They were followed by French troops trying to re-establish their rule. In the north,

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visited Vietnam in 2000, a new era of Vietnam began. No other U.S. leader had ever officially visited Hanoi and Clinton was the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975. In June 2005, a high-level Vietnamese delegation, led by Prime Minister

2249: 2237:, or anything related to Communism might earn the person the tag of Phản Động (Reactionary), with consequences ranging from being harassed by police, expelled from school or workplace, to being sent to prison. Nevertheless, the Communist authorities failed to suppress the 2554:, considered a national hero, from the Politburo (it was later speculated that he was removed by political rivals). This rejuvenation campaign was nonetheless diminished by the fact that the country's three most powerful individuals, Lê Duẩn, Phạm Văn Đồng, and President 2320:

and the UK. The refugees often sent relief packages packed with necessities, such as medicines and sanitary goods to their relatives in Vietnam to help them survive. Very few would send money as it would be exchanged far below market rates by the Vietnamese government.

1515:. The Việt Minh force surprised Western military experts with their use of primitive means to move artillery pieces and supplies up the mountains surrounding Điện Biên Phủ, giving them a decisive advantage. On May 7, 1954, French troops at Điện Biên Phủ, under 1984:, after which many mass graves were found. Many of the executed victims had relations with the South Vietnamese government or the US, or part of social groups that were considered enemies to the Viet Cong, like Catholics, business owners and intellectuals ( 2022:

with the USSR. Nixon thus forged a new strategy to deal with the Communist Bloc, taking advantage of the rift between China and the Soviet Union. A costly war in Vietnam begun to appear less effective for the cause of Communist containment. Nixon proposed

2027:" of the war, with South Vietnamese troops taking charge of the fighting, yet still receiving American aid and, if necessary, air and naval support. The new strategy started to show some effects: in 1970, troops from the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( 2598:

During the late 1980s, Vietnam began tentative market reforms along the model then being adopted by China. The basis for these experiments were in the south which had a stronger tradition of trade and commerce. The perestroika policies of Soviet leader

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Presidency, with the hope that he would prevent a last stand, a destructive battle for Saigon. Although many South Vietnamese units were ready to defend Saigon, and the ARVN 4th Corps was still intact in the Mekong Delta, Dương Văn Minh ordered a

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members, and faced with a huge, hostile neighbor to the north. Despite repeated overtures to the United States, attempts to reestablish diplomatic relation were hampered by the question of missing US soldiers from the war and President

1622:. He repressed political opposition, arresting the famous writer Nguyễn Tường Tam, who committed suicide while awaiting trial in jail. Diệm also acted aggressively to remove Communist agents still remaining in the South. He formed the 3440: 1561:. While Diệm was trying to settle the differences between the various armed militias in the South, Bảo Đại was persuaded to reduce his power. Diệm created a referendum in 1955 to depose Bảo Đại and declared himself president of the 3165:

Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China. ... Yet the Vietnamese 'land reform' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades

2277:. In many cases, they massacred the whole boat. Sometimes the women were raped for days before being sold into prostitution. The people who crossed Cambodia faced equal dangers with mine fields, and the Khmer Rouge and 2121:. North Vietnamese troops failed to penetrate the line and had to make a detour, which the South Vietnamese failed to stop due to lack of troops. President Nguyễn văn Thiệu resigned. Power fell to Dương Văn Minh. 1854:, a South Vietnamese lawyer, but the true leadership was the Communist Party hierarchy in South Vietnam. Arms, supplies, and troops came from North Vietnam into South Vietnam via a system of trails, named the 2487:

Vietnam's third Constitution, based on that of the USSR, was written in 1980. The Communist Party was stated by the Constitution to be the only party to represent the people and to lead the country. In 1980,

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Despite the peace treaty, the North violated the treaty and continued the war as had been envisioned by Lê Duẩn and the South still tried to recapture lost territories. In the U.S., Nixon resigned after the

2163:. This mass exodus of (mostly South) Vietnamese political refugees continued into the 1980s as refugees fled from persecution, political oppression and economic collapse caused by the new Communist regime. 2675:. The authorities moved in to break up the protests after an official complaint was lodged by the Chinese embassy in Hanoi, as the VCP's official policy since the 1990s has been one of good relations with 2343:

decades of fighting, but also had acquired a large cache of captured US and South Vietnamese armaments. Vietnam soon found itself drawn into conflict with Cambodia, which had been ruled by the communist

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guerillas, who also robbed, raped, and killed the refugees. Some were successful in fleeing the region and landed in numbers in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Hong Kong, only to wind up in

1807:, an extensive security apparatus, a powerful propaganda machine that effectively rallied the people for the Party's causes, a superb intelligence system that infiltrated South Vietnam (spies such as 1976:(known in South Vietnam as "Biến Cố Tết Mậu Thân" or in the North as "Cuộc Tổng Tấn Công và Nổi Dậy Tết Mậu Thân"), attacking almost all major cities in South Vietnam over the Vietnamese New Year ( 1846:

of the Party. As Hồ Chí Minh was aging, Lê Duẩn virtually took the helm of war from him. The first step of his war plan was coordinating a rural uprising in the South (Đồng Khởi) and forming the

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remarked "Yes, we defeated the United States, but now we are a poor undeveloped nation and barely have enough to eat. Hence the saying that waging war is easy, but running a country is hard."

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took over China, the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured the Vietnamese Communist Party, then under First Secretary

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Although the Tết Offensive was a catastrophic military defeat for the Việt Cộng, it was a stunning political victory as it led many Americans to view the war as unwinnable. U.S. President

1682:, who burned himself to death to protest. The images of this event made worldwide headlines and brought extreme embarrassment for Diệm. The tension was not resolved, and on August 21, the 2301:

in Thailand. Some managed to travel as far as northern Australia in crowded, open boats. All foreign missionaries were expelled from Vietnam, including the most famous Salesian priest,

1230: 1369:(won by the Viet Minh in central and northern Vietnam), which drafted the first constitution, but the situation was still precarious: the French tried to regain power by force; some 4887: 4867: 2416: 1999:

In 1969, Hồ Chí Minh died, leaving wishes that his body be cremated. However, the Communist Party embalmed his body for public display and built the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum on

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in China. Freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and other basic civilian freedoms were soon revoked after the government's attempt of destroying the literary movement. A

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Catholics were "more trustworthy", more anti-communist and more impermeable to Viet Cong infiltration. His religious policies sparked protests from the Buddhist community

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stated that "It may be necessary to teach Vietnam a lesson." A large Chinese force invaded the Vietnamese border area, but with China still suffering the effects of the

2043:, but the operation failed as most high positions captured by ARVN forces were recaptured by North Vietnamese artillery; in 1972, the ARVN successfully held the town of 2750:(since 2021) and the most powerful leader Nguyễn Phú Trọng (since 2011), leading the only legal political party, as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary. 2604:

Soviet Union in 1991 caused a thaw in the long hostile Sino-Vietnamese relations as the two nations embraced each other as some of the only surviving communist states.

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proclaiming that the aforementioned "lesson" had been taught as in any case, the fighting caused extensive destruction to Vietnam's infrastructure along the border.

1299:. Ho sent several letters to the US government asking to be recognised as the government of Vietnam and offering friendship to America, but none were ever answered. 1729:

sent troops to South Vietnam to secure the country and started to bomb North Vietnam, assuming that if South Vietnam fell to the Communists, other countries in the

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In 1947 full-scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent

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climbed to high military government positions), and severe suppression of political opposition. Even some decorated veterans and famed Communist cadres, such as

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Diệm took strong measures to secure South Vietnam from perceived internal threats, especially from the Viet Cong. He eliminated all private militias from the

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and literature being banned. All religions had to be re-organized into state-controlled churches. Any negative comments toward the Party, the government,

4872: 4857: 4852: 1296: 2195:. The unified regime was dominated by holdovers from the North, and the flag and anthem of North Vietnam became the flag and anthem of unified Vietnam. 1189:

After 1976, the newly reunified Vietnam faced many difficulties including internal repression and isolation from the international community due to the

3247:"The Lifting of the Trade Embargo Between the United States and Vietnam: The Loss of a Potential Bargaining Tool or a Means of Fostering Cooperation?" 1104: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3865: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 1076: 3536: 3264: 2631:

In late 2005, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. This triumvirate consisted of the VCP general secretary (

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These living conditions resulted in the exodus of over a million Vietnamese people secretly escaping the country either by sea or overland through

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regime. Some high-ranking officials of the Heng Samrin regime in the early 1980s resisted Vietnamese control, resulting in a purge that removed

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in 1972. In South Vietnam, Nguyễn Văn Thiệu vocally opposed any accord with the Communists, but was threatened with withdrawal of American aid.

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in 1954 partitioned the country temporarily in two with a promise of democratic elections in 1956 to reunite the country. The United States and

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favorable atmosphere necessary for the immediate opening of friendly and sincere negotiations. These negotiations will deal particularly with:

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In foreign relations, the SRVN became increasingly aligned with the Soviet Union by both joining the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (

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The Vietnamese Communist Party dropped its front name "Labor Party" and changed the title of First Secretary, a term used by China, to

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army entered Vietnam from China, also to disarm the Japanese, followed by the forces of the non-Communist Vietnamese parties, such as

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before entering South Vietnam. At first, most foreign aid for North Vietnam came from China, as Lê Duẩn distanced Vietnam from the "

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system in favor of a market oriented one. Ever since the reforms in the mid-1980s, Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth.

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That year, a general purge of the party ranks began to weed out elderly and inefficient cadres and replace them with younger men.

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In 2013, a baby girl named Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung was born and was officially designated Vietnam's official 90 millionth citizen.

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or National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) toward the end of 1960. The figurehead leader of the Viet Cong was

841: 2215:, once a world-class rice-producing area, was threatened with famine. During the mid-1980s, inflation reached triple figures. 5035: 4648: 3048: 2635:, 22 April 2001 – 19 January 2011), the prime minister (Phan Văn Khải, 25 September 1997 – 27 June 2006), and the president ( 1442:, attached to the present Preliminary Agreement, will establish the means by which the relief operations will be carried out. 2659:) on 11 January 2007, after concluding bilateral agreements with the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and the 1663: 1201:

changed its economic policy and began a series of reforms to the private sector and to the economy through what is known as

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and created a communist insurgency against the Southern government if necessary. The most important figure among those was

318: 4536: 5106: 5101: 5088: 4862: 3738: 2609: 338: 298: 3178: 2768: 1557:, a former mandarin with a strong Catholic and Confucian background, was selected as Premier of the State of Vietnam by 5830: 3604: 2986: 503: 2643:. President Luong was chief of state, and Prime Minister Khai was head of government. The leadership was promoting a " 2517:'s vocal hostility towards the country's principle benefactor in Moscow. In a 1981 interview with American journalist 5775: 5479: 5228: 5184: 4621: 4541: 4462: 3729: 3708: 3687: 3658: 3480: 3158: 2947: 2919: 2891: 2813: 2644: 2474: 2376: 1951: 1792:

was also established around Ho Chi Minh, later extended nationwide after the Communist reunification of the Vietnam.

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strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate

988: 782: 5593: 5260: 5216: 4698: 4518: 3753: 3319: 2613: 2452: 1929: 1394: 1331: 1308: 1284: 1061: 2792: 2639:, 24 September 1997 – 26 June 2006). General Secretary Manh headed up not only the VCP but also the 15-member 2636: 2403:. The war lasted until 1989 when Vietnam withdrew its troops and handed the administration of Cambodia to the 1697:, leaving a death toll estimated to range into the hundreds. In the United States, the Kennedy administration 1425:

the French Government pledges itself to ratify the decisions taken by the populations consulted by referendum.

5652: 5250: 5073: 4606: 3265:"Remarks Announcing the Normalization of Diplomatic Relations With Vietnam | The American Presidency Project" 2780: 2172: 2109: 289: 181: 1649: 5407: 5372: 4953: 4817: 4483: 4442: 3499: 3408: 1679: 1654: 1575: 1497: 1194: 831: 802: 532: 4526: 1812: 64: 5735: 5338: 5294: 5174: 5051: 4812: 4753: 4589: 4498: 4493: 4488: 3039: 2739:, was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades. 2400: 2360: 2101: 1781: 1507:

The Việt Minh force grew significantly with China's assistance and in 1954, under the command of General

1504:. In the 1950s the government of Bảo Đại gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom. 1418: 1377:(Nam Kỳ Quốc) while the non-Communist and Communist forces were engaging each other in sporadic battles. 1244: 1155: 905: 871: 856: 851: 836: 522: 308: 34: 3669: 2736: 1742: 1393:, and resistance groups formed their own militias. Under the terms of the Accord between France and the 5419: 5402: 5379: 5201: 5008: 4980: 4844: 4708: 4633: 4616: 3191: 3150: 2632: 2522: 2180: 2176: 2078:, the Democratic-controlled Congress became less willing to provide military support to South Vietnam. 1851: 1827: 1808: 1592: 1512: 1198: 375: 2663:

in order to qualify for membership. In the summer of 2011, spontaneous mass demonstrations erupted in

2547: 2383:

as chairman in January 1979. Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge allied with non-Communist guerrilla forces led by

1694: 1574:

forces took over North Vietnam according to the Geneva Accord. One million North Vietnamese civilians

1405:

having its own Government, its own Parliament, its own Army and its own Finances, forming part of the

5588: 5324: 5289: 4925: 4913: 4683: 4678: 4599: 3746: 3644: 3283: 2062:, for American military forces to withdraw from Vietnam. The pressure on Hanoi materialized with the 2047:

against massive attacks from North Vietnamese regulars and recaptured the town of Quảng Trị near the

171: 2743: 2114: 1878:, the Soviet Union picked up the pace of aid and provided North Vietnam with heavy weapons, such as 1554: 1467:

The agreement was signed by M. Sainteny, Ho Chi Minh & Vu Hung Khanh at Hanoi on March 6, 1946.

5506: 5376: 5319: 5206: 5196: 5179: 5068: 4638: 4508: 3776: 2656: 2546:, aged 59, was promoted to head of the State Planning Commission, and 62-year-old Foreign Minister 2437: 2368: 2329: 1914: 1785: 1772: 1643: 1587: 1546: 1520: 1167: 866: 3679: 1842:

nationwide. Despite some elements in the Party opposing the use of force, Lê Duẩn won the seat of

1717: 1283:, leader of the Viet Minh organization, declared Vietnam's independence under the new name of the 248: 136: 5728: 5551: 5521: 5439: 5397: 4822: 4807: 4665: 4435: 2441: 2105: 2015: 1918: 1402: 1374: 1182:

refused. North and South Vietnam therefore remained divided until the Vietnam War ended with the

1050: 3144: 2347:

since 1975. In addition to this, Sino-Vietnamese relations deteriorated quite rapidly following

5691: 5284: 5272: 5191: 5141: 4827: 2742:

In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President

2097: 1887: 1549:

ended France's colonial presence in Vietnam and partitioned the country into two states at the

1406: 992: 762: 616: 5161: 3115:

Szalontai, Balazs (November 2005). "Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955–56".

2747: 2563: 2551: 2124: 1703: 1508: 1496:" elements from the Viet Minh ranks, carrying out a ruthless and bloody land reform campaign ( 126: 5711: 5701: 5676: 5620: 5412: 4937: 4920: 4802: 3719: 3375: 2729: 2040: 1835: 1820: 1738: 1523:

was signed between France and the Viet-Minh, paving the way for the French to leave Vietnam.

1516: 1431: 1335: 2963: 2724:, Vietnam has been a development success story. Its economic reforms since the beginning of 2082: 465: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5571: 5474: 5350: 5311: 5279: 5061: 4970: 4908: 4673: 4577: 2543: 2539:

party leadership, noting that there was only one person on the Central Committee under 60.

2118: 2044: 2004: 1206: 475: 211: 3768: 2621: 2495:

became the first Vietnamese and the first Asian to go into space, traveling on the Soviet

1687: 1003: 8: 5706: 5642: 5578: 5511: 5501: 5469: 5464: 5457: 5392: 5367: 5255: 5078: 5022: 4790: 4765: 4748: 4743: 4731: 4726: 4628: 3387: 3358: 3228: 2728:

in 1986 have helped to change Vietnam from being one of the world’s poorest nations to a

2581: 2356: 2333: 2145:". In a famous case, a South Vietnamese pilot, with his wife and children aboard a small 2059: 2000: 1985: 1867: 1789: 1683: 1550: 1316: 1276: 1163: 146: 5546: 3550: 2555: 1485: 1162:, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but was ultimately defeated in the 395: 328: 5768: 5745: 5740: 5637: 5583: 5538: 5452: 5267: 5223: 5146: 5129: 4594: 4470: 3530: 3461: 3132: 3019: 2660: 2157: 2063: 2048: 2032: 1272: 1252: 1159: 512: 485: 43: 5151: 2725: 2624:, visited the United States and met with their U.S. counterparts, including President 1615: 1558: 1501: 1268: 1202: 665: 5625: 5605: 5566: 5516: 5496: 5447: 5362: 5211: 5169: 3725: 3704: 3683: 3654: 3154: 3136: 3102: 3044: 2982: 2943: 2915: 2887: 2809: 2600: 2298: 2199: 2071: 2036: 1981: 1973: 1871: 1855: 1843: 1623: 1292: 1264: 1235: 1226: 792: 554: 271: 1707: 191: 84: 5784: 5718: 5659: 5647: 5600: 5526: 5429: 5387: 4760: 4716: 4503: 3675: 3124: 3011: 2384: 2270: 2154: 2052: 1816: 1618:

and proclaimed himself president of the newly established the Republic of Vietnam,

1472: 1345: 1312: 861: 605: 543: 415: 201: 2825: 2492: 1691: 772: 221: 5615: 5491: 5424: 4738: 4721: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4331: 4115: 4090: 4055: 3870: 3860: 3698: 3198: 2694: 2550:

was elevated to Politburo membership. More surprising was the removal of General

2138: 2090: 2086: 1993: 1875: 1804: 1800: 1675: 1639: 1603: 1354: 1214: 455: 3700:

The Dragon's Underbelly: Dynamics and Dilemmas in Vietnam's Economy and Politics

3067:, Indiana University Press, p. 340, gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions. 2085:, in defending the islands against the invading Chinese over the control of the 1438:

when, conforming to international agreements, it relieves the Chinese troops. A

385: 5789: 5556: 4834: 3337: 2907: 2648: 2625: 2518: 2404: 2302: 2129: 2024: 1730: 1726: 1635: 1596: 1553:

pending unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections.

1349: 1183: 1175: 895: 876: 655: 425: 3519:"'Sometimes you have to walk': Trump leaves Hanoi with no deal | CNN Politics" 3128: 2535: 2203: 1831: 1611: 1580: 1537: 1390: 365: 5804: 4561: 4556: 2514: 2352: 2290: 2286: 2134: 2011: 1796: 1734: 1671: 1627: 1563: 1260: 1179: 1171: 627: 581: 3721:

Vietnam: Navigating a Rapidly Changing Economy, Society, and Political Order

3569:"Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term" 445: 405: 261: 4770: 2935: 2714: 2698: 2616: 2562:

Chinh. However, Trường was expelled only five months later and replaced by

2238: 2212: 2031:) successfully conducted raids against North Vietnamese bases in Cambodia ( 1607: 1477: 1410: 1386: 1256: 1248: 752: 742: 3216:

Vietnam in Military Statistics: A History of the Indochina Wars, 1772–1991

2710: 2530: 2380: 2344: 2278: 2274: 2142: 2075: 2074:. South Vietnam was seen as losing a strong backer. Under U.S. President 2035:); in 1971, the ARVN made an incursion into Southern Laos to cut off the 1755: 1532: 1489: 1435: 1414: 1382: 1370: 1280: 1178:

supervision of any election to prevent fraud, which the Soviet Union and

683: 74: 3146:

Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia

2014:

entered office with a pledge to end the war "with honor." He normalized

3481:"President Obama in Vietnam: The Next Chapter in a Renewed Partnership" 3023: 3002:

Gittinger, J. Price (1959). "Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam".

2721: 2392: 2348: 2309: 2058:

At the same time, Nixon was pressing both Hanoi and Saigon to sign the

1631: 1481: 1378: 1358: 157: 105: 95: 2019: 2640: 2590: 2489: 2396: 2226: 2207: 1989: 1847: 1839: 1698: 1571: 1493: 1321:

Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

116: 3671:

Changing Worlds: Vietnam's Transition from Cold War to Globalization

3015: 2426: 1903: 1670:, Buddha's birthday, in 1963 when they were protesting a ban on the 1480:, with Bảo Đại as head of state. Meanwhile, as the Communists under 1039: 4427: 2883: 2686: 2500: 2496: 2388: 2372: 2313: 2262: 2254: 2234: 2150: 1996:

in Central Vietnam, causing an uproar in protest around the world.

1863: 1760: 1365:

and Việt Nam Cách Mạng Đồng Minh Hội. In January 1946, Vietnam had

1190: 161: 54: 2141:

or landed in Thailand. The seaborne refugees came to be known as "

1231:

Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

4458: 2861: 2859: 2679:

and there was no desire on their part to disrupt the status quo.

2676: 2575: 2509: 2375:

of millions of Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge. The pro-Vietnamese

2219: 2187: 1977: 1883: 1838:

to topple Diệm's government, unifying the country, and establish

1401:

1. The French Government recognizes the Vietnamese Republic as a

1302: 732: 3623:"New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report" 2668: 2294: 2266: 2146: 1968:

US military defending a position during the Tet Offensive, 1968

1488:, to emulate their brand of revolution, unleashing a purge of " 1422: 722: 702: 2856: 5664: 2690: 2664: 2282: 2192: 1768: 1667: 692: 1413:. As concerns the reuniting of the three "Annamite Regions" 2652: 2028: 1980:). The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese captured the city of 1893: 1879: 1859: 1344:, sent 20,000 troops of the 20th Indian division to occupy 3653:] (in French and English). Paris: Les Indes savantes. 3643:

Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît, eds. (2004).

3065:

The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans

1964: 1267:" across the country to seize government offices. Emperor 3392: 1834:

arrived from the South and strongly advocated the use of

2655:

Annual Summit and became the 150th member state of WTO (

2185:

In 1976, Vietnam was officially unified and renamed the

2096:

In early 1975, North Vietnamese military led by General

1461:

c. French interests, economic and cultural, in Viet Nam.

3587:"Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong" 3388:"South China Sea: Vietnamese hold anti-Chinese protest" 1972:

In 1968, the Viet Cong launched a massive and surprise

1455:

a. diplomatic relations of Viet Nam with Foreign States

1211:

6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam

1205:, a political movement primarily led by Prime Minister 3282:

Engel, Matthew; Engel, By Matthew (23 November 2000).

3218:(McFarland & Co., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995) 3605:"Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years" 1519:, surrendered to the Viet Minh and in July 1954, the 3427:"The first images of Vietnam's 90 millionth citizen" 3338:"VIETNAM COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT" 2793:

Letter from Ho Chi Minh to President Duc Anh. Truman

2569: 2093:. Neither North Vietnam nor the U.S. were involved. 1749: 1526: 3359:"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - Viet Nam 2006" 2735:In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, 2410: 2391:to fight against the Vietnamese forces and the new 2323: 1297:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1064:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3646:Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945 3517:Diamond, Kevin Liptak, Jeremy (28 February 2019). 2685:However, Vietnam also faces disputes, mostly with 1259:was created in Vietnam. Capitalizing on this, the 3642: 2979:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development 2166: 1511:, launched a major siege against French bases in 5802: 3718:Ljunggren, Börje; Perkins, Dwight, eds. (2023). 3717: 3409:"Vietnam stops anti-China protest, detains many" 3107:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2981:. Hoover Institution Publications. p. 143. 2273:, who viciously robbed, raped, and murdered the 2081:In 1974, South Vietnam also fought and lost the 1373:politicians formed a seceding government of the 3229:"Final Act of the Paris Conference on Cambodia" 1220: 1197:and an American economic embargo. In 1986, the 3651:The Birth of a Party-State: Vietnam since 1945 3441:"order Conflicts between Cambodia and Vietnam" 2689:over their shared border, and especially with 2610:United States and Vietnam normalized relations 2399:, prime minister and general secretary of the 2051:(DMZ) in the center of the country during the 1434:declares itself ready to welcome amicably the 1303:Communist North and capitalist South (1945–75) 4443: 3754: 3078:"Newly released documents on the land reform" 2826:"Franco-Vietnam Agreement of March 6th, 1946" 2709:was held between North Korean supreme leader 1614:religious sects. In October 1955, he deposed 1599:, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation. 913: 3703:. Singapore: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. 3535:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3500:"Obama's Visit to Vietnam: A Turning Point?" 1826:In 1960, at the Third Party Congress of the 1676:mass protests calling for religious equality 1325: 2707:2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit 2455:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1932:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 966:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4450: 4436: 3761: 3747: 3479:Montevideo, U. S. Embassy (15 June 2016). 3478: 3281: 3208: 3084:. Archived from the original on 2011-04-20 1695:raided Buddhist pagodas across the country 1002:. Please do not remove this message until 920: 906: 3680:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383348.001.0001 3114: 3043:. Harvard University Press. p. 569. 3001: 2475:Learn how and when to remove this message 1952:Learn how and when to remove this message 1340:The British commander in Southeast Asia, 1289:United States Declaration of Independence 1271:abdicated on August 25, 1945, ending the 1142:Learn how and when to remove this message 1124:Learn how and when to remove this message 1022:Learn how and when to remove this message 3696: 3037:Courtois, Stephane; et al. (1997). 3036: 2589: 2248: 1963: 1894:The Tet Offensive and the end of the war 1767: 1759: 1678:. The most famous case was of Venerable 1648: 1536: 1234: 998:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4517: 3667: 3516: 3406: 2401:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 1686:loyal to his brother and chief adviser 1642:. Another controversial policy was the 1251:to remain and exert some influence. At 14: 5803: 3462:"What is the South China Sea dispute?" 2976: 2966:. John F. Kennedy, Library and Museum. 2934: 2906: 2900: 2877: 2100:launched a massive attack against the 1830:, renamed the Labor Party since 1951, 1239:Pro-independence demonstration in 1945 1073:"History of Vietnam" 1945–present 5036:National Defense and Security Council 4431: 3742: 3697:Truong, Nhu; Vu, Tuong, eds. (2023). 3320:"Vietnam leader on landmark US visit" 2868:(1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 140. 2853:(1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 119. 2841:(1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 134. 1733:would follow, in accordance with the 5826:Aftermath of World War II in Vietnam 4457: 3284:"Clinton leaves his mark on Vietnam" 2871: 2781:Collection of Letters by Ho Chi Minh 2453:adding citations to reliable sources 2420: 2338:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts, 1979-1991 1930:adding citations to reliable sources 1897: 1712:killing both him and his brother Nhu 1367:its first National Assembly election 1287:(DRVN) in a speech that invoked the 1247:during World War II but allowed the 1062:adding citations to reliable sources 1033: 972: 931: 642:Provisional Revolutionary Government 253: 4863:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 3363:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov 1870:" policy of the Soviet Union under 1275:. On September 2, 1945, at Duc Anh 24: 3636: 3497: 3142: 2942:. E. P. Dutton. pp. 154–155. 2647:" and friendly relations with the 2225:The SRVN government implemented a 1541:1964 US map of partitioned Vietnam 25: 5847: 5811:History of Vietnam (1945–present) 2645:socialist-oriented market economy 2570:Contemporary Vietnam (since 1993) 2202:, used by the Soviet Union, with 1750:Vietnam War (1954–75) – the North 1527:Vietnam War (1954–75) – the South 947:This article has multiple issues. 4868:History of central officeholders 3770: 3407:Ruwitch, John (21 August 2011). 3376:WTO | Accession status: Viet Nam 2769:US finally ends Vietnam embargo 2425: 2411:Government and economy 1975–1992 2324:Cambodia and conflict with China 1902: 1038: 977: 936: 889: 586:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam) 53: 5836:Contemporary history by country 5670:Traditional musical instruments 3615: 3597: 3579: 3561: 3543: 3510: 3491: 3472: 3454: 3433: 3419: 3400: 3380: 3369: 3351: 3330: 3312: 3294: 3275: 3257: 3239: 3221: 3185: 3171: 3070: 3057: 3030: 2995: 2970: 2956: 2928: 2880:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 2586:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 2230:dictatorship of the proletariat 2149:plane, landed safely without a 1664:after demonstrators were killed 1630:philosophy with republican and 1195:Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia 1049:needs additional citations for 955:or discuss these issues on the 2914:. Penguin Books. p. 239. 2844: 2832: 2818: 2798: 2785: 2774: 2759: 2377:People's Republic of Kampuchea 2285:camps. Some famous camps were 2167:Socialist Republic (1976–1992) 1458:b. the future law of Indochina 1395:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1309:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1285:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 596:Provisional Central Government 13: 1: 4888:Central Inspection Commission 2753: 2746:(since 2023), Prime Minister 2417:Vietnam under command economy 2188:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2173:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2060:Paris Peace Agreement of 1973 1710:and overthrew Ngô Đình Diệm, 18:History of Vietnam since 1945 3724:. Harvard University Press. 3668:Elliott, David W.P. (2012). 2705:On 27–28 February 2019, the 2191:(SRVN), with its capital in 1992:guerillas, in the hamlet of 1385:. Religious sects, like the 1253:the war's end in August 1945 1221:Birth of the republic (1945) 1213:, the country abolished its 713:Cát Tiên archaeological site 7: 5031:Central Military Commission 4893:Central Military Commission 3674:. Oxford University Press. 3040:The Black Book of Communism 2878:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000). 2529:mounting pressure from its 2253:Vietnamese refugees abroad 2244: 2003:in Hà Nội, in the style of 1634:elements, as well as being 1004:conditions to do so are met 646:(Republic of South Vietnam) 10: 5852: 4999:Supreme People's Procuracy 3151:Cambridge University Press 3063:Dommen, Arthur J. (2001), 2977:Turner, Robert F. (1975). 2579: 2573: 2414: 2327: 2206:as general secretary. The 2181:Five-Year Plans of Vietnam 2177:Communist Party of Vietnam 2170: 1828:Vietnamese Communist Party 1753: 1620:after rigging a referendum 1576:emigrated to South Vietnam 1530: 1332:War in Vietnam (1945–1946) 1329: 1306: 1224: 1199:Communist Party of Vietnam 376:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 5831:Modern history by country 5762: 5537: 5438: 5346: 5337: 5310: 5137: 5128: 5087: 5044: 5021: 4979: 4946: 4901: 4843: 4798: 4789: 4707: 4664: 4585: 4576: 4469: 4294: 3783: 3129:10.1080/14682740500284630 2018:in 1972 and entered into 1547:Geneva Conference of 1954 1326:Indochina War (1945–1954) 2657:World Trade Organization 2361:People's Liberation Army 2330:Cambodian-Vietnamese War 1786:Hundred Flowers Campaign 1674:. This incident sparked 1644:Strategic Hamlet Program 309:Trung sisters' rebellion 5821:21st century in Vietnam 5816:20th century in Vietnam 3485:U.S. Embassy in Uruguay 3269:www.presidency.ucsb.edu 2297:in the Philippines and 2016:US relations with China 1764:Portrait of Ho Chi Minh 1375:Republic of Cochinchina 803:Principality of Hà Tiên 5480:Language and computers 5229:Science and Technology 4989:Supreme People's Court 4931:Deputy Prime Ministers 4722:Hong (Red) River Delta 3306:vietnamembassy-usa.org 2608:and in June 1995, the 2595: 2283:United Nations refugee 2258: 2133:picked up by the U.S. 1969: 1776: 1765: 1658: 1542: 1407:Indochinese Federation 1363:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 1342:Lord Louis Mountbatten 1240: 684:Non-Vietnamese history 436:4th Chinese domination 339:3rd Chinese domination 319:2nd Chinese domination 299:1st Chinese domination 5712:Person Dignity Theory 3214:Clodfelter, Micheal. 3082:Vietnam Studies Group 2730:middle-income economy 2697:. In 2016, President 2593: 2328:Further information: 2252: 2171:Further information: 2041:Operation Lam Son 719 1986:Thảm Sát Tết Mậu Thân 1967: 1858:, that branched into 1836:revolutionary warfare 1773:Vietnam People's Army 1771: 1763: 1652: 1540: 1517:Christian de Castries 1432:Vietnamese Government 1336:Franco-Vietnamese War 1238: 632:(Republic of Vietnam) 549:1887–1945 / 1945–1954 537:1883–1945 / 1946–1948 527:1883–1945 / 1945–1948 517:1862–1945 / 1945–1949 5234:Traditional medicine 5112:Self-Defence Militia 4656:World Heritage Sites 4612:Environmental issues 3251:elibrary.law.psu.edu 2449:improve this section 1926:improve this section 1795:During this period, 1440:Supplementary Accord 1164:First Indo-China War 1158:and the collapse of 1058:improve this article 617:North–South division 466:Later Lê Restoration 172:Phùng Nguyên culture 5707:Ho Chi Minh Thought 4883:Central Secretariat 3233:peaceagreements.org 2940:A Death in November 2866:The Pentagon Papers 2851:The Pentagon Papers 2839:The Pentagon Papers 2732:in one generation. 2717:in Hanoi, Vietnam. 2713:and U.S. president 2582:Revolutions of 1989 2369:Vietnamese invasion 2357:Cultural Revolution 2334:Sino-Vietnamese War 1815:, Nguyễn Hữu Đang, 1803:with a centralized 1790:cult of personality 1699:became worried that 1684:ARVN Special Forces 1653:Self-immolation of 1564:Republic of Vietnam 1317:Republic of Vietnam 991:of this article is 842:Historical capitals 763:Nung-Zhuang kingdom 110:12,000 BC–10,000 BC 89:20,000 BC–12,000 BC 5746:Vietnamese studies 5458:Overseas community 5251:Telecommunications 5004:Procurator-General 4959:Standing Committee 4649:Endangered species 3575:. 31 January 2021. 3429:. News VietNamNet. 3197:2012-03-17 at the 3179:"Post-war Vietnam" 3143:Vu, Tuong (2010). 3004:Far Eastern Survey 2912:Vietnam: A history 2661:Dominican Republic 2596: 2259: 2117:, under commander 2083:Battle of Hoàng Sa 2064:Christmas Bombings 2049:demilitarised zone 2033:Cambodian Campaign 1970: 1882:tanks, artillery, 1782:Nhân văn-Giai phẩm 1777: 1766: 1659: 1543: 1498:Cải Cách Ruộng Đất 1241: 1160:Vietnam's monarchy 896:Vietnam portal 513:French Cochinchina 131:10,000 BC–8,000 BC 5798: 5797: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5724:Traditional games 5408:Human trafficking 5333: 5332: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5017: 5016: 4954:National Assembly 4873:National Congress 4858:General Secretary 4853:Central Committee 4818:Foreign relations 4785: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4754:Central Highlands 4572: 4571: 4537:Chinese dominated 4425: 4424: 3627:www.aljazeera.com 3591:www.aljazeera.com 3324:www.aljazeera.com 3192:Cambodia recovery 3050:978-0-674-07608-2 2791:National Archive 2720:According to the 2601:Mikhail Gorbachev 2485: 2484: 2477: 2379:was created with 2367:In Cambodia, the 2308:(1907–1999) from 2200:General Secretary 2072:Watergate scandal 2037:Ho Chi Minh trail 2005:Lenin's Mausoleum 1962: 1961: 1954: 1874:. However, under 1872:Nikita Khrushchev 1856:Ho Chi Minh trail 1690:and commanded by 1397:on 6 March 1946: 1293:French Revolution 1265:August Revolution 1227:August Revolution 1152: 1151: 1144: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1108: 1032: 1031: 1024: 970: 930: 929: 811: 810: 793:Sip Song Chau Tai 674: 673: 647: 633: 587: 563: 562: 555:Empire of Vietnam 494: 493: 347: 346: 280: 279: 249:Hồng Bàng dynasty 230: 229: 216:(1,000 BC–200 AD) 206:(1,000 BC–100 AD) 186:1,500 BC–1,000 BC 176:2,000 BC–1,500 BC 151:4,000 BC–3,000 BC 141:8,000 BC–6,000 BC 137:Quỳnh Văn culture 16:(Redirected from 5843: 5778: 5771: 5436: 5435: 5344: 5343: 5175:Renewable energy 5165: 5157: 5135: 5134: 5042: 5041: 4841: 4840: 4813:Fatherland Front 4796: 4795: 4662: 4661: 4583: 4582: 4515: 4514: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4429: 4428: 3777:Years in Vietnam 3775: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3714: 3693: 3664: 3631: 3630: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3534: 3526: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3384: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3140: 3117:Cold War History 3112: 3106: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3034: 3028: 3027: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2936:Hammer, Ellen J. 2932: 2926: 2925: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2806:The American War 2804:Neale, Jonathan 2802: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2771:04 February 1994 2763: 2737:Nguyen Phu Trong 2480: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2429: 2421: 2385:Norodom Sihanouk 2371:had stopped the 2271:Gulf of Thailand 2155:aircraft carrier 2102:Central Highland 2053:Easter Offensive 1957: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1906: 1898: 1886:fighter planes, 1821:Hoàng Minh Chính 1743:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 1702:generals led by 1473:State of Vietnam 1313:State of Vietnam 1245:occupied Vietnam 1147: 1140: 1129: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1066: 1042: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1007: 981: 980: 973: 962: 940: 939: 932: 922: 915: 908: 894: 893: 892: 689: 688: 645: 631: 606:State of Vietnam 585: 578: 577: 544:French Indochina 509: 508: 446:Later Lê dynasty 406:Later Lý dynasty 396:Early Lê dynasty 362: 361: 329:Early Lý dynasty 295: 294: 255: 245: 244: 212:Sa Huỳnh culture 202:Dong Son culture 182:Đồng Đậu culture 70: 69: 57: 47: 29: 28: 21: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5750: 5533: 5434: 5420:Public holidays 5403:Sex trafficking 5329: 5306: 5202:Five-Year Plans 5163: 5155: 5116: 5091: 5089:Public Security 5083: 5040: 5013: 5009:Military Courts 4975: 4942: 4897: 4845:Communist Party 4839: 4777: 4703: 4699:Electoral units 4660: 4617:Protected areas 4568: 4547:French colonial 4513: 4465: 4456: 4426: 4421: 4290: 3779: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3732: 3711: 3690: 3661: 3639: 3637:Further reading 3634: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3528: 3527: 3515: 3511: 3504:thediplomat.com 3496: 3492: 3477: 3473: 3468:. 13 June 2011. 3460: 3459: 3455: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3280: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3199:Wayback Machine 3190: 3186: 3181:. 18 July 2012. 3177: 3176: 3172: 3161: 3153:. p. 103. 3100: 3099: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3016:10.2307/3024603 3000: 2996: 2989: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2908:Karnow, Stanley 2905: 2901: 2894: 2886:. p. 366. 2876: 2872: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2766:The Independent 2764: 2760: 2756: 2748:Pham Minh Chinh 2695:South China Sea 2673:South China Sea 2588: 2578: 2572: 2564:Nguyễn Văn Linh 2548:Nguyễn Cơ Thạch 2499:to service the 2481: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2446: 2430: 2419: 2413: 2340: 2326: 2247: 2183: 2169: 2139:South China Sea 2091:South China Sea 2087:Paracel Islands 1958: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1923: 1907: 1896: 1876:Leonid Brezhnev 1844:First Secretary 1805:command economy 1801:socialist state 1775:soldier in 1966 1758: 1752: 1680:Thích Quảng Đức 1655:Thích Quảng Đức 1624:Cần Lao Nhân Vị 1535: 1529: 1355:Chiang Kai-shek 1338: 1330:Main articles: 1328: 1323: 1307:Main articles: 1305: 1233: 1225:Main articles: 1223: 1215:planned economy 1148: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1067: 1065: 1055: 1043: 1028: 1017: 1011: 1008: 997: 982: 978: 941: 937: 926: 890: 888: 883: 882: 881: 821: 813: 812: 686: 676: 675: 644: 630: 584: 575: 565: 564: 506: 496: 495: 476:Tây Sơn dynasty 359: 349: 348: 292: 282: 281: 242: 232: 231: 127:Bắc Sơn culture 67: 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5849: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5507:Folk religions 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5382:hybrid variant 5370: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5325:Rail transport 5322: 5316: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5185:Power stations 5182: 5177: 5167: 5159: 5156:("Renovation") 5149: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5048: 5046: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4926:Prime Minister 4923: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4914:Vice President 4905: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4713: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4689:District-level 4686: 4681: 4679:Municipalities 4676: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4622:National parks 4614: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4600:Climate change 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3694: 3688: 3665: 3659: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3614: 3596: 3578: 3560: 3542: 3509: 3498:Thayer, Carl. 3490: 3471: 3453: 3432: 3418: 3399: 3396:. 5 June 2011. 3379: 3368: 3350: 3329: 3311: 3293: 3274: 3256: 3238: 3220: 3207: 3184: 3170: 3159: 3123:(4): 395–426. 3069: 3056: 3049: 3029: 3010:(8): 113–126. 2994: 2988:978-0817964313 2987: 2969: 2955: 2948: 2927: 2920: 2899: 2892: 2870: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2817: 2797: 2784: 2773: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2649:European Union 2637:Trần Đức Lương 2626:George W. Bush 2574:Main article: 2571: 2568: 2552:Võ Nguyên Giáp 2519:Stanley Karnow 2483: 2482: 2433: 2431: 2424: 2415:Main article: 2412: 2409: 2405:United Nations 2325: 2322: 2303:Servant of God 2293:in Indonesia, 2246: 2243: 2168: 2165: 2125:Dương Văn Minh 2025:Vietnamization 2001:Ba Đình Square 1960: 1959: 1910: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1890:missiles etc. 1888:surface-to-air 1852:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 1809:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1731:Southeast Asia 1727:Lyndon Johnson 1704:Dương Văn Minh 1657:, 11 June 1963 1636:anti-Communist 1626:Party, mixing 1606:Party and the 1597:United Nations 1570:Also in 1954, 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1509:Võ Nguyên Giáp 1465: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1427: 1426: 1350:Douglas Gracey 1348:under General 1327: 1324: 1304: 1301: 1277:Ba Đình Square 1273:Nguyễn dynasty 1263:launched the " 1222: 1219: 1184:Fall of Saigon 1176:United Nations 1168:Geneva Accords 1150: 1149: 1132: 1131: 1046: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1029: 985: 983: 976: 971: 945: 944: 942: 935: 928: 927: 925: 924: 917: 910: 902: 899: 898: 885: 884: 880: 879: 877:Indochina Wars 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 823: 822: 819: 818: 815: 814: 809: 808: 805: 799: 798: 795: 789: 788: 785: 783:Jarai kingdoms 779: 778: 775: 769: 768: 765: 759: 758: 755: 749: 748: 745: 739: 738: 735: 729: 728: 725: 719: 718: 715: 709: 708: 705: 699: 698: 695: 687: 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 671: 668: 662: 661: 658: 656:Subsidy period 652: 651: 648: 638: 637: 634: 624: 623: 620: 612: 611: 608: 602: 601: 598: 592: 591: 588: 576: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 560: 557: 551: 550: 547: 539: 538: 535: 529: 528: 525: 519: 518: 515: 507: 502: 501: 498: 497: 492: 491: 488: 486:Nguyễn dynasty 482: 481: 478: 472: 471: 468: 462: 461: 458: 452: 451: 448: 442: 441: 438: 432: 431: 428: 422: 421: 418: 412: 411: 408: 402: 401: 398: 392: 391: 388: 382: 381: 378: 372: 371: 368: 360: 355: 354: 351: 350: 345: 344: 341: 335: 334: 331: 325: 324: 321: 315: 314: 311: 305: 304: 301: 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 277: 274: 268: 267: 264: 258: 257: 251: 243: 238: 237: 234: 233: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 204: 198: 197: 194: 192:Gò Mun culture 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 165: 153: 152: 149: 147:Đa Bút culture 143: 142: 139: 133: 132: 129: 123: 122: 120: 112: 111: 108: 102: 101: 99: 91: 90: 87: 85:Sơn Vi culture 81: 80: 78: 68: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5848: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5487:Ethnic groups 5485: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:Air transport 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5207:Manufacturing 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:Foreign trade 5195: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5180:Nuclear power 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4994:Chief Justice 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749:South Central 4747: 4745: 4744:North Central 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4694:Commune-level 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4563: 4562:South Vietnam 4560: 4558: 4557:North Vietnam 4555: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 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2515:Ronald Reagan 2511: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2479: 2476: 2468: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2434:This section 2432: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:Deng Xiaoping 2350: 2346: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:Andrej Majcen 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2289:in Malaysia, 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2251: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135:Seventh Fleet 2131: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2106:Buôn Mê Thuột 2103: 2099: 2098:Văn Tiến Dũng 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012:Richard Nixon 2008: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1974:Tết Offensive 1966: 1956: 1953: 1945: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1911:This section 1909: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Trần Đức Thảo 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797:North Vietnam 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1739:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 1736: 1735:domino theory 1732: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1709: 1706:engineered a 1705: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1692:Lê Quang Tung 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672:Buddhist flag 1669: 1665: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:Individualist 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593:Phạm Văn Đồng 1589: 1588:Geneva Accord 1584: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1555:Ngô Đình Diệm 1552: 1551:17th parallel 1548: 1539: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1521:Geneva Accord 1518: 1514: 1513:Điện Biên Phủ 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476:, within the 1475: 1474: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1445: 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During the 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1180:North Vietnam 1177: 1173: 1172:South Vietnam 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1146: 1143: 1128: 1125: 1117: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1075: – 1074: 1070: 1069:Find sources: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1047:This article 1045: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1026: 1023: 1015: 1005: 1001: 995: 994: 990: 984: 975: 974: 969: 967: 960: 959: 954: 953: 948: 943: 934: 933: 923: 918: 916: 911: 909: 904: 903: 901: 900: 897: 887: 886: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 817: 816: 806: 804: 801: 800: 796: 794: 791: 790: 786: 784: 781: 780: 776: 774: 771: 770: 766: 764: 761: 760: 756: 754: 751: 750: 746: 744: 741: 740: 736: 734: 731: 730: 726: 724: 721: 720: 716: 714: 711: 710: 706: 704: 701: 700: 696: 694: 691: 690: 685: 680: 679: 669: 667: 664: 663: 659: 657: 654: 653: 649: 643: 640: 639: 635: 629: 628:South Vietnam 626: 625: 621: 619: 618: 614: 613: 609: 607: 604: 603: 599: 597: 594: 593: 589: 583: 582:North Vietnam 580: 579: 574: 569: 568: 558: 556: 553: 552: 548: 546: 545: 541: 540: 536: 534: 533:French Tonkin 531: 530: 526: 524: 521: 520: 516: 514: 511: 510: 505: 500: 499: 489: 487: 484: 483: 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 467: 464: 463: 459: 457: 454: 453: 449: 447: 444: 443: 439: 437: 434: 433: 429: 427: 424: 423: 419: 417: 414: 413: 409: 407: 404: 403: 399: 397: 394: 393: 389: 387: 384: 383: 379: 377: 374: 373: 369: 367: 364: 363: 358: 353: 352: 342: 340: 337: 336: 332: 330: 327: 326: 322: 320: 317: 316: 312: 310: 307: 306: 302: 300: 297: 296: 291: 286: 285: 276:204 BC–111 BC 275: 273: 272:Triệu dynasty 270: 269: 266:257 BC–179 BC 265: 263: 260: 259: 252: 250: 247: 246: 241: 236: 235: 225: 223: 222:Óc Eo culture 220: 219: 215: 213: 210: 209: 205: 203: 200: 199: 195: 193: 190: 189: 185: 183: 180: 179: 175: 173: 170: 169: 166: 164: 163: 159: 155: 154: 150: 148: 145: 144: 140: 138: 135: 134: 130: 128: 125: 124: 121: 119: 118: 114: 113: 109: 107: 104: 103: 100: 98: 97: 93: 92: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 77: 76: 72: 71: 66: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 42: 41: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 5729:Martial arts 5552:Architecture 5522:Christianity 5440:Demographics 5398:Prostitution 5356:Universities 5302:Water supply 5152: 5062:Border Guard 5057:Ground Force 5045:Armed forces 4823:Human rights 4808:Constitution 4771:Mekong Delta 4551: 4295:21st century 3784:20th century 3720: 3699: 3670: 3650: 3645: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3522: 3512: 3503: 3493: 3484: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3448:durham.ac.uk 3447: 3435: 3421: 3412: 3402: 3391: 3382: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3345:refworld.org 3344: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3288:The Guardian 3287: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3187: 3173: 3164: 3145: 3120: 3116: 3093: 3092: 3086:. Retrieved 3081: 3072: 3064: 3059: 3038: 3032: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2978: 2972: 2958: 2939: 2930: 2911: 2902: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2820: 2805: 2800: 2787: 2776: 2765: 2761: 2741: 2734: 2719: 2715:Donald Trump 2704: 2699:Barack Obama 2684: 2681: 2630: 2617:Bill Clinton 2606: 2597: 2560: 2556:Trường Chinh 2541: 2527: 2506: 2486: 2471: 2462: 2447:Please help 2435: 2366: 2341: 2318: 2260: 2239:black market 2224: 2217: 2213:Mekong Delta 2197: 2186: 2184: 2159: 2123: 2104:province of 2095: 2080: 2068: 2057: 2009: 1998: 1971: 1948: 1939: 1924:Please help 1912: 1825: 1794: 1778: 1741:and General 1723: 1718:Ngô Đình Cẩn 1715: 1688:Ngô Đình Nhu 1660: 1601: 1585: 1569: 1562: 1544: 1506: 1486:Trường Chinh 1478:French Union 1471: 1469: 1466: 1411:French Union 1339: 1257:power vacuum 1242: 1188: 1174:insisted on 1156:World War II 1153: 1138: 1120: 1111: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1080: 1068: 1056:Please help 1051:verification 1048: 1018: 1009: 987: 963: 956: 950: 949:Please help 946: 753:Dali Kingdom 743:Khmer Empire 670:1986–present 615: 572: 542: 523:French Annam 416:Trần dynasty 386:Đinh dynasty 303:111 BC–40 AD 262:Thục dynasty 196:1,000–800 BC 156: 115: 94: 73: 26: 5692:Nationalism 5643:News Agency 5594:Ingredients 5285:Expressways 5273:Visa policy 5239:Measurement 5192:Foreign aid 5142:Agriculture 5079:Coast Guard 4947:Legislative 4542:Monarchical 4527:Prehistoric 3609:Nikkei Asia 2711:Kim Jong Un 2693:, over the 2544:Võ Văn Kiệt 2531:Warsaw Pact 2465:August 2024 2381:Heng Samrin 2345:Khmer Rouge 2279:Khmer Serei 2275:boat people 2143:boat people 2119:Lê Minh Đảo 2076:Gerald Ford 2007:in Moscow. 1942:August 2024 1868:revisionist 1756:Vietnam War 1746:stability. 1708:coup d'état 1533:Vietnam War 1502:Hồ Chí Minh 1436:French Army 1415:Cochinchina 1409:and of the 1383:Trotskyists 1281:Ho Chi Minh 1207:Võ Văn Kiệt 1114:August 2024 1012:August 2024 847:Immigration 827:Agriculture 456:Mạc dynasty 366:Ngô dynasty 75:Paleolithic 65:Prehistoric 44:History of 5805:Categories 5702:Trotskyism 5677:Philosophy 5653:Newspapers 5638:Television 5633:Mass media 5621:Literature 5413:Corruption 5261:Censorship 5244:Inventions 5217:Automotive 5164:(currency) 4921:Government 4803:Censorship 4607:Ecoregions 3555:World Bank 3551:"Overview" 3166:elsewhere. 3088:2016-07-15 2795:02/28/1946 2754:References 2722:World Bank 2702:military. 2580:See also: 2521:, Premier 2393:Phnom Penh 2349:Mao Zedong 2310:Yugoslavia 1632:capitalist 1604:Bình Xuyên 1482:Mao Zedong 1403:Free State 1379:Stalinists 1359:Kuomintang 1084:newspapers 989:neutrality 952:improve it 426:Hồ dynasty 226:(1–630 AD) 106:Hoabinhian 96:Mesolithic 5697:Socialism 5687:Communism 5682:Anarchism 5611:Festivals 5572:Animation 5475:Phonology 5351:Education 5312:Transport 5280:Transport 5212:Standards 5074:Air Force 4981:Judiciary 4971:Elections 4938:Ministers 4909:President 4902:Executive 4878:Politburo 4766:Southeast 4732:Northwest 4727:Northeast 4674:Provinces 4666:Divisions 4578:Geography 4484:Dynasties 3573:France 24 3531:cite news 3137:153956945 2964:"Vietnam" 2641:Politburo 2614:President 2493:Phạm Tuân 2490:cosmonaut 2436:does not 2397:Pen Sovan 2227:Stalinist 2208:Viet Cong 2158:USS 2130:surrender 1990:Viet Cong 1913:does not 1848:Viet Cong 1840:communism 1716:see also 1572:Viet Minh 1490:bourgeois 1261:Việt Minh 1186:in 1975. 1000:talk page 958:talk page 832:Dynasties 807:1707–1832 797:1600–1954 787:1100–1904 777:1061–1432 773:Ngưu Hống 767:1042–1052 660:1975–1986 650:1969–1976 636:1955–1975 622:1954–1976 610:1949–1955 600:1948–1949 590:1945–1976 490:1802–1945 480:1778–1802 470:1533–1789 460:1527–1592 450:1428–1527 440:1407–1427 430:1400–1407 420:1225–1400 410:1009–1225 290:Dominated 162:Iron Ages 117:Neolithic 5785:Category 5579:Clothing 5512:Buddhism 5502:Religion 5470:Alphabet 5465:Language 5393:Gambling 5373:COVID-19 5368:HIV/AIDS 5295:Airports 5290:Railways 5256:Internet 5107:Security 5023:Military 4966:Chairman 4791:Politics 4761:Southern 4717:Northern 4644:Molluscs 4629:Wildlife 4552:Republic 4519:Timeline 4499:Monarchs 4494:Military 4489:Economic 4479:Capitals 4463:articles 3466:BBC News 3203:AlertNet 3195:Archived 3103:cite web 3094:Vu Tuong 2938:(1987). 2910:(1997). 2884:ABC-CLIO 2687:Cambodia 2612:. After 2504:forces. 2501:Salyut 6 2497:Soyuz 37 2389:Son Sann 2373:genocide 2314:Slovenia 2263:Cambodia 2255:USS Fife 2245:Refugees 2235:Uncle Ho 2151:tailhook 2115:Xuân Lộc 1864:Cambodia 1817:Trần Dần 1640:Catholic 1638:and pro- 1291:and the 1191:Cold War 993:disputed 857:Monarchs 852:Military 820:By topic 757:937–1253 747:802–1431 707:192–1832 573:Republic 504:Colonial 400:980–1009 357:Dynastic 35:a series 33:Part of 5769:Outline 5741:Theater 5736:Symbols 5584:Cuisine 5539:Culture 5453:Eunuchs 5339:Society 5268:Tourism 5224:Poverty 5153:Doi Moi 5147:Banking 5130:Economy 5094:Militia 4739:Central 4709:Regions 4634:Mammals 4595:Climate 4590:Borders 4532:Ancient 4471:History 4459:Vietnam 3413:Reuters 3024:3024603 2726:Đổi Mới 2677:Beijing 2576:Doi Moi 2536:Lê Duẩn 2510:COMECON 2457:removed 2442:sources 2299:Songkla 2269:in the 2267:pirates 2220:Comecon 2204:Lê Duẩn 2153:on the 2137:in the 2089:in the 2020:détente 1934:removed 1919:sources 1832:Lê Duẩn 1616:Bảo Đại 1612:Hòa Hảo 1608:Cao Đài 1581:Lê Duẩn 1559:Bảo Đại 1430:2. The 1391:Hòa Hảo 1387:Cao Đài 1381:purged 1269:Bảo Đại 1203:Đổi Mới 1098:scholar 837:Economy 737:738–902 733:Nanzhao 727:550–781 717:300–800 666:Đổi Mới 390:968–980 380:965–968 370:939–965 343:602–938 333:544–602 256:–258 BC 254:2879 BC 240:Ancient 46:Vietnam 5790:Portal 5719:Sports 5626:Poetry 5606:Emblem 5589:Dishes 5567:Cinema 5562:Awards 5547:Anthem 5517:Taoism 5497:Racism 5448:People 5363:Health 5170:Energy 5102:Police 4684:Cities 4461: 3728: 3707: 3686: 3657: 3157: 3135: 3047: 3022: 2985: 2946: 2918: 2890: 2812: 2669:Saigon 2359:, the 2336:; and 2295:Bataan 2291:Galang 2287:Bidong 2257:, 1989 2193:Hà Nội 2179:, and 2160:Midway 2147:Cessna 2045:An Lộc 1994:My Lai 1799:was a 1494:feudal 1423:Tonkin 1346:Saigon 1319:, and 1249:French 1166:. The 1154:After 1100: 1093: 1086: 1079: 1071: 723:Chenla 703:Champa 697:68–627 323:43–544 158:Bronze 37:on the 5776:Index 5665:V-pop 5660:Music 5648:Voice 5601:Dance 5527:Islam 5430:Women 5388:Crime 5377:Delta 5162:Đồng 4639:Birds 4509:Naval 4504:Names 3649:[ 3444:(PDF) 3341:(PDF) 3133:S2CID 3020:JSTOR 2691:China 2665:Hanoi 2312:(now 1668:Vesak 1419:Annam 1105:JSTOR 1091:books 872:Women 867:Naval 862:Names 693:Funan 313:40–43 5616:Flag 5492:Name 5425:Time 5380:cron 5375:and 5092:and 5069:Navy 5052:Army 4828:LGBT 4417:2024 4412:2023 4407:2022 4402:2021 4397:2020 4392:2019 4387:2018 4382:2017 4377:2016 4372:2015 4367:2014 4362:2013 4357:2012 4352:2011 4347:2010 4342:2009 4337:2008 4332:2007 4327:2006 4322:2005 4317:2004 4312:2003 4307:2002 4302:2001 4286:2000 4281:1999 4276:1998 4271:1997 4266:1996 4261:1995 4256:1994 4251:1993 4246:1992 4241:1991 4236:1990 4231:1989 4226:1988 4221:1987 4216:1986 4211:1985 4206:1984 4201:1983 4196:1982 4191:1981 4186:1980 4181:1979 4176:1978 4171:1977 4166:1976 4161:1975 4156:1974 4151:1973 4146:1972 4141:1971 4136:1970 4131:1969 4126:1968 4121:1967 4116:1966 4111:1965 4106:1964 4101:1963 4096:1962 4091:1961 4086:1960 4081:1959 4076:1958 4071:1957 4066:1956 4061:1955 4056:1954 4051:1953 4046:1952 4041:1951 4036:1950 4031:1949 4026:1948 4021:1947 4016:1946 4011:1945 4006:1944 4001:1943 3996:1942 3991:1941 3986:1940 3981:1939 3976:1938 3971:1937 3966:1936 3961:1935 3956:1934 3951:1933 3946:1932 3941:1931 3936:1930 3931:1929 3926:1928 3921:1927 3916:1926 3911:1925 3906:1924 3901:1923 3896:1922 3891:1921 3886:1920 3881:1919 3876:1918 3871:1917 3866:1916 3861:1915 3856:1914 3851:1913 3846:1912 3841:1911 3836:1910 3831:1909 3826:1908 3821:1907 3816:1906 3811:1905 3806:1904 3801:1903 3796:1902 3791:1901 3726:ISBN 3705:ISBN 3684:ISBN 3655:ISBN 3537:link 3155:ISBN 3141:cf. 3113:cf. 3109:link 3045:ISBN 2983:ISBN 2944:ISBN 2916:ISBN 2888:ISBN 2810:ISBN 2667:and 2653:APEC 2584:and 2440:any 2438:cite 2387:and 2029:ARVN 1917:any 1915:cite 1880:T-54 1862:and 1860:Laos 1610:and 1586:The 1545:The 1492:and 1421:and 1389:and 1334:and 1255:, a 1229:and 1077:news 986:The 559:1945 160:and 5557:Art 4835:Law 3676:doi 3523:CNN 3393:BBC 3125:doi 3012:doi 2451:by 2316:). 2110:DMZ 2039:in 1982:Huế 1978:Tết 1928:by 1884:MIG 1714:. 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