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388:—who may have already traveled to Livonia—as Meinhard's replacement. In 1198 Berthold arrived with a large contingent of crusaders and commenced a campaign of forced Christianization. Latvian legend tells that Berthold galloped ahead of his forces in battle, was surrounded and drew back in fright as someone realizing they have stepped on an asp, at which point the Liv warrior Imants (or, Imauts) struck and speared him to death. Ecclesiastical history faults Berthold's unruly horse for his untimely demise.
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512:
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160:, it was already an established trade center in the early Middle Ages along the Dvina-Dnieper trade route to Byzantium. Christianity had come to Latvia as early as the 9th century, but it was the arrival of the Crusades at the end of the 12th century which brought the Germans and forcible conversion to Christianity; the German hegemony instituted over the Baltics lasted until independence—and is still preserved today in
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901:
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1068:, Latvia's last pre-Soviet president. During this period of political change, some local Russians and Ukrainians lost their citizenship, and fled to Russia and the West. Nearly all of the Jewish populace emigrated out of the country. The flight of post-war settlers restored Riga's ethnic Latvian majority. Neverthlesess, certain neighborhoods remain majority Russian. Joining
594:). The Hansa developed out of an association of merchants into a loose trade and political union of North German and Baltic cities and towns. Due to its economic protectionist policies which favored its German members, the League was very successful, but its exclusionist policies produced competitors. Back in 1298 citizens of Riga and
1124:
Square prompting the
British embassy to issue advice to tourists to behave in a responsible way when drinking. The number of tourists has continued to increase and 2006 saw an 18% rise in the number of people staying in Latvian hotels relative to 2005, the largest increase in the E.U. and well above the European average of 2.4%.
889:. A democratic, parliamentary system of government with a President was instituted. Latvian was recognized as the official language of Latvia. Latvia was admitted to the League of Nations. The United Kingdom and Germany replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners. As a sign of the times, Latvia's first Prime Minister,
920:
1123:
resulted in cheaper flights from other
European cities such as London and Berlin and consequently a substantial increase in numbers of tourists. However concerns have been expressed about the misbehaviour of some groups of tourists after two British tourists were caught urinating in Freedom Monument
786:
in 1891 as the official language in the Baltic provinces. All birth, marriage and death records were kept in German up to that year. Latvians began to supplant
Germans as the largest ethnic group in the city in the mid-19th century, however, and by 1897 the population was 45% Latvian (up from 23.6%
348:
in western Latvia, with a church built in 1045 by Danish merchants, but arriving as early as 870 with the Swedes; Orthodox
Christianity being brought to central and eastern Latvia by missionaries. Many Latvians had been already baptised prior to Meinhard's arrival. Meinhard's mission, nevertheless,
617:
and Poland and between Sweden, Denmark and Norway limited its influence. Nevertheless, the Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times. As
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By the end of the 19th. century Riga had become one of the most industrially advanced and economically prosperous cities in the entire Empire, and of the 800,000 industrial workers in the Baltic provinces, over half worked there. By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after Moscow and
557:
Albert tended to Riga's ecclesiastical life, consecrating the Dom
Cathedral, building St. Jacob's Church for the Livonians' use, outside the city wall, and founding a parochial school at the Church of St. George, all in 1226. He also vindicated his earlier losses, conquering Oesel in 1227 (the
550:), and conquered both Estonian and Livonian territory, clashing with the Germans—who even attempted to assassinate Valdemar. Albert was able to reach an accommodation a year later, however, and in 1222 Valdemar returned all Livonian lands and possessions to Albert's control.
1047:
led to a situation in the late 1980s in which many Soviet republics, including Latvia, were able to regain their liberty and freedom, although some
Latvian cities including Riga suffered unsuccessful attempts by Soviet OMON to restore local Soviet authority (see
381:. When the Livs failed to renounce their pagan ways, Meinhard grew impatient and plotted to convert them forcibly. The Livs, however, thwarted his attempt to leave for Gotland to gather forces, and Meinhard died in Ikšķile in 1196, having failed his mission.
167:
From the 13th century to the birth of nationalism in the 19th and independence in the 20th, Latvia's and Riga's history are intertwined, a chronicle of the rise and fall of surrounding foreign powers over the
Latvians and their territory. As a member of the
399:, as Bishop of Livonia in 1199. A year later, Albert landed in Riga with 23 ships and 500 Westphalian crusaders. In 1201 he transferred the seat of the Livonian bishopric from Ikšķile to Riga, extorting by force agreement to do so from the elders of Riga.
530:
Albert's knitting of ecclesiastical and secular interests under his person began to fray. Riga's merchant citizenry chafed and sought greater autonomy; in 1221 they acquired the right to independently self-administer Riga and adopted a city constitution.
357:), about 20 km upstream from Riga. With their assistance and promise to convert, he built a castle and church of stone—a method heretofore unknown by the Livs and of great value to them in building stronger fortifications against their own enemies.
990:. Forced industrialization and planned large-scale immigration of large numbers of non-Latvians from other Soviet republics into Riga, particularly Russians, changed the demographic composition of Riga. High-density apartment developments, such as
553:
Albert's difficulties with Riga's citizenry continued. With papal intervention, a settlement was reached in 1225 whereby they ceased to pay tax to the Bishop of Riga and acquired the right to elect their magistrates and town councilors.
485:
Albert had ensured Riga's commercial future by obtaining papal bulls which decreed that all German merchants had to conduct their Baltic trade through Riga. In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage, and Albert laid the cornerstone for the
1063:
train station, named after a prominent
Latvian communist became Zemitani. The Lenin statue that stood alongside the Freedom monument was removed amid nationalist celebrations. The highway connecting Riga to Jūrmala was renamed after
465:
with Riga as capital and Albert as prince. The surrounding areas of
Livonia also came under levy to the Holy Roman Empire. To promote a permanent military presence, territorial ownership was divided between the Church and the
292:
meaning loop, referring to the ancient natural harbor formed by the tributary loop of the
Daugava and being and earlier and common Liv place name for such formations. The evidence is conclusive, however, that
210:
Dvina-Dnieper navigation route via portage to Byzantium. A sheltered natural harbor 15 km upriver from the mouth of the Daugava—the site of today's Riga—has been recorded as an area of settlement, the
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787:
in 1867), 23.8% German (down from 42.9% in 1867 and 39.7% in 1881), 16.1% Russian, 6% Jewish, 4.8% Polish, 2.3% Lithuanian, and 1.3% Estonian. By 1913 Riga was just 13.5% German. The rise of a Latvian
778:
in Riga, successors to Albert's merchants and crusaders, clung to their dominant position despite demographic changes. Riga even employed German as its official language of administration until the
538:—then under Danish suzerainty—to Baltic commerce in 1218. Fresh crusaders could no longer reach Riga, which continued to be under threat from the Livs. Albert was compelled to seek assistance from
566:
giving Polotsk to Riga. Albert died in January 1229. While he failed his aspiration to be anointed archbishop the German hegemony he established over the Baltics would last for seven centuries.
505:
Opening the Dvina expanded German trade to Vitebsk, Smolensk, and Novgorod. Riga's rapid growth prompted its withdrawal from Bremen's jurisdiction to become an autonomous episcopal see in 1213.
327:
The name Riga is given to itself from the great quantity which were to be found along the banks of the Duna of buildings or granaries which the Livs in their own language are wont to call Rias.
2067:
The modern Latvian word is "rija" (REE-ya), a farm building (with a heating apparatus and a packed clay floor) for drying and threshing crops; or the room of such a building for drying grain.
269:("ancient hill"), later razed in the 18th century, becoming the site of Riga's Esplanade. It also testifies to Riga having long been a trading center by the 12th century, referring to it as
527:"). In 1225 it became a Holy Ghost Hospital of Germany—a lepers' hospital, although no cases of leprosy were ever recorded there. (In 1330 it became the site of the new Riga Castle.)
534:
That same year Albert was compelled to recognize Danish rule over lands they had conquered in Estonia and Livonia. This setback dated to the Archbishop of Bremen's closure of
172:, Riga's prosperity grew throughout the 13th–15th centuries—with Riga to become a major center of commerce and later, industry, of whatever empire it found itself subject of.
410:) myth created by later German and ecclesiastical historians that Germans discovered Livonia and brought civilization and religion to the virulently anti-Christian pagans.
254:, Kursified Livs, and Livs of the Daugava river basin. They occupied themselves mainly with crafts in bone, wood, amber, and iron; fishing, animal husbandry, and trading.
288:
has been speculated to be related to ancient Celts—based on root similarity to words such as Rigomagos and Rigodunon, or that it is a corrupted borrowing from the Liv
182:
a World Heritage site in recognition of its Art Nouveau architecture, widely considered the greatest collection in Europe, and for its 19th-century buildings in wood.
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850:
After more than 700 years of German, Swedish and Russian rule, Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, declared its independence on 18 November 1918. During the
1112:
431:
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Church history relates that the Livonians were converted by 1206, "baptized in a body" after their defeat at Turaida by German forces including the Liv king
795:
with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organization of the first national song festival in 1873. The nationalist movement of the
847:
of 11 November 1918, Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence.
983:
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in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, a venerated statue of the Virgin Mary in the Cathedral was denounced as a witch, and given a
227:
tribe who had arrived during the 5th and 6th centuries, about the same time that Riga began to develop as a center of Viking trade during the early
952:
453:—who had been baptized under Meinhard around 1189, likely by Theodoric. 1207 marked Albert's start on fortification of the town (the city gates,
2611:
1964:
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the influence of the Hansa waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the
430:
Albert established ecclesiastical rule and introduced the Visby code of law. To insure his conquest and defend German merchant trade, the monk
1108:
at a shopping center in Riga, causing Latvia’s worst post-independence disaster with the deaths of 54 rush hour shoppers and rescue personnel.
2029:
395:
issued a bull declaring a crusade against the Livonians, promising forgiveness of sins to all participants. Hartwig consecrated his nephew,
1836:
808:
323:
Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti.
911:
Riga was described at this time as a vibrant, grand and imposing city and earned the title of "Paris of the North" from its visitors.
1105:
840:
1877:
1059:
In Riga, Soviet street names and monuments were removed. Lenin Prospect once again became Brīvības (Freedom) Boulevard, and the
1006:. By 1975 less than 40% of Riga's inhabitants were ethnically Latvian, a percentage which has risen since Latvian independence.
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German traders began visiting Riga and its environs with increasing frequency toward the second half of the 12th century, via
89:
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convened in 1669, although its powers were already weakened by the end of the 14th century, when political alliances between
2006:
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61:
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was no less than mass conversion of the pagans to Catholicism. He settled among the Livs of the Daugava valley at Ikšķile (
940:
731:
474:, who had sought half, a third. Until then, it had been customary for crusaders to serve for a year and then return home.
301:, for warehouse, the "y" sound of the "j" later transcribed and hardened in German to a "g"—most notably, Riga is named
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68:
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336:. Bremen merchants shipwrecked at the mouth of the Daugava established a trading outpost near Riga in 1158. The monk
108:
502:, already captured in 1209, to Albert, recognizing his authority over the Livs and ending their tribute to Polotsk.
250:
streets offer glimpses into Riga's residents of the 12th century. These show that Riga was inhabited mainly by the
42:
979:
490:. Riga was not yet secure as an alliance of tribes failed to take Riga. In 1212, Albert led a campaign to compel
75:
2093:
Dollinger, P. The Emergence of International Business 1200–1800, 1964; translated Macmillan and Co edition, 1970
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during a period in which the city retained a great deal of self-government autonomy. In 1710, in the course of
435:
297:
owes its name to its already-established role in commerce between East and West, as a borrowing of the Latvian
46:
582:
Riga served as a gateway to trade with the Baltic tribes and with Russia. In 1282 Riga became a member of the
1831:
258:
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as an independent country on 17 September 1991. All Russian military forces were removed from 1992 to 1994.
57:
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independence on 21 August 1991 and that independence was recognized by Soviet Union on 6 September 1991.
924:
851:
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1943:
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Today, 1201 is still celebrated as the founding of Riga by Albert—integral to the "bringer of culture" (
2536:
2217:
Ihsa Latwijas Whesture Skolai un wispahribai (A Brief History of Latvia for Scholastic and general use)
792:
824:
1805:
365:, was eager to expand Bremen's power and properties northward and consecrated Meinhard as Bishop of
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563:
446:") in 1202 under the aegis of Albert (who was away in Germany), open to both nobles and merchants.
273:(ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly corn, flax, and hides.
2018:
1010:
863:
832:
804:
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concluded a treaty, whereby pagan Lithuanian garrison would defend them from the depredations of
562:), and saw the solidification of his early gains as the city of Riga concluded a treaty with the
499:
35:
2725:
2560:
The Dynamics of Economic Culture in the North Sea and Baltic Region. Uitgeverij Verloren, 2007.
1971:, LATVIJAS VĒSTURES INSTITŪTA ŽURNĀLS (Journal of the Latvian Historical Institute), 2005, No. 3
2393:
Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights (2): The Stone Castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560
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1072:, free travel and restoration of civic society is slowly but surely bringing Riga back to its
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or Dvina River. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg.
8:
2531:
2045:
Pronouncing the "i" and "e" separately, REE-eh, is the best approximation to the Latvian
674:
385:
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690:
662:
358:
542:, who had his own designs on the eastern Baltic, having occupied Oesel (the island of
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875:
727:
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470:, with the Church taking Riga and two thirds of all lands conquered and granting the
462:
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in 1184. Christianity had established itself in Latvia more than a century earlier:
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963:'s behest, after 700 years in Riga. The city's Jewish community was forced into a
2033:
987:
978:
In 1945 Latvia was once again subjected to Soviet domination. Many Latvians were
923:
1950 USSR stamp commemorating ten years of Soviet rule in Latvia; it depicts the
885:(1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of
882:
610:
424:
423:
1201 was equally significant in marking the first arrival of German merchants in
403:
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153:
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Today, Riga and its environs are home to close to half of Latvia's inhabitants.
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ad usus pauperum infirmantium hospitale in nova civitate Rige construximusus
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Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin
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in the Maskavas neighbourhood, and concentration camps were constructed in
960:
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836:
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During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, the
658:
224:
968:
943:; thousands of Latvians were arrested, tortured, executed and deported to
391:
The Church mobilized to avenge Berthold's death and defeat of his forces.
2236:
Moeller et al. History of the Christian Church. MacMillan & Co. 1893.
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820:
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to grant German merchants free river passage. Polotsk conceded Kukenois (
228:
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Lansdell, H. "Baltic Russia", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, July 1890.
734:, largely retaining their privileges. Riga was made the capital of the
511:
207:
1800:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
919:
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not only for political and economic gain but also in favour of German
179:
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2009:, entry in the Latvian Encyclopedia dictionary, retrieved 7 July 2008
1865:
991:
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614:
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251:
215:, as early as the 2nd century, when ancient sources already refer to
203:
157:
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The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity, 371–1386 AD
535:
280:
Fragment of medieval Riga defensive wall at the Jāņa sēta, Old Riga.
265:
mentions Riga's earliest recorded fortifications upon a promontory,
24:
859:
546:) in 1206. The Danes landed in Livonia, built a fortress at Reval (
543:
234:
Archeological digs at the sites of Riga Town Hall (Albert) Square (
216:
121:
2689:"British embassy warns tourists in Latvia: think before you drink"
321:
is confirmed by the German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610): "
948:
599:
547:
495:
491:
366:
341:
333:
634:
Under the supremacy of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden
461:
investing Albert with Livonia as a fief and principality of the
413:
1997:
Vauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001
900:
753:
730:
besieged Riga. Along with the other Livonian towns and gentry,
720:
141:
803:
during the city's rapid industrialization, culminating in the
574:
944:
1944:"Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā"
677:, which ended the war for Riga in 1581. In 1621, during the
638:
276:
148:, at a natural harbor not far upriver from the mouth of the
144:, begins as early as the 2nd century with a settlement, the
1091:
928:
758:
724:
161:
125:
1946:(in Latvian). Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet
893:, had studied agriculture and worked as a lecturer at the
508:
The oldest parts of Riga were devastated by fire in 1215.
1087:
In 2001, Riga celebrated its 800th anniversary as a city.
980:
deported to Siberia and other regions of the Soviet Union
2406:
Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150–1500
2058:
Fabrius, D. Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa Series, 1610
2425:. American Ecclesiastical Review. Dolphin Press. 1917.
1969:
Rīgā Peldu ielā atrastais 13. gadsimta monētu depozīts
1878:
Rune Edberg: Vägen till Palteskiuborg, English Summary
1113:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
606:. The military contract remained in force until 1313.
206:) has been a trade route since antiquity, part of the
2691:. Monsters and Critics. 15 March 2007. Archived from
2478:
Handbook for Travelers in Russia, Poland, and Finland
835:
was signed giving the Baltic countries to Germany as
2428:
2284:. Trīs Zvaigznes, Stockholm. 1953–1955 (in Latvian)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
941:Soviet occupation and annexation of Latvia in 1940
515:1220 – Deed, Riga's hospital for the indigent sick
481:Courtyard of the Dom Church, cornerstone laid 1211
2327:Volume XLVI, January–October 1921. Philadelphia.
2049:, as "Ria" would result in an "i" not "ee" sound.
569:
219:as a kingdom. It was subsequently settled by the
164:'s Jugendstil (German Art Nouveau) architecture.
2733:
2667:"UK tourist urinates in Freedom Monument square"
1127:
1002:ringed the city's edge, linked to the center by
814:
519:In 1220 Albert established a hospital under the
2232:
2230:
2228:
2483:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
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762:A view of Riga on a postcard from around 1900.
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2219:, Cooperative Society "School", Cēsis: 1920.
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
414:Ascent of Riga as a center of German commerce
2501:
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2491:The Popes and the Baltic Crusades, 1147–1254
2418:
2416:
2414:
2225:
1837:Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation
1039:The policy of economic reform introduced as
754:Industrial harbor city of the Russian Empire
708:, Riga withstood a siege by Russian forces.
661:, Riga for twenty years had the status of a
2510:. Cambridge University Press. p. 706.
2505:
2385:
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2315:
2313:
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2309:
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2305:
2303:
2089:
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2077:
2075:
2073:
771:in terms of numbers of industrial workers.
2626:"Riga mourns Maxima roof collapse victims"
2610:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2530:
1883:
870:and demobilizing German soldiers, and the
669:before it came under the influence of the
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2411:
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2330:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
1133:Historical population of Riga (1767-2020)
1009:In 1986 the modern landmark of Riga, the
914:
744:emergence as the strongest Northern power
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2645:"Latvia prepares for a tourist invasion"
2508:The new Cambridge medieval history.Vol-6
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2300:
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2195:
2193:
2144:
2142:
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2138:
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2132:
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959:were forcibly repatriated to Germany at
918:
899:
809:Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party
757:
637:
573:
510:
476:
427:, traveling via the Dvina and overland.
275:
120:
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2580:The Soviet Union : a short history
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2209:
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2108:
1938:
1936:
831:marched into Riga in 1917. In 1918 the
436:Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword
2734:
2444:
2339:, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2005.
2325:The American Catholic Quarterly Review
2265:
1642:
1478:
1314:
1150:
711:Riga remained the largest city of the
418:
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2190:
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2012:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1868:, UNESCO site, retrieved 25 July 2009
1013:, whose design is reminiscent of the
2726:Timeline of Riga § Bibliography
2524:
2398:
2206:
2174:. 10th ed. 1998. Memento, Stockholm.
2155:
2105:
2096:
1933:
1786:
736:Governorate of Riga (later: Livonia)
681:, Riga and the outlying fortress of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2423:The Ecclesiastical Review, Vol. LVI
457:, are first mentioned in 1210) and
185:
13:
2643:Charles, Jonathan (30 June 2005).
2185:The Tolstoys: Genealogy and Origin
1974:
1637:
1473:
1309:
1145:
982:, usually being accused of having
845:Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)
14:
2758:
2452:The Popes and the Baltic Crusades
1111:On 1 July 2016 Latvia joined the
907:– a popular meeting place in Riga
897:in the United States of America.
856:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
839:. Riga became the capital of the
440:Fratres Militiae Christi Livoniae
2713:Baltic Outlook, August 2007, p56
1791:
1097:On 1 May 2004 Latvia joined the
854:, the city was contested by the
841:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
578:Classical view of Riga's Skyline
23:
2719:
2707:
2681:
2669:. The Baltic Times. 21 May 2007
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2636:
2618:
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2203:. Axel Menges, Stuttgart. 1999.
2177:
2061:
2052:
1090:On 29 March 2004 Latvia joined
305:(no "g") in English geographer
259:Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (
34:needs additional citations for
2506:McKitterick, Rosamond (1995).
2391:Turnbull, S.; ill. Dennis, P.
2247:The History of Estonian People
2039:
2000:
1958:
1928:Latvia as an Independent State
1871:
1859:
986:or of supporting the post-war
953:German occupation in 1941–1944
872:Latvian Provisional Government
799:was followed by the socialist
679:Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)
671:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
570:Member of the Hanseatic League
1:
2747:Holocaust locations in Latvia
2382:. Georg Reimer, Berlin. 1861.
2295:Theologische Realenzyklopädie
2021:Did Celts Inhabit the Baltics
1853:
1832:History of the Jews in Latvia
1128:Historical population of Riga
815:Capital of independent Latvia
706:Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)
340:, a missionary, arrived from
2480:. London, John Murray, 1888.
2023:(1911 Dzimtene's Vēstnesis (
1052:). Latvia declared its full
7:
2152:, Robert Appleton Co., 1907
1820:
1079:Latvia formally joined the
1035:Restoration of independence
984:collaborated with the Nazis
925:Latvian Academy of Sciences
852:Latvian War of Independence
746:was formalised through the
740:Sweden's northern dominance
377:) in 1186, with Ikšķile as
363:Prince-Archbishop of Bremen
178:UNESCO has declared Riga's
10:
2763:
2723:
2537:The Reformation: A History
2395:. Osprey Publishing. 2004.
2323:, ed. Cororan, J.A. et al.
2297:. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
1136:
793:Latvian National Awakening
791:made Riga a center of the
732:Riga capitulated to Russia
284:The origin of the name of
16:Aspect of Lativian history
2454:, 1147–1254. Brill. 2006.
2321:Catholic Origin of Latvia
1930:. Latvian Legation. 1947.
1844:, multiple sieges of Riga
1784:
1163:—
819:The 20th century brought
311:The Principal Navigations
2408:. Ashgate, London. 2001.
2364:The Medieval Chronicle V
2353:, Retrieved 29 July 2009
2249:. Boreas Pub. Co., 1952.
2183:Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, D.
2036:, retrieved 24 July 2009
1880:, retrieved 24 July 2009
1119:In 2004, the arrival of
874:. For more details, see
742:had ended, and Russia's
693:, who intervened in the
564:Principality of Smolensk
558:concluding event of the
540:King Valdemar of Denmark
384:Hartwig appointed abbot
128:skyline from across the
2582:. Hoboken, New Jersey.
2489:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, I.
2467:. Harper Collins. 1991.
2450:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, I.
2439:Encyclopædia Britannica
2260:Old Riga: Tourist Guide
2032:9 December 2008 at the
1866:Historic Centre of Riga
1011:Riga Radio and TV Tower
866:battalions composed of
833:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
805:1905 Russian Revolution
685:came under the rule of
653:With the demise of the
646:Johann Christoph Brotze
242:) and at the corner of
2350:Doma vēsture (history)
2337:Encyclopedia Americana
2148:Laffort, R. (censor),
1031:
988:anti-Soviet Resistance
932:
927:on Bruņinieku iela in
915:Soviet and Nazi period
908:
895:University of Nebraska
823:and the impact of the
763:
650:
579:
516:
482:
407:
374:
354:
281:
239:
133:
2150:Catholic Encyclopedia
1104:On 21 November 2013,
1023:
922:
903:
761:
641:
577:
514:
480:
279:
124:
2578:Edele, Mark (2019).
2532:MacCulloch, Diarmaid
2282:Latvju Enciklopēdija
2116:The Edinburgh Review
935:There then followed
829:Imperial German Army
523:for the poor sick ("
432:Theodoric of Estonia
338:Meinhard of Segeberg
313:, and the origin of
43:improve this article
2630:www.baltictimes.com
1134:
858:established by the
675:Treaty of Drohiczyn
419:Under Bishop Albert
386:Berthold of Hanover
152:. Later settled by
2025:Homeland Messenger
1967:, Celmiņš Andris.
1132:
1032:
933:
909:
825:Russian Revolution
764:
717:Great Northern War
663:Free Imperial City
651:
580:
517:
483:
282:
134:
2695:on 17 August 2007
2589:978-1-119-36741-3
2476:Michell, Thomas.
2441:. New York, 1911.
2262:, Spriditis, 1992
1827:History of Latvia
1818:
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1121:low-cost airlines
1045:Mikhail Gorbachev
1043:by Soviet leader
1017:, was completed.
1004:electric railways
945:Gulag labor camps
876:History of Latvia
843:. Because of the
695:Thirty Years' War
687:Gustavus Adolphus
667:Holy Roman Empire
463:Holy Roman Empire
393:Pope Innocent III
180:historical center
140:, the capital of
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1066:Kārlis Ulmanis
1050:The Barricades
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971:and at nearby
957:Baltic Germans
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887:Western Europe
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2709:
2697:. Retrieved
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2540:. Penguin.
2435:Valdemar II
2404:Murray, A.
2362:Kooper, E.
2258:Zarina, D.
2187:. A2Z, 1991
2019:Endzelīns,
1802:Phabricator
1041:Perestroika
939:, with the
905:Laima Clock
881:During the
821:World War I
807:led by the
801:New Current
789:bourgeoisie
683:Daugavgriva
657:during the
644:Drawing by
620:Reformation
598:Grand Duke
346:Catholicism
240:Rātslaukums
229:Middle Ages
2736:Categories
2724:See also:
2647:. BBC News
2598:1055418938
2027:) No. 227)
1854:References
969:Kaiserwald
780:imposition
596:Lithuanian
590:, English
369:(from the
359:Hartwig II
69:newspapers
2606:cite book
2568:. P. 242.
2120:THE LETTS
2007:Esplanāde
1026:cathedral
992:Purvciems
973:Salaspils
864:Freikorps
750:in 1721.
615:Lithuania
560:Chronicle
455:Rātsvārti
379:bishopric
261:Chronicle
248:Ūdensvada
213:Duna Urbs
204:Old Norse
146:Duna urbs
2699:2 August
2673:2 August
2651:2 August
2534:(2003).
2030:Archived
1950:2 August
1821:See also
1054:de facto
996:Zolitūde
860:Red Army
699:Lutheran
586:(German
544:Saaremaa
488:Riga Dom
425:Novgorod
309:'s 1589
217:Courland
208:Viking's
1804:and on
1773:693,046
1762:696,986
1751:701,064
1740:704,476
1729:698,529
1718:698,086
1707:701,185
1696:696,618
1685:699,203
1674:703,581
1663:709,145
1652:715,978
1620:717,371
1609:722,485
1598:727,578
1587:731,762
1576:735,241
1565:739,232
1554:747,157
1543:756,627
1532:764,329
1521:776,008
1510:786,612
1499:797,947
1488:810,172
1456:824,988
1445:843,552
1434:863,657
1423:889,741
1412:900,455
1401:909,135
1390:900,300
1379:835,500
1368:795,600
1357:731,800
1346:665,200
1335:580,400
1324:566,900
1295:+111.3%
1292:482,300
1281:228,200
1270:335,200
1259:353,800
1251:+104.2%
1248:377,900
1237:185,100
1226:517,500
1215:282,200
1204:169,300
1193:102,600
1185:+105.4%
1076:roots.
1061:Oškalns
949:Siberia
673:by the
665:of the
628:Daugava
626:in the
600:Vytenis
548:Tallinn
500:Jersika
496:Koknese
492:Polotsk
375:Livland
367:Livonia
355:Uexküll
342:Gotland
334:Gotland
236:Latvian
132:in 1547
130:Daugava
83:scholar
2596:
2586:
2564:
2544:
2514:
2122:, 1917
1360:+10.0%
1349:+14.6%
1327:+17.5%
1284:−31.9%
1240:−64.2%
1229:+83.4%
1218:+66.7%
1207:+65.0%
1196:+69.3%
1182:60,600
1174:+51.3%
1171:29,500
1160:19,500
998:, and
965:ghetto
961:Hitler
955:. The
723:under
721:Russia
536:Lübeck
498:) and
404:German
397:Albert
371:German
351:German
225:Finnic
142:Latvia
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1776:−0.6%
1765:−0.6%
1754:−0.5%
1743:+0.9%
1732:+0.1%
1721:−0.4%
1710:+0.7%
1699:−0.4%
1688:−0.6%
1677:−0.8%
1666:−1.0%
1655:−0.2%
1623:−0.7%
1612:−0.7%
1601:−0.6%
1590:−0.5%
1579:−0.5%
1568:−1.1%
1557:−1.3%
1546:−1.0%
1535:−1.5%
1524:−1.3%
1513:−1.4%
1502:−1.5%
1491:−1.8%
1459:−2.2%
1448:−2.3%
1437:−2.9%
1426:−1.2%
1415:−1.0%
1404:+1.0%
1393:+7.8%
1382:+5.0%
1371:+8.7%
1338:+2.4%
1273:−5.3%
1262:−6.4%
592:Hansa
588:Hanse
521:Order
472:Order
468:Order
451:Kaupo
444:Order
317:from
290:ringa
244:Peldu
90:JSTOR
76:books
2701:2007
2675:2007
2653:2007
2612:link
2594:OCLC
2584:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2201:Riga
2047:rija
1952:2007
1770:2020
1759:2019
1748:2018
1737:2017
1726:2016
1715:2015
1704:2014
1693:2013
1682:2012
1671:2011
1660:2010
1649:2009
1638:Pop.
1634:Year
1617:2008
1606:2007
1595:2006
1584:2005
1573:2004
1562:2003
1551:2002
1540:2001
1529:2000
1518:1999
1507:1998
1496:1997
1485:1996
1474:Pop.
1470:Year
1453:1995
1442:1994
1431:1993
1420:1992
1409:1991
1398:1990
1387:1987
1376:1979
1365:1975
1354:1970
1343:1965
1332:1959
1321:1955
1310:Pop.
1306:Year
1289:1950
1278:1945
1267:1941
1256:1940
1245:1930
1234:1920
1223:1913
1212:1897
1201:1881
1190:1867
1179:1840
1168:1800
1157:1767
1146:Pop.
1142:Year
1092:NATO
1024:The
929:Riga
725:Tsar
611:Diet
319:rija
315:Riga
299:rija
295:Riga
286:Riga
257:The
252:Kurs
246:and
221:Livs
200:Dúna
190:The
162:Riga
158:Kurs
156:and
154:Livs
136:The
126:Riga
62:news
947:in
782:of
442:, "
325:" (
303:Rie
202:in
45:by
2738::
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2608:}}
2604:{{
2592:.
2498:^
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1935:^
1885:^
1643:±%
1479:±%
1315:±%
1151:±%
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