History of Minneapolis

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and department stores saw the value in civil rights and began to hire more African-Americans. Humphrey also recognized that city police officers operating under racial and ethnic prejudice were causing urban unrest, so he instructed the city's police chief to have officers in minority neighborhoods keep in contact with clergy, teachers, business owners, and other neighborhood leaders. This helped to redefine the issue of prejudice and got its attention as a problem that could be solved, not just a fact of life that had to be taken for granted.

794:, which made it possible to separate the husks from the flour earlier in the milling process. They also developed a gradual-reduction process, where grain was pulverized between a series of rollers made of porcelain, iron, or steel. This process resulted in "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers" or "clear" flour, which it replaced. The Washburn mill attempted to monopolize these techniques, but Pillsbury and other companies lured employees away from Washburn and were able to duplicate the process. 1779: 395:, along with a sawmill equipped with two up-and-down saws. His partner Daniel Stanchfield, a lumberman who had moved to Minnesota, dispatched crews up the Mississippi River to begin cutting lumber. The sawmill began cutting lumber in September 1848. In October 1848, Steele enlisted Ard Godfrey to supervise the mill at a salary of $ 1500 per year. Steele platted a townsite in 1849 and gave it the name "St. Anthony". The town quickly grew with workers. In addition to the first sawmill and several others that followed, a 1309: 1861: 692: 527: 1978: 2341: 3255: 1331: 749: 1678:, he led the call for a strong civil rights plank. In his address, he said, "There are those who say to you – we are rushing this issue of civil rights. I say we are 172 years late. There are those who say – this issue of civil rights is an infringement on states rights. The time has arrived for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of state's rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights." Humphrey was elected to the 413: 1872: 1646: 733: 1090: 258: 20: 724:

the edge of the falls and underlying sandstone. The Corps also built low dams above the falls to keep the limestone wet, as drying increased weathering. This work assisted by the Corps was eventually completed in 1884. The federal government spent $ 615,000 on this effort, while the two cities spent $ 334,500. Possibly as a result of the bonding needed to rehabilitate the falls, the cities of St. Anthony and Minneapolis merged on April 9, 1872.

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period of discussion, the Minneapolis City Council finally approved the ordinance by a 21 to 3 margin on January 31, 1947. The ordinance created the nation's first Fair Employment Practices Ordinance and established Minneapolis as the nation's leader in imposing fines for employment discrimination, though pressure from the local Urban League would also limit employment opportunities for African Americans during the ordinance's first few years.

1738: 2071: 383: 865: 1150: 1986: 971: 741: 656:(28,000 m³) of lumber. That total had risen to about 91,000,000 board feet (215,000 m³) in 1869, and 960,000,000 board feet (2,270,000 m³) in 1899. During the peak of this activity, at least 13 sawmills were operating on the falls. The sawmills also supported related industries such as mills that planed and smoothed the lumber; factories that built sashes, doors, and windows; and manufacturers of shingles and wooden buckets. 2199: 1453: 636: 2135:, formerly Cedar Square West, was completed in 1973 as a six tower mixed-income self-contained urban village that originally was much larger and contains the tallest buildings outside Downtown. The plain modern and brutalist concrete styles of that period however were contrasted in the late 1990s to 2000s that brought in more prominent residential towers to the skyline with varying colors and architecture themes. 989:, giving it access to wheat-growing regions, and it served several mills in Minneapolis. The Manitoba's small passenger station at Minneapolis had become inadequate, so Hill decided to build a new depot that he expected to share with other railroads. Since the Manitoba's mainline ran on the east side of the Mississippi, a new bridge across the river was needed to reach the station. The result was the 215:, describing the area to interested Europeans. As time went on, he developed a tendency to exaggerate. A 1691 edition of the book described the falls as having a drop of fifty or sixty feet, when they only had a drop of 16 feet (4.9 m). Hennepin may have been including nearby rapids in his estimate, as the current total drop in river level over the series of dams is 76 ft (23 m). 1384: 1762:, continued to cut service and replace the system with buses. On June 19, 1954, the last streetcar took its run. A photo taken in 1954 shows James Towley handing Fred Ossanna a check while one of the streetcars burned in the background. Later on, it was discovered that Ossanna and associates had plundered the streetcar system for personal gain. A small section of the line between lake 2317:, protests exploded throughout the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Some commentators blamed what they called a history of structural racism, lack of police accountability, state aggression against protest movements, and untenable social conditions in Minneapolis as contributing factors to the events that unfolded soon after Floyd's murder. 1750:

from Downtown Minneapolis. Neighborhood residential development out of the core mostly dates around the turn of the century as a result of this system. This growth also allowed Minneapolis to annex land from neighboring villages and townships which subsequently pushed the incorporation of today's inner ring suburbs.

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and the Pillsbury "A" Mill. In 1965, General Mills shut down the Washburn "A" Mill, along with several other of their oldest mills. All milling operations throughout the city's corridors such as Hiawatha Avenue and the Midtown Greenway ceased by the early 20th century. Demand for rail use also fell as a result.

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committee recommended merging the two cities in 1866, but a vote on this issue was rejected in 1867. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867. The two cities found themselves competing with St. Paul, which had a larger population, the head of navigation of the Mississippi River, and more access to railroads.

1790:(which also served as the Hennepin County Courthouse at the time) was the tallest building in Minneapolis from its construction in 1888 until 1929. A municipal ordinance instituted in 1890 restricted buildings to a height of 100 feet (30 m), later raised to 125 feet (38 m). The construction of the 2280:

in the United States. The city's population of people of color and Indigenous people fared worse than the city's white population for many measures of well-being, such as health outcomes, academic achievement, income, and homeownership. As a result of discriminatory policies and racism throughout the

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was opened to pedestrian traffic in 1994, creating a link in the trail system and providing extensive views of Saint Anthony Falls. Some of the old commercial buildings were adapted to new uses. The Whitney Hotel was built in what used to be the Standard Mill, while the North Star Lofts was a new use

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In contrast to similar measures passed in Milwaukee and Chicago, the Minneapolis Fair Employment ordinance gave the city's newly created Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) authority to not only impose fines, but also prison sentences for employers who enacted job discrimination. Larger banks

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To continue economic use of the river, civic leaders pushed for plans to build locks and dams, making the Mississippi River navigable above Saint Anthony Falls for the first time. Congressional approval for the Upper Minneapolis Harbor Development Project came in 1937 but it wasn't until 1950 through

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In response, companies such as the Washburn-Crosby Company and Pillsbury began marketing their brands specifically to consumers. Washburn-Crosby branded their flour "Gold Medal", in recognition of a prize won in 1880, and advertised with the slogan "Eventually – Why Not Now?" Pillsbury countered

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formation. As the sandstone eroded away, large blocks of limestone would fall off causing the falls to progress upstream. The expansion of milling and industry at the falls accelerated the process of erosion. If the fragile limestone cap ever eroded away completely, the falls would turn into a rapids

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and operated efficiently through 1949, with a program of reinvesting their profits into system improvements. However, in 1949, New York investor Charles Green gained control of the system, halted the rebuilding program, and announced a goal of completely converting the system to buses by 1958. These

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Around the early 20th century, bigotry took hold in Minneapolis, sometimes persisting for many decades— even to the present time. Sometimes it was shorter-lived. In 1910, and soon copied by other developers, a Minneapolis developer created restrictive covenants in his deeds that were prohibitive for

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did not lend themselves to the production of winter wheat, since the deep frosts and lack of snow cover killed the crop. Spring wheat, which could be sown in the spring and reaped in the summer, was a more dependable crop. However, conventional milling techniques did not produce a desirable product,

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just upstream from the falls all the way across the river from just under the limestone cap down as much as 40 feet (12 m). Progression of the falls upstream was a separate problem, and was stopped by the Corps finishing a wooden apron (later replaced by concrete) creating a spillway to protect

1837:, returning to Minneapolis after a long absence, said, "Minneapolis is so ugly. Parking lots like scars. Most buildings are narrow, drab, dirty, flimsy, irregular in relationship to one another — a set of bad teeth." A decade later, downtown and surrounding areas would be reshaped radically by 1436:

In the first few decades of the 20th century, Minneapolis began to lose its dominant position in the flour milling industry, after reaching its peak in 1915–1916. The rise of steam power, and later electric power, eroded the advantage that St. Anthony Falls provided in water power. The wheat fields

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created neighborhood parks and recreation centers in hitherto underserved areas. During his tenure, the park system increased from 1,810 acres (7.3 km) in 57 properties to 5,421 acres (21.94 km) in 144 properties. The park system, organized around the Minneapolis chain of lakes (including

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parallel to the river, with other streets running parallel to and perpendicular to Washington. He later questioned his decision, thinking he should have run the streets directly east–west and north–south, but it ended up aligning nicely with the plat of St. Anthony. The wide, straight streets, with

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and the Mississippi Rivers. Steele rushed off to the falls, built a shanty, and marked off boundary lines. Plympton's party arrived the next morning, but they were too late to claim the most desirable land. Plympton claimed some less desirable land near Steele's claim, as did other settlers such as

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After 1930, the flour mills gradually began to shut down. The buildings were either vacated or demolished, the railroad trestle that served the mills was demolished, and the former mill canal and mill ruins were filled in with gravel. The last two mills left at the falls were the Washburn "A" Mill

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was a tailrace tunnel being excavated in the sandstone from below the falls, under Hennepin Island, under the limestone cap, to Nicollet Island. On October 4, 1869, a hole in the limestone cap over the tunnel broke through as the tunnel neared Nicollet Island. The torrent of water blasted Hennepin

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From about 200,000 in the 1900 Census, Minneapolis soared to its highest population recorded in 1950 of over 521,000 people. The main growth of the city was in part due to an organized private streetcar system. With 140 million passengers by 1920, the streetcars ran down important roads extending

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commission. He also appealed to the city's middle class by giving talks on civic virtue at area churches. He was elected in 1945 by the largest margin to date. When elected, he immediately proposed a city ordinance that would make racial discrimination by employers subject to a fine. After a long

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grew out of the Walker Art Gallery, which was established in 1927 by Thomas Barlow Walker, a wealthy lumber baron, as the first public art gallery in the Upper Midwest. Walker had been inviting the public into his home to view his extensive art collection since the 1880s. He built the Walker Art

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During this time, St. Anthony, on the east side, was separate from Minneapolis, on the west side. As a result of inferior management of the water power, St. Anthony found its manufacturing district declining. Some people and organizations started to talk about merging the two cities. A citizens'

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A settlement on the east bank of the Mississippi near St. Anthony Falls was envisioned in the 1830s by Joseph Plympton, who became commander of Fort Snelling in 1837. He made a more accurate survey of the reservation lands and transmitted a map to the War Department delimiting about 34,000 acres

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While many protesters and gatherings in May and June 2020 were peaceful, clashes between police forces and protesters culminated in three evenings from May 28 to May 30 of widespread property damage, looting, and fires, with the city's third precinct police station being abandoned by forces and

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The first park in Minneapolis was land donated to the city in 1857, but it took about 25 years for the community to take a major interest in its parks. The Minneapolis Board of Trade and other civic leaders pressed the Minnesota Legislature for assistance. On February 27, 1883, the Legislature

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that was the first bridge built over the full width of the Mississippi River, was built in 1854 and dedicated on January 23, 1855. The bridge had a span of 620 feet (190 m), a roadway of 17 feet (5.2 m), and was built at a cost of $ 36,000. The toll was five cents for pedestrians and

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newspaper predicted in 1855 that, "The time is not distant when Minnesota, with the superiority of her soil and seasons for wheat culture, and her unparalleled water power for manufacturing flour, will export largely of this article. ... our mills will turn out wheat, superior in quality and

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monopolized freight service to the west side milling district until about 1879 when Minneapolis Eastern Railway built a competing line closer to the river. This photograph, taken ca. 1878 shows the M&StL trestle built over the 1st Street canal, which supplied water power to the west side

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service across the Mississippi in exchange for a claim of 160 acres (0.6 km) just above the government mills. The government approved this bargain, and Stevens built his house in the winter of 1849–1850. The house was the first permanent dwelling on the west bank in the area that became

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style and is the most recent addition to the skyline. Grant Park and Skyscape, though not as tall at 27–28 stories, have begun extending the skyline south into the Elliot Park neighborhood. The two contrast as one is traditional with red brick proportions while the other is in modern glass.

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The Minnesota Territorial Legislature recognized Saint Anthony as a town in 1855 and Minneapolis in 1856. Boundaries were changed and Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867. Minneapolis and Saint Anthony joined in 1872. Minneapolis changed more than 100 road names in 1873, including

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was established in 1819 to extend United States jurisdiction over the area and to allay concerns about British fur traders in the area. The soldiers initially camped at a site on the south side of the Minnesota River, but conditions were hard there and nearly a fifth of the soldiers died of

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Gallery to perpetuate his public service focus after his death, which occurred soon after the Gallery opened. In the 1940s, under the auspices of the WPA Arts Project, the museum shifted its focus toward modern art, after a gift from Mrs. Gilbert Walker made it possible to acquire works by

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wanted a building that was beautiful as well as functional. The seven-story building had stone walls six feet thick at the base tapering to eighteen inches at the top. With improvements and additions over the years, it became the world's largest flour mill. The Pillsbury "A" Mill is now a

469:, "Winona" by those who wished to preserve indigenous language, and "Brooklyn". "Albion" was recorded by the newly organized county government but a majority of residents rejected that name. The city's first schoolmaster, Hoag was searching for indigenous syllables, when he stumbled on " 847:

as the world's leading flour miller in 1884, and production stood at about 7,000,000 US dry barrels (810,000 m) annually in 1890. In 1900, Minneapolis mills were grinding 14.1 percent of the nation's grain, and in 1915–16, flour production hit its peak at 20,443,000 US dry barrels

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The flour milling industry also spurred the growth of banking in the Minneapolis area. Mills required capital for investments in their plants and machinery and for their ongoing operations. By the early 20th century, Minneapolis was known as "the financial center of the Northwest".

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Humphrey's progress with civil rights in Minneapolis gained national attention, with many cities inquiring about how they could establish their own civil rights commissions. In 1947, he was reelected with 102,000 votes over his opponent's 52,000 votes. As a delegate to the

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rivers, and soldiers began using the falls for waterpower. When land became available for settlement, two towns were founded on either side of the falls: Saint Anthony, on the east side, and Minneapolis, on the west side. The two towns later merged into one city in 1872.

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was built in 1851. By 1855, the town had approximately 3000 people, and it was incorporated as a city. Godfrey's house, built in 1848, was purchased by the Hennepin County Territorial Pioneers' Association and moved to Chute Square. The house was surveyed in 1934 by the

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The flour milling industry, dating back to the Fort Snelling government mill, later eclipsed the lumber industry in the value of its finished product. Flour production stood at 30,000 barrels (4,800 m) in 1860, rising to 256,100 barrels (40,720 m) in 1869.

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and Mississippi Rivers to St. Anthony Falls, with a width of nine miles (14 km) east and west of the river. In return, he distributed about $ 200 in trading goods and sixty gallons of liquor, and promised a further payment from the United States government. The

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merged with the Democratic party. Other party leaders had been discussing the merger, but Humphrey's idea was to keep the Farmer-Labor name in the name of the merged party, in order to gain the strength of thousands of loyal voters. Thus, the party got the name

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Meanwhile, the Milwaukee Road expanded their presence in Minneapolis with a "Short Line" connection from St. Paul to Minneapolis in 1880 and through the acquisition of the Hastings and Dakota Railroad, which had a line going west from Minneapolis to

1560:. At that time the city's Jews were excluded from membership in many organizations, faced employment discrimination, and were considered unwelcome residents in some neighborhoods. Jews in Minneapolis were also not allowed to buy homes in certain 227:

band of the Dakota and separately with European nations. England claimed the land east of the Mississippi and France, then Spain, and again France claimed the land west of the river. In 1787 land on the east side of the river became part of the

2222:, all of Boom Island, and the West River Parkway corridor. These properties were developed with trails and parkways, and this spurred the development of private land adjacent to the riverfront, creating the new Mill District neighborhood. The 1660:

of Minneapolis in 1943, losing by only six thousand votes. He campaigned again in the 1945 election, with the support of the city's labor leaders, and found support with the city's African-American community by promising to implement a city

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degree in 1888. From its beginnings in the St. Anthony area, the university eventually grew into a large campus on the east bank of the Mississippi, along with its campus in St. Paul and the addition of a West Bank campus in the 1960s.

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After Franklin Steele obtained proper title to his land, he turned his energies to building a sawmill at St. Anthony Falls. He obtained financing and built a dam on the east channel of the river between Hennepin Island and

102:. Through innovations in milling techniques, Minneapolis became a world-leading center of flour production, earning the name "Mill City". As the city grew, the culture developed through its churches, arts institutions, the 1899:, city planners decided to implement a large-scale Gateway district plan that included demolishing a large number of buildings. Between 1957 and 1965, one-third of downtown Minneapolis had been leveled, including the 1229:) became a model for park planners around the world. He also encouraged active recreation in the parks, as opposed to just setting aside parks for passive admiration. In 2022, 500 participants ages 14 to 24 served as 1794:

in 1915, with a height of 252 feet (77 m), caused concerns among the real estate industry, so the 125-foot (twelve story) limit was reimposed at the request of the Minneapolis Civic and Commerce Association.

2899: 814:, as well as other nearby businesses and residences. By the end of the year, though, seventeen mills were back in operation, including the rebuilt Washburn "A" Mill and others that had been completely rebuilt. 1997:

in 1968. Previously known as Nicollet Avenue, the portion within the central business became a tree-lined mall for pedestrians and transit. The mall forms a kind of linear park, with trees and fountains and a

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was formed, consolidating many of the smaller mills into one corporate entity. Between 1880 and 1930, Minneapolis led the nation in flour production, earning it the nickname "Mill City". Minneapolis surpassed

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secondary school. Its early mission was as a commercial school, but in 1920, parents were asking for a college preparatory school. The school has been in operation for over 100 years in several buildings on

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The Dakota were hunters and gatherers and soon found themselves in debt to fur traders. Pressed by a whooping cough outbreak, loss of buffalo, deer, and bear, and loss of forests to logging, in 1851 in the

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Early development focused on sawmills, but flour mills eventually became the dominant industry. This industrial development fueled the development of railroads and banks, as well as the foundation of the

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While the destruction of the Gateway district left a large gap in downtown Minneapolis, other developments would reshape it and transform the skyline. One of these developments was the building of the

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in May 1820. Much of the military's activity was conducted there while the fort was built. Camp Coldwater, the site of a cold, clear, flowing spring, was also considered sacred by the native Dakota.

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overrun by protesters. Estimates of property damage were upwards of $ 500 million, making the unrest in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area the second most destructive in United States history, after the

2218:, and rebuilt and renovated lofts—often neglecting affordability—revitalizing mills on both banks. The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board acquired land along the river banks, including much of 2062:. In the 1990s, the last wave of downtown development filled in parcels around the skyscrapers with towers 40 stories or less from companies such as Target, Ameriprise Financial, and AT&T. 919:. The plant was leased to Minneapolis General Electric, which sublet the plant to Twin City Rapid Transit. Minneapolis General Electric later became Northern States Power Company, now known as 1200:

came to Minneapolis as the parks superintendent, built parkways for the automobile, dredged lakes, sculpted land, and managed details of park expansion. Superintendent in the 1960s and 1970s,

2242:. The park has signs interpreting the history of the area and the buildings that had once been there. The Washburn "A" Mill, severely damaged by a 1991 fire but now stabilized, now hosts the 2238:

that once supplied water to the mills and the trestle supports for the Minnesota Eastern Railroad. These ruins, which had once been buried with gravel and fill, are now open to the public as

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appearance to any now manufactured in the West." By 1876, eighteen flour mills had been built on the west side of the river below the falls. The first mills used traditional technology of

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built its first ten miles (16 km) of track from the Phalen Creek area in St. Paul to a stop just short of St. Anthony Falls. The railroad continued building track from Minneapolis to

1358:. The first Mass was held on May 31, 1914. Church leaders desired to build the finest altar in America, handcrafted of the finest marble they could afford. It was elevated to the rank of 2708:

Baldwin, Rufus J.; Atwater, Isaac (1893). ""Early Settlement," "History and Incidents of Banking," and "Pioneer Life in Minneapolis—From a Woman's Standpoint"". In Atwater, Isaac (ed.).

1489:. Both General Mills and Pillsbury sought to diversify beyond flour milling by sponsoring baking contests and publishing recipes. They also began developing semi-prepared foods, such as 2250:. The museum presents a history of flour milling and industrial development along the river, and an eight-story elevator ride shows the various steps that turned wheat into flour. The 1688:, who later served 20 years on the Minneapolis School Board, agreed to run for mayor in 1971, becoming the city's first black mayoral candidate supported by a major political party. 931:

The development of sawmills and flour mills at the falls spurred demand for railroad service to Minneapolis. In 1868, Minneapolis was only served by a spur from St. Paul, from the

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In the 2010s, several deaths of black men in Minneapolis and the metropolitan region by police officers brought issues of structural racism to the city's forefront. In 2015, the

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was to run from Interstate 35W in northeast Minneapolis to a connection with Interstate 94 just north of downtown. This project was also canceled due to neighborhood opposition.

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The soldiers needed to supply the fort, so they built roads and planted vegetables, wheat, and hay, and raised cattle. They also made the first weather recordings in the area. A

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Vertical residential housing also followed the corporate development. The 1970s condo boom saw many discreet high-rises blanket the former milling districts and Downtown West.

2293:, a black man, by a Minneapolis police officer led to controversy; it was later determined that the officers had acted in self-defense and no charges were filed. In 2016, the 3006:

Multiple sources, including Kane, say this was the first. Hess names two earlier ones, and says this was the third, but probably the first central station in its own building

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Murray, Shannon. "Making a Model Metropolis: Boosterism, Reform, and Urban Design in Minneapolis, 1880-1920" (PhD dissertation, U of Calgary, 2015) doi:10.11575/PRISM/26815

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purchased two tracts of land from the Dakota Indians. One tract was located at the mouth of the St. Croix River, while a second, larger tract ran from the confluence of the

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Hitherto "the backside of the city", the riverfront caught the attention of a convoluted network of private and government interests who sometimes fought. They developed

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preferred "Hennepin" for the town and "Snelling" for the county. It was called "Lowell" for its water features, "Addiesville" or "Adasville" for a daughter of settler

896:, which started generating electricity on September 30. The company competed with the Minneapolis Gas Light Company, which later became Minnegasco and is now part of 699:

The two cities were later pushed toward merger by a disaster that nearly wiped out the falls. The geological formation of the area consisted of a hard, thin layer of

1564:. In the 1940s a lack of anti-Semitism was noted in the Midwest with the exception of Minneapolis. McWilliams noted in 1946 the lack of anti-Semitism in neighboring 3385: 1602:, who was also linked to murders, prostitution, money laundering, the destruction of the Minneapolis streetcar system and political bribery. Chief O'Connor of the 1048:

The Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1881 as a market to trade grain. It helped farmers by ensuring that they got the best prices possible for their

133:, now merged under the General Mills name, still remain prominent in the Twin Cities area. The city has rediscovered the riverfront, which now hosts parkland, the 1394: 4001: 2271: 1618:, the underworld "Godfather" of Saint Paul allied with Morgan and the two competed with the Jewish gangsters until the wane of Prohibition and Hogan's death. 1101:

was charted by the state legislature in 1851, seven years before Minnesota became a state, as a preparatory school. The school was forced to close during the

4971: 3588: 1300:, and others. The museum continued its focus on modern art with traveling shows in the 1960s and is now one of the "big five" modern art museums in the U.S. 822:

The millers also took the opportunity to rebuild with new technology such as dust collection systems. The largest mill on the east side of the river was the

310:(140 km) within the reservation. He cleverly drew the boundary line to exclude certain parts of the east bank that had been part of the 1805 cession to 1934:

to the northern boundary of the city, was completed in 1982. Highway 12 was later rebuilt to Interstate standards in 1992, at which point it was renumbered

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system in the Minneapolis area took shape in 1875, when the Minneapolis Street Railway company began service with horse-drawn cars. Under the leadership of

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Molly Ladd-Taylor found that many of those patients labeled feeble-minded had experienced "family violence, sexual abuse, disability, and abject poverty."

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On July 15, 1838, word reached Fort Snelling that a treaty between the United States and the Dakota and Ojibwa had been ratified, ceding land between the

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began building a lower dam, 2,200 feet (670 m) downriver from the falls. His objective was to build a hydroelectric plant that would sell energy to

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authorized the city to form a park district and to levy taxes. The initial vision was to create a number of boulevards, based on the design concepts of

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started a mail-order watch business in Minneapolis, calling it "R.W. Sears Watch Company," before relocating the business to Chicago and later founding

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Wheeler, Leigh Ann (1999). "From reading Shakespeare to reforming burlesque: the Minneapolis Woman's Club and the Women's Welfare League, 1907-1920".

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at the lower dam and at the falls. They also covered the falls with a permanent concrete apron. The project also resulted in the disfiguration of the

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was established in 1883 by twenty-five citizens who were committed to bringing the fine arts into the Minneapolis community. The present building, a

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just west of the Mississippi River, was the major casualty of urban renewal. The neighborhood had become known as a slum with cheap hotels and

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of the Dakotas and Minnesota's Red River Valley began suffering from soil exhaustion due to consecutive wheat crops, leading to an increase in

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and related crop diseases. The farmers of the southern plains developed a variety of hardy red winter wheat suitable for bread flour, and the

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city's history, racial disparities were described as the most significant issue facing Minneapolis in the first decades of the 21st century.

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Today, many Minneapolitans think of Wirth as the man who created the Minneapolis park system. In fact, he did not—but he greatly improved it

330:, Joseph Rondo, Samuel Findley, and Baptiste Turpin. Steele went on to build a dam at the falls and built a sawmill that cut logs from the 967:, and the Northern Pacific had to relinquish control of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad and the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad. 2369: 1692:

were still present in Minneapolis, and threatened his family daily during the campaign. The police department guarded their home and the

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with their slogan, "Because Pillsbury's Best", incorporating their brand name "Pillsbury's Best". Washburn-Crosby invented the character

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were favoring their cities by diverting wheat from Minneapolis mills. In response, the owners of several Minneapolis mills chartered the

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in the 1948 election and served many years as a prominent Minnesota politician, including Vice President of the U.S. from 1965 to 1969.

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and a number of condominium and townhouse projects, provide residents with the opportunity to live within view of Saint Anthony Falls.

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beginning in the 1880s and through the 1950s. The city was described as "the capital of anti-Semitism in the United States" in 1946 by

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in 1885 and the first bandshell on the lake was built in 1888. The current bandshell, built in 1985, is the fifth one in its location.

4252: 3324: 1060:, since the usual supply and demand curves were skewed by similar harvest times across the region. In 1883, they introduced its first 1218: 1169: 1162:, that would connect parks. Civic leaders also hoped to stimulate economic development and increase land values. Landscape architect 839: 981:

eventually reorganized the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad as the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad, which later became the

5087: 5040: 3144: 1849:, were advocating radically rebuilding downtowns by complete rebuilding and forcing out manufacturing and warehousing. The Federal 1346:. Archbishop John Ireland supervised the planning of the church, originally named the Pro-Cathedral of Minneapolis, along with the 652:

and the power it provided. Between 1848 and 1887, Minneapolis led the nation in sawmilling. In 1856, the mills produced 12 million

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certain races and ethnic groups, preventing minorities from owning or leasing these properties. State law in 1953 and the federal

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was opened. At a height of 775 feet 6 inches (236.37 m) when built, it dwarfed the previous highest building, the

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The early settlers of Minnesota were anxiously seeking railroad transportation, but insufficient capital was available after the

3432: 2535: 948: 604:. It crossed the Iowa border and met up with the McGregor & Western line. This connection gave Minneapolis rail service to 5062: 4996: 4941: 4814: 4683: 4650: 4579: 4522: 4409: 4376: 3350: 3290: 3243: 2677: 2234:

Urban archeology along the riverfront has uncovered remnants of the flour mills built in the 1860s and 1870s, along with the

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Franklin Steele also had a clever plan to obtain land on the west side of the falls. He suggested to his associated Colonel

3942: 3668: 3482: 3407: 3119: 1363: 900:. The flour mills were under increasingly consolidated management, and plants on the Minneapolis mill properties generated 3781: 3694: 1545:

prohibited discrimination, however restrictions against minorities were still found in many Minneapolis deeds as of 2017.

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provided funding for clearing blighted areas, and city officials interpreted the definition of "blighted" liberally. The

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area, he got word that some other explorers had been held captive. He arranged for their release. The prisoners included

4277: 3377: 884:, supplied the equipment, which included five generators. The electricity was transmitted via four circuits to shops on 4866: 4704: 4598: 4549:

Hofsommer, Don L. (2009). "'Temples of Mammon and Hives of Industry': Railroads and the Minneapolis Milling District".

4434: 4401: 4368: 4338: 4312: 4227: 4186: 4168: 3851: 2452: 2002:

in the summer. It also boosted the city's retail trade. The most dramatic change to the skyline came in 1974, when the

1826:. Foshay's $ 20,000 check to Sousa bounced, and Sousa forbade anyone else to play the march until the debt was repaid. 1575:

held power in the city only from 1921 until 1923. From the passage of a state eugenics law in 1925, and throughout the

1505: 401: 125:

mills are long gone, Minneapolis remains a regional center in banking and industry. The two largest milling companies,

1319:

was founded in 1854. It is the oldest church in Minneapolis in continuous use. The church was originally built by the

5077: 4627: 3977: 3952: 3791: 3764: 3737: 3704: 3560: 3540: 2861: 2658: 2497: 2426: 2118: 1954:, was slated to become a freeway, but the upgrade was canceled due to neighborhood opposition. Similarly, a proposed 1927: 1914:

construction had its impact on the city, with neighborhoods disrupted and housing stock lost. Between 1963 and 1975,

1423: 944: 640: 4021: 2100: 4852: 2019: 2015: 1630: 5118: 5057: 4154: 2223: 1854: 1693: 1525: 1457: 990: 885: 425: 180: 28: 4804:

Boosters, Hustlers, and Speculators: Entrepreneurial Culture and the Rise of Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1849-1883

868:

The 1911 Main Street Station on the east bank of the Mississippi, with the Pillsbury "A" Mill in the background.

5092: 4747: 4719: 3878: 3808: 3210:

and "Longfellow took the name of his character Minnehaha from the falls; the falls were not named for her." in

2096: 1865: 773:, which was sown in the fall and resumed its growth in the spring. However, the harsh winter conditions of the 369:, and rapid settlement followed. The village of Minneapolis soon sprung up on the southwest bank of the river. 363: 183:

explored the Minnesota area in 1680 on a mission to extend French dominance over the area. While exploring the

1598:, gangsters and mobs ruled the underworld of the city. North Minneapolis was ruled by Jewish gangsters led by 5067: 5013: 4454: 4298: 2314: 1657: 1607: 1553: 1442: 1343: 982: 956: 923:, bought the united mill companies in 1923, and by the 1950s controlled over 53,000 horsepower at the falls. 566: 1485:

mpany". Washburn-Crosby merged with several other regional milling companies in 1928 and renamed themselves

769:

that would pulverize the grain and grind as much flour as possible in one pass. This system worked best for

223:

The city's land was acquired by the United States in a series of treaties and purchases negotiated with the

5052: 5025: 4694:

Social saga of two cities: an ecological and statistical study of social trends in Minneapolis and St. Paul

4111: 2650: 2594: 2294: 2247: 2031: 1634: 1603: 1561: 1277: 1246: 344: 4911: 4089: 1610:. Corruption spread to the MPD as an Irishman named Edward G. "Big Ed" Morgan operated gambling dens with 4986: 4976: 2756: 1967: 1606:

established the O'Connor System which provided a haven for crooks in the capital city and a headache for

1509: 811: 802:

As the flour industry grew steadily, one major event would disturb flour production. On May 2, 1878, the

609: 184: 4901: 4132: 2609:"Historic American Buildings Survey: Ard Godfrey House, Ortman Street, Minneapolis, Hennepin County, MN" 2010:. Other additions to downtown included the Multifoods Tower (668 feet; 204 m) in 1983 now known as 935:, and by the fledgling St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. Minneapolis millers found that railroads based in 5082: 5035: 2159: 1955: 1947: 1919: 1915: 1767: 1742: 1183: 1065: 1029: 904:

with surplus water. Hydroelectricity became the equal of flour milling as a user of the falls's power.

832: 99: 59: 3918: 3198: 3173: 457:

dubbed it facetiously "All Saints" anticipating that the town might absorb its neighbors St. Paul and

5003: 4934: 4905: 4748:"'Our Sister's Keepers': The Minneapolis Woman's Christian Association and Housing for Working Women" 4081: 3643: 3555:

Paperback reissue. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. (Originally published in 1937.)

2298: 1823: 1250: 1129: 1014: 993:, completed in 1883. The Minneapolis Union Depot was opened for passenger service on April 25, 1885. 823: 301: 2922: 5008: 4991: 4469:"For riot-damaged Twin Cities businesses, rebuilding begins with donations, pressure on government" 3212: 2243: 2081: 2043: 1930:) on the southern boundary of Minneapolis were built. The remaining portion of Interstate 94, from 1896: 1720: 1584: 1542: 1206: 960: 803: 458: 2364: 1696:

gave them protection dogs. Davis also received support from white politicians including Humphrey,

1398:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Community of Suffering and Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915–1945

2290: 2266:

Police and protesters stand off outside the third precinct station in Minneapolis on May 27, 2020

2183: 2085: 1754: 1732: 1367: 1320: 1272:

dates back to 1903 when it was founded as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. It was renamed the

1098: 912: 716:

Island and threatened to destroy the falls. Attempts to plug the hole were partially successful.

661: 624: 103: 1401: 1351: 668:. Other prominent industries at the falls included foundries, machine shops, and textile mills. 354:

that he should bargain with the War Department to obtain some land. Stevens agreed to operate a

207:. On that expedition, Father Hennepin explored the falls and named them after his patron saint, 2322: 2310: 2179: 2175: 1741:

A former TCRT streetcar now operates between lake Bde Maka Ska and Lake Harriet as part of the

1521: 1006: 877: 680: 664:'s imposing mill, built in 1866, was six stories high and promoted as the largest mill west of 578: 545: 433:

being 100 feet (30 m) wide and the others being 80 feet (24 m) wide, contrasted with

162: 39: 32: 4809:

Wingerd, Mary Lethert. "Separated at Birth: The Sibling Rivalry of Minneapolis and St. Paul,"

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moved to a new building along the riverfront in 2006, just southeast of the Mill City Museum.

168: 5097: 3729: 2993: 2326: 2187: 2151: 2023: 1923: 1787: 1629:

got his start in Minnesota politics in the early 1940s. He was an organizer of the Minnesota

1565: 1254: 1159: 1110: 1002: 998: 592:, built a line from Minneapolis to Fort Snelling in 1865. The railroad gradually extended to 434: 200: 3721: 3511: 2415: 744:

The Washburn "A" Mill, nearly destroyed in a 1991 fire, is now open as the Mill City Museum.

362:

A few years later, the amount of land controlled by the fort was reduced with an order from

4958: 4927: 4429:. Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 3, 4. 4256: 3316: 2346: 1857:

provided funding for an interstate highway system, which would also transform Minneapolis.

1705: 1679: 1588: 1188: 1118: 1113:

became the first president of the university in 1869. The university granted its first two

851: 676: 605: 593: 574: 570: 246: 1362:

and became the first basilica in the United States in 1926. The building is listed on the

347:, the Mdewakanton sold the remaining land west of the river, allowing settlement in 1852. 8: 4966: 2709: 2646: 2590: 1850: 1811: 1802:, built in 1929, was the next major challenger to the height limit. The thirty-two story 1273: 1269: 1069: 908: 893: 889: 807: 597: 229: 150: 71: 24: 3944:

John Dillinger Slept Here: A Crooks' Tour of Crime and Corruption in St. Paul, 1920–1936

3148: 1469:

to answer product questions. They also purchased a radio station in 1924 and renamed it

1072:" had become synonymous with organizations that lobbied for business and social issues. 627:. By 1889, when electrification began, the system had grown to 115 miles (185 km). 4791: 4762: 4734: 4558: 4013: 3893: 3823: 3597:"'Playground of the People'? Mapping Racial Covenants in Twentieth-century Minneapolis" 2974: 2877: 2486: 2228: 1999: 1806:, also built in 1929, was the highest building in Minneapolis until 1971. Its builder, 1633:

at the time, and he realized that the party's best chance of success would come if the

1297: 1102: 1040: 897: 791: 582: 233: 3672: 1445:

gained prominence in milling. Also, due to changes in rail shipping rates, millers in

778:

since the harder husks of spring wheat kernels fractured between the grindstones. The

4833: 4679: 4646: 4594: 4575: 4537: 4518: 4430: 4405: 4372: 4292: 3973: 3948: 3847: 3836: 3787: 3760: 3733: 3722: 3700: 3572: 3556: 3536: 3273: 3264:, pp. 175, 184, 192–194, Ruhe stopped the state from building a highway through 3239: 3098: 2966: 2857: 2784:"1873: In one fell swoop, legions of Minneapolis' streets get new names — or numbers" 2764: 2715: 2654: 2493: 2422: 2277: 2262: 2155: 2051: 2047: 2035: 1819: 1791: 1650: 1446: 1284: 1210: 1106: 1025: 827: 665: 649: 601: 549: 158: 130: 86: 4820:

Wyly, Elvin K. (1996). "Race, Gender, and Spatial Segmentation in the Twin Cities".

3436: 2539: 2514: 4886: 4829: 4783: 4638: 3608: 3589:"Massive project works to uncover racist restrictions in Minneapolis housing deeds" 3269: 1830: 1778: 1716: 1697: 1163: 1114: 1061: 986: 901: 881: 873: 366: 327: 279: 208: 192: 134: 111: 3294: 1508:

shutting down the city for several months, significant unrest occurred as well as

4207: 4051: 3925: 2954: 2739: 2251: 2239: 2219: 2203: 2171: 2132: 2039: 1884: 1880: 1860: 1689: 1626: 1576: 1438: 1324: 1308: 1179: 1173: 1138: 1010: 787: 462: 446: 430: 421: 392: 351: 315: 241: 138: 90: 3486: 3411: 3123: 4884: 4635:

Women's Work and Politics in WWI America: The Munsingwear Family of Minneapolis

3265: 2354: 2163: 2055: 2011: 1935: 1834: 1701: 1685: 1580: 1342:

was constructed between 1907 and 1915 on land that was formerly a farm, then a

1262: 1230: 1201: 1197: 888:. The power plant turned on the lights on September 5, 1882, just ahead of the 753: 712: 589: 196: 115: 4900:

Anfinson, Scott F. (1989). Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront,

4696:(Bureau of social research, The Minneapolis council of social agencies, 1937). 4642: 3461: 2957:(Spring 2003). "Flour Power: The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls". 826:, built in 1880–1881 and designed by local architect LeRoy S. Buffington. The 691: 526: 5112: 3277: 2970: 2027: 1994: 1977: 1931: 1892: 1838: 1815: 1807: 1557: 1549: 1486: 1466: 1350:

in Saint Paul. He chose architect Emmanuel Masqueray, who was trained at the

1289: 1222: 978: 964: 876:

power plant in the United States was built at the falls on Upton Island. The

786:

in the flour could not be mixed completely, either, and the flour would turn

774: 562: 445:

Before its incorporation, the city was known by several different names. The

270: 126: 67: 63: 19: 4870: 4342: 4316: 4231: 4190: 4172: 3195:"Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board – Park Detail: Minnehaha Park" 2768: 2719: 2456: 1758:

policies alienated the public and he was ousted in 1951, but his successor,

1704:. Twenty years later, Minneapolis elected its first African American mayor, 4501:

Borchert, John R. "The twin cities urbanized area: past, present, future."

3809:"One Flag, One School, One Language: Minnesota's Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s" 3613: 2007: 1846: 1842: 1803: 1763: 1759: 1712: 1662: 1579:, citizens of Minnesota used laws to control behaviors. The proprietors of 1572: 1529: 1330: 1226: 1214: 770: 620: 530:

The first bridge over the Mississippi River at Hennepin Avenue, circa 1865.

470: 466: 311: 237: 3170:"Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board – Park Detail: Lake Harriet" 2896:"Engineering the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls" 2158:

system, starts in downtown Minneapolis and progresses southeastward along

2139:

residence one block south of the Mississippi River is 41 stories built in

1512:. It had significant effects for both labor and politics within the city. 748: 4950: 2235: 2227:

for the former North Star Woolen Mills building. Other projects, such as

2136: 1926:

border into downtown, and the Crosstown (County Road 62, later to become

1786:

Downtown Minneapolis was the hub of business and financial activity. The

1615: 1611: 1595: 1293: 1258: 920: 810:, killed eighteen workers and destroyed one-third of the capacity of the 623:, the company merged with the St. Paul Railway Company and took the name 224: 55: 4915:

a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

4795: 4766: 4738: 4609: 4562: 4017: 3897: 3827: 2978: 2608: 1895:

announced in 1955 that they were moving their corporate headquarters to

412: 2147: 2003: 1871: 1799: 1645: 855:

Panorama of Minneapolis circa 1908 with the mill district on the right.

732: 653: 396: 290: 204: 188: 47: 4919: 4506: 2744:. Minneapolis: Colwell Press. pp. 52–53 – via Google Books. 1649:

Humphrey would later go on to serve as vice president under President

1089: 695:

The Pillsbury "A" Mill and neighboring Phoenix Mill in the early 1900s

257: 4787: 2215: 2211: 1888: 1737: 1470: 1234: 1064:

for hard red spring wheat. In 1947, the organization was renamed the

952: 936: 790:. Minneapolis milling companies solved this problem by inventing the 766: 704: 700: 616: 331: 161:

and the end of the commercially navigable section of the river until

154: 79: 51: 4624:

Minneapolis in the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City

4398:

Minneapolis in the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City

4313:"A History of Minneapolis: Intercity Transit and Highways (Part II)" 3807:

Hatle, Elizabeth Dorsey; Vaillancourt, Nancy M. (Winter 2009–2010).

2325:. Floyd's murder and the resulting unrest in Minneapolis inspired a 2070: 1981:

The IDS Center with the Wells Fargo Center reflected in its windows.

1950:, running southeast from downtown to the Fort Snelling area and the 648:

Most of the early industrial development in Minneapolis was tied to

382: 62:. The origin and growth of the city was spurred by the proximity of 4617: 3879:"Coping with a 'Public Menace': Eugenic Sterilization in Minnesota" 3378:"How Minneapolis Parks Hire Hundreds of Youth Workers Every Summer" 3077: 2788: 2140: 2034:, opened in 1982 and demolished in 2014, served as the home of the 1985: 1599: 1494: 1490: 1359: 1149: 1133: 970: 864: 844: 817: 740: 314:. His plan was to stake a pre-emption claim at the falls. However, 177: 4913:

Wheat Farms, Flour Mills, and Railroads: A Web of Interdependence,

4720:"'Gentiles Preferred': Minneapolis Jews and Employment, 1920–1950" 4668:

Revolutionary teamsters: The Minneapolis truckers’ strikes of 1934

3291:"Theodore Wirth: Cornelius Amory Pugsley Silver Medal Award, 1930" 1327:

in 1877 when a Catholic French Canadian congregation acquired it.

4208:"Minnesota Streetcar Museum: Como-Harriet Streetcar Line History" 3063:

Don Hofsommer, "Railroads and the Minneapolis Milling District,"

2276:

By the 21st century, Minneapolis was home to some of the largest

2198: 1911: 1532:. The rest of Spirit Island was also obliterated in the process. 1452: 1028:

got its start in 1883, with a goal of serving Atlantic ports via

940: 635: 75: 4541: 3642:. Jewish Historical Society of the Upper Midwest. Archived from 3145:"Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board – A Brief History" 2763:. Vol. 10. Minnesota Historical Society. pp. 261–262. 2714:. Vol. 1. Munsell & Company. pp. 29–48, 80, 498 . 1166:

was hired to create a system of parks named the "Grand Rounds".

85:

Fort Snelling was established in 1819, at the confluence of the

4339:"A History of Minneapolis: Central Business District (Part II)" 783: 779: 523:

deduplication of names between it and the former Saint Anthony.

286: 275: 2587:

The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis

1918:

from the south border of the city to its northeastern corner,

872:

In 1882, the first central station (supplying multiple users)

806:

exploded when grain dust ignited. The explosion, known as the

588:

Meanwhile, the Minnesota Central, an early predecessor of the

172:

A painting of Father Hennepin discovering Saint Anthony Falls.

4661:

Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District.

4071: 3009: 1355: 1057: 1049: 493: 355: 122: 3671:. University of Minnesota Alumni Association. Archived from 3535:

East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press, 1995.

3268:, a conflict that the park board appealed to and won in the 2826:

Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District

2515:"A Brief History of Camp Coldwater: Birthplace of Minnesota" 1395:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

1257:

and opened in 1915. It later received additions in 1974 by

1053: 736:

The Pillsbury "A" Mill on the east bank of the Mississippi.

686: 474: 278:

in the winter of 1819–1820. They later moved their camp to

43: 4864: 4336: 4253:"National Register of Historic Places – Foshay Tower" 4228:"A History of Minneapolis: Intercity Transit and Highways" 4169:"A History of Minneapolis: Intercity Transit and Highways" 2994:"Minnesota Hydroelectric Generating Facilities, 1881-1928" 2450: 1879:

The Gateway district, centered around the intersection of

565:. Rails were finally built in Minnesota in 1862, when the 2421:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. 1814:. He staged a lavish dedication ceremony complete with a 1708:. To date, she has been the city's only non-white mayor. 1105:

because of financial difficulties, but with support from

4885:

Class from Jenny Lind School and archaeologists (2006).

4494:

Abler, Ronald, John S. Adams, and John Robert Borchert.

3752: 1833:, buildings suffered from a lack of maintenance. Writer 1822:. About six weeks later, Foshay lost his fortune in the 3967: 3508:"Basilica of Saint Mary – History of the Basilica" 2030:, built in 1992 as the headquarters of First Bank. The 1726: 3806: 3594: 2737: 2492:. Saint Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 2301:

ended with a jury acquittal for the involved officer.

2150:

made its debut in Minneapolis with the opening of the

612:, with through service beginning on October 14, 1867. 252: 70:

military presence in the area, and by its location on

4712:

American City: A Rank and File History of Minneapolis

4534:

Business Without Boundary: The Story of General Mills

4280:. Emporis. Archived from the original on June 2, 2004 1571:

Spreading through family life, for the most part the

296: 3833: 2828:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. 2336: 2206:, with the Stone Arch Bridge above and to the right. 1946:

Several proposed projects never were built, though.

1026:

Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway

293:

were built on the falls in 1822 to supply the fort.

4072:Twin Cities Public Television (February 21, 2003). 3947:. Published by Minnesota Historical Society Press. 3838:

Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan

3786:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 404. 3585:About 10,000 such covenants remain as of 2017, in: 3045: 3033: 3021: 951:through Minneapolis to the Iowa border. Meanwhile, 752:Lithograph from 1895 showing the prominence of the 3876: 3835: 3759:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 48. 3634: 2856:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2485: 2414: 1449:were able to ship their flour more competitively. 502:editor George Bowman and Daniel Payne dropped the 3970:Saint Paul: The First One Hundred and Fifty Years 3595:Delegard, Kirsten; Ehrman-Solberg, Kevin (2017). 1460:was altered to allow clearance for the upper lock 985:. The Manitoba line had two lines leading to the 959:in 1871 with the goal of aggregating it into the 933:Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad 719:The fix was a concrete dike (wall) built by the 27:, showing some of the remaining flour mills, the 5110: 4887:"Real Archaeology Digging In At Mill Ruins Park" 4701:History of Minneapolis: Gateway to the Northwest 3783:The North Star State: A Minnesota History Reader 3238:. Foundation for Minneapolis Parks. p. 73. 2953: 2819: 2757:"Minnesota Journalism in the Territorial Period" 2257: 1009:. They also built a large railyard and shops on 4847:Steffens, Lincoln, "The Shame of Minneapolis," 3410:. Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Archived from 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2761:Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society 2688: 2193: 727: 437:'s streets that were 60 feet (18 m) wide. 4418: 4255:. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from 4152: 4112:"The political legacy of Sharon Sayles Belton" 3872: 3870: 3483:"Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church: History" 3099:"History and Mission: University of Minnesota" 2707: 2538:. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from 2329:about structural racism and police brutality. 2272:2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest 1810:, wanted a tower built along the lines of the 1723:to advance civil rights for Native Americans. 236:, both claimed by the United States. In 1805, 4935: 4090:"Harry Davis – a life of accomplishment" 4087: 3236:City of Parks: The Story of Minneapolis Parks 2711:History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2026:—previously Piper Jaffray built in 1985, and 1621: 232:and in 1803 the west side became part of the 218: 144: 4626:(Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010). 4315:. Minneapolis Public Library. Archived from 4230:. Minneapolis Public Library. Archived from 4202: 4200: 3936: 3934: 3586: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2823: 2796: 2672: 2670: 2168:Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport 1952:Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport 1528:by replacing two of the arches with a steel 484:Hoag proposed "Minnehapolis," with a silent 337: 265: 4806:(Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2005). 4496:The twin cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis 4448: 4446: 4189:. Minneapolis Library. 2001. Archived from 4171:. Minneapolis Library. 2001. Archived from 3867: 2678:"Minneapolis–St. Paul in Dakota and Ojibwe" 2370:St. Anthony Falls Hydroelectric Development 2099:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1600:Isadore Blumenfield, also known as Kid Cann 4942: 4928: 4663:(Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2003) 4109: 3753:Berman, Hyman; Linda Mack Schloff (2002). 2781: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2435: 797: 708:that would no longer provide water power. 488:to combine the Dakota word for waterfall, 249:eventually approved a payment of $ 2,000. 4569: 4548: 4391: 4197: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3931: 3666: 3612: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2851: 2832: 2667: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2154:on June 26, 2004. This line, part of the 2119:Learn how and when to remove this message 1875:Kasota building in 1927 Gateway District. 1583:in Minneapolis provided the expertise to 1535: 1424:Learn how and when to remove this message 1276:in 1968 and moved into its own building, 840:Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company 553:twenty-five cents for horsedrawn wagons. 539: 4673: 4443: 4330: 3999: 3940: 2754: 2748: 2261: 2197: 2162:(also known as Hiawatha Avenue), passes 1984: 1976: 1870: 1859: 1777: 1766:and Lake Harriet is now operated by the 1736: 1644: 1451: 1366:as one of the area's finest examples of 1329: 1307: 1148: 1088: 1079: 1039: 969: 863: 850: 747: 739: 731: 690: 687:Threatened collapse of St. Anthony Falls 634: 630: 525: 424:platted a townsite in 1854. He laid out 411: 381: 300: 256: 167: 18: 4949: 4773: 3719: 3601:Open Rivers: Rethinking the Mississippi 3553:American City: A Rank-and-File History. 3317:"Have Teens Returned to the Workforce?" 2726: 2640: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2483: 1792:First National – Soo Line Building 1640:Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party 1253:structure, was designed by the firm of 1117:degrees in 1873, and awarded its first 473:" and was led by the twenty four small 211:. He published a book in 1683 entitled 31:, a hydroelectric power plant, and the 5111: 4745: 4632: 4607: 4452: 4424: 3986: 3692: 3573:"Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam" 3314: 2936: 2878:"Richard W. Sears – American merchant" 2621: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2470: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2313:, a black man, while under custody of 1972: 1044:Minneapolis Grain Exchange, circa 1939 949:Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad 859: 818:Construction of the Pillsbury "A" Mill 577:in 1866, and from Minneapolis west to 556: 440: 4923: 4717: 4588: 4498:(Ballinger Publishing Company, 1976). 4455:"The Minneapolis Uprising in Context" 4362: 3917:Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl, City pages, 3800: 3728:. Cornell University Press. pp. 3699:. Taylor & Francis. p. 247. 3637:"Minneapolis isn't even in the Bible" 3628: 3533:Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934. 3435:. Minnesota Orchestra. Archived from 3351:Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board 3261: 3233: 2902:from the original on October 19, 2016 2782:Sturdevant, Andy (January 20, 2016). 1961: 1773: 1518:United States Army Corps of Engineers 963:. Bad economic conditions caused the 477:that are now within the city limits. 35:providing navigation above the falls. 4889:. The Minneapolis Television Network 4819: 4591:Minneapolis teamsters strike of 1934 4531: 4512: 4392:Nathanson, Iric (2010). "Chapter 6, 3660: 3375: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 2991: 2584: 2412: 2202:The output of the tailrace canal at 2097:adding citations to reliable sources 2064: 2018:, built in 1988 and now renamed the 1941: 1727:Population Growth and Transportation 1377: 1364:National Register of Historic Places 1233:recruits for on-the-job training in 1186:named a character in his epic poem, 835:, along with the Washburn "A" Mill. 4865:Minneapolis Public Library (2001). 4676:Minneapolis-Saint Paul Then and Now 4593:. Michigan State University Press. 4572:Minneapolis and the Age of Railways 4337:Minneapolis Public Library (2001). 4153:Mayor RT Rybak (November 1, 2007). 3779: 3773: 3746: 3713: 3686: 3388:from the original on August 1, 2023 3215:. Minnesota School of Botanical Art 2854:Minneapolis and the Age of Railways 2553: 2517:. Preserve Camp Coldwater Coalition 2512: 2451:Minneapolis Public Library (2001). 2401: 2360:St. Anthony Falls Historic District 1676:1948 Democratic National Convention 1317:Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church 1280:, in downtown Minneapolis in 1974. 1035: 917:Hennepin Island Hydroelectric Plant 253:Fort Snelling and St. Anthony Falls 13: 4841: 4488: 4402:Minnesota Historical Society Press 4369:Minnesota Historical Society Press 3877:Ladd-Taylor, Molly (Summer 2005). 3458:"Walker Art Center – History" 3357:from the original on July 31, 2023 3327:from the original on July 31, 2023 3080:. Minneapolis Grain Exchange. 2006 2992:Hess, Jeffrey (February 1, 1991). 2528: 2046:football team. Now on the site is 1753:The streetcar system was built by 1032:and bypassing Chicago altogether. 1019:a large depot on Washington Avenue 402:Historic American Buildings Survey 297:Enclosures east of the Mississippi 14: 5135: 4908:. Retrieved on February 10, 2008. 4858: 4574:. University of Minnesota Press. 4536:. University of Minnesota Press. 4453:Hinton, Elizabeth (29 May 2020). 4088:Benson, Lorna (August 11, 2006). 4000:Reichard, Gary W. (Summer 1998). 3842:. Duke University Press. p. 2920: 2824:Pennefeather, Shannon M. (2003). 2182:which connects downtown with the 2166:on the west side, and serves the 1719:were among those who founded the 1182:was purchased as a park in 1889. 945:Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway 641:Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway 534: 318:also had plans to stake a claim. 4834:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00431.x 3968:Kunz, Virginia Brainard (1991). 3587:Furst, Randy (August 26, 2017). 3376:Berg, Madison (March 24, 2023). 2923:"New Process Milling of 1850–70" 2339: 2178:. In 2014, service began on the 2069: 1841:and freeway construction. After 1382: 683:, more commonly known as Sears. 372: 305:Government gristmill and sawmill 4461: 4427:Minneapolis: An Urban Biography 4385: 4365:Minneapolis: An Urban Biography 4356: 4305: 4270: 4245: 4220: 4187:"Governance and Infrastructure" 4179: 4161: 4146: 4125: 4110:Olson, Dan (November 7, 2001). 4103: 4065: 4036: 3961: 3911: 3579: 3565: 3545: 3525: 3500: 3475: 3450: 3425: 3400: 3369: 3339: 3315:Keefer, Winter (May 11, 2023). 3308: 3283: 3227: 3187: 3162: 3137: 3120:"DeLaSalle High School History" 3112: 3091: 3070: 3057: 2985: 2914: 2888: 2870: 2775: 2755:Johnston, Daniel S. B. (1905). 2738:Parsons, Ernest Dudley (1913). 2382: 1855:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 1153:Bandshell at Lake Harriet, 2006 517: 420:On the west side of the river, 386:Home of Ard and Harriet Godfrey 181:Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut 3720:Wingerd, Mary Lethert (2001). 2898:. US Army Corps of Engineers. 2601: 2506: 2488:A Popular History of Minnesota 2365:Saint Anthony Falls - Industry 1989:Skyline of Minneapolis in 1991 1093:DeLaSalle High School exterior 407: 377: 121:Although the sawmills and the 1: 4714:(U of Minnesota Press, 1937). 3834:Chalmers, David Mark (1987). 2925:. Pond Lily Mill Restorations 2395: 2258:Confronting structural racism 1506:large general strike occurred 1237:or as future park employees. 957:St. Paul and Pacific Railroad 848:(2,363,800 m) annually. 567:St. Paul and Pacific Railroad 514:meaning 'city of the falls'. 492:and the Greek word for city, 165:were installed in the 1960s. 4699:Shutter, Marion Daniel, ed. 4044:"Hubert Humphrey Quotations" 2651:Minnesota Historical Society 2595:Minnesota Historical Society 2295:shooting of Philando Castile 2248:Minnesota Historical Society 2194:Rediscovering the riverfront 2170:before it terminates at the 2032:Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 1635:Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party 1562:neighborhoods of Minneapolis 1493:and prepared foods, such as 1247:Minneapolis Institute of Art 1084: 926: 728:Development of flour milling 345:Treaty of Traverse des Sioux 7: 4822:The Professional Geographer 4659:Pennefeather, Shannon, ed. 4278:"Foshay Tower, Minneapolis" 3972:. Bookmen. pp. 79–81. 3667:Tim Brady (March 5, 2007). 2484:Risjord, Norman K. (2005). 2332: 2315:Minneapolis police officers 2309:In May 2020, following the 1968:Demographics of Minneapolis 1906: 1303: 1172:was donated to the city by 610:Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 149:Minneapolis grew up around 74:, which provided power for 10: 5140: 4867:"A History of Minneapolis" 4776:Michigan Historical Review 4394:Reimagining the Riverfront 4133:"American Indian Movement" 4002:"Mayor Hubert H. Humphrey" 3213:"Longfellow House History" 2852:Hofsommer, Don L. (2005). 2453:"A History of Minneapolis" 2413:Lass, William E. (1998) . 2269: 2160:Minnesota State Highway 55 2038:and previously hosted the 1965: 1948:Minnesota State Highway 55 1928:Minnesota State Highway 62 1768:Minnesota Streetcar Museum 1743:Minnesota Streetcar Museum 1730: 1622:Politics and social change 1548:Minneapolis was known for 1373: 1321:First Universalist Society 1184:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1128:was founded by Archbishop 1066:Minneapolis Grain Exchange 1030:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 947:, which would connect the 833:National Historic Landmark 461:. First west-bank settler 219:United States' acquisition 145:Early European exploration 100:Minneapolis Grain Exchange 4957: 4851:(January 1903): 227–239. 4710:Walker, Charles Rumford. 4703:(Biographies vol 3 1923) 4643:10.1007/978-3-319-90215-9 4589:Korth, Philip A. (1995). 4297:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4135:. Encyclopædia Britannica 3551:Walker, Charles Rumford. 3018:, pp. 156, 166, 171. 2585:Kane, Lucile M. (1987) . 2297:, a black man, in nearby 1824:Wall Street Crash of 1929 1614:under police protection. 1510:violence against strikers 453:('Many Lakes City'). The 338:West of St. Anthony Falls 266:Founding of Fort Snelling 4718:Weber, Laura E. (1991). 4674:Richards, Hanje (2002). 4513:Faue, Elizabeth (1991). 4155:"The Road Less Traveled" 4114:. Minnesota Public Radio 4092:. Minnesota Public Radio 3919:Minneapolis Confidential 3696:Anti-semitism in America 3635:Ellen Narotzky Kennedy. 3575:. National Park Service. 3234:Smith, David C. (2008). 2741:The Story of Minneapolis 2536:"Historic Fort Snelling" 2375: 2304: 2284: 2246:, opened in 2003 by the 2044:Minnesota Golden Gophers 1721:American Indian Movement 1543:Fair Housing Act of 1968 1520:constructed two sets of 1144: 961:Northern Pacific Railway 449:name for Minneapolis is 213:Description of Louisiana 4692:Schmid, Calvin Fisher. 4570:Hofsommer, Don (2012). 3941:Maccabee, Paul (1995). 3067:(2009) 61#6 pp 248–259. 2641:Millett, Larry (1992). 2327:global protest movement 2291:shooting of Jamar Clark 2184:University of Minnesota 1798:The twenty-seven story 1755:Twin City Rapid Transit 1733:Twin City Rapid Transit 1656:Humphrey first ran for 1594:The 1920s and 1930s of 1368:Beaux-Arts architecture 1240: 1109:, it reopened in 1867. 1099:University of Minnesota 913:Twin City Rapid Transit 798:The Great Mill Disaster 662:Cadwallader C. Washburn 625:Twin City Rapid Transit 494: 104:University of Minnesota 5124:Minneapolis–Saint Paul 5119:History of Minneapolis 5058:Notable Minneapolitans 4982:Events and attractions 4608:Lileks, James (2003). 4157:. City of Minneapolis. 3693:Berman, Hyman (1998). 3669:"For All of Its Flaws" 3614:10.24926/2471190X.2820 3384:. MSP Communications. 3323:. MSP Communications. 2323:1992 Los Angeles riots 2311:murder of George Floyd 2267: 2207: 1990: 1982: 1876: 1868: 1783: 1746: 1653: 1536:Bigotry and corruption 1461: 1404:by rewriting it in an 1340:Basilica of Saint Mary 1335: 1334:Basilica of Saint Mary 1313: 1154: 1094: 1045: 1007:Aberdeen, South Dakota 983:Great Northern Railway 975: 878:Brush Electric Company 869: 856: 757: 745: 737: 696: 681:Sears, Roebuck and Co. 645: 546:Hennepin Avenue Bridge 540:Hennepin Avenue Bridge 531: 417: 387: 306: 262: 173: 36: 4746:Weiner, Lynn (1979). 4678:. Thunder Bay Press. 4633:Olsson, Lars (2018). 3780:Aby, Anne J. (2002). 3078:"MGEX – History" 2270:Further information: 2265: 2201: 2024:Campbell Mithun Tower 1988: 1980: 1903:and Kasota building. 1901:Metropolitan Building 1874: 1863: 1788:Minneapolis City Hall 1782:Minneapolis City Hall 1781: 1740: 1648: 1455: 1348:Cathedral of St. Paul 1333: 1323:, and later became a 1311: 1255:McKim, Mead and White 1160:Frederick Law Olmsted 1152: 1126:DeLaSalle High School 1111:William Watts Folwell 1092: 1080:Cultural institutions 1043: 974:The Stone Arch Bridge 973: 867: 854: 751: 743: 735: 694: 638: 631:Business and industry 529: 415: 385: 304: 260: 171: 46:by population in the 22: 4532:Gray, James (1954). 4425:Webber, Tom (2020). 4367:(Updated ed.). 3675:on December 15, 2012 3382:Twin Cities Business 3321:Twin Cities Business 3126:on February 10, 2007 2884:. 24 September 2023. 2417:Minnesota: A History 2347:United States portal 2093:improve this section 1706:Sharon Sayles Belton 1680:United States Senate 1352:École des Beaux-Arts 1189:The Song of Hiawatha 1119:Doctor of Philosophy 955:took control of the 677:Richard Warren Sears 482:St. Anthony Express, 416:Home of John Stevens 247:United States Senate 23:An overhead view of 16:History of a US city 4951:City of Minneapolis 4517:. UNC Press Books. 4505:51.1 (1961): 47-70 4503:Geographical Review 4363:Weber, Tom (2022). 3928:, October 11, 1995. 3489:on February 6, 2007 2921:Hazen, Theodore R. 2684:. January 20, 2018. 2647:St. Paul, Minnesota 2591:St. Paul, Minnesota 1973:Shaping the skyline 1851:Housing Act of 1949 1812:Washington Monument 1312:Our Lady of Lourdes 1274:Minnesota Orchestra 1270:Minnesota Orchestra 1070:chamber of commerce 909:William de la Barre 894:Appleton, Wisconsin 890:Vulcan Street Plant 860:Hydroelectric power 808:Great Mill Disaster 762:St. Anthony Express 557:Rail transportation 441:Name of Minneapolis 230:Northwest Territory 151:Saint Anthony Falls 72:Saint Anthony Falls 25:Saint Anthony Falls 4048:The Humphrey Forum 4024:on January 1, 2014 3924:2010-06-04 at the 3408:"About the Museum" 2278:racial disparities 2268: 2229:Saint Anthony Main 2208: 2020:Wells Fargo Center 1991: 1983: 1962:Modern Minneapolis 1877: 1869: 1784: 1774:Reshaping downtown 1747: 1690:White supremacists 1654: 1608:Minneapolis Police 1462: 1406:encyclopedic style 1393:is written like a 1336: 1314: 1298:Alberto Giacometti 1155: 1103:American Civil War 1095: 1068:, since the term " 1046: 976: 898:CenterPoint Energy 870: 857: 824:Pillsbury "A" Mill 792:middlings purifier 758: 746: 738: 721:Corps of Engineers 703:overlaying a soft 697: 646: 532: 506:, leaving out the 418: 388: 307: 263: 234:Louisiana Purchase 174: 66:, the first major 37: 5106: 5105: 4813:(February 2007), 4755:Minnesota History 4727:Minnesota History 4685:978-1-57145-687-8 4666:Palmer, Bryan D. 4652:978-3-319-90214-2 4622:Nathanson, Iric. 4581:978-0-8166-4502-2 4551:Minnesota History 4524:978-1-4696-1719-0 4411:978-0-87351-725-6 4378:978-1-68134-260-3 4084:on June 26, 2006. 4054:on March 19, 2007 4006:Minnesota History 3886:Minnesota History 3816:Minnesota History 3756:Jews in Minnesota 3724:Claiming the City 3274:Dutch elm disease 3245:978-0-615-19535-3 3065:Minnesota History 2959:Minnesota History 2224:Stone Arch Bridge 2129: 2128: 2121: 2052:Minnesota Vikings 2048:U.S. Bank Stadium 2036:Minnesota Vikings 1942:Proposed freeways 1820:John Philip Sousa 1651:Lyndon B. Johnson 1604:Saint Paul Police 1526:Stone Arch Bridge 1458:Stone Arch Bridge 1447:Buffalo, New York 1434: 1433: 1426: 1344:zoological garden 1285:Walker Art Center 1211:Lake of the Isles 1193:after the falls. 1107:John S. Pillsbury 991:Stone Arch Bridge 886:Washington Avenue 828:Pillsbury Company 804:Washburn "A" Mill 666:Buffalo, New York 650:St. Anthony Falls 550:suspension bridge 426:Washington Avenue 159:Mississippi River 131:Pillsbury Company 29:Stone Arch Bridge 5131: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4869:. Archived from 4837: 4802:Wills, Jocelyn. 4799: 4788:10.2307/20173793 4770: 4752: 4742: 4724: 4689: 4656: 4613: 4604: 4585: 4566: 4545: 4528: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4457:. Boston Review. 4450: 4441: 4440: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4341:. 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Fraser 1631:Democratic Party 1591:state hospital. 1554:Carey McWilliams 1473:, standing for " 1443:Kansas City area 1429: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1164:Horace Cleveland 1115:Bachelor of Arts 1062:futures contract 1036:Other businesses 987:Red River Valley 902:hydroelectricity 882:Charles F. Brush 812:milling district 497: 455:St. Paul Pioneer 367:Millard Fillmore 328:Pierre Bottineau 209:Anthony of Padua 193:Antoine Auguelle 135:Mill City Museum 112:Horace Cleveland 5139: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5102: 4953: 4948: 4892: 4890: 4876: 4874: 4861: 4844: 4842:Primary sources 4750: 4722: 4686: 4653: 4601: 4582: 4525: 4491: 4489:Further reading 4486: 4477: 4475: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4371:. p. 159. 4361: 4357: 4348: 4346: 4335: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4198: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4151: 4147: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4115: 4108: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 3998: 3987: 3980: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3939: 3932: 3926:Wayback Machine 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3881: 3875: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3591:. Star Tribune. 3584: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3531:Korth, Philip. 3530: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3433:"About the MOA" 3431: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 2999: 2997: 2990: 2986: 2952: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2850: 2833: 2822: 2797: 2780: 2776: 2753: 2749: 2736: 2727: 2706: 2689: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2639: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2583: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2513:Fudally, Dave. 2511: 2507: 2500: 2482: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2449: 2436: 2429: 2411: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2307: 2287: 2274: 2260: 2252:Guthrie Theater 2240:Mill Ruins Park 2220:Nicollet Island 2204:Mill Ruins Park 2196: 2172:Mall of America 2133:Riverside Plaza 2125: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2090: 2074: 2060:2019 Final Four 2040:Minnesota Twins 2000:farmers' market 1975: 1970: 1964: 1944: 1932:U.S. Highway 12 1909: 1776: 1735: 1729: 1627:Hubert Humphrey 1624: 1577:Progressive Era 1556:and in 1959 by 1538: 1516:1963, that the 1439:wheat leaf rust 1430: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1402:help improve it 1399: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1325:Catholic church 1306: 1261:and in 2006 by 1243: 1180:Minnehaha Falls 1174:William S. King 1147: 1139:Nicollet Island 1087: 1082: 1038: 1011:Hiawatha Avenue 929: 862: 820: 800: 730: 689: 633: 573:in 1864 and to 559: 542: 537: 520: 463:John H. Stevens 443: 431:Hennepin Avenue 429:Washington and 422:John H. Stevens 410: 393:Nicollet Island 380: 375: 352:John H. Stevens 340: 323:St. Croix River 316:Franklin Steele 299: 268: 255: 221: 185:St. Croix River 147: 139:Guthrie Theater 106:, and a famous 60:Hennepin County 42:is the largest 17: 12: 11: 5: 5137: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5083:Public schools 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4909: 4898: 4882: 4860: 4859:External links 4857: 4856: 4855: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4828:(4): 431–444. 4817: 4807: 4800: 4771: 4761:(5): 189–200. 4743: 4733:(5): 166–182. 4715: 4708: 4697: 4690: 4684: 4671: 4670:(Brill, 2013). 4664: 4657: 4651: 4630: 4620: 4614: 4605: 4600:978-0870133855 4599: 4586: 4580: 4567: 4557:(6): 248–259. 4546: 4529: 4523: 4510: 4499: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4460: 4442: 4436:978-1681341613 4435: 4417: 4410: 4384: 4377: 4355: 4329: 4304: 4269: 4244: 4219: 4196: 4193:on 2008-09-25. 4178: 4175:on 2007-04-29. 4160: 4145: 4124: 4102: 4064: 4035: 3985: 3978: 3960: 3953: 3930: 3910: 3892:(6): 237–248. 3866: 3853:978-0822307723 3852: 3822:(8): 360–371. 3799: 3792: 3772: 3765: 3745: 3738: 3712: 3705: 3685: 3659: 3627: 3578: 3564: 3544: 3524: 3499: 3474: 3449: 3424: 3399: 3368: 3338: 3307: 3282: 3276:and improving 3266:Minnehaha Park 3254: 3244: 3226: 3186: 3161: 3136: 3111: 3090: 3069: 3056: 3054:, p. 174. 3044: 3042:, p. 171. 3032: 3030:, p. 164. 3020: 3008: 2984: 2965:(5): 271–285. 2935: 2913: 2887: 2882:britannica.com 2869: 2862: 2831: 2795: 2774: 2747: 2725: 2687: 2666: 2659: 2620: 2600: 2552: 2527: 2505: 2498: 2469: 2434: 2427: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2355:Eastman tunnel 2351: 2350: 2334: 2331: 2306: 2303: 2299:Falcon Heights 2286: 2283: 2259: 2256: 2236:headrace canal 2195: 2192: 2164:Minnehaha Park 2127: 2126: 2077: 2075: 2068: 2056:Super Bowl LII 2050:, home of the 2016:Norwest Center 2012:33 South Sixth 1974: 1971: 1963: 1960: 1956:Interstate 335 1943: 1940: 1936:Interstate 394 1916:Interstate 35W 1908: 1905: 1835:Sinclair Lewis 1775: 1772: 1731:Main article: 1728: 1725: 1702:Walter Mondale 1686:W. Harry Davis 1623: 1620: 1581:Eitel Hospital 1537: 1534: 1432: 1431: 1390: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1305: 1302: 1278:Orchestra Hall 1263:Michael Graves 1242: 1239: 1231:Teen Teamworks 1202:Robert W. Ruhe 1198:Theodore Wirth 1146: 1143: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1037: 1034: 1013:just north of 928: 925: 861: 858: 819: 816: 799: 796: 754:Mills District 729: 726: 713:Eastman tunnel 688: 685: 632: 629: 590:Milwaukee Road 558: 555: 541: 538: 536: 535:Transportation 533: 519: 516: 451:Bdeóta Othúŋwe 442: 439: 409: 406: 379: 376: 374: 371: 364:U.S. President 339: 336: 298: 295: 280:Camp Coldwater 267: 264: 254: 251: 220: 217: 197:Louis Hennepin 146: 143: 116:Theodore Wirth 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5136: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:Neighborhoods 5051: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4888: 4883: 4873:on 2009-01-04 4872: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610:"Minneapolis" 4606: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4456: 4449: 4447: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4345:on 2009-01-04 4344: 4340: 4333: 4319:on 2007-04-27 4318: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4279: 4273: 4259:on 2007-08-27 4258: 4254: 4248: 4234:on 2007-04-29 4233: 4229: 4223: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4113: 4106: 4091: 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1890: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839:urban renewal 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:Wilbur Foshay 1805: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558:Gunther Plaut 1555: 1551: 1550:anti-Semitism 1546: 1544: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:General Mills 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Betty Crocker 1459: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1428: 1425: 1417: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1391:This section 1389: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Pablo Picasso 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1238: 1236: 1235:green careers 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223:Lake Hiawatha 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1132:in 1900 as a 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979:James J. Hill 972: 968: 966: 965:Panic of 1873 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874:hydroelectric 866: 853: 849: 846: 841: 836: 834: 829: 825: 815: 813: 809: 805: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 776: 775:upper Midwest 772: 768: 763: 755: 750: 742: 734: 725: 722: 717: 714: 709: 706: 702: 693: 684: 682: 678: 673: 669: 667: 663: 657: 655: 651: 642: 637: 628: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:Panic of 1857 554: 551: 547: 528: 524: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 438: 436: 432: 427: 423: 414: 405: 403: 398: 394: 384: 373:City pioneers 370: 368: 365: 360: 359:Minneapolis. 357: 353: 348: 346: 335: 333: 329: 324: 319: 317: 313: 303: 294: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 272: 271:Fort Snelling 261:Fort Snelling 259: 250: 248: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195:, and Father 194: 190: 186: 182: 179: 170: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 127:General Mills 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 95: 92: 88: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:United States 65: 64:Fort Snelling 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 34: 30: 26: 21: 5020: 5009:city council 4977:Demographics 4912: 4891:. 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