394:
319:, an architect. Cleveland's and Copeland's design of Central Park was not unlike that of Olmsted and Vaux's. "In a pamphlet accompanying his design Cleveland wrote, 'The tract of land selected for the Central Park comprises such an extensive area and such variety of surface as to afford opportunity for the construction of a work which shall surpass everything of its kind in the world ...'. Cleveland, like Olmsted, prescribed broad lawns, undulating surfaces, clothed with the rich verdure, dotted here and there with graceful trees and bounded by projecting capes and islands of wood ...'" (Oxford). Later in 1857, Cleveland designed Eastwood Cemetery (1872) in
439:. In his book, Cleveland wrote critically of cemetery layouts. He wrote, "without the least regard to topographical features, or the opportunities for tasteful effects which the natural position may afford." In his 1880s design for the grounds of the Jekyll Island Club, Cleveland promised Club owners a "style of severe simplicity," but this simplicity would be "the result of careful study" aimed at turning the Club grounds into "a Natural Paradise." With this goal in mind, Cleveland laid out lots and roads so as not to disturb "the favored haunts of deer and wild fowl" and stressing the preservation of native vegetation.
634:
473:
31:
774:
492:. These grand parkways would increase property values, connect larger parks, drive up the desire for private development, and hopefully increase general revenues in the city over time. This vision was expanded by subsequent park commissioners and superintendents to encircle a series of lakes, now known as the Chain of Lakes, and to follow Minnehaha Creek to
508:
sought
Cleveland's advice in designing a large park in the center of the city. Cleveland stated that the center of any large park system, including the one intended for this city, should include a “great central park” that blocked the sights and sounds of the city. Cleveland advised that the park
500:
is timeless, and the
Minneapolis Grand Rounds are known today as one of the best urban park systems in the world. Plans for a similar system in St. Paul, would have connected it to the Minneapolis system, but they were never completed, with the exception of the parkways along the Mississippi River.
462:
The term “Landscape
Architecture” is objectionable, as being only figuratively expressive of the art it is used to designate. I make use of it, under protest, as the readiest means of making myself understood, in the absence of a more appropriate term. If the art is ever developed to the extent I
450:
came about, natural opposition was to be expected from the public. He knew this because he understood that the general populace saw outdoor city projects as a source of needless taxation for them, and that they did not believe that they could benefit from a public park in the same capacity as the
676:
Imagine this metropolitan area had it not been for the
Minneapolis Board of Park Commissioners and landscape architect Horace Cleveland. Their vision 100 years ago helped create a network of scenic drives, parks and river boulevards along the lakes and rivers in Minneapolis and St. Paul, now
669:
around them and to be ever mindful of how future generations would make use of them. It is evident that Horace
Cleveland contributed much to the future of landscape architecture and to the pursuit for a more naturalistic landscape concept.
496:. The result of Cleveland's vision is the famous “Grand Rounds,” an interconnected series of parkways, and parks, centered on the Mississippi River. The official title “Grand Rounds,” came much later, but Cleveland's vision for the scenic
538:
1873: Cleveland receives honorary professorship title. Although he never attended any university, his own educational and professional knowledge led to his being addressed as “Professor H. Cleveland.” Cleveland publishes
649:, Cleveland established a park system that embodied his philosophy of open spaces, naturalistic design, and the importance of preserving these public spaces for future generations. In the words of Cleveland himself: “
463:
believe to be within its legitimate limits, it will achieve for itself a name worthy of its position. Until it does so, it is idle to attempt to exalt it in the world’s estimation, by giving it a high-sounding title.
673:
Cleveland's designs in the mid-to-late 19th century shaped the future of all park systems for
Minneapolis and St. Paul. Metropolitan Council Chair Peter Bell reflected on the contributions of Horace Cleveland:
651:
They will have wealth enough to purchase all that money can buy, but all their wealth cannot purchase a lost opportunity, or restore natural features of grandeur and beauty, which would then possess priceless
323:, with his son. Cleveland and Copeland parted ways during the Civil War when Copeland joined the war. After the war Copeland started his own practice which continued to grow till his death in 1872.
273:, where he became a scientific farmer. He joined horticultural societies, and became corresponding secretary of the New Jersey Horticultural Society. Cleveland also wrote articles for the
207:
665:
involved not just “decorating” the landscape, but that it was a landscape architect's duty to design parks, residential and commercial landscapes always with careful consideration to the
484:
Board of Park
Commissioners to create a series of parks and interconnected parkways to connect and preserve existing natural features in and near the city. The parkways along the
231:(1746–1827). The school emphasized frequent excursions for direct observation and study of nature through drawing and map-making. The family was socially linked to philosopher
420:
field, one must "Look forward a century, to the time when the city has a population of a million, and think what will be their wants." Essentially, he believed that a good
591:
1886: Designed a landscape plan for the Jekyll Island Club, on Jekyll Island, Georgia. A winter resort for northeastern millionaires designed to stress natural simplicity.
509:
commissioners purchase a lot no less than 50 acres (200,000 m) in size, and that it should be situated many miles away from the heavily populated city districts.
428:
in the here and now, and that landscape architects should speak openly against the destruction of natural landscapes, to make sure that they would be available for
435:
Cleveland was a believer of using the existing topography and existing plants to keep his designs as natural as possible. In 1881 Cleveland wrote a book entitled
458:. This book is known as one of the first definitive attempts to describe on a broader scope the profession of landscape architecture. In its preface he wrote:
342:(1869). In 1872, Cleveland was retained by the city of Chicago to rebuild South Park, originally designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, after the
1000:
978:
1088:
116:
883:
Daniel Joseph
Nadenicek, "Emerson's Aesthetic and Natural Design: A Theoretical Foundation for the Work of Horace William Shaler Cleveland", in
326:
Cleveland moved to
Chicago in 1869 and opened his own landscaping firm. Throughout his career he designed major parks and private landscapes in
755:
730:
705:
517:
136:
451:
wealthy. Eliminating this belief and creating parks that were meant to be enjoyed by all became one of
Cleveland's most important endeavors.
1024:
931:
921:
977:
Wilson,Leslie Perrin. Page last updated 10/21/2007. "H.W.S. Cleveland, designer of Concord's Sleepy Hollow." Retrieved 10/29/2007 from <
442:
In addition, he believed that designs for public projects should not be limited by the financial or physical means of the designer or the
911:
488:
gorge were his main interest, but his plan also showed parkway boulevards across town and around one of the lakes in South Minneapolis,
300:(1855). The town report in Concord shows they were paid $ 75 for their work on the cemetery. Cleveland also assisted in the design of
1046:
901:
262:. While in Illinois, Cleveland studied civil engineering. A few years later, in the late 1830s, Cleveland returned to Massachusetts.
489:
1083:
1078:
1037:
944:
1113:
838:
1068:
1054:
810:
817:
1098:
892:
857:
791:
416:
would make open spaces like parks all the more valuable and desirable, Cleveland wrote that, to be successful in the
277:, a periodical edited by renowned landscape gardener, architect, and horticulturist Andrew Jackson Downing (Wilson).
393:
219:
Horace William Shaler Cleveland was born to Richard Jeffry Cleveland and Dorcas Cleveland on December 16, 1814, in
960:
Oxford University Press. Page last updated 2007. "Horace William Shaler Cleveland." Retrieved 10/29/2007 from <
953:
Oxford University Press. Page last updated 2007. "Horace William Shaler Cleveland." Retrieved 10/29/2007 from <
824:
315:
in New York. They lost the competition to another duo, landscape architect Fredrick Law Olmsted and his partner,
258:. Horace returned to the United States in the 1830s. During this time he was employed as a railroad surveyor in
994:
528:
293:
176:
979:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002732/http://www.concordma.com/magazine/summer03/sleepyhollowcemetery.html
795:
355:
196:
131:
1073:
806:
121:
1093:
928:
Directions: Look ahead 50 years when planning for parks—‘Have faith in the future greatness of your city.’
932:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094332/http://www.metrocouncil.org/directions/parks/parksplanning2.htm
922:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094219/http://www.metrocouncil.org/directions/parks/parksplanning.htm
289:
228:
912:
https://web.archive.org/web/20050301040555/http://www.angelfire.com/mn/thursdaynighthikes/stppks.html
521:
168:
902:
https://web.archive.org/web/20150214064938/http://www.minneapolisparks.org/grandrounds/inf_about.htm
365:
From 1878 until his death in 1900, Horace Cleveland not only completely revised the park systems of
989:
610:
577:
551:
335:
320:
236:
220:
192:
44:
908:
Observations on the Creation and Development of Como Park and the St. Paul, Minnesota Park System.
784:
606:
595:
378:
351:
343:
339:
141:
501:
In 2017, the City of St. Paul began a several year project to complete its Grand Rounds system.
961:
662:
532:
417:
297:
285:
281:
270:
224:
180:
103:
831:
370:
359:
200:
1123:
1118:
377:
to numerous projects, completing his last major project, landscaping for the campus at the
993:
624:
1898: Cleveland presents a paper on "The Influence of Parks on the Character of Children."
8:
666:
655:
614:
599:
585:
547:
421:
232:
188:
184:
160:
126:
89:
1034:
941:
985:
749:
724:
699:
429:
382:
67:
516:
1854: Cleveland partners with Robert Morris Copeland. Cleveland and Copeland design
641:
Cleveland's most important social movement could arguably be his contribution to the
485:
409:
244:
240:
164:
79:
633:
443:
412:
features around him and shunning unnecessary decoration. Believing that a growing
1051:
304:'s park spaces, emphasizing his famous concepts of open spaces and interconnected
227:
school organized by his parents in accordance with the theories of Swiss educator
1058:
1041:
948:
739:
714:
689:
618:
581:
555:
505:
493:
405:
954:
280:
In 1854, at the age of 40, Cleveland returned to Massachusetts to establish the
1015:
559:
266:
1107:
472:
311:
In 1857 Cleveland and Copeland entered a competition to be the designers for
1029:
1019:
972:
646:
497:
316:
312:
305:
30:
642:
563:
481:
374:
366:
331:
206:
172:
967:
Regents of the University of Minnesota. Page last updated 07/25/2006.
936:
Official Web Site of the City of Omaha. Page last updated 04/07/2006.
594:
1890s: Designed the landscaping for the Fergus Falls State Hospital in
413:
645:
park systems. In lending his unique touch to these parks and scenic
425:
773:
738:
Cleveland, Richard Jeffry; Cleveland, Horace William Shaler (1886).
891:, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
885:
Nature and Ideology: Natural Garden Design in the Twentieth Century
327:
259:
889:
Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture
447:
1063:
598:
and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Veterans Affairs Medical Center in
677:
recognized as one of the best urban park systems in the world.”
301:
265:
In 1841 Cleveland left Massachusetts to purchase a farm on the
255:
962:
http://www.answers.com/topic/horace-william-shaler-cleveland
446:. He theorized that, when the proposition of a new park or
628:
251:
878:
Landscape Architecture as Applied to the Wants of the West
716:
Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West
541:
Landscape Architecture as Applied to the Wants of the West
456:
Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West
399:
Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West
348:
Landscape Architecture as Applied to the Wants of the West
918:
Directions: Look ahead 50 years when planning for parks.
654:” In this way, Cleveland inspired future generations of
424:
should look to the future in order to design sustainable
250:
In the late 1820s Richard Cleveland moved his family to
223:. Horace was later educated at the Lancaster School, a
969:
University of Minnesota: Sustainable Campus Initiative
288:. Their first job was the design of the State Farm at
159:(December 16, 1814 – December 5, 1900) was an American
476:
The Fergus Falls State Hospital's exterior, circa 1915
1099:
Dwight. D. Eisenhower Veterans Affairs Medical Center
1030:
University of Minnesota Sustainable Campus Initiative
942:
http://www.ci.omaha.ne.us/parks/parks/elmwoodpark.htm
887:, edited by Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, vol. 18 of the
658:
to think before tearing down the natural landscape.
798:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
737:
571:A Few Words on the Arrangement of Rural Cemeteries
437:A Few Words on the Arrangement of Rural Cemeteries
254:, where Horace's father served as Vice-Consul in
1105:
504:In 1889, the park commissioners for the city of
292:, followed by Cleveland's first major design,
955:http://www.answers.com/topic/horace-cleveland
243:, and one of Emerson's cousins. As a result,
898:Information Center: About the Grand Rounds.
247:strongly influenced Cleveland's upbringing.
1025:"Have Faith in the Greatness of Your City."
1001:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
984:
896:Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. N.d.
576:1886: Created the Blackstone Boulevard in
467:
381:, in 1892. He died on December 5, 1900, in
167:design can be seen in projects such as the
938:Omaha Parks and Recreation: Elmwood Park.
754:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
729:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
704:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
346:. Cleveland wrote his landscaping guide,
284:landscape practice in Boston with partner
29:
858:Learn how and when to remove this message
713:Cleveland, Horace William Shaler (1873).
712:
688:Cleveland, Horace William Shaler (1864).
687:
480:In the 1880s, Cleveland was hired by the
973:http://sci.cfans.umn.edu/SaritaThen.html
632:
629:Social movements and influence over time
471:
392:
205:
16:American landscape architect (1814–1900)
554:. Designed the Cleveland Arboretums in
1106:
880:. Chicago. Jansen, McClurg & Co.
373:, but lent his extensive knowledge of
605:1892: Landscaped the campus for the
527:1855: Cleveland and Copeland design
350:, in 1873 and was afterward hired by
796:adding citations to reliable sources
767:
637:A path on Minneapolis's Grand Rounds
580:, which connected Blackstone Park,
185:boulevard system in Omaha, Nebraska
13:
1047:Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway
906:Martin, Lawrence A. 07/21/2001.
550:/New England Botanical Gardens in
14:
1135:
1009:
621:that still guides the city today.
926:Metropolitan Council. 9/7/04.
916:Metropolitan Council. 9/8/04.
772:
876:Cleveland, Horace W.S. 1873.
783:needs additional citations for
741:Voyages of a Merchant Navigator
681:
512:Other major projects included:
210:Horace William Shaler Cleveland
157:Horace William Shaler Cleveland
122:Omaha Park and Boulevard System
23:Horace William Shaler Cleveland
142:University of Minnesota campus
1:
1114:American landscape architects
1089:Minnehaha Park in Minneapolis
1079:New England Botanical Gardens
971:. Retrieved 10/25/2006 from
870:
388:
661:In addition, he stated that
7:
1094:Fergus Falls State Hospital
569:1881: Cleveland publishes
10:
1140:
1035:Omaha Parks and Recreation
408:by nature, respecting the
290:Westborough, Massachusetts
229:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
522:Gloucester, Massachusetts
397:The cover of Cleveland's
150:
109:
99:
95:
85:
75:
52:
37:
28:
21:
1004:. New York: D. Appleton.
995:"Cleveland, Aaron"
940:Retrieved 10/25/06 from
930:Retrieved 10/25/06 from
920:Retrieved 10/25/06 from
910:Retrieved 10/26/06 from
900:Retrieved 10/25/06 from
763:
578:Providence, Rhode Island
552:Providence, Rhode Island
468:Major landscape projects
454:In 1873 Cleveland wrote
321:Lancaster, Massachusetts
237:Elizabeth Palmer Peabody
221:Lancaster, Massachusetts
193:Providence, Rhode Island
45:Lancaster, Massachusetts
607:University of Minnesota
596:Fergus Falls, Minnesota
379:University of Minnesota
352:William Rainey Marshall
340:Highland Park, Illinois
214:
1069:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
663:landscape architecture
638:
533:Concord, Massachusetts
529:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
477:
418:landscape architecture
401:
298:Concord, Massachusetts
294:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
286:Robert Morris Copeland
282:Cleveland and Copeland
271:Burlington, New Jersey
211:
181:Concord, Massachusetts
177:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
117:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
104:Cleveland and Copeland
1084:South Park in Chicago
636:
475:
396:
360:Saint Paul, Minnesota
334:, and throughout the
209:
201:Saint Paul, Minnesota
1074:Blackstone Boulevard
792:improve this article
656:landscape architects
546:1878: Designed the
358:, a neighborhood in
1064:Roger Williams Park
600:Leavenworth, Kansas
586:Swan Point Cemetery
548:Roger Williams Park
422:landscape architect
233:Ralph Waldo Emerson
189:Roger Williams Park
161:landscape architect
127:Roger Williams Park
90:Landscape architect
1057:2006-07-03 at the
1040:2008-10-01 at the
947:2008-10-01 at the
807:"Horace Cleveland"
639:
518:Oak Grove Cemetery
478:
430:future generations
402:
383:Hinsdale, Illinois
356:Saint Anthony Park
344:great Chicago fire
212:
163:. His approach to
137:Oak Grove Cemetery
132:Saint Anthony Park
68:Hinsdale, Illinois
868:
867:
860:
842:
691:Hints to Riflemen
486:Mississippi River
410:natural landscape
338:. This included
245:Transcendentalism
241:Horatio Greenough
165:natural landscape
154:
153:
80:Lakewood Cemetery
41:December 16, 1814
1131:
1052:America's Byways
1016:Horace Cleveland
1005:
997:
863:
856:
852:
849:
843:
841:
800:
776:
768:
759:
753:
745:
734:
728:
720:
709:
703:
695:
404:Cleveland was a
197:St. Anthony Park
63:
61:
56:December 5, 1900
33:
19:
18:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1104:
1103:
1059:Wayback Machine
1042:Wayback Machine
1012:
992:, eds. (1900).
949:Wayback Machine
873:
864:
853:
847:
844:
801:
799:
789:
777:
766:
747:
746:
722:
721:
697:
696:
684:
631:
619:Omaha, Nebraska
609:. Designed the
582:Butler Hospital
556:Cleveland, Ohio
494:Minnehaha Falls
470:
406:preservationist
391:
217:
146:
71:
65:
59:
57:
48:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1049:
1044:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1010:External links
1008:
1007:
1006:
982:
975:
965:
958:
951:
934:
924:
914:
904:
894:
881:
872:
869:
866:
865:
780:
778:
771:
765:
762:
761:
760:
735:
710:
683:
680:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
603:
592:
589:
574:
567:
560:Minnehaha Park
544:
536:
525:
469:
466:
465:
464:
390:
387:
275:Horticulturist
267:Delaware River
216:
213:
152:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
66:
64:(aged 85)
54:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1136:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1002:
996:
991:
987:
986:Wilson, J. G.
983:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
963:
959:
956:
952:
950:
946:
943:
939:
935:
933:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
893:
890:
886:
882:
879:
875:
874:
862:
859:
851:
848:November 2015
840:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809: –
808:
804:
803:Find sources:
797:
793:
787:
786:
781:This article
779:
775:
770:
769:
757:
751:
743:
742:
736:
732:
726:
718:
717:
711:
707:
701:
693:
692:
686:
685:
679:
678:
671:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
648:
644:
635:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
537:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
514:
513:
510:
507:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
474:
461:
460:
459:
457:
452:
449:
445:
440:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
395:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
149:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
69:
55:
51:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1020:Find a Grave
999:
968:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
888:
884:
877:
854:
845:
835:
828:
821:
814:
802:
790:Please help
785:verification
782:
740:
715:
690:
682:Publications
675:
672:
660:
650:
640:
570:
558:. Designed
540:
511:
503:
490:Lake Harriet
479:
455:
453:
444:commissioner
441:
436:
434:
403:
398:
364:
347:
325:
317:Calvert Vaux
313:Central Park
310:
279:
274:
264:
249:
218:
169:Grand Rounds
156:
155:
76:Burial place
1124:1900 deaths
1119:1814 births
744:. New York.
694:. New York.
667:environment
643:Minneapolis
564:Minneapolis
482:Minneapolis
375:landscaping
367:Minneapolis
332:Minneapolis
173:Minneapolis
1108:Categories
871:References
818:newspapers
719:. Chicago.
617:system in
615:boulevards
584:, and the
432:to enjoy.
426:landscapes
414:population
389:Philosophy
354:to design
86:Occupation
60:1900-12-06
990:Fiske, J.
750:cite book
725:cite book
700:cite book
225:Unitarian
1055:Archived
1038:Archived
945:Archived
371:St. Paul
328:Illinois
260:Illinois
235:through
110:Projects
100:Practice
832:scholar
448:parkway
336:Midwest
58: (
834:
827:
820:
813:
805:
652:value…
647:byways
306:byways
302:Boston
256:Havana
195:; and
183:; the
70:, U.S.
47:, U.S.
981:>.
964:>.
957:>.
839:JSTOR
825:books
764:Notes
611:parks
506:Omaha
498:byway
811:news
756:link
731:link
706:link
613:and
369:and
252:Cuba
215:Life
53:Died
38:Born
1018:at
794:by
562:in
531:in
520:in
296:in
269:in
199:in
191:in
179:in
171:in
1110::
998:.
988:;
752:}}
748:{{
727:}}
723:{{
702:}}
698:{{
385:.
362:.
330:,
308:.
239:,
187:;
175:;
861:)
855:(
850:)
846:(
836:·
829:·
822:·
815:·
788:.
758:)
733:)
708:)
674:“
602:.
588:.
573:.
566:.
543:.
535:.
524:.
203:.
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
