History of Louisiana

602:. Archaeologists have traditionally viewed the Late Woodland as a time of cultural decline after the florescence of the Hopewell peoples. Late Woodland sites, with the exception of sites along the Florida Gulf Coast, tend to be small when compared with Middle Woodland sites. Although settlement size was small, there was an increase in the number of Late Woodland sites over Middle Woodland sites, indicating a population increase. These factors tend to mark the Late Woodland period as an expansive period, not one of a cultural collapse. Where the Baytown peoples began to build more dispersed settlements, the Troyville people instead continued building major earthwork centers. The type site for the culture, the 1377: 1469:

inventories of the late eighteenth century showed that most slaves brought by traders came directly from Africa. In 1763 settlements from New Orleans to Pointe Coupee (north of Baton Rouge) included 3,654 free persons and 4,598 slaves. By the 1800 census, which included West Florida, there were 19,852 free persons and 24,264 slaves in Lower Louisiana. Although the censuses do not always cover the same territory, the slaves became the majority of the population during these years. Records during Spanish rule were not as well documented as with the French slave trade, making it difficult to trace African origins. The volume of slaves imported from Africa resulted in what historian

463: 2562: 497: 639: 1721: 4777: 1853:. His roles encompassed that of a teacher, a school administrator, and a mobile inspector for the Bureau. His responsibilities included assessing local conditions, assisting in the establishment of black schools, and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers. Ruby's endeavors were met with a positive response from the black population, who eagerly embraced education, but they also faced vehement opposition, including physical violence, from numerous planters and other white individuals. Ruby's career exemplifies the role played by the Black 571: 396: 631: 7282: 2576: 75: 2057:. He was elected to office on populist appeal. Though popular for his public works projects, which provided thousands of jobs to people in need, and for his programs in education and increased suffrage for poor whites, Long was criticized for his allegedly demagogic and autocratic style. He extended patronage control through every branch of Louisiana's state government. Especially controversial were his plans for wealth redistribution in the state. Long's rule ended abruptly with his 1001: 1167: 493:. These descendant cultures differed from Poverty Point culture in trading over shorter distances, creating less massive public projects, completely adopting ceramics for storage and cooking. The Tchefuncte culture were the first people in Louisiana to make large amounts of pottery. Ceramics from the Tchefuncte culture have been found in sites from eastern Texas to eastern Florida, and from coastal Louisiana to southern Arkansas. These cultures lasted until 200 AD. 11774: 10564: 2604: 1983:. Although the case originated in Oklahoma, Louisiana and other Southern states had used similar clauses to exempt white voters from literacy tests. State legislators quickly passed new requirements for potential voters to demonstrate "understanding," or reading comprehension, to official registrars. Administered subjectively by whites, in practice the understanding test was used to keep most black voters off the rolls. By 1923, Louisiana established the 1937:. By 1900, two years after the new constitution, only 5,320 black voters were registered in the state. Because of disenfranchisement, by 1910 there were only 730 black voters (less than 0.5 percent of eligible African-American men), despite advances in education and literacy among blacks and people of color. White Democrats had established one-party rule, which they maintained in the state for decades deep into the 20th century until after the 1965 1525: 2590: 1744:

whom contractors hired when doing work for the state. As the 19th century progressed, the state had an interest in ensuring levee construction. By 1860, Louisiana had built 740 miles (1,190 km) of levees on the Mississippi River and another 450 miles (720 km) of levees on its outlets. These immense earthworks were built mostly by hand. They averaged six feet in height, and up to twenty feet in some areas.

2548: 2260:, downstate black voters began to increase their rate of registration, which also reflected the growth of their middle classes. Gradually black voter registration and turnout increased to 20% and more, but it was still only 32% by 1964, when the first civil rights legislation of the era was passed. The percentage of black voters ranged widely in the state during these years, from 93.8% in 2280:

at disfranchisement. African Americans continued to suffer disproportionate discriminatory application of the state's voter registration rules. Because of better opportunities elsewhere, from 1965 to 1970, blacks continued to migrate from Louisiana, for a net loss of more than 37,000 people. During the latter period, some people began to migrate to cities of the

2299:, with President Lyndon Johnson's leadership as well. By 1968 almost 59% of eligible-age African Americans had registered to vote in Louisiana. Contemporary rates for African-American voter registration and turnout in the state are above 70%, demonstrating the value they give it, a higher rate of participation than for African-American voters outside the South. 1653:, and workers speaking languages from many nations. New Orleans was the major port for the export of cotton and sugar. The city's population grew and the region became quite wealthy. More than the rest of the Deep South, it attracted immigrants for the many jobs in the city. The richest citizens imported fine goods of wine, furnishings, and fabrics. 2344:. It caused widespread damage due to the breaching of levees and large-scale flooding of more than 80% of the city. Officials issued warnings to evacuate the city and nearby areas, but tens of thousands of people, mostly African Americans, had stayed behind, some stranded, and suffered through the damage of the widespread flood waters. 1465:. The Isleños and Malagueños immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1783. The Isleños settled in southeast Louisiana mainly in St. Bernard Parish, just outside of New Orleans, as well as near the area just below Baton Rouge. The Malagueños settled mainly around New Iberia, but some spread to other parts of southern Louisiana. 2472:

The rapid spread of COVID-19 in Louisiana likely originated in late February 2020 when the virus was introduced into the state via domestic travel, originating from a single source. The virus was already present in New Orleans before Mardi Gras; however, it is likely that the festival accelerated the

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As a result of disfranchisement, African Americans in Louisiana essentially had no representation; as they could not vote, they could not participate in juries or in local, state or federal offices. As a result, they suffered inadequate funding for schools and services, and lack of attention to their

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by making registration and elections more complicated. They imposed institutionalized forms of racial discrimination and also conducted voter intimidation and violence against black Republicans. The rate of lynchings of blacks increased through the century, reaching a peak in the late 1800s, but with

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still ruled in Louisiana in the 1960s. Because of the Great Migration of blacks to the north and west, and growth of other groups in the state, by 1960 the proportion of African Americans in Louisiana had dropped to 32%. The 1,039,207 black citizens were adversely affected by segregation and efforts

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after Robert Charles, an African-American laborer, fatally shot a white police officer during an altercation. He escaped and during and after the manhunt for him, whites rampaged through the city attacking other blacks and burning down two black schools. A total of 28 people died, including Charles,

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fusion ticket that might overturn the conservative Democrats. Blacks were threatened by increasing talk about restricting their vote, and Mississippi had already passed a new constitution in 1890 that disenfranchised most blacks. Racial tensions and violence were high, and there were 21 lynchings of

1875:, formed in 1874, used violence and outright assassination to turn Republicans out of office, and intimidate African Americans and suppress black voting, control their work, and limit geographic movement in an effort to control labor. Among violent acts attributed to the White League in 1874 was the 1149:

had established control over the "Canadian" posts in the Illinois and Wabash countries in 1761, they did not have control over Vincennes or the Mississippi River settlements at Cahokia and Kaskaskia until 1764, after the ratification of the peace treaty.) As part of a general report on conditions in

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infestation and agricultural problems had cost sharecroppers and farmers their jobs, and continuing violence drove out many families. The mechanization of agriculture had reduced the need for many farm laborers. They sought skilled jobs in the burgeoning defense industry in California in the 1940s,

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With changing agriculture in the Upper South as planters shifted from tobacco to less labor-intensive mixed agriculture, planters had excess laborers. Many sold slaves to traders to take to the Deep South. Slaves were driven by traders overland from the Upper South or transported to New Orleans and

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The Coles Creek culture from 700 to 1200 AD marks a significant change in the cultural history of the area. Population increased dramatically, and there is strong evidence of a growing cultural and political complexity, especially by the end of the Coles Creek sequence. Although many of the classic

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Cut off in many cases from healthy food, medicine, or water, or assembled in public spaces without functioning emergency services, more than 1,500 people in New Orleans died in the aftermath. Government at all levels had failed to prepare adequately despite severe hurricane warnings, and emergency

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In the 1870s, whites accelerated their insurgency to regain control of political power in the state. The Red River area, where new parishes had been created by the Reconstruction legislature, was an area of conflict. On Easter Sunday 1873, an estimated 85 to more than 100 blacks were killed in the

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the seat of civilian and military authority. The Illinois Country exported its grain surpluses down the Mississippi to New Orleans, which climate could not support their cultivation. The lower country of Louisiana (modern-day Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana) depended on the Illinois French for

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European interest in Louisiana was dormant until the late 17th century, when French expeditions, which had imperial, religious and commercial aims, established a foothold on the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast. With its first settlements, France lay claim to a vast region of North America and set

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heritage and traditions. Families in Louisiana took in more than 2,000 mostly Catholic orphans to live in rural farming communities. The city of Opelousas is constructing an Orphan Train Museum (second in the nation) in an old train depot located in Le Vieux Village in Opelousas. The first museum

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Construction and elaboration of the levee system was critical to the state's ability to cultivate its commodity crops of cotton and sugar cane. Enslaved Africans built the first levees under planter direction. Later levees were expanded, heightened and added to mostly by Irish immigrant laborers,

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In the late 20th Century, Louisiana saw rapid industrialization and rise of economic markets such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, foundries, along with industries of produce foods, fishing, transportation equipment, and electronic equipment. Tourism also became important to the Louisiana

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Zeller, Mark; Gangavarapu, Karthik; Anderson, Catelyn; Smither, Allison R.; Vanchiere, John A.; Rose, Rebecca; Dudas, Gytis; Snyder, Daniel J.; Watts, Alexander; Matteson, Nathaniel L.; Robles-Sikisaka, Refugio (February 8, 2021). "Emergence of an early SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in the United States".

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Since colonization, the American Civil War, and the Civil Rights movement, Louisiana during the 21st century began transitioning to a more racially and ethnically diverse state; the state also became a center for the film industry and growing technology firms from North Louisiana to Acadiana. As

1660:, which contributed greatly to the economy. It had become one of the wealthiest cities and the third-largest city in the nation. The ban on importation of slaves had increased demand in the domestic market. During these decades after the American Revolutionary War, more than one million enslaved 967:

in 1543. The expedition encountered hostile tribes all along river. Natives followed the boats in large canoes, shooting arrows at the soldiers for days on end as they drifted through their territory. The Spanish, whose crossbows had long ceased working, had no effective offensive weapons on the

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State legislators created other ways to suppress black voting, but from 1948 to 1952, it crept up to 5% of those eligible. Civil rights organizations in New Orleans and southern parishes, where there had been a long tradition of free people of color before the American Civil War, worked hard to

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French leaders encouraged French men to marry French women while in Louisiana, and specifically not Native Americans, for "the purpose of a more respectable and successful colony." However, clergy members encouraged French men to marry their Indian sexual partners to avoid sin, as well as

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As of May 28, 2021, Louisiana has administered 3,058,019 COVID-19 vaccine doses, and has fully vaccinated 1,337,323 people, equivalent to 28.67 percent of the population. As of November 19, 2021, the number of doses administered has reached 5,096,864, and the number of fully

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Both free and enslaved populations increased rapidly during the years of Spanish rule, as new settlers and Creoles imported large numbers of slaves to work on plantations. Although some American settlers brought slaves with them who were native to Virginia or North Carolina, the Pointe Coupee

1185:(along the Red River in present-day northwest Louisiana) was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis, making it the oldest permanent settlement in the territory that then composed the Louisiana colony. The French settlement had two purposes: to establish trade with the Spanish in 1926:, to raise barriers to black voter registration, as Mississippi had successfully done. The effect was immediate and long lasting. In 1896, there were 130,334 black voters on the rolls and about the same number of white voters, in proportion to the state population, which was evenly divided. 1833:

and people of color who had been free before the war began to make more advances in education, family stability and jobs. At the same time, there was tremendous social volatility in the aftermath of war, with many whites actively resisting defeat. White insurgents mobilized to enforce

1958:, based on restricted seating in interstate passenger trains, was brought from Louisiana with strong support from the Creoles of color community in New Orleans: Plessy was one. Separation through segregation, however, resulted everywhere in lesser services and facilities for blacks. 1828:

abolished the Black Codes, granted full civil and political equality to freedmen, disenfranchised several classes of ex-Confederates, and included the state's first formal bill of rights. African Americans began to live as citizens with some measure of equality before the law. Both

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that restricted the rights of freedmen, such as the right to travel, and forced them to sign year-long contracts with planters. Anyone without proof of a contract by the start of the year was considered a vagrant and could be arrested, imprisoned, and leased out to work through the

710:. By 1000 AD in the northwestern part of the state the Fourche Maline culture had evolved into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. By 1400 AD Plaquemine had started to hybridize through contact with Middle Mississippian cultures to the north and became what archaeologist term 1356:) in the early 18th century. The inland territories of the African continent from which slaves were captured, were enormous. Commentators may have attributed more similarities to slaves taken from among these areas than the Africans recognized among themselves at the time. 1162:

in the northern areas, which became increasingly important. It competed with Dutch, and later English merchants, across the northern tier for fur trade with the Native Americans. The fur trade also helped cement alliances between Europeans and Native American tribes.

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plantations were developed first. In the nineteenth century, cotton plantations were developed along the river. Over time, planters developed large plantations but also lived in fine homes in a growing town, a pattern repeated in New Orleans and other places.

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With its plantation economy, Louisiana was a state that generated wealth from the labor of and trade in enslaved Africans. It also had one of the largest free black populations in the United States, totaling 18,647 people in 1860. Most of the free blacks (or

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blacks in Louisiana that year, surpassing the total for any state. Returns from Democratic-controlled plantation parishes were doctored, and the Democrats won the race. The legislature "refused to investigate what everyone knew was a stolen election."

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of the 1930s would hit the states economy hard, as mostly agricultural state at the time, farm prices had dropped to all-time lows. In the states urban areas such as New Orleans, many warehouses and businesses had closed, leaving many unemployed. The

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With the growth of settlement in the Midwest (formerly the Northwest Territory) and Deep South during the early decades of the 19th century, trade and shipping increased markedly in New Orleans. Produce and products moved out of the Midwest down the

1158:, explained in 1762 that, although the boundary between Louisiana and Canada wasn't exact, it was understood the upper Mississippi above the mouth of the Illinois was in Canadian trading territory. The French established an important and lucrative 558:

An increase in the hierarchical structuring of their societies began during this period, although it is not clear whether it was internally developed or borrowed from the Hopewell. The dead were treated in increasingly elaborate ways, as the first

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and having Unionist leanings, (or compatible commercial interests), the Federal government took the unusual step of designating the areas of Louisiana under Federal control as a state within the Union, with its own elected representatives to the

170:-level complex social organization beginning in circa 1200 CE. The Mississippian culture mostly disappeared around the 16th century, with the exception of some Natchez communities that maintained Mississippian cultural practices into the 1700s. 968:

water and were forced to rely on their remaining armor and sleeping mats to block the arrows. About 11 Spaniards were killed along this stretch and many more wounded. Neither of the explorations made any claims to the territory for Spain.

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Mobilization for World War II created defense industry jobs in the state, attracting thousands of rural black and white farmers into the cities to obtain such employment. However, tens of thousands of black workers left the state in the

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Peter Caron says that the geographic and perhaps linguistic connection among many African captives did not necessarily imply developing a common culture in Louisiana. They likely differed in religions. Some slaves from Senegambia were

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in the southeastern parishes of Iberia, Assumption, St. Mary, lower St. Martin, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Charles, Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and Plaquemines. They were allied with the

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Enfranchised elite whites' strong economic interest in maintaining the slave system contributed to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union in 1861. It followed other Southern states in seceding after the election of

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via the Old San Antonio Road (sometimes called El Camino Real, or Kings Highway)—which ended at Nachitoches—and to deter Spanish advances into Louisiana. The settlement soon became a flourishing river port and crossroads.

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would help accelerate the industrialization of Louisiana's economy and provide further economic growth. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Civil Rights movement had started to gain national attention, and with the passing of the

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Louisiana's French settlements contributed to further exploration and outposts. They were concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, from Louisiana to as far north as the region called the

1258:, carrying the first African slaves to Louisiana for labor. From 1718 to 1750, traders transported thousands of captive Africans to Louisiana from the Senegambian coast, the west African region of the interior of modern 2480:

across southern Louisiana, including an outbreak at Lambeth House in New Orleans that has infected over fifty and killed thirteen elderly residents as of March 30. As the state has increased its capacity for testing, a

2504:. A citywide power outage and significant damage was reported. The post-Katrina levee system successfully defended the city, but some suburbs without levees or where levees were still under construction flooded. 285:, a mixed-race resident of New Orleans, violated Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890, which required "equal, but separate" railroad accommodations for white and non-white passengers. This court decision upheld 1606:," forty miles upriver of New Orleans, and marched to within 20 miles (32 km) of the city gates. All of the limited number of U.S. troops were gathered to suppress the revolt, as well as citizen militias. 5222: 1733:, as they were called in the French tradition) lived in the New Orleans region and southern part of the state. More than in other areas of the South, most of the free people of color were of mixed race. Many 1739:

in New Orleans were middle class and educated; many were also property owners. In contrast, according to the 1860 census, 331,726 people were enslaved, nearly 47% of the state's total population of 708,002.

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The Bayougoula, in areas directly north of the Chitimachas in the parishes of St. Helena, Tangipahoa, Washington, East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, Livingston, and St. Tammany. They were allied with the

1767:, a result of Union strategy to cut the Confederacy in two by seizing the Mississippi. Federal troops captured New Orleans on April 25, 1862. Due to a large enough portion of Louisiana's population being 6654: 6649: 2485:

study estimated the growth rate in Louisiana was among the highest in the world, prompting serious concerns about the state's healthcare capacity to care for sick patients. On March 24, only 29% of

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to seek skilled jobs and better pay in the defense industry outside the South, better education for themselves and their children, and living opportunities in communities where they could vote.

6661: 4242: 4942:. (University of Illinois Press: 1974) Study of free persons of color in New Orleans who provided leadership in the unsuccessful fight against segregation of schools and public accommodations. 989:

out to establish a commercial empire and French nation stretching from the Gulf of Mexico through Canada. It was also establishing settlements in Canada, from the Maritimes westward along the

6402: 2257: 2086:. Through 1948 black people in Louisiana continued to be essentially disfranchised, with only 1% of those eligible managing to vote. Schools and public facilities continued to be segregated. 1812:, Congress took control of Reconstruction and the South, excluding Tennessee, was placed under the supervision of military governors under congressional control. Louisiana was grouped with 2223: 956: 4200: 4147: 6666: 4268: 2348:

responses were slow. The state faced a humanitarian crisis stemming from conditions in many locations and the large tide of evacuating citizens, especially the city of New Orleans.

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and their black descendants, mixed with African ancestry came to be called Creole. Additionally, many Cajun and Creole Louisianians share Native American and/or Spanish ancestry.

1312:, "Two-thirds of the slaves brought to Louisiana by the French slave trade came from Senegambia." This assertion is not universally accepted. This region between the Senegal and 2441:

was announced on March 9, 2020. Since the first confirmed case, the outbreak grew particularly fast relative to other states and countries. Confirmed cases have appeared in all

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constitution, whose effects were immediate and long-lasting. The disfranchisement of African Americans in the state did not end until national legislation passed during the

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to the east, was "mutually intelligible" with them. Hall thinks that this concentration of peoples from one region of Africa helped shape the Creole culture in Louisiana.

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European settlement in the Louisiana colony was not exclusively French; in the 1720s, German immigrants settled along the Mississippi River in a region referred to as the

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mounds, leading researchers to speculate that emerging elites were symbolically and physically appropriating dead ancestors to emphasize and project their own authority.

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but in the present-day United States. Its people were in villages that extended for nearly 100 miles across the Mississippi River. It lasted until approximately 700 BC.

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lynchings continuing well into the 20th century. Blacks came out in force in the April 1896 elections, in areas where they could freely vote, to support a Republican-

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were set on fire. The suspect used gasoline, destroying each church completely. Holden Matthews, 21 years old, was charged with the destruction of the churches.

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A generation later, trade conflicts between Canada and Louisiana led to a more defined boundary between the French colonies; in 1745, Louisiana governor general

726:, and northwest Louisiana. Archaeological evidence that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present, and that the direct ancestors of the 1058:'s governance from Canada to Louisiana—may have featured the broadest definition of the region: all land claimed by France south of the Great Lakes between the 7187: 7182: 6731: 5463: 5320: 2174: 1821: 1270:

border. French shipping records, in contrast to those of other European nations, contained extensive details of the origins of enslaved Africans taken onboard

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Southern Louisiana grew in population during the beginning of the 21st century, more significant concern was expressed for climate change and sea level rise.

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Historical Collections of Louisiana: Embracing Translations Of Rare And Valuable Documents Relating To The Natural, Civic And Political History Of That State

8541: 6994: 6866: 5451: 3065:"Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects in the Possession of the Louisiana State University Museum" 2192: 2168: 2080:

Although Long removed the poll tax associated with voting, the all-white primaries were maintained through 1944, until the Supreme Court struck them down in

1890:. The White League briefly took over the statehouse and city hall before Federal troops arrived. In 1876, the white Democrats regained control of Louisiana. 1496:

ended in failure, with the loss of two-thirds of the more than 20,000 troops sent to the island to suppress the revolution. After French withdrawal in 1803,

4462: 4354: 2145: 450:. The Poverty Point culture may have hit its peak around 1500, making it the first complex culture, and possibly the first tribal culture, not only in the 5002: 3876: 3769: 3750: 3685: 3437:

In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience- The Domestic Slave Trade, New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Study of Black Culture, 2002

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and more than 50 were wounded. Most of the casualties were black. The riot received national attention and ended only with intervention by state militia.

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Later, 5,000 White Leaguers battled 3,500 members of the Metropolitan Police and state militia in New Orleans after demanding the resignation of Governor

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occupied much of Louisiana and was spread into several surrounding states. Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites, including the

13610: 12525: 11054: 9844: 5561: 4113: 3813: 3623: 3468: 14528: 6150: 5285: 1484:, an arrangement kept secret for some two years. Documents have revealed that he harbored secret ambitions to reconstruct a large colonial empire in 3932: 550:. The populations began to expand, and trade with various non-local peoples also began to increase. Trade with peoples to the southwest brought the 11803: 11215: 10005: 9593: 6644: 2660: 1069: 2915: 14075: 7192: 6432: 1999:

better education for their children, and living opportunities in communities where they could vote, as well as an escape from southern violence.

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Athanase de Mézières and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier, 1768–1780, (as translated and annotated by Herbert Eugene Bolton for publication in 1914)

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while most followed their traditional spiritual practices. Many were likely captives taken in the Islamic jihads that engulfed the region from

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Caron, Peter (April 1997). "'Of a nation the others do not understand': Bambara Slaves and African Ethnicity in Colonial Louisiana, 1718–60".

1879:, where they killed six Republican officeholders, including four family members of the local state senator, and twenty freedmen as witnesses. 666:

Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana began in 1200 AD and continued until about 1600 AD. Good examples of this culture are the

14533: 13620: 8301: 7312: 7246: 7241: 6173: 5621: 2381: 1371: 290: 3832: 3730: 3707: 3439: 1987:, which effectively shut out the few black voters from the Democratic Party, the only competitive part of elections in the one-party state. 1226:

served the capital of the colony. In 1722, recognizing the importance of the Mississippi River to trade and military interests, France made

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societies are not yet manifested, by 1000 CE the formation of simple elite polities had begun. Coles Creek sites are found in present-day

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Keele, Luke, William Cubbison, and Ismail White. "Suppressing black votes: a historical case study of voting restrictions in Louisiana."

2501: 2323: 1715: 37: 4169: 3790: 3519: 2970: 1544:, which consisted of the vast lands not included in the Orleans Territory, extending west of the Mississippi River north to Canada. The 7224: 6168: 6163: 4060: 3907: 2794: 2115: 876:

in southwestern Louisiana in Vermilion, Cameron, Lafayette, Acadia, Jefferson Davis, and Calcasieu parishes. They were allied with the

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William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000"; May 2004, p. 3, The Brookings Institution

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In the immediate aftermath of the American Civil War, many Confederates regained public office. Legislature across the South passed

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successfully led Spanish, New Orleans French, and Acadian/Cajun troops against the English in several victorious battles, including

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convert to Christianity. Some French men would also purchase women as slaves for a brief period for "domestic chores in the woods."

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Crouch, Barry A. "Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana: George T. Ruby, the Army, and the Freedmen’s Bureau."

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Crouch, Barry A. "Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana: George T. Ruby, the Army, and the Freedmen’s Bureau."

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Barry A. Crouch, "Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana: George T. Ruby, the Army, and the Freedmen's Bureau."

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beds were vacant statewide, and Edwards announced coronavirus patients would likely overwhelm hospitals in New Orleans by April 4.

1435:. The Acadian refugees were welcomed by the Spanish as additions of Catholic population. Their white descendants came to be called 1077: 722:

peoples. The Caddoan Mississippians covered a large territory, including what is now eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeast

14612: 13524: 12121: 7765: 7607: 7582: 7450: 7197: 7157: 6999: 6903: 6832: 6437: 2163: 1519: 606:, once had the second tallest precolumbian mound in North America and the tallest in Louisiana at 82 feet (25 m) in height. 310: 62: 3850: 2846: 11679: 10469: 7792: 7423: 7403: 7393: 7358: 7256: 7251: 7219: 6989: 6893: 6856: 6803: 6637: 5201: 2655: 12662: 10918: 3270: 14298: 12409: 8784: 7728: 7378: 7214: 7172: 6984: 5532: 5398: 5393: 5278: 4823: 4744: 4638: 4608: 3254: 3132: 3107: 2635: 2007:

During some of this period, Louisiana accepted Catholic orphans in an urban resettlement program organized in New York City.

1563:(1791–1804) resulted in a major emigration of refugees to Louisiana, where they settled chiefly in New Orleans. Thousands of 13260: 13129: 12756: 12752: 10614:

View of Louisiana; Containing Geographical, Statistical And Historical Notices Of That Vast And Important Portion Of America

14393: 14388: 13756: 13162: 12805: 12258: 12141: 11162: 9952: 9586: 7699: 7498: 7428: 7413: 7162: 7147: 7011: 6920: 6915: 6849: 5310: 5212: 4377: 2482: 1849:, a mulatto from New England was a leader in black education in Louisiana from 1863 to 1866. The Army assigned Ruby to the 781:

in the East and West Feliciana and Pointe Coupee parishes (about 100 miles (160 km) north of the town named for them).

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The disfranchisement of African Americans did not end until their leadership and activism throughout the South during the

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In the 1950s the state created new requirements for a citizenship test for voter registration. Despite opposition by the

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The state population in 1900 was 47% African-American: 652,013 citizens, of whom many in New Orleans were descendants of

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and north to French territory in Canada around the Great Lakes. A royal ordinance of 1722—following the transfer of the

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Historical Memoirs of Louisiana, From The First Settlement Of The Colony To The Departure Of Governor O'Reilly In 1770

4687: 14288: 14197: 13595: 13139: 12692: 12322: 11574: 10364: 8697: 7550: 7493: 7445: 7368: 7328: 7274: 5664: 5315: 3670: 3347: 3164: 2954: 2454: 2377: 1903: 1685: 1389: 2722: 2407:, causing catastrophic flooding. An estimated 110,000 homes were damaged and thousands of residents were displaced. 1457:

During this time, Spanish-speaking immigrants arrived such as the Canary Islanders of Spain, which are known as the

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and ritual centers were constructed as part of the development of a hereditary political and religious leadership.

13864: 13799: 1274:. Researchers have found that approximately 2,000 persons originated from the upper West African slave ports from 702:

sites located in Mississippi. Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture at the

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for shipment overseas, and international ships docked at New Orleans with imports to send into the interior. The

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Following Reconstruction in the 1870s, white Democrats had regained political control in the state. In 1896, the

159: 14343: 13859: 13303: 13187: 4338: 2753: 2617: 1684:. After sales in New Orleans, steamboats operating on the Mississippi transported slaves upstream to markets or 714:. These peoples are considered ancestral to historic groups encountered by the first Europeans in the area, the 618:, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Texas. Many Coles Creek sites were erected over earlier Woodland period 289:

that had started to form in the 1870s. In 1898, white Democrats in the Louisiana state legislature passed a new

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closed schools statewide on March 16, 2020, restricted most businesses to takeout and delivery only, postponed

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in northern Louisiana. It has been dated to about 3400 BC. The site appears to have been abandoned about 2800.

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The following groups are known to have inhabited the state's territory when the Europeans began colonization:

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At this time populations became more sedentary and began to establish semi-permanent villages and to practice

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Spanish rule did not affect the pace of francophone immigration to the territory, which increased due to the

1290:) several hundred kilometers to the south; an additional 2,000 were exported from the port of Whydah (modern 655: 234: 89: 13789: 3810: 3620: 3102:. Blackwell readers in American social and cultural history (2nd ed.). Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell. 14430: 14398: 13929: 13794: 13230: 12610: 12419: 12215: 11819: 11734: 11714: 11704: 11689: 11684: 11669: 11599: 11539: 11469: 11459: 11366: 10524: 10504: 10494: 10479: 10474: 10459: 10389: 10329: 10259: 10249: 10156: 9720: 9688: 9678: 9618: 9290: 7592: 7525: 7418: 6839: 6815: 6810: 6793: 6761: 6704: 5817: 5766: 5599: 5001:

Stout IV, Arthur Wendel. "A Return to Civilian Leadership: New Orleans, 1865–1866" (MA thesis, LSU, 2007).

4767: 2422: 1657: 547: 238: 131: 14418: 13751: 1431:(also referrerd to as "Beausoleil"). They settled chiefly in the southwestern Louisiana region now called 1376: 14403: 14303: 13934: 13386: 13318: 12287: 12095: 11989: 11724: 11674: 11644: 11609: 11584: 11579: 11569: 11559: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11489: 11474: 11464: 11454: 11085: 11044: 10586: 10514: 10464: 10434: 10399: 10374: 10369: 10359: 10349: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10279: 10264: 10254: 10244: 9875: 9834: 9556: 9531: 9327: 7664: 7104: 7096: 7039: 6954: 6442: 6347: 6203: 6185: 6087: 5746: 5716: 5441: 5361: 5340: 2946: 1800: 1579:, and were expelled from Cuba in another wave of immigration in 1809. The Saint Dominicans increased the 1141:

in 1763, after which France ceded its remaining claims east of the Mississippi—except for New Orleans—to

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case ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. The lawsuit stemmed from 1892 when

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Vincent, Charles. " 'Of Such Historical Importance...': The African American Experience in Louisiana."

4411:"Gov. Edwards Issues Statewide Stay at Home Order to Further Fight the Spread of COVID-19 in Louisiana" 3064: 2919: 2388: 1970:

interests and worse in the segregated state. They continued to build their own lives and institutions.

1868: 1626: 1595: 1443: 1028: 462: 230: 13721: 13676: 5015:

Vincent, Charles. "Negro Leadership and Programs in the Louisiana Constitutional Convention of 1868."

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on April 30, 1812. The western boundary of Louisiana with Spanish Texas remained in dispute until the

14257: 14207: 14065: 13964: 13460: 13333: 13298: 13250: 13152: 12764: 12648: 12337: 12307: 12302: 12179: 12164: 12154: 12111: 12029: 11994: 11739: 11639: 11619: 11604: 11594: 11589: 11564: 11499: 11479: 11120: 11100: 11029: 10529: 10429: 10409: 10394: 10384: 10379: 10354: 10289: 10269: 9910: 9890: 9819: 9715: 9602: 9536: 9503: 9147: 8627: 8225: 7031: 6844: 6676: 6237: 5736: 5574: 5381: 4771: 4545:"At coronavirus-stricken Lambeth House, halls 'feel like they're full of ghosts' as death toll rises" 3573: 3085: 2628: 2396: 2296: 2101: 1528:

Modern map of the United States overlapped with territory bought in the Louisiana Purchase (in white)

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A map showing the geographical extent of the Plaquemine cultural period and some of its major sites.

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Scarpaci, Vincenza. "Walking the color line: Italian immigrants in rural Louisiana, 1880–1910." in

4307: 4232:"BRAC's preliminary analysis of potential magnitude of flooding's impact on the Baton Rouge region" 2292: 2015:

which carried orphan children out of New York from 1854 to 1929. It was the heart of a traditional

1919: 1911: 1820:. Congress dictated that for reentry into the Union, the late rebel state would have to ratify the 1549: 1385: 1142: 738:

is unquestioned today. Significant Caddoan Mississippian archaeological sites in Louisiana include

735: 319: 14582: 13661: 12894: 12414: 4576:"'It's like a war zone': Fighting coronavirus, limited ICU beds, bracing for chaos in New Orleans" 3512: 3396:, New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Study of Black Culture, 2002, accessed May 7, 2008 2825: 14252: 14110: 13954: 13894: 13844: 13746: 13343: 13308: 13255: 12890: 12760: 12724: 12454: 12327: 12312: 12208: 12174: 12169: 12149: 12034: 12024: 12019: 11999: 11719: 11549: 11484: 11449: 11426: 11407: 11318: 11268: 11258: 11233: 11049: 10956: 10509: 10339: 10274: 10239: 10216: 10197: 10108: 10058: 10048: 10023: 9839: 9746: 9665: 9623: 9488: 9095: 8637: 7807: 7743: 7054: 6604: 6258: 6227: 6007: 5947: 5812: 5555: 3829: 3723: 3700: 3436: 2670: 2373: 2187: 1817: 1790: 1580: 1182: 1085: 912: 313:

would help flow money into the state, providing employment opportunities for Louisiana projects.

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History of Louisiana: Particularly Of The Cession Of That Colony To The United States of America

5219:

Africans in colonial Louisiana: the development of Afro-Creole culture in the eighteenth-century

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Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century

2770: 1990:

In the middle decades of the 20th century, thousands of African Americans left Louisiana in the

1427:, Canada) migrated to colonial Louisiana. The first group of around 200 arrived in 1765, led by 14543: 14115: 14050: 13554: 13440: 13323: 13283: 12927: 12720: 12379: 12369: 12189: 12126: 11949: 11864: 11759: 11379: 11288: 11228: 11110: 10986: 10845: 10549: 10169: 10078: 10018: 9900: 9776: 9275: 7834: 7689: 7560: 6969: 6699: 5937: 5731: 5721: 5659: 5469: 5408: 4140:"Alton Sterling protesters treated 'like animals' in Baton Rouge prison, advocacy group claims" 3908:"As the tech industry grows in Acadiana, the race is on both locally and nationally for talent" 3194: 2533: 2523: 2400: 2070: 1979: 1533: 1405: 1316:

rivers had peoples who were closely related through history: three of the principal languages,

1138: 1047: 1008: 977: 516: 496: 467: 242: 175: 13686: 10930: 5062:

Bad Bet on the Bayou: The Rise of Gambling in Louisiana and the Fall of Governor Edwin Edwards

5027:

The Louisiana Scalawags: Politics, Race, and Terrorism During the Civil War and Reconstruction

4170:"BRPD officer injured in Alton Sterling protest can pursue negligence claim against organizer" 3154: 638: 13989: 13399: 13220: 13109: 13048: 12976: 12886: 12587: 12267: 11984: 11979: 11854: 11422: 11393: 11374: 11351: 11298: 11273: 11223: 11152: 11115: 11080: 10212: 10183: 10164: 10141: 10088: 10063: 10013: 9942: 9905: 9870: 9710: 9455: 9372: 9337: 9332: 9233: 8692: 8662: 8392: 8355: 8277: 8125: 8120: 7733: 7634: 7408: 7044: 6557: 6422: 6377: 6193: 5912: 5877: 5696: 5679: 5486: 5403: 4763: 3787: 3600: 3551: 2974: 2689: 2538: 2415: 2392: 2288: 2228: 2125: 1681: 1541: 1365: 1175: 1099: 647: 595: 431: 395: 294: 216: 204: 196: 188: 151: 14523: 13924: 13711: 13671: 13630: 12604: 9660: 4947:

Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction

2798: 948: 899:

in northeastern parishes of Tensas, Madison, East Carroll and West Carroll, and the related

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Schott, Matthew J. "Class conflict in Louisiana voting since 1877: some new perspectives."

4492: 3240: 2581: 2567: 2404: 2008: 1962: 1934: 1883: 1850: 1735: 1730: 1689: 1568: 1537: 1470: 1305: 1275: 1146: 1123: 846: 603: 591: 439: 200: 79: 14024: 13814: 13736: 3960:"Seas could rise 2 feet on Louisiana coast by 2050, 4 feet by 2100, federal officials say" 2893: 2872: 1886:. They hoped to replace him with the Democratic candidate of the disputed 1872 elections, 1622: 1473:

called "the re-Africanization" of Lower Louisiana, which strongly influenced the culture.

8: 14567: 14323: 14308: 14192: 14172: 14125: 14105: 13909: 13904: 13849: 13819: 13585: 13210: 13167: 13124: 13053: 13022: 12793: 12772: 12738: 12644: 12614: 12545: 12389: 12362: 12262: 12059: 12009: 11964: 11954: 11939: 11929: 11914: 11894: 11869: 11859: 11849: 11788: 11346: 11205: 11195: 10711: 10631: 10136: 9995: 9985: 9705: 9640: 9440: 9410: 9400: 9390: 9270: 9164: 8763: 8756: 8734: 8712: 8707: 8595: 8516: 8335: 8272: 8242: 8194: 8184: 8137: 8113: 8067: 8062: 7910: 7780: 7738: 7669: 7654: 7649: 7545: 7069: 6427: 6342: 5822: 5611: 5501: 5431: 2996: 2734: 2486: 2198: 1809: 1709: 1401: 1254: 1223: 1127: 1063: 1032: 1024: 892:

in Assumption parish, the Chawasha in Terrebonne parish, and the Yagenechito to the east.

763: 743: 707: 679: 599: 575: 261: 180: 14313: 14014: 10849: 10805: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10759: 10689: 10667: 7074: 5048:

Remapping Second-Wave Feminism: The Long Women's Rights Movement in Louisiana, 1950–1997

2291:

gained national attention and Congressional action. This led to securing passage of the

1507: 1287: 582:

By 400 AD in the eastern part of the state, the Late Woodland period had begun with the

14328: 14318: 14293: 14247: 14212: 14070: 13779: 13656: 13529: 13027: 13007: 12667: 12555: 12282: 12079: 12054: 11959: 11899: 11874: 11844: 11834: 11384: 11341: 11336: 11308: 11303: 11238: 11095: 11019: 11009: 10949: 10737: 10174: 10131: 10126: 10098: 10093: 10028: 9885: 9809: 9799: 9739: 9463: 9430: 9420: 9395: 9304: 9243: 9228: 9213: 8682: 8652: 8580: 8558: 8526: 8504: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8436: 8397: 8387: 8382: 8345: 8320: 8247: 8189: 8152: 8101: 8096: 7968: 7961: 7946: 7929: 7905: 7884: 7869: 7859: 7844: 7824: 7802: 7748: 7679: 7644: 7142: 7079: 6822: 6280: 6047: 6027: 5932: 5857: 5684: 5589: 5579: 5567: 5458: 5355: 5330: 4886:(University of Pennsylvania Press; 2013) 278 pages; essays by scholars on Louisiana in 2458: 2457:, and placed limitations on large gatherings. On March 23, Edwards enacted a statewide 2234: 2082: 2032: 1974: 1950: 1945: 1876: 1764: 1693: 1560: 1513: 1501: 1493: 1447: 1397: 1299: 1115: 1103: 1081: 990: 739: 691: 683: 651: 528: 512: 471: 277: 258: 254: 192: 135: 13651: 13580: 10777: 10755: 10733: 3933:"Louisiana wants more tech jobs. Here's what it can learn from Alabama's tech success" 1954:(1896), the Court ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. The 519:

in the northwestern part of the state. The Marksville culture takes its name from the

300:

In the early-to-mid 20th century, many African Americans would leave the state in the

14508: 14450: 14283: 14055: 14029: 14019: 14009: 13944: 13899: 13829: 13809: 13784: 13731: 13706: 12971: 12498: 12439: 12394: 12253: 12014: 11969: 11909: 11884: 11839: 11412: 11331: 11293: 11263: 11248: 11180: 10202: 10121: 10083: 10053: 10038: 9970: 9521: 9405: 9347: 9280: 8739: 8724: 8717: 8687: 8647: 8622: 8605: 8563: 8531: 8521: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8424: 8419: 8412: 8402: 8340: 8325: 8267: 8262: 8230: 8199: 8162: 8147: 8130: 8089: 8057: 8035: 8008: 7956: 7854: 7849: 7839: 7797: 7785: 7674: 7624: 6589: 6310: 5972: 5942: 5537: 5294: 5198:

A different day: African American struggles for justice in rural Louisiana, 1900–1970

4819: 4740: 4346: 4276: 4269:"This man bought 108 pounds of brisket to cook for the displaced Baton Rouge victims" 3666: 3596: 3343: 3250: 3188: 3160: 3128: 3103: 2950: 2850: 2462: 2434: 2341: 2317: 2276: 2261: 2093: 1938: 1768: 1756:. Louisiana's secession was announced on January 26, 1861, and it became part of the 1661: 1634: 1532:

As a result of his setbacks, Napoleon gave up his dreams of American empire and sold

1283: 1051: 908: 832: 731: 663: 587: 505: 451: 424: 335: 184: 12529: 9137: 8951: 7297: 4033: 3392:"Haitian Immigration: 18th & 19th Centuries, The Black Republic and Louisiana", 1720: 570: 14140: 14135: 14100: 14080: 13839: 13716: 13615: 13519: 12981: 12821: 12089: 12044: 11924: 11889: 11778: 11389: 11243: 11185: 10915: 10568: 10179: 10033: 9975: 9628: 9357: 9352: 9342: 9322: 9001: 8879: 8799: 8729: 8702: 8672: 8585: 8568: 8546: 8464: 8375: 8370: 8360: 8296: 8204: 8177: 8167: 8142: 8108: 8040: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8003: 7951: 7941: 7934: 7915: 7891: 7864: 7770: 7503: 6745: 6716: 6711: 6609: 6577: 6550: 6275: 5892: 5862: 5852: 5847: 5414: 5087: 4968:

The Great Southern Babylon: Sex, Race, and Respectability in New Orleans, 1865—1920

4887: 4514:"Coronavirus death toll at Lambeth House in New Orleans at 13; more cases reported" 3586: 3578: 3300: 3274: 2609: 2500:

made landfall in Louisiana, passing through New Orleans on the 16th anniversary of

2493:

vaccinated individuals is 2,253,496, representing 48.31 percent of the population.

2450: 2395:

dumped trillions of gallons of rain on southern Louisiana, including the cities of

2205: 2050: 1930: 1665: 1564: 1545: 1428: 1200: 1131: 1107: 1055: 920: 699: 695: 630: 384: 376: 305: 14518: 12550: 10827: 10707: 10685: 4801:

An Uncommon Experience : Law and Judicial Institutions in Louisiana 1803–2003

4630: 4600: 4061:"Lafayette, Louisiana, Movie Theater Gunman Was 'Intent on Shooting and Escaping'" 3338:

Routes to Slavery: Directions, Ethnicity and Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade

1784: 1536:

to the United States in 1803. The U.S. divided the land into two territories: the

130:, appear about 5,500 years ago. The area that is now Louisiana formed part of the 14583:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

14333: 14273: 14187: 14095: 13969: 13949: 13914: 13696: 13666: 13605: 13215: 13205: 13101: 12986: 12878: 12835: 12595: 12503: 12374: 12116: 12049: 12004: 11904: 11200: 10922: 10895: 10891: 10878: 10874: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10660: 10656: 10633:

History of Louisiana, From Its First Discovery and Settlement To The Present Time

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

6253: 6208: 6062: 6052: 6032: 6017: 5917: 5792: 5782: 5421: 4788:. Anthropological Study. Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological Survey. 4463:"Trump approves major disaster declaration in Louisiana for coronavirus pandemic" 4201:"No-name storm dumped three times as much rain in Louisiana as Hurricane Katrina" 4016: 3836: 3817: 3794: 3773: 3754: 3734: 3711: 3689: 3627: 3535: 3523: 3513:

Danielle Alexander, "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction",

3443: 3364:"www.carencrohighschool.org "Broussard named for early settler Valsin Broussard"" 3336: 3244: 3216: 2757: 2240: 2158: 1862: 1835: 1805: 1749: 1591: 1584: 1325: 1219: 1059: 675: 583: 501: 490: 443: 155: 14242: 3156:

French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times

229:, where by 1860, 47% of the population was enslaved. Louisiana seceded from the 14177: 14090: 13974: 13726: 13549: 13534: 13435: 13409: 13394: 13275: 12870: 12864: 12768: 12535: 12449: 12399: 12277: 12231: 9498: 9159: 9112: 8976: 8971: 8936: 8921: 8499: 8315: 8282: 7760: 7755: 7177: 6582: 6545: 6535: 6295: 6290: 6232: 6067: 5997: 5927: 5922: 5426: 5350: 4954:

The Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War

4437:"Louisiana Postpones April Primary as 4 More States Prepare to Vote on Tuesday" 2553: 2410:

In 2016, the Greater Baton Rouge metropolitan area was heavily affected by the

2337: 2024: 1923: 1489: 1321: 1317: 1091: 964: 864: 805: 715: 564: 420: 339: 222: 143: 12682: 4378:"Prosecutor adds hate crimes to charges against Louisiana church fire suspect" 3801:

February 10, 2006, p.1, American Enterprise Institute, accessed March 19, 2008

3682:

Debo P. Adegbile, "Voting Rights in Louisiana: 1982–2006", March 2006, pp. 6–7

3304: 2391:

sparked protests throughout the state capital of Baton Rouge. In August 2016,

1308:

has argued that, due to historical and administrative ties between France and

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Moore, John Robert. "The New Deal in Louisiana," in John Braeman et al. eds.

4350: 4308:"Son of sheriff's deputy charged with burning three Louisiana black churches" 4280: 2595: 2497: 2265: 2058: 2020: 1773: 1553: 960: 896: 563:

are built at this time. Political power begins to be consolidated; the first

486: 447: 435: 408: 387:

tradition, appearing in much of Southeast North America around 8500–7900 BC.

286: 208: 10928: 5247:

The African American Experience in Louisiana: From the Civil War to Jim Crow

4574:

GALLO, ANDREA; SLEDGE, MATT; WOODRUFF, EMILY; KARLIN, SAM (March 24, 2020).

3042: 2706: 1000: 935:), are transliterations of those used in various Native American languages. 14513: 14503: 14232: 13771: 13625: 13450: 12966: 12742: 12424: 12272: 9693: 9645: 9184: 9060: 8844: 6447: 6215: 6140: 6112: 6097: 6082: 6037: 6012: 5992: 5902: 5872: 5867: 5837: 5787: 5639: 5325: 5249:(Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1999). 3985:"How rising sea levels threaten the lives of Louisiana's coastal residents" 3747:

Debo P. Adegbile, "Voting Rights in Louisiana: 1982–2006", March 2006, p. 7

2477: 2466: 2012: 1898: 1894: 1872: 1854: 1839: 1650: 1603: 1572: 1485: 1400:, along with the rest of Louisiana, became a possession of Spain after the 1372:

History of New Orleans § Retrocession to France and Louisiana Purchase

1345: 1333: 1235: 1073: 817:, in parts of Avoyelles and Concordia parishes along the Mississippi River. 778: 734:

speakers in prehistoric times and at first European contact and the modern

560: 551: 412: 380: 370: 366: 314: 282: 13824: 10886:

Louisiana Under The Rule of Spain, France, and the United States 1785–1807

10691:

Louisiana Studies. Literature, Customs and Dialects, History and Education

3568: 3159:. Urbana and Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. pp. 32–33. 2751:

Jon L. Gibson, PhD, "Poverty Point: The First Complex Mississippi Culture"

1625:

of 1819, which was formally ratified in 1821, The area referred to as the

13414: 13240: 12809: 12687: 11417: 11278: 10829:

The History of Louisiana Or Of The Western Parts Of Virginia And Carolina

10207: 10068: 9571: 9179: 9100: 9080: 8966: 8839: 8744: 6467: 6452: 6300: 6263: 6102: 6057: 6042: 5807: 5802: 5649: 4339:"A Charred Gas Can, a Receipt and an Arrest in Fires of 3 Black Churches" 4088:"Two dead in cinema shooting as Obama says he was stymied on gun control" 3766:

Debo P. Adegbile, Voting Rights in Louisiana: 1982–2006, March 2006, p. 7

3728:, New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture 3705:, New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture 2361: 2333: 1995: 1893:

Through the 1880s, white Democrats began to reduce voter registration of

1846: 1669: 1451: 1424: 1393: 1353: 1227: 1166: 1151: 994: 667: 543: 411:

and one of the earliest dated complex constructions in the Americas. The

226: 212: 13404: 5257: 4688:

New Orleans Levees Passed Hurricane Ida's Test, But Some Suburbs Flooded

3591: 3582: 1137:

This boundary between Canada and Louisiana remained in effect until the

14278: 13012: 12292: 11175: 10972: 10801: 9965: 9762: 9673: 9142: 9085: 8916: 6002: 5987: 5957: 5952: 5701: 5669: 5508: 5476: 5163: 5125: 5108: 5075: 5072:

Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915–1972

5065: 5020: 4902:

Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: race, class, and politics, 1863–1923

4870:

Louisiana Politics and the Paradoxes of Reaction and Reform, 1877–1928,

4749: 3501: 2645: 2384:

by population, becoming Louisiana's third largest metropolitan region.

1824:

and pass new constitutions that enfranchised the freedmen. Louisiana's

1673: 1618: 1488:. This notion faltered, however, after the French attempt to reconquer 1271: 1191: 1171: 1012: 924: 884: 796: 792: 771: 723: 331: 246: 9189: 8941: 6338:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

5191: 5115:

Louisiana Politics and the Paradoxes of Reaction and Reform, 1877–1928

4933: 4662:"Ida weakens to tropical storm after delivering 'catastrophic' damage" 3658:

Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900

3554:

Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900

3127:. Early America. Baltimore (Md.): The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2469:

issued a major disaster declaration, the fourth state to receive one.

1458: 334:

becoming a known major celebration held annually since 1838. In 2005,

203:, which formed what would become the boundaries of Louisiana, and the 13245: 13002: 12902: 12677: 12579: 12513: 10976: 10941: 9766: 9731: 9516: 9493: 9468: 9194: 9090: 8946: 8896: 8814: 6616: 6462: 5967: 5751: 5689: 5584: 3724:"African American Migration Experience: The Second Great Migration", 3218:

Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759–1791

2750: 2438: 2356:

In 2010, Baton Rouge started a market push to become a test city for

2281: 2054: 1646: 1642: 1614: 1524: 1520:

Saint Dominicans § Saint Dominicans after the Haitian Revolution

1508:

Incorporation into the United States and antebellum years (1803–1860)

1349: 1159: 1111: 932: 877: 860: 687: 671: 118: 8926: 5263: 4716:

Visions and Revisions: Perspectives on Louisiana Society and Culture

2372:

In 2015, the city of Lafayette gained international attention for a

943:

The first European explorers to visit Louisiana came in 1528 when a

13419: 12297: 11170: 9960: 9473: 9127: 9117: 9045: 9018: 8931: 8911: 8849: 8829: 8809: 8804: 7089: 7084: 6594: 4666: 4410: 3639: 2795:"Louisiana Prehistory-Marksville, Troyville-Coles Creek, and Caddo" 2623: 2449:

alone has seen the majority of positive tests and deaths. Governor

2272: 2016: 1830: 1699: 1477: 1432: 1416: 1212: 1208: 1155: 959:

skirted to the north and west of the state (encountering Caddo and

785: 615: 611: 536: 199:

in 1803. The U.S. would divide that area into two territories, the

167: 122:, can be traced back thousands of years to when it was occupied by 6353:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

3851:"New Orleans film industry expected to exceed $ 1 billion in 2022" 1941:

provided federal enforcement of the constitutional right to vote.

1808:

system that discriminated against Blacks. With the passage of the

1384:

France ceded most of its territory east of the Mississippi to the

971: 14577: 14548: 13058: 13043: 12200: 10937:, Bibliographies & Guides, Washington DC: Library of Congress 9552:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

9285: 9199: 9174: 9122: 9107: 8991: 8819: 8789: 7508: 5706: 4752:

The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present

3811:

Historical Census Browser, 1960 US Census, University of Virginia

3621:

Historical Census Browser, 1900 US Census, University of Virginia

3469:

Historical Census Browser, 1860 US Census, University of Virginia

2380:. During 2015, the Lafayette metropolitan area also overtook the 2044: 2028: 1955: 1341: 1329: 1309: 1204: 1119: 873: 849:

confederacy consisting of the Natchitoches in Natchitoches parish

759: 703: 642:

Map of the Caddoan Mississippian culture and some important sites

304:. They moved to mainly urban areas in the North and Midwest. The 245:

at the time, and strategically important port city, was taken by

126:. The first indications of permanent settlement, ushering in the 4961:

An Absolute Massacre: The New Orleans Race Riot of July 30, 1866

4786:

A Bibliography Relative to the Indians of the State of Louisiana

4489: 4337:

Blinder, Alan; Fausset, Richard; Eligon, John (April 11, 2019).

4034:"Louisiana cinema shooting: Lafayette gunman 'had violent past'" 3208: 2989: 1500:

declared its independence in 1804 as the second republic in the

1027:. The first permanent settlement, Fort Maurepas (at what is now 346:

system built in New Orleans would take place from 2006 to 2011.

326:, disfranchisement of African Americans in the state had ended. 13514: 13068: 13063: 12840: 9635: 9478: 9070: 9055: 9050: 9038: 9033: 8961: 8891: 8794: 8573: 6540: 4799:

Schafer, Judith K., Warren M. Billings, and Glenn R. Conrad. ''

2941:

Kidder, Tristram (1998). R. Barry Lewis; Charles Stout (eds.).

2357: 1785:

Reconstruction, disenfranchisement, and segregation (1865–1929)

1420: 1313: 1291: 1267: 928: 853: 821: 814: 749: 719: 619: 147: 5105:

Louisiana During World War II: Politics and Society, 1939–1945

3701:"African American Migration Experience: The Great Migration", 3640:

Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy and the Canon",

2376:; this mass shooting spurred further discussion and debate on 1918:

constitution, with provisions for voter registration, such as

1548:

were annexed from the short-lived and strategically important

14555: 12829: 12493: 9169: 9152: 9132: 9065: 9028: 8956: 8886: 6352: 4750:

Kniffen, Fred B.; Hiram F. Gregory; George A. Stokes (1987).

3249:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 61. 2036:

dedicated to the Orphan Train children is located in Kansas.

1813: 1497: 1436: 1295: 1259: 1186: 944: 916: 900: 889: 727: 662:

agriculture was adopted. The Plaquemine culture in the lower

659: 555: 416: 343: 257:(1865–1877). During Reconstruction, Louisiana was subject to 163: 10911:(includes complete text of Gayarré, and several other books) 4975:

Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction: The Louisiana Experiment

2129: 963:

groups) and then followed the Mississippi River down to the

12898: 12813: 9483: 8834: 6397: 4020: 2916:"Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana: Transylvania Mounds" 1638: 1576: 532: 12791: 11818: 5144:

Ancelet, Barry Jean, Jay D. Edwards, and Glen Pitre, eds.

3180: 2763: 1857:

during the Civil War and Reconstruction era in Louisiana.

219:, was fought in Louisiana and resulted in a U.S. victory. 10739:

Romance of the History of Louisiana: A Series of Lectures

4573: 3877:"New software developer to bring jobs to Shreveport area" 1072:

set the northern and eastern bounds of his domain as the

511:

The Middle Woodland period started in Louisiana with the

4923:

Occupied City, New Orleans Under the Federals 1862–1865.

4229: 3018:"Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Caddoan Languages and Peoples" 2476:

Numerous "clusters" of confirmed cases have appeared at

1583:

community of New Orleans substantionally, enlarging the

9548:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

4783: 4730:

A Refuge for All Ages: Immigration in Louisiana History

3788:

Edward Blum and Abigail Thernstrom, "Executive Summary"

3542:, New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006, p.76-77. 1763:

The state was quickly overtaken by Union troops in the

1724:

Louisiana's flag during the American Civil War, in 1861

1540:, which became the state of Louisiana in 1812, and the 824:, in northeastern Louisiana particularly Tensas parish. 399:

Watson Brake, the oldest mound complex in North America

5209:

Italian Louisiana: History, Heritage, & Tradition.

5177:

African Americans in Lafayette and Southwest Louisiana

4010:"Groups plan to make push for Google Fiber experiment" 3148: 3146: 3144: 3088:, Smithsonian Institution Map (Eastern United States). 2336:

and many other low-lying parts of the state along the

2123: 1246:

In 1719, two French ships arrived in New Orleans, the

515:

in the southern and eastern part of the state and the

407:, Louisiana was home to the earliest mound complex in 12546:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

7327: 5098:

The New Deal: Volume Two – the State and Local Levels

4435:

Corasaniti, Nick; Mazzei, Patricia (March 13, 2020).

4114:"Lafayette now third largest metro area in the state" 3425:

Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market

3316: 3314: 3193:. Chicago and New York: Lewis Publishing Co. p. 2894:"Southeastern Prehistory : Late Woodland Period" 1110:

were the limit of Louisiana's reach; the outposts at

1050:

originally claimed all the land on both sides of the

951:

located the mouth of the Mississippi River. In 1542,

539:, and participated in the Hopewell Exchange Network. 442:. The largest and best-known site is near modern-day 4739:(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009) 354 pp. 4375: 4336: 3271:"theusgenweb.org "Immigrants to Colonial Louisiana"" 3086:

Early Indian Tribes, Cultures, and Linguistic Stocks

2543: 2374:

mass shooting and murder-suicide at Grand 16 Theater

2089: 10800: 4863:

The Louisiana Purchase and its Aftermath, 1800–1830

3374: 3141: 14633:History of the United States by state or territory 10935:Resources for Local History and Genealogy by State 10929:Local History & Genealogy Reference Services, 5029:(Louisiana State University Press; 2012) 256 pages 4814:Wall, Bennett H.; Rodrigue, John C., eds. (2014). 3335: 3311: 1779: 1359: 207:. Louisiana was admitted as the 18th state of the 10851:The History of Louisiana From The Earliest Period 4996:Policing the Southern City: New Orleans 1805–1889 4040:. British Broadcasting Corporation. July 24, 2015 1419:. Several thousand French-speaking refugees from 1231:survival through much of the eighteenth century. 907:Many current place names in the state, including 795:in St. Tammany parish. They were allied with the 342:, resulting in major damages. A $ 15 billion new 211:on April 30, 1812. The final major battle in the 138:emerged about 2,000 years ago out of the earlier 14604: 10822: 6388:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 5091:Louisiana Since the Longs, 1960 to Century's End 5055:Senator Allen Ellender of Louisiana: A Biography 4940:The Segregation Struggle in Louisiana, 1862–1877 4877:Louisiana and the Gulf South Frontier, 1500–1821 4754:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 4434: 4405: 4403: 3427:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999, p.2 3394:In Motion: African American Migration Experience 3125:Race, sex, and social order in early New Orleans 3010: 2661:List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana 2618:Outline of Louisiana § History of Louisiana 1961:From July 24–27, 1900, New Orleans erupted in a 1700:Secession and the American Civil War (1860–1865) 1575:, and slaves. Some refugees had earlier gone to 1392:defeat in the Seven Years' War. The area around 13090: 6433:Black players in professional American football 6383:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 4894: 4849:Antebellum Louisiana, 1830-1860: Life And Labor 4660:Elbaum, Rachel; Ortiz, Erik (August 30, 2021). 4631:"Louisiana – COVID-19 Overview – Johns Hopkins" 4601:"Louisiana – COVID-19 Overview – Johns Hopkins" 3333: 3215:Shortt, Adam; Doughty, Arthur G., eds. (1907). 2820: 2818: 2816: 1795:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era 1598:, took place in the Orleans Territory. Between 1461:and Andalusians from the south of Spain called 972:French exploration and colonization (1682–1763) 527:. These cultures were contemporaneous with the 430:By 2200 BC, during the Late Archaic period the 14628:History of the Southern United States by state 10579: 4485: 4483: 3334:Eltis, David; Richardson, David, eds. (1997). 3332:For a general discussion of these topics see, 2873:"Southeastern Prehistory-Late Woodland Period" 2760:, 2001, Delta Blues, accessed October 26, 2009 2045:Great Depression and World War II (1929–1940s) 477:The Poverty Point culture was followed by the 338:struck Louisiana and surrounding areas in the 12735:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 12216: 11804: 10957: 10636:. New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers 10585: 9747: 9587: 7313: 5279: 4909:The Civil War in Louisiana: Military Activity 4890:from the late-17th to the mid-19th centuries. 4784:Neuman, Robert W.; Lanier A. Simmons (1969). 4400: 4198: 3783: 3781: 3487:, October 8, 1874, accessed November 13, 2007 3214: 2109: 1241: 856:and Nakasa in the Caddo and Bossier parishes, 97: 12410:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 10607: 6146:Historically black colleges and universities 4856:The Spanish Presence in Louisiana, 1763–1803 4813: 4230:Baton Rouge Area Chamber (August 18, 2016). 4059:Shapiro, Emily; Liddy, Tom (July 24, 2015). 4058: 3957: 3610:– via Social Science Research Network. 3540:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War 3221:. Ottawa: Public Archives Canada. p. 72 2908: 2813: 2011:was a destination for at least three of the 1023:named the region Louisiana in 1682 to honor 750:Native groups at time of European settlement 5153:New Orleans, 1718–1812: An Economic History 4989:Race Relations in the Urban South 1865–1890 4884:Louisiana: Crossroads of the Atlantic World 4735:Gentry, Judith F., and Janet Allured, eds. 4659: 4480: 3190:A Standard History of White County, Indiana 2971:"Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period" 2433:The first presumptive case relating to the 2324:Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans 2039: 1973:In 1915, the Supreme Court struck down the 1716:Mississippi River in the American Civil War 249:on April 25, 1862. After the defeat of the 173:European influence began in the 1500s, and 12223: 12209: 11811: 11797: 10964: 10950: 9754: 9740: 9601: 9594: 9580: 7320: 7306: 5286: 5272: 5082:The Age of the Longs, Louisiana, 1928–1960 3799:Bullock-Gaddie Expert Report on Louisiana, 3778: 3569:"Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon" 3481:"Louisiana: The Levee System of the State" 3031: 2116: 2102: 1094:, and from there west to the mouth of the 104: 90: 14529:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 10888:. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company. 10883: 10810:. New York: University Publishing Company 10761:Louisiana: Its History As A French Colony 6363:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 4709:Louisiana Literature and Literary Figures 4635:Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center 4605:Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center 4496: 3590: 3459:, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, pp.96–98 2826:"Tejas-Caddo Ancestors-Woodland Cultures" 2787: 2382:Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area 1935:blacks free before the American Civil War 1039:, a French military officer from Canada. 500:Map showing the geographic extent of the 14534:Colonial universities in the Philippines 5050:(U of Georgia Press, 2016). xvi, 348 pp. 4542: 3958:Schleifstein, Mark (February 16, 2022). 3286: 3284: 1719: 1523: 1375: 1165: 999: 637: 629: 578:cultural period and some important sites 569: 495: 461: 394: 116:The history of the area that is now the 13525:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 10866: 10854:. New Orleans: A. T. Penniman, & Co 10776: 10754: 10732: 10706: 10684: 10672:. New York: Lamport, Blakeman & Law 9517:People of the United States / Americans 7766:Southeast Africans in the United States 7724:African immigrants to the United States 4737:Louisiana Women: Their Lives and Times. 4511: 4460: 4376:Eliott C. McLaughlin (April 15, 2019). 4318:from the original on September 27, 2020 4305: 4180:from the original on September 18, 2020 3874: 3186: 2735:Amélie A. Walker, "Earliest Mound Site" 2219:Nashville Student Movement Freedom Ride 2164:New Orleans school desegregation crisis 1480:reacquired Louisiana from Spain in the 625: 311:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 14605: 14478: 10971: 10844: 10665: 10648: 10629: 9761: 7793:Southern Africans in the United States 7635:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans 7262:Topics related to the African diaspora 6368:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 4266: 4085: 3905: 3848: 3566: 3152: 3057: 2940: 2839: 2656:List of Louisiana state historic sites 1114:(on the upper Wabash near present-day 650:in Louisiana saw the emergence of the 191:in 1763. Louisiana became part of the 14618:African-American history of Louisiana 14477: 14373: 14372: 13496: 13374: 13089: 12948: 12916: 12853: 12790: 12705: 12628: 12568: 12482: 12471: 12243: 12242: 12204: 11792: 10945: 10871:. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. 10742:. New York: D. Appleton & Company 9735: 9575: 7729:Central Africans in the United States 7301: 7242:Landmark African-American legislation 5293: 5267: 5169: 5138: 4150:from the original on November 9, 2020 3517:, January/February 2004, Vol.25/No.1. 3290: 3281: 3122: 2943:Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces 2636:History of the Southern United States 2097: 1680:other coastal markets by ship in the 1567:arrived to Louisiana, which included 658:. This was the period when extensive 415:site is an arrangement of human-made 150:peoples. Around the year 800 CE, the 12806:Captaincy General of the Philippines 12298:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 7700:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans 6373:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 4723:Agriculture And Economic Development 4287:from the original on August 19, 2016 4211:from the original on August 20, 2016 3567:Pildes, Richard H. (July 13, 2000). 3545: 3380: 3320: 3239: 3097: 2483:University of Louisiana at Lafayette 2367: 2311: 1914:-dominated legislature passed a new 1656:By 1840 New Orleans had the biggest 1134:operated as dependencies of Canada. 993:and into the region surrounding the 546:, planting various cultigens of the 142:. It is considered ancestral to the 14509:Indochristian painting in New Spain 12629: 10914:Boston Public Library, Map Center. 10884:Robertson, James Alexander (1911). 10716:. New York: Manzi, Joyant & Co. 8769:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 7992:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 7925:North Africans in the United States 7712:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 6727:African-American Vernacular English 4834: 4555:from the original on March 29, 2020 4524:from the original on March 29, 2020 4512:Umholtz, Katelyn (March 29, 2020). 4461:Coleman, Justine (March 25, 2020). 4388:from the original on April 17, 2019 4357:from the original on April 17, 2019 4067:. American Broadcasting Corporation 3342:. London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd. 2529:French colonization of the Americas 1706:Louisiana in the American Civil War 984:French colonization of the Americas 938: 774:-Mougoulacha in St. Tammany parish. 253:in 1865, Louisiana would enter the 13: 13476:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 12949: 12230: 10694:. New Orleans: L. Graham & Son 10666:French, Benjamin Franklin (1853). 10649:French, Benjamin Franklin (1846). 10617:. Baltimore: Schaeffer & Maund 7820:West Africans in the United States 7695:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans 6645:U.S. cities with large populations 6348:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 5200:(U of North Carolina Press, 2002) 5034:The Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana 5010:Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863–1877 4842:The French Experience in Louisiana 4830:Standard contemporary survey text. 4762:. New York: Hastings House, 1941. 4695: 4641:from the original on July 25, 2020 4611:from the original on July 25, 2020 4267:Cusick, Ashley (August 16, 2016). 2997:"The Plaquemine Culture, A.D 1000" 2224:Missouri to Louisiana Freedom Ride 521:Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site 457: 14: 14644: 12706: 12569: 12450:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 10902: 9364:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 8698:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 7329:Demographics of the United States 5518:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 5514:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 5321:African American founding fathers 5242:(Routledge, 2012) pp. 60–76. 5230:American Political Science Review 4818:(6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 4543:Simerman, John (March 29, 2020). 4306:Szekely, Peter (April 11, 2019). 4199:Jason Samenow (August 19, 2016). 3906:Daigle, Adam (February 3, 2019). 3875:Johnson, Charles (June 2, 2021). 2090:Civil Rights movement (1950–1970) 1658:slave market in the United States 1629:served as a neutral buffer zone. 1609: 1298:); and roughly 300 departed from 1174:(blue color) in 1750, before the 419:located in the floodplain of the 390: 241:, the largest city in the entire 233:on January 26, 1861, joining the 14561:Criollos in the colonial society 14489:Spanish missions in the Americas 13611:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 11772: 10807:A History of Louisiana (4th ed.) 10562: 9542:Race and ethnicity in the census 7630:African diaspora in the Americas 7280: 6398:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 5543:Nadir of American race relations 5160:Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta 4775: 4415:Louisiana Office of the Governor 4111: 3663:Louisiana State University Press 2641:Black Belt in the American South 2602: 2588: 2574: 2560: 2546: 2378:gun control in the United States 2053:, Louisiana was led by Governor 2002: 1994:north to industrial cities. The 1816:in what was administered as the 1264:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1150:the newly conquered lands, Gen. 574:A map showing the extent of the 489:, local manifestations of Early 73: 14588:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 12472: 10824:Le Page Du Pratz, Antoine-Simon 10595:. Philadelphia: Carey & Lea 7640:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 5404:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 5394:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 5190:38#3 (1997), pp. 287–308. 4760:Louisiana: A Guide to the State 4681: 4653: 4623: 4593: 4567: 4536: 4505: 4454: 4428: 4369: 4330: 4299: 4260: 4223: 4192: 4162: 4132: 4105: 4079: 4052: 4026: 4003: 3977: 3951: 3925: 3899: 3868: 3842: 3823: 3804: 3759: 3740: 3717: 3694: 3675: 3649: 3633: 3614: 3560: 3529: 3506: 3490: 3474: 3462: 3449: 3430: 3417: 3411:thomaslegioncherokee.tripod.com 3399: 3386: 3356: 3326: 3263: 3233: 3116: 3091: 3084:Sturdevent, William C. (1967): 3078: 2963: 2934: 2886: 2865: 2519:History of slavery in Louisiana 2302: 1910:In 1898, the white Democratic, 1780:Late 19th to early 20th century 1552:, by proclamation of President 1360:Spanish interregnum (1763–1803) 1262:, and from the coast of modern 360: 162:coincides with the adoption of 160:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 14613:African Americans in Louisiana 12917: 12640:Captaincy General of Guatemala 12348:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 7685:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 7660:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 6393:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 5399:Civil right movement 1896–1954 3849:Masson, Rob (April 21, 2022). 3557:, LSU Press, 2008, pp. 104–105 2744: 2728: 2716: 2699: 2682: 2651:List of governors of Louisiana 2514:African Americans in Louisiana 2428: 2351: 2061:in the state capitol in 1935. 1754:President of the United States 1076:valley up to the mouth of the 656:Caddoan Mississippian cultures 1: 14539:General Archive of the Indies 13800:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 13471:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 13456:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 12405:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 12358:War of the Spanish Succession 12323:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 10653:. New York: Wiley and Putnam. 9221:Hispanic and Latino Americans 6573:Cherokee freedmen controversy 5549:The Negro Motorist Green Book 5040: 4498:10.1101/2021.02.05.21251235v1 4086:Crilly, Rob (July 24, 2015). 3098:Reis, Elizabeth, ed. (2012). 2771:"The Tchefuncte Site Summary" 2713:. Retrieved January 27, 2022. 2696:. Retrieved January 27, 2022. 2690:Great Depression in Louisiana 2676: 2340:were hit by the catastrophic 2328:Reconstruction of New Orleans 1922:, residency requirements and 1758:Confederate States of America 1352:and Futa Bundu (modern Upper 911:, Natchitouches (now spelled 674:for the culture and period), 349: 235:Confederate States of America 13497: 12611:Captaincy General of Yucatan 12541:Union with Holy Roman Empire 12520:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 12435:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 11820:History of the United States 9291:Indigenous Mexican Americans 5005:bibliography pp. 58–62. 4925:(U of Kentucky Press, 1965). 4895:Civil War and reconstruction 4768:Works Project Administration 4758:Louisiana Writers' Project. 1944:In the notable 19th-century 1933:, the sizable population of 1084:); from there, northwest to 863:in Natchitoches parish, and 548:Eastern Agricultural Complex 132:Eastern Agricultural Complex 7: 13375: 13091:Administrative subdivisions 12288:War of the League of Cognac 10580:19th century studies online 9532:Maps of American ancestries 9328:French Polynesian Americans 7665:Dutch West Indian Americans 6443:Black players in ice hockey 6378:National Urban League (NUL) 6204:American Society of Muslims 5442:Selma to Montgomery marches 5362:Brown v. Board of Education 4952:Hollandsworth Jr, James G. 4918:(U of Chicago Press, 1973). 4916:Black New Orleans 1860–1880 3522:September 16, 2008, at the 3471:, accessed October 31, 2007 3457:American Slavery: 1619–1877 3123:Spear, Jennifer M. (2009). 2947:University of Alabama Press 2725:. Retrieved March 17, 2022. 2507: 2412:shooting of police officers 1845:According to Barry Crouch, 1037:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 1021:Robert Cavelier de La Salle 1007:, founder of the colony of 1005:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 525:Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana 356:Pre-Columbian North America 10: 14649: 13805:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 13790:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 13692:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 12854: 12590:), Western United States ( 12483: 12353:Portuguese Restoration War 10921:November 11, 2012, at the 10804:; John R. Ficklen (1900). 9313:Pacific Islander Americans 6600:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 6358:Nashville Student Movement 5369:Children of the plantation 4932:38#3 (1997), pp. 287–308. 4701: 3768:, accessed March 19, 2008 3749:, accessed March 19, 2008 3684:, accessed March 19, 2008 2707:World War II – 64 Parishes 2615: 2403:, Gonzales, St. Amant and 2389:shooting of Alton Sterling 2321: 2315: 1788: 1713: 1703: 1517: 1511: 1444:American Revolutionary War 1369: 1363: 1242:Africans and early slavery 1048:French colony of Louisiana 1035:), was founded in 1699 by 1029:Ocean Springs, Mississippi 981: 975: 364: 353: 14573:Slavery in Spanish Empire 14484: 14473: 14379: 14368: 14266: 14160: 14153: 14038: 13887: 13880: 13873: 13860:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 13770: 13639: 13601:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 13563: 13507: 13503: 13492: 13461:Barcelona Trading Company 13428: 13385: 13381: 13370: 13274: 13226:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 13196: 13138: 13100: 13096: 13085: 13036: 12995: 12959: 12955: 12944: 12923: 12860: 12801: 12733:Venezuela, part of Guyana 12712: 12635: 12586:, Central United States ( 12575: 12489: 12478: 12467: 12318:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 12303:Expulsion of the Moriscos 12249: 12238: 12140: 12102: 12088: 11827: 11768: 11435: 11365: 11317: 11214: 11161: 11073: 10995: 10983: 10558: 10225: 10155: 10107: 10004: 9951: 9863: 9785: 9773: 9609: 9512: 9504:Punjabi Mexican Americans 9454: 9383: 9303: 8777: 8628:Liechtensteiner Americans 8435: 7979: 7617: 7606: 7474: 7344: 7335: 7270: 7237:Index of related articles 7115: 7030: 6754: 6687: 6625: 6525: 6486: 6418: 6411: 6326: 6246: 6238:Doctrine of Father Divine 6184: 6126: 5775: 5630: 5622:Women's suffrage movement 5575:Reconstruction Amendments 5382:Voting Rights Act of 1965 5301: 4879:(LSU Press, 2014) 278 pp. 3839:, accessed March 19, 2008 3835:January 18, 2012, at the 3820:, accessed March 15, 2008 3737:, accessed April 24, 2008 3733:November 4, 2013, at the 3714:, accessed April 24, 2008 3710:November 4, 2013, at the 3646:, accessed March 10, 2008 3642:Constitutional Commentary 3630:, accessed March 15, 2008 3574:Constitutional Commentary 3526:, accessed April 14, 2008 3446:, accessed April 27, 2008 3442:November 4, 2013, at the 3305:10.1080/01440399708575205 3100:American sexual histories 2756:December 7, 2013, at the 2629:Expulsion of the Acadians 2364:line known as GeauxFiBR. 2297:Voting Rights Act of 1965 2241:Murder of Clarence Triggs 2137: 1594:in American history, the 1380:Spanish Louisiana in 1800 324:Voting Rights Act of 1965 183:) became a colony of the 14514:Quito painting tradition 14504:Cusco painting tradition 13865:García López de Cárdenas 13855:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 13762:Felipe González de Ahedo 13682:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 12259:Conquest of the Americas 12122:Northern Mariana Islands 9527:Native American ancestry 8302:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 8158:Indo-Caribbean Americans 7880:Sierra Leonean Americans 7830:Bissau-Guinean Americans 7776:South Sudanese Americans 7287:United States portal 6722:African-American English 6151:Inventors and scientists 5843:George Washington Carver 5447:Chicago Freedom Movement 4994:Rousey, Dennis Charles. 4982:Reconstructing Louisiana 4959:Hollandsworth, James G. 4239:Baton Rouge Area Chamber 3881:KOKA The Heart of Gospel 3816:August 23, 2007, at the 3626:August 23, 2007, at the 2423:Louisiana black churches 2360:'s new super high speed 2293:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2040:Mid-to-late 20th century 1565:Saint Dominican refugees 1550:Republic of West Florida 1396:and the parishes around 1386:Kingdom of Great Britain 788:in Pointe Coupee parish. 736:Caddo Nation of Oklahoma 712:Plaquemine Mississippian 504:, Coastal Troyville and 320:Civil Rights Act of 1964 225:Louisiana was a leading 80:United States portal 14299:Comuneros (New Granada) 14076:Balearic Islands (1558) 13795:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 13722:Ruy López de Villalobos 13677:Miguel López de Legazpi 13591:García de Toledo Osorio 12455:Western Sahara conflict 12445:Independence of Morocco 12385:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 12328:Piracy in the Caribbean 12313:French Wars of Religion 11055:Congressional districts 10867:de Mézières, Athanase. 10846:Martin, Francois Xavier 10587:Barbé-Marbois, François 9845:Congressional districts 9489:Louisiana Creole people 8638:Luxembourgish Americans 7808:South African Americans 7744:Equatoguinean Americans 7210:African-American firsts 6259:Back-to-Africa movement 6228:Black Hebrew Israelites 6008:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 5556:Partus sequitur ventrem 5232:115.2 (2021): 694–700. 5217:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. 5164:excerpt and text search 5109:excerpt and text search 5100:(1975) pp. 137–65. 5076:excerpt and text search 5066:excerpt and text search 3793:April 17, 2009, at the 3407:"Adams-Onís Treaty Map" 3293:Slavery & Abolition 2723:Louisiana: | Infoplease 2671:Timeline of New Orleans 2666:Timeline of Baton Rouge 2253:register black voters. 2188:Baton Rouge bus boycott 1818:Fifth Military District 1791:Fifth Military District 1482:Treaty of San Ildefonso 1446:, New Orleans Governor 1025:France's King Louis XIV 903:in East Carroll parish. 867:in the Caldwell parish. 266:Fifth Military District 158:. The emergence of the 119:U.S. state of Louisiana 14544:Colonial Spanish Horse 14218:Colonia del Sacramento 13441:Spanish treasure fleet 13018:Royal Decree of Graces 10764:. New York: John Wiley 10713:A History of Louisiana 9603:Ethnicity in Louisiana 9276:Puerto Rican Americans 7835:Cape Verdean Americans 7690:Saint Lucian Americans 7466:Ethnocultural politics 7434:Racial achievement gap 7364:Educational attainment 7178:Spingarn Medal winners 6667:States and territories 6438:Black NFL quarterbacks 5938:Martin Luther King Jr. 5470:Dred Scott v. Sandford 5409:Montgomery bus boycott 5245:Vincent, Charles, ed. 5134:(1970), Pulitzer Prize 5124:12.2 (1971): 149–165. 5103:Sanson, Jerry Purvis. 4987:Rabinowitz, Howard N. 4861:Labbe, Dolores Egger. 4808:Education in Louisiana 4015:July 25, 2014, at the 3772:June 26, 2008, at the 3753:June 26, 2008, at the 3688:June 26, 2008, at the 3500:38.3 (1997): 287–308. 3187:Hamelle, W.H. (1915). 2534:French colonial empire 2524:Louisiana (New France) 2455:presidential primaries 2447:New Orleans metro area 2067:Second Great Migration 1980:Guinn v. United States 1725: 1534:Louisiana (New France) 1529: 1381: 1178: 1016: 978:Louisiana (New France) 842:in Natchitoches parish 643: 635: 579: 517:Fourche Maline culture 508: 474: 400: 13702:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 13662:Juan Sebastián Elcano 12977:Council of the Indies 12338:Spanish–Moro conflict 12308:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 12268:Treaty of Tordesillas 10784:. New York: Redfield. 9651:Hispanics and Latinos 9373:New Zealand Americans 9338:Micronesian Americans 9333:Marshallese Americans 9234:Costa Rican Americans 8693:Sammarinese Americans 8663:Montenegrin Americans 8393:Azerbaijani Americans 8356:Palestinian Americans 8278:Singaporean Americans 8126:Bangladeshi Americans 7734:Cameroonian Americans 7456:Unemployment by state 6488:Athletic associations 6423:Negro league baseball 6194:African-American Jews 5913:Ketanji Brown Jackson 5878:Henry Highland Garnet 5737:Negro National Anthem 5487:George Floyd protests 5452:Post–civil rights era 5256:50.2 (2009): 133–158 5175:Broussard, Sherry T. 4914:Blassingame, John W. 4794:Religion in Louisiana 4764:American Guide Series 4248:on September 16, 2016 4176:. December 17, 2019. 3887:on September 10, 2022 3241:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo 3153:Ekberg, Carl (2000). 2741:, Volume 51 Number 1, 2539:Louisiana (New Spain) 2289:Civil Rights movement 2229:Murder of Oneal Moore 2126:Civil rights movement 1736:gens de couleur libre 1723: 1714:Further information: 1682:coastwise slave trade 1596:German Coast Uprising 1590:In 1811, the largest 1542:District of Louisiana 1527: 1518:Further information: 1379: 1366:Louisiana (New Spain) 1176:French and Indian War 1169: 1154:, then commandant at 1100:Rock Island, Illinois 1003: 982:Further information: 880:in St. Landry parish. 799:in Tangipahoa parish. 746:in Red River Parish. 686:in Louisiana and the 641: 633: 596:Jonesville, Louisiana 573: 499: 465: 432:Poverty Point culture 398: 365:Further information: 354:Further information: 295:Civil Rights movement 217:Battle of New Orleans 205:District of Louisiana 152:Mississippian culture 14623:History of Louisiana 14499:Mesoamerican Codices 14223:Comuneros (Paraguay) 14061:Siege of Castelnuovo 13647:Christopher Columbus 13466:Consulate of the Sea 13446:Casa de Contratación 13037:Titles and positions 12430:Spanish–American War 12420:Liberal constitution 12263:Asia and the Pacific 11779:Louisiana portal 11680:St. John the Baptist 10909:History of Louisiana 10782:History of Louisiana 10569:Louisiana portal 10470:St. John the Baptist 9446:Venezuelan Americans 9436:Surinamese Americans 9426:Paraguayan Americans 9416:Ecuadorian Americans 9368:Australian Americans 9259:Salvadoran Americans 9254:Panamanian Americans 9249:Nicaraguan Americans 9239:Guatemalan Americans 8678:Portuguese Americans 8643:Macedonian Americans 8633:Lithuanian Americans 8470:Belarusian Americans 8288:Vietnamese Americans 8258:Indonesian Americans 8212:Sri Lankan Americans 8078:Fuzhounese Americans 7875:Senegalese Americans 7813:Zimbabwean Americans 7705:Vincentian Americans 6695:Afro-Seminole Creole 6221:Azusa Street Revival 6093:Booker T. Washington 5617:Underground Railroad 5482:Free people of color 5336:Atlantic slave trade 5207:Gauthreaux, Alan G. 5130:Williams, T. Harry. 4980:Powell, Lawrence N. 4945:Hogue, James Keith. 4904:. (Oxford UP, 1991). 4816:Louisiana: A History 4118:The Daily Advertiser 3277:on January 31, 2009. 3045:on February 20, 2021 3039:"Historical-Belcher" 2847:"OAS-Oklahomas Past" 2801:on December 15, 2008 2739:Archaeology Magazine 2582:United States portal 2568:North America portal 2496:On August 29, 2021, 2275:segregation against 2258:States' Rights Party 2175:Lombard v. Louisiana 1884:William Pitt Kellogg 1731:free people of color 1538:Territory of Orleans 1471:Gwendolyn Midlo Hall 1306:Gwendolyn Midlo Hall 1276:Saint-Louis, Senegal 1019:The French explorer 742:in Caddo Parish and 648:Mississippian period 626:Mississippian period 604:Troyville Earthworks 592:Troyville Earthworks 440:Belzoni, Mississippi 201:Territory of Orleans 22:History of Louisiana 14228:Cartagena de Indias 13850:Diego de Mazariegos 13820:Pere Fages i Beleta 13687:Sebastián de Ocampo 13168:Provincias Internas 13140:Captaincies General 13054:Municipal president 13023:School of Salamanca 12794:Spanish East Indies 12773:Misiones Orientales 12645:Spanish West Indies 12609:, Central America ( 12556:Pyrénées-Orientales 12509:Union with Portugal 12400:Napoleonic invasion 12380:War of Jenkins' Ear 12132:U.S. Virgin Islands 11206:Southwest Louisiana 11196:Northwest Louisiana 11191:Greater New Orleans 11065:Tourist attractions 10832:. London: T. Becket 10630:Bunner, E. (1855). 9996:Southwest Louisiana 9986:Northwest Louisiana 9981:Greater New Orleans 9855:Tourist attractions 9441:Uruguayan Americans 9411:Colombian Americans 9401:Brazilian Americans 9391:Argentine Americans 9271:Dominican Americans 9165:Alaskan Athabaskans 8764:Non-Hispanic whites 8757:Ukrainian Americans 8735:Slovenian Americans 8713:Norwegian Americans 8708:Icelandic Americans 8596:Hungarian Americans 8542:Dagestani Americans 8517:Bulgarian Americans 8336:Jordanian Americans 8273:Malaysian Americans 8243:Cambodian Americans 8195:Pakistani Americans 8185:Maldivian Americans 8138:Bhutanese Americans 8114:Mongolian Americans 8068:Taiwanese Americans 8063:Hong Kong Americans 7911:Ethiopian Americans 7781:Tanzanian Americans 7739:Congolese Americans 7670:Grenadian Americans 7655:Bermudian Americans 7650:Barbadian Americans 7384:Housing segregation 7338:Demographic history 7090:Trinidad and Tobago 6705:Black American Sign 6532:By African descent 6526:Ethnic subdivisions 6513:Southwestern (SWAC) 6428:Baseball color line 6343:Black Panther Party 6247:Political movements 6164:in computer science 5823:Carol Moseley Braun 5612:Tulsa race massacre 5605:Treatment of slaves 5437:March on Washington 5432:Birmingham movement 5240:Are Italians White? 4882:Vidal, Cecile, ed. 4728:Brasseaux, Carl A. 4273:The Washington Post 3583:10.2139/ssrn.224731 2284:for opportunities. 2199:Garner v. Louisiana 2193:Baton Rouge sit-ins 2182:City of Baton Rouge 2169:New Orleans sit-ins 2153:City of New Orleans 2049:During some of the 1869:Paramilitary groups 1810:Reconstruction Acts 1710:Louisiana secession 1442:In 1779 during the 1128:Fort Wayne, Indiana 744:Gahagan Mounds Site 708:St. Louis, Missouri 680:Transylvania Mounds 600:Coles Creek culture 472:Marksville cultures 181:Louis XIV of France 14524:Academia Antártica 14479:Other civil topics 13845:Pánfilo de Narváez 13747:Sebastián Vizcaíno 13712:Andrés de Urdaneta 13672:Juan Ponce de León 13657:Ferdinand Magellan 13631:Bernardo de Gálvez 13530:Indian auxiliaries 13028:Trial of residence 13008:Laws of the Indies 12792:Asia and Oceania ( 12653:Dominican Republic 10609:Brackenridge, H.M. 9431:Peruvian Americans 9421:Guyanese Americans 9396:Bolivian Americans 9318:Chamorro Americans 9244:Honduran Americans 9229:Belizean Americans 9214:Canadian Americans 8683:Romanian Americans 8653:Moldovan Americans 8581:Galician Americans 8559:Estonian Americans 8527:Croatian Americans 8505:Scottish Americans 8460:Austrian Americans 8455:Asturian Americans 8450:Albanian Americans 8398:Georgian Americans 8388:Assyrian Americans 8383:Armenian Americans 8346:Lebanese Americans 8321:Bahraini Americans 8248:Filipino Americans 8190:Nepalese Americans 8153:Gujarati Americans 8102:Ryukyuan Americans 8097:Japanese Americans 7969:Sudanese Americans 7962:Tunisian Americans 7947:Algerian Americans 7930:Egyptian Americans 7906:Eritrean Americans 7885:Togolese Americans 7870:Nigerian Americans 7860:Liberian Americans 7845:Ghanaian Americans 7825:Beninese Americans 7803:Malawian Americans 7749:Gabonese Americans 7680:Jamaican Americans 7645:Bahamian Americans 7551:Moorish Scientists 7451:Standard of living 7188:US representatives 7183:US cabinet members 7075:Dominican Republic 6662:Metropolitan areas 6503:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 6328:Civic and economic 6306:Self-determination 6127:Education, science 6048:Fred Shuttlesworth 6028:A. Philip Randolph 5933:Coretta Scott King 5858:Frederick Douglass 5685:Harlem Renaissance 5590:Separate but equal 5580:Reconstruction era 5568:Plessy v. Ferguson 5459:Cornerstone Speech 5373:Civil Rights Acts 5356:Black Lives Matter 5331:American Civil War 5221:(LSU Press, 1995) 5170:Race and ethnicity 5139:Local and regional 5113:Schott Matthew J. 5070:Fairclough, Adam. 5036:(LSU Press, 1970). 5012:(LSU Press, 1974). 5008:Taylor, Joe Gray. 4998:(LSU Press, 1996). 4991:(Oxford UP, 1978). 4970:(LSU Press, 2005). 4963:(LSU Press, 2001). 4956:(LSU Press, 1995). 4921:Capers, Gerald M. 4907:Bergeron, Arthur. 4868:Schott Matthew J. 4847:Delatte, Carolyn. 4721:Becnel, Thomas A. 4714:Baker, Vaughan B. 4441:The New York Times 4343:The New York Times 3939:. January 13, 2022 3655:William Ivy Hair. 3552:William Ivy Hair, 3485:The New York Times 2705:Sanson, P. Jerry. 2459:stay-at-home order 2235:Brown v. Louisiana 2159:Sugar Bowl of 1956 2146:Louisiana v. NAACP 2140:State of Louisiana 2083:Smith v. Allwright 2033:French West Indian 1975:grandfather clause 1951:Plessy v. Ferguson 1946:U.S. Supreme Court 1877:Coushatta massacre 1765:American Civil War 1726: 1561:Haitian Revolution 1530: 1514:Louisiana Purchase 1502:Western Hemisphere 1478:Napoleon Bonaparte 1476:In 1800, France's 1448:Bernardo de Galvez 1398:Lake Pontchartrain 1382: 1328:were related, and 1181:The settlement of 1179: 1126:(near present-day 1116:Lafayette, Indiana 1082:Danville, Illinois 1080:(near present-day 1017: 991:St. Lawrence River 949:Panfilo de Narváez 947:expedition led by 740:Belcher Mound Site 684:Scott Place Mounds 644: 636: 588:Troyville cultures 580: 513:Marksville culture 509: 506:Troyville cultures 475: 401: 383:and Early Archaic 278:Plessy v. Ferguson 273:U.S. Supreme Court 255:Reconstruction era 193:Louisiana Purchase 140:Tchefuncte culture 136:Marksville culture 124:indigenous peoples 14600: 14599: 14596: 14595: 14469: 14468: 14374:Spanish conquests 14364: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14149: 14148: 13830:Pedro de Alvarado 13815:Gaspar de Portolà 13810:Pedro de Valdivia 13785:Francisco Pizarro 13737:Nicolás de Ovando 13732:Alonso de Ercilla 13707:Alonso de Salazar 13540:Ships of the line 13488: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13366: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13081: 13080: 13077: 13076: 12940: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12912: 12911: 12869:Northern Africa ( 12865:Equatorial Guinea 12849: 12848: 12786: 12785: 12701: 12700: 12624: 12623: 12615:Spanish Caribbean 12588:Spanish Louisiana 12564: 12563: 12499:Crown of Castille 12463: 12462: 12440:Spanish Civil War 12415:Adams–Onís Treaty 12395:Nootka Convention 12343:Thirty Years' War 12333:Eighty Years' War 12254:Catholic Monarchs 12244:Timeline–immersed 12198: 12197: 11786: 11785: 11181:Central Louisiana 10916:Maps of Louisiana 10576: 10575: 9971:Central Louisiana 9729: 9728: 9670:Native Americans 9614:African Americans 9569: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9522:American ancestry 9406:Chilean Americans 9348:Palauan Americans 9281:Mexican Americans 8740:Spanish Americans 8725:Serbian Americans 8718:Swedish Americans 8688:Russian Americans 8668:Occitan Americans 8658:Monacan Americans 8648:Maltese Americans 8623:Latvian Americans 8618:Kosovan Americans 8606:Italian Americans 8564:Finnish Americans 8532:Cypriot Americans 8522:Catalan Americans 8495:English Americans 8490:Cornish Americans 8485:British Americans 8480:Bosnian Americans 8475:Belgian Americans 8425:Turkish Americans 8420:Kurdish Americans 8413:Israeli Americans 8403:Iranian Americans 8341:Kuwaiti Americans 8326:Emirati Americans 8268:Laotian Americans 8263:Iu Mien Americans 8231:Burmese Americans 8200:Punjabi Americans 8163:Punjabi Americans 8148:Bengali Americans 8131:Bengali Americans 8090:Tibetan Americans 8058:Chinese Americans 8036:Turkmen Americans 8009:Pashtun Americans 7957:Moroccan American 7855:Ivorian Americans 7850:Guinean Americans 7840:Gambian Americans 7798:Angolan Americans 7786:Ugandan Americans 7675:Haitian Americans 7625:African Americans 7424:Racial inequality 7394:Income inequality 7359:Gender inequality 7295: 7294: 7123:African Americans 6995:Dallas–Fort Worth 6590:Black Southerners 6521: 6520: 5973:Thurgood Marshall 5943:Bernard Lafayette 5538:Million Man March 5295:African Americans 5254:Louisiana History 5188:Louisiana History 5158:Jeansonne, Glen. 5122:Louisiana History 5088:Kurtz, Michael L. 5032:White, Howard A. 5019:(1969): 339–351. 5017:Louisiana History 4973:McCrary, Peyton. 4949:(LSU Press, 2006) 4930:Louisiana History 4840:Conrad, Glenn R. 4825:978-1-118-61929-2 4806:Wade, Michael G. 4745:978-0-8203-2947-5 3498:Louisiana History 3256:978-0-8071-1999-0 3134:978-0-8018-8680-5 3109:978-1-4443-3929-1 2922:on March 20, 2014 2688:Reonas, Matthew. 2502:Hurricane Katrina 2463:social distancing 2435:COVID-19 pandemic 2387:In July 2016 the 2368:Mid to late 2010s 2342:Hurricane Katrina 2318:Hurricane Katrina 2312:Hurricane Katrina 2277:African Americans 2262:Evangeline Parish 2249: 2248: 1985:all-white primary 1977:in its ruling in 1939:Voting Rights Act 1851:Freedmen's Bureau 1826:1868 Constitution 1769:Southern Unionist 1662:African Americans 1641:was crowded with 1635:Mississippi River 1627:Sabine Free State 1623:Adams-Onís Treaty 1600:64 and 500 slaves 1052:Mississippi River 833:Caddo Confederacy 664:Mississippi River 598:), and later the 529:Hopewell cultures 452:Mississippi Delta 336:Hurricane Katrina 264:, as part of the 185:Kingdom of France 154:emerged from the 114: 113: 55:African-Americans 14640: 14475: 14474: 14441:Chibchan Nations 14370: 14369: 14339:Santiago de Cuba 14198:Guadalupe Island 14158: 14157: 13885: 13884: 13878: 13877: 13840:Diego de Almagro 13717:Antonio de Ulloa 13621:Ambrosio Spinola 13616:Pedro de Zubiaur 13586:Alfonso d'Avalos 13576:Antonio de Leyva 13520:Army of Flanders 13505: 13504: 13494: 13493: 13383: 13382: 13372: 13371: 13098: 13097: 13087: 13086: 12957: 12956: 12946: 12945: 12914: 12913: 12887:Peñón of Algiers 12851: 12850: 12788: 12787: 12703: 12702: 12626: 12625: 12608: 12566: 12565: 12480: 12479: 12469: 12468: 12390:Seven Years' War 12363:Queen Anne's War 12240: 12239: 12225: 12218: 12211: 12202: 12201: 12142:Outlying islands 12096:Washington, D.C. 12090:Federal district 11813: 11806: 11799: 11790: 11789: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11745:West Baton Rouge 11525:East Baton Rouge 11186:Florida Parishes 10966: 10959: 10952: 10943: 10942: 10938: 10925:, various dates. 10889: 10872: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10785: 10778:Gayarré, Charles 10773: 10771: 10769: 10756:Gayarré, Charles 10751: 10749: 10747: 10734:Gayarré, Charles 10717: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10654: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10535:West Baton Rouge 10315:East Baton Rouge 9976:Florida Parishes 9756: 9749: 9742: 9733: 9732: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9573: 9572: 9358:Tongan Americans 9353:Samoan Americans 9343:Native Hawaiians 9323:Fijian Americans 9225:Central America 8785:Native Americans 8730:Slovak Americans 8703:Danish Americans 8673:Polish Americans 8586:German Americans 8569:French Americans 8547:Lezgin Americans 8465:Basque Americans 8408:Jewish Americans 8376:Yemeni Americans 8371:Syrian Americans 8361:Qatari Americans 8297:Romani Americans 8205:Sindhi Americans 8178:Telugu Americans 8168:Sindhi Americans 8143:Indian Americans 8109:Korean Americans 8041:Uyghur Americans 8026:Kyrgyz Americans 8021:Kazakh Americans 8016:Baloch Americans 8004:Afghan Americans 7952:Libyan Americans 7942:Berber Americans 7935:Coptic Americans 7916:Somali Americans 7892:Yoruba Americans 7865:Malian Americans 7771:Kenyan Americans 7615: 7614: 7608:By continent and 7379:Household income 7322: 7315: 7308: 7299: 7298: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7247:Lynching victims 6746:Louisiana Creole 6717:American English 6605:Louisiana Creole 6578:Choctaw freedmen 6416: 6415: 5953:Huddie Ledbetter 5893:Fannie Lou Hamer 5863:W. E. B. Du Bois 5853:Claudette Colvin 5848:Shirley Chisholm 5665:Family structure 5533:Military history 5415:Browder v. Gayle 5288: 5281: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5196:De Jong, Greta. 5179:(Arcadia, 2012) 5080:Haas, Edward F. 5060:Bridges, Tyler. 5053:Becnel, Thomas. 5046:Allured, Janet. 5025:Wetta, Frank J. 4966:Long, Alecia P. 4938:Fischer, Roger. 4888:Atlantic history 4875:Smith, F. Todd. 4854:Din, Gilbert C. 4835:Colonial to 1900 4829: 4792:Nolan, Charles. 4789: 4780: 4779: 4755: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4241:. Archived from 4236: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4146:. July 8, 2017. 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4023:, April 5, 2010. 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3883:. Archived from 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3846: 3840: 3827: 3821: 3808: 3802: 3785: 3776: 3763: 3757: 3744: 3738: 3721: 3715: 3698: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3653: 3647: 3637: 3631: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3594: 3564: 3558: 3549: 3543: 3533: 3527: 3510: 3504: 3494: 3488: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3434: 3428: 3423:Walter Johnson, 3421: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3370:on May 21, 2009. 3366:. Archived from 3360: 3354: 3353: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3273:. Archived from 3267: 3261: 3260: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3150: 3139: 3138: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3095: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3041:. Archived from 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2973:. Archived from 2967: 2961: 2960: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2918:. Archived from 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2849:. Archived from 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2822: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2797:. Archived from 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2775: 2767: 2761: 2748: 2742: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2686: 2612: 2610:Louisiana portal 2607: 2606: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2465:, and President 2451:John Bel Edwards 2393:an unnamed storm 2332:In August 2005, 2268:, for instance. 2264:to only 1.7% in 2213:Other localities 2206:Cox v. Louisiana 2132: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2051:Great Depression 1931:Creoles of color 1916:disenfranchising 1688:destinations at 1666:forced migration 1602:rose up on the " 1569:Creoles of color 1546:Florida Parishes 1429:Joseph Broussard 1402:Seven Years' War 1332:, spoken by the 1222:, and (briefly) 1203:, in modern-day 1201:Illinois Country 1132:Prairie du Chien 1098:(at present day 1056:Illinois Country 953:Hernando de Soto 939:European contact 485:cultures of the 385:projectile point 377:Dalton tradition 306:Great Depression 275:decision in the 251:Confederate Army 189:passing to Spain 187:in 1682, before 166:agriculture and 106: 99: 92: 78: 77: 76: 18: 17: 14648: 14647: 14643: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14638: 14637: 14603: 14602: 14601: 14592: 14568:Old inquisition 14480: 14465: 14375: 14348: 14304:Trinidad (1797) 14274:La Noche Triste 14262: 14258:San Juan (1797) 14208:San Juan (1595) 14145: 14034: 13874:Notable battles 13869: 13835:Martín de Ursúa 13766: 13697:Alonso de Ojeda 13667:Juan de la Cosa 13652:Pinzón brothers 13635: 13606:John of Austria 13581:Martín de Goiti 13559: 13499: 13480: 13424: 13377: 13358: 13270: 13266:Terra Australis 13261:Río de la Plata 13206:Castilla de Oro 13192: 13134: 13130:Río de la Plata 13092: 13073: 13032: 12991: 12987:Santa Hermandad 12951: 12932: 12928:Terra Australis 12919: 12908: 12875:Spanish Morocco 12856: 12845: 12836:Northern Taiwan 12797: 12782: 12753:Río de la Plata 12708: 12697: 12631: 12630:Central America 12620: 12602: 12571: 12560: 12504:Crown of Aragon 12485: 12474: 12459: 12375:Bourbon Reforms 12245: 12234: 12229: 12199: 12194: 12136: 12098: 12084: 11823: 11817: 11787: 11782: 11773: 11771: 11764: 11575:Jefferson Davis 11431: 11361: 11313: 11210: 11201:North Louisiana 11157: 11069: 10991: 10979: 10970: 10923:Wayback Machine 10905: 10900: 10857: 10855: 10835: 10833: 10813: 10811: 10767: 10765: 10745: 10743: 10697: 10695: 10675: 10673: 10639: 10637: 10620: 10618: 10598: 10596: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10563: 10561: 10554: 10365:Jefferson Davis 10221: 10151: 10103: 10000: 9991:North Louisiana 9947: 9859: 9781: 9769: 9760: 9730: 9725: 9721:White Americans 9605: 9600: 9570: 9561: 9508: 9450: 9379: 9299: 9266:Cuban Americans 8907:Mission Indians 8773: 8752:Swiss Americans 8601:Irish Americans 8591:Greek Americans 8554:Dutch Americans 8537:Czech Americans 8510:Welsh Americans 8445:White Americans 8431: 8366:Saudi Americans 8351:Omani Americans 8331:Iraqi Americans 8253:Hmong Americans 8236:Karen Americans 8217:Tamil Americans 8173:Tamil Americans 8083:Hoklo Americans 8073:Hakka Americans 8046:Uzbek Americans 8031:Tajik Americans 7987:Asian Americans 7975: 7902:Horn of Africa 7610:ethnic ancestry 7609: 7602: 7568:Native American 7556:Nation of Islam 7546:Five Percenters 7470: 7439:Racial wage gap 7429:Race and health 7414:Personal income 7346: 7340: 7331: 7326: 7296: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7266: 7232:Historic places 7225:US state firsts 7111: 7026: 6750: 6683: 6655:2010 majorities 6650:2000 majorities 6621: 6568:Black Seminoles 6517: 6508:Southern (SIAC) 6491: 6490:and conferences 6489: 6482: 6478:Serena Williams 6473:Jackie Robinson 6407: 6331: 6329: 6322: 6242: 6209:Nation of Islam 6180: 6128: 6122: 6063:Sojourner Truth 6053:Clarence Thomas 6018:Gabriel Prosser 5918:Michael Jackson 5793:Crispus Attucks 5783:Ralph Abernathy 5771: 5727:Musical theater 5626: 5492:Great Migration 5464:COVID-19 impact 5422:Sit-in movement 5297: 5292: 5172: 5151:Clark, John G. 5141: 5043: 4900:Arnesen, Eric. 4897: 4837: 4826: 4774: 4707:Allain, Mathe. 4704: 4698: 4696:Further reading 4693: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4506: 4488: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4205:Washington Post 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4112:Goff, Jessica. 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017:Wayback Machine 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3991:. April 5, 2022 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3847: 3843: 3837:Wayback Machine 3828: 3824: 3818:Wayback Machine 3809: 3805: 3795:Wayback Machine 3786: 3779: 3774:Wayback Machine 3764: 3760: 3755:Wayback Machine 3745: 3741: 3735:Wayback Machine 3722: 3718: 3712:Wayback Machine 3699: 3695: 3690:Wayback Machine 3680: 3676: 3654: 3650: 3644:, Vol. 17, p.12 3638: 3634: 3628:Wayback Machine 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3565: 3561: 3550: 3546: 3536:Nicholas Lemann 3534: 3530: 3524:Wayback Machine 3511: 3507: 3495: 3491: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455:Peter Kolchin, 3454: 3450: 3444:Wayback Machine 3435: 3431: 3422: 3418: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3312: 3289: 3282: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3151: 3142: 3135: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2977:on June 7, 2008 2969: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2853:on May 31, 2010 2845: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2758:Wayback Machine 2749: 2745: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2704: 2700: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2620: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2510: 2431: 2421:In 2019, three 2370: 2354: 2330: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2250: 2245: 2133: 2124: 2122: 2092: 2047: 2042: 2005: 1992:Great Migration 1963:white race riot 1863:Colfax massacre 1836:white supremacy 1806:convict leasing 1797: 1789:Main articles: 1787: 1782: 1750:Abraham Lincoln 1718: 1712: 1704:Main articles: 1702: 1612: 1585:French-speaking 1522: 1516: 1510: 1406:Treaty of Paris 1374: 1368: 1362: 1244: 1139:Treaty of Paris 1078:Vermilion River 1060:Rocky Mountains 986: 980: 974: 941: 752: 676:Fitzhugh Mounds 628: 590:(named for the 565:platform mounds 491:Woodland period 460: 458:Woodland period 444:Epps, Louisiana 393: 373: 363: 358: 352: 302:Great Migration 156:Woodland period 110: 74: 72: 12: 11: 5: 14646: 14636: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14598: 14597: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14471: 14470: 14467: 14466: 14464: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14422: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14384:Canary Islands 14380: 14377: 14376: 14366: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14354: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14347: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14270: 14268: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14238:Túpac Amaru II 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14183:Bogotá savanna 14180: 14175: 14170: 14164: 14162: 14155: 14151: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14091:Spanish Armada 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14042: 14040: 14036: 14035: 14033: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13985:White Mountain 13982: 13980:Cape Celidonia 13977: 13975:English Armada 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13891: 13889: 13882: 13875: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13776: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13752:Juan Fernández 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13727:Diego Columbus 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13643: 13641: 13637: 13636: 13634: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13557: 13555:Army of Africa 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13535:Spanish Armada 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13511: 13509: 13501: 13500: 13490: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13436:Manila galleon 13432: 13430: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13391: 13389: 13379: 13378: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13280: 13278: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13202: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13144: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13106: 13104: 13094: 13093: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 12999: 12997: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12963: 12961: 12953: 12952: 12950:Administration 12942: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12924: 12921: 12920: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12906: 12871:Western Sahara 12867: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12780: 12769:Banda Oriental 12750: 12736: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12642: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12584:Coastal Alaska 12576: 12573: 12572: 12562: 12561: 12559: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12518: 12517: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12476: 12475: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12256: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12236: 12235: 12232:Spanish Empire 12228: 12227: 12220: 12213: 12205: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12180:Navassa Island 12177: 12172: 12167: 12165:Johnston Atoll 12162: 12157: 12155:Howland Island 12152: 12146: 12144: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12112:American Samoa 12108: 12106: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12030:South Carolina 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11995:North Carolina 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11824: 11816: 11815: 11808: 11801: 11793: 11784: 11783: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11762: 11757: 11755:West Feliciana 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11535:East Feliciana 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11441: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11371: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11220: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11167: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11086:Climate change 11083: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11001: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10969: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10926: 10912: 10904: 10903:External links 10901: 10899: 10898: 10881: 10864: 10842: 10820: 10798: 10774: 10752: 10730: 10708:Fortier, Alcée 10704: 10686:Fortier, Alcée 10682: 10663: 10646: 10627: 10605: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10545:West Feliciana 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10325:East Feliciana 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10161: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10113: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10010: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9957: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9876:Climate change 9873: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9791: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9759: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9736: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9684:Choctaw-Apache 9681: 9676: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9621: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9599: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9576: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9370: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9309: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9288: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9217: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9160:Alaska Natives 9157: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9138:Tohono Oʼodham 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8500:Manx Americans 8497: 8492: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8441: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8316:Arab Americans 8307: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8283:Thai Americans 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8226:Southeast Asia 8223: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8065: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8012: 8011: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7763: 7761:Igbo Americans 7758: 7756:Fula Americans 7753: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7621: 7619: 7612: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7588:Scientologists 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7561:Value Creators 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7409:Middle classes 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7374:Home-ownership 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7277: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7198:Visual artists 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7158:Mathematicians 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7036: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6982: 6977: 6975:South Carolina 6972: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6945:North Carolina 6942: 6941: 6940: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6890:Massachusetts 6888: 6887: 6886: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6842: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6732:social context 6729: 6719: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6583:Creek Freedmen 6580: 6575: 6570: 6560: 6558:Alabama Creole 6555: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6498:Central (CIAA) 6494: 6492: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Pan-Africanism 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6233:Black theology 6230: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6174:in STEM fields 6171: 6166: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6129:and technology 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6068:Harriet Tubman 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5998:Michelle Obama 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5928:Barbara Jordan 5925: 5923:Harriet Jacobs 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5813:Amelia Boynton 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5776:Notable people 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5712:LGBT community 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5427:Freedom Riders 5424: 5419: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5351:Black genocide 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5226: 5215: 5205: 5194: 5184: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5156: 5149: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5118: 5111: 5101: 5094: 5085: 5078: 5068: 5058: 5051: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4824: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4781: 4772:Online edition 4756: 4747: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4680: 4652: 4622: 4592: 4566: 4535: 4504: 4479: 4453: 4427: 4399: 4368: 4329: 4298: 4259: 4222: 4191: 4161: 4131: 4104: 4078: 4051: 4025: 4002: 3976: 3950: 3924: 3898: 3867: 3841: 3822: 3803: 3777: 3758: 3739: 3716: 3693: 3674: 3648: 3632: 3613: 3559: 3544: 3528: 3505: 3489: 3473: 3461: 3448: 3429: 3416: 3398: 3385: 3383:, p. 279. 3373: 3355: 3348: 3325: 3310: 3280: 3262: 3255: 3232: 3207: 3179: 3165: 3140: 3133: 3115: 3108: 3090: 3077: 3056: 3030: 3009: 2988: 2962: 2955: 2933: 2907: 2885: 2864: 2838: 2812: 2786: 2762: 2743: 2727: 2715: 2711:64parishes.org 2698: 2694:64parishes.org 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2614: 2613: 2599: 2585: 2571: 2557: 2554:History portal 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2430: 2427: 2397:Denham Springs 2369: 2366: 2353: 2350: 2338:Gulf of Mexico 2316:Main article: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2150: 2149: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2031:, African and 2004: 2001: 1924:literacy tests 1822:14th Amendment 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1701: 1698: 1611: 1610:U.S. statehood 1608: 1512:Main article: 1509: 1506: 1490:Saint-Domingue 1364:Main article: 1361: 1358: 1243: 1240: 1147:British forces 1092:Illinois River 976:Main article: 973: 970: 965:Gulf of Mexico 940: 937: 905: 904: 893: 881: 870: 869: 868: 857: 850: 843: 829: 828: 827: 826: 825: 818: 802: 801: 800: 789: 782: 775: 751: 748: 732:Caddo language 627: 624: 483:Lake Cormorant 468:Fourche Maline 459: 456: 421:Ouachita River 405:Archaic period 392: 391:Archaic period 389: 362: 359: 351: 348: 340:Gulf of Mexico 330:economy, with 297:in the 1960s. 291:disfranchising 128:Archaic period 112: 111: 109: 108: 101: 94: 86: 83: 82: 69: 68: 67: 66: 50: 48:Post-Civil War 45: 43:U.S. Civil War 40: 35: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14645: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14554: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14519:Tapada limeña 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14483: 14476: 14472: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14381: 14378: 14371: 14367: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14265: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14152: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14111:Montes Claros 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14051:Vienna (1529) 14049: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14037: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13890: 13886: 13883: 13879: 13876: 13872: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13780:Hernán Cortés 13778: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13772:Conquistadors 13769: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13742:Juan de Ayala 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13596:Duke of Savoy 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13562: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13495: 13491: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13427: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13395:Dollar (Peso) 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13373: 13369: 13355: 13354:Santo Domingo 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13277: 13273: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13231:New Andalusia 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13199: 13195: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13178:Santo Domingo 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13137: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13103: 13102:Viceroyalties 13099: 13095: 13088: 13084: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12994: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12947: 12943: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12922: 12915: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12859: 12852: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12800: 12795: 12789: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12714: 12711: 12707:South America 12704: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12634: 12627: 12616: 12612: 12606: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12592:Spanish Texas 12589: 12585: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12574: 12570:North America 12567: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12551:Franche-Comté 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12492: 12491: 12488: 12481: 12477: 12470: 12466: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12248: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12226: 12221: 12219: 12214: 12212: 12207: 12206: 12203: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12185:Palmyra Atoll 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12160:Jarvis Island 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12139: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12091: 12087: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12070:West Virginia 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11975:New Hampshire 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11935:Massachusetts 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11821: 11814: 11809: 11807: 11802: 11800: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11781: 11780: 11767: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11635:Pointe Coupee 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11213: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11050:Supreme Court 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10989: 10988: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10967: 10962: 10960: 10955: 10953: 10948: 10947: 10944: 10936: 10932: 10927: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10897: 10893: 10887: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10870: 10865: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10843: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10821: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10753: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10709: 10705: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10683: 10671: 10670: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10652: 10647: 10635: 10634: 10628: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10606: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10584: 10583: 10571: 10570: 10557: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10425:Pointe Coupee 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10003: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9840:Supreme Court 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9757: 9752: 9750: 9745: 9743: 9738: 9737: 9734: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9699:Tunica-Biloxi 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9590: 9585: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384:South America 9382: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778:North America 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7717:Black Indians 7715: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7578:Non-religious 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7316: 7311: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7257:Neighborhoods 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220:Sports firsts 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7022:West Virginia 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959:Pennsylvania 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6938:New York City 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6782:San Francisco 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755:By state/city 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6700:American Sign 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6633:Neighborhoods 6631: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6563:Black Indians 6561: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141:Black schools 6139: 6137: 6136:Black studies 6134: 6133: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6118:Whitney Young 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6108:Oprah Winfrey 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6078:Denmark Vesey 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023:Joseph Rainey 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5978:Toni Morrison 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963:Joseph Lowery 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Jesse Jackson 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898:Kamala Harris 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883:Marcus Garvey 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Blanche Bruce 5831: 5829: 5828:Edward Brooke 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:James Bradley 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798:James Baldwin 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Neighborhoods 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Silent Parade 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 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trains 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1777: 1775: 1774:U.S. Congress 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1651:sailing ships 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:white Creoles 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1554:James Madison 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1521: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1373: 1367: 1357: 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14389:The Americas 14253:Newfoundland 14243:Túpac Katari 14233:Cuerno Verde 14168:Tenochtitlan 14000:Valenciennes 13757:Luis Fajardo 13626:Blas de Lezo 13571:Duke of Alba 13451:Spanish Road 13289:Buenos Aires 13198:Governorates 12967:Ayuntamiento 12960:Organization 12425:Carlist Wars 12273:Italian Wars 12175:Midway Atoll 12170:Kingman Reef 12150:Baker Island 12127:Puerto Rico 12035:South Dakota 12025:Rhode Island 12020:Pennsylvania 12000:North Dakota 11919: 11770: 11750:West Carroll 11615:Natchitoches 11530:East Carroll 11427:Bossier City 11408:Lake Charles 11269:Natchitoches 11259:Lake Charles 11234:Bossier City 11121:Homelessness 11101:Demographics 11030:Constitution 11025:Louisianians 11014: 10985: 10934: 10885: 10868: 10856:. Retrieved 10850: 10834:. Retrieved 10828: 10812:. Retrieved 10806: 10781: 10766:. Retrieved 10760: 10744:. Retrieved 10738: 10712: 10696:. Retrieved 10690: 10674:. Retrieved 10668: 10650: 10638:. Retrieved 10632: 10619:. Retrieved 10613: 10597:. Retrieved 10591: 10560: 10540:West Carroll 10405:Natchitoches 10320:East Carroll 10217:Bossier City 10198:Lake Charles 10059:Natchitoches 10049:Lake Charles 10024:Bossier City 9911:Homelessness 9891:Demographics 9820:Constitution 9815:Louisianians 9804: 9775: 7999:Central Asia 7598:Zoroastrians 7446:Social class 7173:Sportspeople 7143:Billionaires 7060:Sierra Leone 6963:Philadelphia 6799:Jacksonville 6626:Demographics 6458:Jack Johnson 6448:Muhammad Ali 6281:Conservatism 6216:Black church 6113:Andrew Young 6098:Ida B. Wells 6088:David Walker 6083:C. T. Vivian 6038:Paul Robeson 6033:Hiram Revels 6013:Colin Powell 5993:Barack Obama 5948:James Lawson 5903:Jimi Hendrix 5873:James Farmer 5868:Medgar Evers 5838:Ralph Bunche 5788:Maya Angelou 5762:Middle class 5640:Afrofuturism 5566: 5554: 5547: 5468: 5413: 5360: 5326:Afrocentrism 5316:Abolitionism 5253: 5246: 5239: 5229: 5218: 5208: 5197: 5187: 5176: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5131: 5121: 5114: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5081: 5071: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5033: 5026: 5016: 5009: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4815: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4759: 4751: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4683: 4671:. Retrieved 4665: 4655: 4645:November 19, 4643:. Retrieved 4634: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4604: 4595: 4583:. Retrieved 4579: 4569: 4557:. Retrieved 4548: 4538: 4526:. Retrieved 4517: 4507: 4470:. Retrieved 4466: 4456: 4444:. Retrieved 4440: 4430: 4418:. Retrieved 4414: 4390:. Retrieved 4381: 4371: 4359:. Retrieved 4342: 4332: 4320:. 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Retrieved 3592:11299/168068 3572: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3531: 3514: 3508: 3497: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3432: 3424: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3393: 3388: 3376: 3368:the original 3358: 3337: 3328: 3307:. 0144-039X. 3296: 3292: 3275:the original 3265: 3245: 3235: 3225:November 29, 3223:. Retrieved 3217: 3210: 3200:November 29, 3198:. Retrieved 3189: 3182: 3172:November 29, 3170:. Retrieved 3155: 3124: 3118: 3099: 3093: 3080: 3070:February 22, 3068:. Retrieved 3059: 3049:February 22, 3047:. Retrieved 3043:the original 3033: 3021:. Retrieved 3012: 3002:September 8, 3000:. Retrieved 2991: 2981:September 8, 2979:. Retrieved 2975:the original 2965: 2942: 2936: 2924:. Retrieved 2920:the original 2910: 2898:. Retrieved 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2867: 2855:. Retrieved 2851:the original 2841: 2829:. Retrieved 2803:. Retrieved 2799:the original 2789: 2777:. Retrieved 2765: 2746: 2738: 2730: 2718: 2710: 2701: 2693: 2684: 2495: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2467:Donald Trump 2432: 2420: 2414:in July and 2409: 2386: 2371: 2355: 2346: 2331: 2306: 2303:21st century 2286: 2271:Patterns of 2270: 2255: 2251: 2233: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2139: 2081: 2079: 2063: 2048: 2006: 1989: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1949: 1943: 1928: 1909: 1892: 1888:John McEnery 1881: 1873:White League 1871:such as the 1867: 1859: 1855:carpetbagger 1844: 1840:Ku Klux Klan 1798: 1762: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1727: 1678: 1655: 1631: 1613: 1604:German Coast 1592:slave revolt 1589: 1558: 1531: 1486:the Americas 1475: 1467: 1456: 1441: 1410: 1383: 1346:Futa Djallon 1338: 1334:Mande people 1304: 1284:Ébrié Lagoon 1253: 1249:Duc du Maine 1247: 1245: 1236:German Coast 1233: 1217: 1197: 1183:Natchitoches 1180: 1145:. 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11045:Legislature 10987:Baton Rouge 10931:"Louisiana" 10802:King, Grace 10718:Volumes I, 10490:St. Tammany 10455:St. Charles 10450:St. Bernard 10420:Plaquemines 10208:New Orleans 10170:Baton Rouge 10079:Ponchatoula 10069:New Orleans 10019:Baton Rouge 9916:LGBT rights 9835:Legislature 9777:Baton Rouge 9537:2010 census 9456:Multiethnic 8745:Californios 8611:before 1880 7514:Protestants 7476:By religion 7389:Immigration 7345:By economic 7193:US senators 7163:Republicans 7148:Journalists 7005:San Antonio 6970:Puerto Rico 6911:Mississippi 6804:Tallahassee 6777:Los Angeles 6468:Jesse Owens 6453:Arthur Ashe 6311:Nationalism 6301:Raised fist 6264:Black power 6169:in medicine 6103:Roy Wilkins 6058:Emmett Till 6043:Al Sharpton 5808:Julian Bond 5803:James Bevel 5767:Upper class 5757:Stereotypes 5650:Black mecca 5562:Plantations 5341:Black Codes 3023:February 4, 2926:October 20, 2900:October 23, 2857:February 6, 2831:February 6, 2805:February 4, 2443:64 parishes 2429:Early 2020s 2418:in August. 2401:Baton Rouge 2362:fiber optic 2352:Early 2010s 2334:New Orleans 1996:boll weevil 1847:George Ruby 1838:, first in 1801:Black Codes 1670:Upper South 1587:community. 1452:Baton Rouge 1425:Nova Scotia 1394:New Orleans 1354:Niger River 1272:slave ships 1228:New Orleans 1152:Thomas Gage 1124:Fort Miamis 1064:Alleghenies 995:Great Lakes 909:Atchafalaya 700:Holly Bluff 696:Winterville 668:Medora site 576:Coles Creek 544:agriculture 466:Map of the 403:During the 239:New Orleans 227:slave state 213:War of 1812 14607:Categories 14131:Somosierra 14121:Manila Bay 13995:Nördlingen 13935:Gravelines 13415:Columnario 13387:Currencies 13304:Concepción 13276:Audiencias 13251:New Toledo 13216:La Florida 13049:Corregidor 13013:Papal bull 12918:Antarctica 12826:Micronesia 12283:Golden Age 12065:Washington 11985:New Mexico 11980:New Jersey 11855:California 11735:Washington 11715:Terrebonne 11705:Tangipahoa 11690:St. Martin 11685:St. Landry 11670:St. Helena 11600:Livingston 11540:Evangeline 11470:Beauregard 11460:Assumption 11423:Shreveport 11394:Bayou Cane 11375:Alexandria 11352:Moss Bluff 11299:Shreveport 11274:New Iberia 11224:Alexandria 11176:Ark-La-Tex 11136:Newspapers 11131:Mass media 11040:Hurricanes 10525:Washington 10505:Terrebonne 10495:Tangipahoa 10480:St. Martin 10475:St. Landry 10460:St. Helena 10390:Livingston 10330:Evangeline 10260:Beauregard 10250:Assumption 10213:Shreveport 10184:Bayou Cane 10165:Alexandria 10142:Moss Bluff 10089:Shreveport 10064:New Iberia 10014:Alexandria 9966:Ark-La-Tex 9926:Newspapers 9921:Mass media 9830:Hurricanes 9716:Vietnamese 9674:Chitimacha 9464:Afro-Asian 9086:Potawatomi 8917:Chemehuevi 8121:South Asia 7583:Rastafaris 7541:Ahmadiyyas 7494:Christians 7369:Emigration 7347:and social 7138:Astronauts 6928:New Jersey 6772:California 6276:Capitalism 6073:Nat Turner 6003:Rosa Parks 5988:Diane Nash 5958:John Lewis 5747:Newspapers 5717:Literature 5702:Juneteenth 5655:Businesses 5509:Exodusters 5477:Free Negro 5041:Since 1900 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Gannett 3726:In Motion 3703:In Motion 3381:Hall 1995 3321:Hall 1995 2896:. NPS.GOV 2439:Louisiana 2405:Lafayette 2282:New South 2130:Louisiana 2055:Huey Long 2009:Opelousas 1948:decision 1897:and poor 1668:from the 1647:flatboats 1617:became a 1615:Louisiana 1556:in 1810. 1413:expulsion 1408:of 1763. 1350:Futa Toro 1160:fur trade 1112:Ouiatenon 1104:Vincennes 1102:). 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