History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)

68: 877:" in the Virginia Colony occurred during the winter of 1609–10, when only 60 of 500 English colonists survived. The colonists had never planned to grow all of their own food. Instead, their plans depended upon trade with the local Virginia Indians to supply them with enough food between the arrival of periodic supply ships from England, upon which they also relied. This period of extreme hardship for the colonists began in 1609 with a drought which caused their already limited farming activities to produce even fewer crops than usual. Then, there were problems with both of their other sources for food. An unexpected delay occurred during the Virginia Company of London's third supply mission from England, so much-needed food and supplies were unavailable for the winter. 3502: 589: 894: 1649:, which had begun meeting there in temporary quarters in 1694. While meeting there, a group of five students from the college submitted a well-presented and logical proposal to the legislators outlining a plan and good reasons to move the capital permanently to Middle Plantation. The students argued that the change to the high ground at Middle Plantation would escape the dreaded malaria and mosquitoes that had always plagued the swampy, low-lying Jamestown site. The students pointed out that, while not located immediately upon a river, Middle Plantation offered nearby access to not one, but 793: 1726: 1104: 1384: 1435:, after learning of the planned attacks from his brother, gave warning to colonist Richard Pace, with whom he lived. Pace, after securing himself and his neighbors on the south side of the James River, took a canoe across river to warn Jamestown, which narrowly escaped destruction, although there was no time to warn the other settlements. Apparently, Opechancanough subsequently was unaware of Chanco's actions, as the young man continued to serve as his courier for some time after. 1245: 302: 667: 207: 645:

proto-factory in British North America. Additional craftsmen produced soap, pitch, and wood building supplies. Among all of these were the first made-in-America products to be exported to Europe. However, despite all these efforts, profits from exports were not sufficient to meet the expenses and expectations of the investors back in England, and no silver or gold had been discovered, as earlier hoped.

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council ordered her brother John to keep Ann in safety until she returned to England on the first available ship. Some of the women sent to Virginia did marry. Most disappeared from the records—perhaps killed in the massacre, perhaps dead from other causes, perhaps returned to England. In other words, they shared the fate of most of their fellow colonists.

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insufficient. Ethnicity is further complicated by the fact that the German minority in Royal Prussia lived under Polish control during this period. Originally, the colony's Polish craftsmen were barred from participating in the elections, but after the craftsmen refused to work, colonial leadership agreed to enfranchise them. These workers staged the

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colonists at Jamestown Island. During their first winter, following an almost complete destruction of their fort by a fire in January 1608, Pocahontas brought food and clothing to the colonists. She later negotiated with Smith for the release of Virginia Indians who had been captured by the colonists during a raid to gain English weaponry.

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been Virginia's capital. It had a state house (except when it periodically burned) and a church, and it offered easy access to ships that came up the James River bringing goods from England and taking on tobacco bound for market. However, Jamestown's status had been in some decline. In 1662, Jamestown's status as mandatory

1565:(a different tribe) in "retaliation" which led to even more large-scale Indian raids, and a protest from the governor of Maryland colony. Berkeley tried to calm the situation, but many of the colonists, particularly the frontiersmen, refused to listen to him. Bacon disregarded a direct order and captured some 1294:, the first black person born in the colonies, freedom was his birthright. He was son of "Antony and Isabell", a married couple from Angola who worked as indentured servants for Captain William Tucker whom he was named after. Yet, court records show that at least one African had been declared a slave by 1640; 1524:

In 1646, the first treaties were signed between the Virginia Indians and the English. The treaties set up reservations, some of the oldest in America, for the surviving Powhatan. It also set up tribute payments for the Virginia Indians to be made yearly to the English. That war resulted in a boundary

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On April 18, 1644, Opechancanough again tried to force the colonists to abandon the region with another series of coordinated attacks, killing almost 500 colonists. However, this was a much less devastating portion of the growing population than had been the case in the 1622 attacks. Furthermore, the

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He served as governor for 3 months in 1611 and again for a two-year period between 1614 and 1616. It was during his administration that the first code of laws of Virginia, nominally in force from 1611 to 1619, was effectively tested. This code, entitled "Articles, Lawes, and Orders Divine, Politique,

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for the Virginia Colony under the authority of Lord De La Warr. He arrived at Jamestown on May 19 with three ships, additional men, cattle, and provisions. Finding the conditions unhealthy and greatly in need of improvement, he immediately called for a meeting of the Jamestown Council and established

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Although the life of Chief Powhatan's young daughter, Pocahontas, would be largely tied to the English after legend credits her with saving Smith's life after his capture by Opechancanough, her contacts with Smith were minimal. However, records indicate that she became something of an emissary to the

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It soon became apparent why the Virginia Indians did not occupy the site: Jamestown Island, then a peninsula, is a swampy area, and its isolation from the mainland meant that there was limited hunting available, as most game animals require large foraging areas. The settlers quickly hunted and killed

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Despite the periodic need to relocate the legislature from Jamestown due to contingencies such as fires, (usually to Middle Plantation), throughout the 17th century, Virginians had been reluctant to permanently move the capital from its "ancient and accustomed place." After all, Jamestown had always

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as a member of the governing council. He had been arrested for mutiny during the voyage and was incarcerated aboard one of the ships. He had been scheduled to be hanged upon arrival but was freed by Captain Newport after the opening of the orders. The same orders also directed the expedition to seek

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We do hereby dedicate this Land, and ourselves, to reach the People within these shores with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to raise up Godly generations after us, and with these generations take the Kingdom of God to all the earth. May this Covenant of Dedication remain to all generations, as long

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Chief Opechancanough organized and led a well-coordinated series of surprise attacks on multiple English settlements along both sides of a 50-mile (80 km) long stretch of the James River which took place early on the morning of March 22, 1622. This event resulted in the deaths of 347 colonists

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and continued to improve the quality of his tobacco with the result that by the time of his death in 1622, the colony was thriving as a producer of tobacco. Orphaned by the age of 8, young Thomas later returned to Virginia and settled across the James River not far from his parents' farm at Varina,

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with him from Bermuda. Although most people "wouldn't touch" the crop, Rolfe was able to make his fortune farming it, successfully exporting beginning in 1612. Soon almost all other colonists followed suit, as windfall profits in tobacco briefly lent Jamestown something like a gold rush atmosphere.

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By 1611, a majority of the colonists who had arrived at the Jamestown settlement had died, and its economic value was negligible with no active exports to England and very little internal economic activity. Only financial incentives to investors financing the new colony, including a promise of more

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After Smith left for England to tend to his injuries, Chief Powhatan severely curtailed trading with the colonists for food. Instead, the Powhatans used the prospect of trading for corn to betray an expedition led by Smith's successor, John Ratcliffe. Ratcliffe was lured by the prospect of food but

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Smith did begin his letter with something of an apology, saying "I humbly intreat your Pardons if I offend you with my rude Answer...", although at the time, the word 'rude' was acknowledged to mean 'unfinished' or 'rural', in the same way modern English uses 'rustic'. There are strong indications

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The investors of the Virginia Company of London expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments. With the second supply, they expressed their frustrations and made demands upon the leaders of Jamestown in written form. It fell to the third president of the council to deliver a reply. By

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Also included were the first non-English settlers. The company recruited these as skilled craftsmen and industry specialists: soap-ash, glass, lumber milling (wainscot, clapboard, and 'deal' — planks, especially soft wood planks) and naval stores (pitch, turpentine, and tar). Among these additional

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The island fit the criteria as it had excellent visibility up and down the James River, and it was far enough inland to minimize the potential of contact and conflict with enemy ships. The water immediately adjacent to the land was deep enough to permit the colonists to anchor their ships, yet have

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near Jamestown. In the mid-1670s, a young cousin through marriage, Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., arrived in Virginia sent by his father in the hope that he would "mature" under the tutelage of the governor. Although lazy, Bacon was intelligent, and Berkeley provided him with a land grant and a seat on the

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Some historians have noted that, as the settlers of the Virginia Colony were allowed some representative government, and they prospered, King James I was reluctant to lose either power or future financial potential. In any case, in 1624, the Virginia Company lost its charter, and Virginia became a

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suffered its misfortune and its survivors were struggling in Bermuda to continue on to Virginia, back in England, the publication of Captain John Smith's books of his adventures in Virginia sparked a resurgence in interest in the colony. This helped lead to the dispatch in early 1610 of additional

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craftsmen, who had been hired by the Virginia Company of London's leaders to help develop and manufacture profitable export products. There has been debate about the nationality of the specific craftsmen, and both the Germans and Poles claim the glassmaker for one of their own, but the evidence is

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Newport returned twice from England with additional supplies in the following 18 months, leading what were termed the first and second supply missions. The "first supply" arrived on January 2, 1608. It contained insufficient provisions and more than 70 new colonists. Shortly after its arrival, the

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Indians who succeeded in killing one of the settlers and wounding eleven more. Within a month, James Fort covered an acre on Jamestown Island. By June 15, the settlers finished building the triangular James Fort. The wooden palisaded walls formed a triangle around a storehouse, church, and several

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Thus, even with the arrival of the two small ships from Bermuda under Newport, they were faced with leaving Jamestown and returning to England. On June 7, having abandoned the fort and many of their possessions, both groups of survivors (from Jamestown and Bermuda) boarded ships, and they all set

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The settlers came ashore and quickly set about constructing their initial fort. Many of the settlers who came over on the initial three ships were not well-equipped for the life they found in Jamestown. A number of the original settlers were upper-class gentlemen who were not accustomed to manual

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in 1676, war was declared on "all hostile Indians," and trade with Indian tribes became regulated, often seen by the colonists to favor friends of Berkeley. Bacon led a group in opposition to the governor. Bacon led numerous raids on Indians friendly to the colonists in an attempt to bring down

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When you send again I entreat you rather send but thirty Carpenters, husbandmen, gardiners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons and diggers up of trees, roots, well provided; than a thousand of such awe have: for except wee be able both to lodge them and feed them, the most will consume with want of

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one of whom was Ann Jackson, daughter of William Jackson of London. She joined her brother John Jackson who was already in Virginia, living at Martin's Hundred. Ann was one of nineteen women kidnapped by the Powhatans during the Indian massacre of 1622 and was not returned until 1628, when the

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During 1621 fifty-seven unmarried women sailed to Virginia under the auspices of the Virginia Company, who paid for their transport and provided them with a small bundle of clothing and other goods to take with them. A colonist who married one of the women would be responsible for repaying the

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finally arrived at Jamestown the following May 23, 1610. They found the Virginia Colony in ruins and practically abandoned: of 500 settlers who had preceded them to Jamestown, they found fewer than 100 survivors, many of whom were sick or dying. Worse yet, the Bermuda survivors had brought few

1561:, stealing some hogs in order to gain payment for several items Mathews had obtained from the tribe. Mathews pursued them and killed several Doegs, who retaliated by killing Mathews' son and two of his servants, including Robert Hen. A Virginian militia then went to Maryland and besieged the 1589:

Bacon then demanded a military commission, but Berkeley refused. Bacon and his supporters surrounded the statehouse and threatened to start shooting the Burgesses if Berkeley did not acknowledge Bacon as "General of all forces against the Indians". Berkeley eventually acceded, and then left

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William Volday (Wilhelm Waldi), a Swiss German mineral prospector, was among those who arrived in 1608. His mission was seeking a silver reservoir that was believed to be within the proximity of Jamestown. Some of the settlers were artisans who built a glass furnace which became the first

1412:. Opechancanough was not interested in attempting peaceful coexistence with the English settlers. Instead, he was determined to eradicate the colonists from what he considered to be Indian lands. As a result, another war between the two powers lasted from 1622 to 1632. 734:, who was originally named "Matoaka" but whose nickname meant "Playful Mischief". Many historians today find this account dubious, especially as it was omitted in all his previous versions. Smith returned to Jamestown just in time for the first supply in January 1608. 1184:

Indians, and there are published references to the name "New Bermudas" although it apparently was never formalized. A short distance further up the James, in 1611 he began the construction of a progressive development at Henricus on and about what was later known as

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The relations with the natives took a turn for the worse after the death of Pocahontas in England and the return of Rolfe and other colonial leaders in May 1617. Disease, poor harvests and the growing demand for tobacco lands caused hostilities to escalate. After

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in late 1609 and early 1610. Chief Powhatan relocated his principal capital from Werowocomoco, which was relatively close to Jamestown along the north shore of the York River, to a point more inland and secure along the upper reaches of the Chickahominy River.

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In September 1609, Smith was wounded in an accident. He was walking with his gun in the river, and the powder was in a pouch on his belt. His powder bag exploded. In October, he was sent back to England for medical treatment. While back in England, Smith wrote

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who had lost his first wife and child in the journey from England several years earlier, which served to greatly improve relations between the Virginia Native Americans and the colonists for several years. However, when she and Rolfe took their young son

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refused; insisting that Bacon must acknowledge his mistakes. At about the same time, Bacon was actually elected to the House of Burgesses and attended the June 1676 assembly where he was captured, forced to apologize and was then pardoned by Berkeley.

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Berkeley returned and hanged William Drummond and the other major leaders of the rebellion (23 in total) at Middle Plantation. With Jamestown unusable due to the burning by Bacon, the Governor convened a session of the General Assembly at his

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turned back, and all the settlers were landed again at Jamestown. With the new supply mission, the De La Warr brought additional colonists, a doctor, food, and much-needed supplies. De La Warr proved to be a new kind of leader for Virginia.

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this time, Wingfield and Ratcliffe had been replaced by Smith. Ever bold, Smith delivered what must have been a wake-up call to the investors in London. In what has been termed "Smith's Rude Answer", he composed a letter, writing (in part):

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The original Jamestown fort seems to have existed into the middle of the 1620s, but as Jamestown grew into a "New Town" to the east, written references to the original fort disappear. By 1634, a palisade (stockade) was completed across the

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In 1616, Governor Dale joined Rolfe and Pocahontas and their young son Thomas as they left their Varina Farms plantation for a public relations mission to England, where Pocahontas was received and treated as a form of visiting royalty by

162:. After an unusually long journey of more than four months, the 104 men and boys (one passenger of the original 105 died during the journey) arrived at their chosen settlement spot in Virginia. There were no women on the first ships. 1504:

captured Opechancanough in 1646, variously thought to be between 90 and 100 years old. In October, while a prisoner, Opechancanough was killed by a soldier (shot in the back) assigned to guard him. Opechancanough was succeeded as

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During the next several years, the relationship between the Virginia Indians and the colonists became more strained, never more so than during the period of poor crops for both the natives and colonists which became known as the

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were three wars fought between English settlers of the Virginia Colony, and Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early seventeenth century. The First War started in 1610, and ended in a peace settlement in 1614.

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as this earth remains. May all who see this Cross, remember what we have done here, and may those who come here to inhabit join us in this Covenant and in this most noble work that the Holy Scriptures may be fulfilled.

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about his experiences in Jamestown. These books, whose accuracy has been questioned by some historians due to some extent by Smith's boastful prose, were to generate public interest and new investment for the colony.

59:. This article covers the history of the fort and town at Jamestown proper, as well as colony-wide trends resulting from and affecting the town during the time period in which it was the colonial capital of Virginia. 1640:

On October 20, 1698, the statehouse (capitol building) in Jamestown burned for the fourth time. Once again removing itself to a familiar alternate location, the legislature met at Middle Plantation, this time in the

411:. Largely cut off from the mainland, the shallow harbor afforded the earliest settlers docking of their ships. This was its greatest attraction, but it also created a number of challenging problems for the settlers. 1540:

against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. In the 1670s, the governor was serving his second term in office. Berkeley had previously been governor in the 1640s and had experimented with export crops at his

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In the months before becoming president of the colony for a year in September 1608, Smith did considerable exploration up the Chesapeake Bay and along the various rivers. He is credited by legend with naming

1416:(including men, women, and children) and the abduction of many others. The massacre caught most of the Virginia Colony by surprise and virtually wiped out several entire communities, including Henricus and 997:. Fortuitously, on June 9, 1610, De La Warr arrived on the James River just as the settlers had abandoned Jamestown. Intercepting them about 10 miles (16 km) downstream from Jamestown near 857:

on a public relations trip to England to help raise more investment money for the Virginia Company, she became ill and died just as they were leaving to return to Virginia. Her interment was at

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s longboat was later fitted with a mast and sent to find Virginia, but it and its crew were never seen again. The remaining survivors spent nine months on Bermuda building two smaller ships,

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that those in London comprehended and embraced Smith's message. Their third supply mission was by far the largest and best equipped. They even had a new purpose-built flagship constructed,

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for their settlement largely because the Virginia Company advised them to select a location that could be easily defended from attacks by other European states that were also establishing

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her maide". Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras were the first two women known to have come to the Jamestown Colony. Remains unearthed at Jamestown in 1997 may be those of Mistress Forrest.

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off all the large and smaller game animals that were found on the tiny peninsula. In addition, the low, marshy area was infested with airborne pests, including mosquitoes which carried

730:. However, 17 years later, in 1624, Smith first related that when the chief decided to execute him, this course of action was stopped by the pleas of Chief Powhatan's young daughter, 1485:) which fed into the James River. The palisade provided some security from attacks by the Virginia Indians for colonists farming and fishing lower on the peninsula from that point. 1206:. This stimulated more interest in investments in the Virginia Company, the desired effect. However, as the couple prepared to return to Virginia, Pocahontas died of an illness at 3149: 1115:, whose wife and a child had died in Bermuda during passage in the third supply to Virginia, was just one of the settlers who had arrived in Jamestown following the shipwreck of 1126:

in the colony (although the colonists had begun to make glass artifacts to export immediately after their arrival). The native tobacco raised in Virginia prior to that time,

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Virginia Colony council. However, the two became at odds over relationships with the Virginia Indians, which were most strained at the outer frontier points of the colony.

158:, where they stopped for provisions before continuing their journey. By the end of April, the expedition reached the southern edge of the mouth of what is now known as the 1305:, Germany, who were recruited by the Virginia Company set up and operated one of the first sawmills in the region. Among the Germans were several other skilled craftsmen 1043:

to administer Bermuda from 1615, the first two successful English colonies would retain close ties for many more generations, as was demonstrated when Virginian general

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was reportedly displeased at the degree of retaliation and number of executions, and he recalled Berkeley to England. He returned to London where he died in July 1677.

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of the tidal James River was not a good source of water. Over 135 settlers died from malaria, and drinking the salinated and contaminated water caused more deaths from

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settlers were eight "Dutch-men" (consisting of unnamed craftsmen and three who were probably the wood-mill-men — Adam, Franz and Samuel) "Dutch-men" (probably meaning

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Virginia's population grew rapidly from 1618 until 1622, rising from a few hundred to nearly 1,400 people. Wheat was also grown in Virginia starting in 1618. The

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Obedient to their orders, the settlers and crew members reboarded their three ships and proceeded into Chesapeake Bay. They landed again at what is now called

3408: 559:. Despite their original intentions to grow food and trade with the Virginia Indians, the barely surviving colonists became dependent upon supply missions. 3356: 707:. As his party was being slaughtered around him, Smith strapped his Native guide in front of him as a shield and escaped with his life but was captured by 1706:

By the 1750s the land was owned and heavily cultivated, primarily by the Travis and Ambler families. A military post was located on the island during the

699:, and several other groups. However, while leading one food-gathering expedition in December 1607 (before his term as colony president), this time up the 1824: 1214: 2560:"John Rolf Reports on Virginia to Sir Edwin Sandys, 1619 - American Memory Timeline- Classroom Presentation | Teacher Resources - Library of Congress" 1680:. The proposal to move the capital of Virginia to higher ground (about 12 miles (20 km) away) at Middle Plantation was received favorably by the 1279:

ship at Point Comfort, several miles south of the Jamestown colony. This is the earliest record of Africans in colonial America. These colonists were

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Rountree, Helen C. Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown. University of Virginia Press: Charlottesville, 2005

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a month later but was unsuccessful. In September, however, Berkeley was successful and occupied Jamestown. Bacon's forces arrived and dug in for a

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on March 17, 1617, where she was buried. John Rolfe returned to Virginia alone once again, leaving their son in England to obtain an education.

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After the expedition arrived in what is now Virginia, sealed orders from the Virginia Company of London were opened. The orders named Captain

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This site came to be known as the "first landing." A party of the men explored the area and had a minor conflict with some Virginia Indians.

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Seeking a better site than Jamestown with the thought of possibly relocating the capital, Dale sailed up the James to the area now known as

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Despite the immediate area of Jamestown being uninhabited, the settlers were attacked less than two weeks after their arrival on May 14 by

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rivers, via two deep water (6-7' depth) creeks, Queen's Creek leading to the York River, and College Creek which led to the James River.

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of the Virginia Company was then extended far enough across the Atlantic to include Bermuda in 1612. (Although a separate company, the

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had built fine brick homes and created a substantial town at Middle Plantation. Other advocates of the move included the Reverend Dr.

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The generall historie of Virginia, New England & the Summer Isles, together with The true travels, adventures and observations

2214: 1886: 2074: 1756: 3386: 2813: 2490: 2300: 1031: 711:, the Powhatan chief's half-brother. Smith gave him a compass which pleased the warrior and made him decide to let Smith live. 638: 285: 3348: 2814:"Jamestown: The Birth of American Polonia 1608-2008 (The Role and Accomplishments of Polish Pioneers in the Jamestown Colony)" 2583: 2310: 84: 2743: 3589: 3394: 2671: 1291: 841:

on the James River. There, Pocahontas converted to Christianity and took the name "Rebecca" under the tutelage of Reverend

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Learning Landscapes: Theoretical Issues and Design Considerations for the Development of Children's Educational Landscapes

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soldiers who built an earth fort near the church as part of the defense system to block the Union advance up the river to

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being defined between the Indians and English lands that could only be crossed for official business with a special pass.

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trace their lineage through Thomas Rolfe to both Pocahontas and John Rolfe, joining English and Virginia Indian heritage.

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to prevent her sinking. The 150 passengers and crew members were all landed safely, but the ship was permanently damaged.

568: 2982: 1537: 917: 260: 2888: 2228: 2187: 2108: 1787: 1189:. Henricus was envisioned as possible replacement capital for Jamestown, though it was eventually destroyed during the 404: 265: 403:

an easy and quick departure if necessary. An additional benefit of the site was that the land was not occupied by the

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who gave the first Christian prayer at Cape Henry on April 26, 1607, and held open-air services at Jamestown until a

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We're Still Here: Virginia Indians Tell Their Stories by Sandra F. Waugaman and Danielle Moretti-Langholtz, Ph.D.

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Indians who were located many miles south of the site of the initial incident and almost certainly not involved.

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in February, 1677, and another was later held at Middle Plantation. However, upon learning of his actions, King

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Records from 1623 and 1624 listed the African inhabitants of the colony as servants, not slaves. In the case of

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King James I had outlined the members of the council to govern the settlement in the sealed orders which left

55:, founded in 1607, and served as the capital of Virginia until 1699, when the seat of government was moved to 1734:

The U.S. Post Office issued a set of stamps on the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown colony.

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to obtain more food supplies, but he died on the island that summer. His nephew, Matthew Somers, captain of

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A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest

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William M. Kelso, Nicholas M. Luccketti, Beverly A. Straube, The Jamestown Rediscovery Archaeology Project

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with the second supply, following a journey of approximately three months. Colonists on the ship included

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labor; the group included very few farmers or skilled laborers. Also notable among the first settlers was

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was established and included Jamestown. Around 1642–43, the name of the James City Shire was changed to

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nor any other supply ship arrived as winter set upon the inhabitants of the young colony in late 1609.

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Horn, James P. P: 1619; Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy; (New York, Basic Books, 2018)

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Captive Selves, Captivating Others: The Politics And Poetics Of Colonial American Captivity Narratives

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supplies and only a small amount of food with them, expecting to find a thriving colony at Jamestown.

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While at sea, the fleet encountered a strong storm, perhaps a hurricane, which lasted for three days.

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The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675

2767: 2818: 1684:. In 1699, the capital of the Virginia Colony was officially relocated there. The town was renamed 1494: 1085: 830: 588: 2330: 833:, about 65 miles (105 km) from Werowocomoco. She was abducted by Englishmen whose leader was 3534: 2957:"Dedication of Historical Marker to Honor Jamestown Poles of 1608 - The First Poles in Jamestown" 2018: 1715: 1673: 1607: 1542: 1378: 1190: 920: 467: 458: 174: 3416: 2255: 1252:, upon the general site of the original and the location where the first law in America was made 1164:), was notable for its pitiless severity and seems to have been prepared in large part by Dale. 893: 821:, a Powhatan Confederacy tribe which did some trading with Powhatans. They lived in present-day 3440: 3235: 3090: 1689: 1685: 1357: 1333:

on July 21, 1619. Afterwards, the labor strike was ended, and the artisans resumed their work.

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Virginia Company for his wife's transport and provisions. The women traveled on three ships,

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and other notable personages in the early history of English colonization in North America.

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The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606-1700

2351: 1924: 1657: 1421: 1260:, the first elected representative legislature in the New World, met in the choir of the 1091: 905: 773: 597: 535:("fools' gold") and other supposedly precious minerals, leaving behind 104 colonists and 439: 430: 392: 239: 182: 122: 112: 48: 2823: 3521: 2398: 1893: 1719: 1711: 1681: 1582: 1470: 1417: 1295: 1280: 1207: 1186: 1073: 842: 700: 255: 19: 1388: 3461: 3313: 3199:

Powhatan Lords of Life and Death: Command and Consent in Seventeenth-Century Virginia

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an inland site for their settlement, which would afford protection from enemy ships.

136: 2849: 3476: 3287: 3015: 2874: 1828: 1474: 1453: 1408:, briefly became chief. However, he was soon succeeded by his own younger brother, 1261: 1257: 1249: 1177: 1176:. He was apparently impressed with the possibilities of the general area where the 924: 516: 380: 2812:

Holshouser, Joshua D.; Brylinsk-Padnbey, Lucyna; Kielbasa, Katarzyna (July 2007).

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Savage Kingdom: The True Story of Jamestown, 1607, and the Settlement of America

837:

and transported about 90 miles (140 km) south to the English settlement at

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in Newport News), the new governor forced the remaining 90 settlers to return.

708: 676: 552: 548: 396: 388: 368: 218: 159: 103: 94: 72: 3558: 3371: 3358: 3265: 2744:"African American Men: Moments in History from Colonial Times to the Present" 2529: 1642: 1634: 1562: 1558: 1482: 1401: 1314: 1132:, was not to the liking of the Europeans, but Rolfe had brought some seed of 934:

and one other ship were separated from the seven other vessels of the fleet.

913: 874: 834: 826: 806: 719: 583: 408: 1264:

from July 30 to August 4, 1619. This legislative body continues as today's

974:

sail down the James River toward the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.

881:

was kidnapped, tortured, and murdered by the Powhatans. Neither the missing

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However, Jamestown was spared from destruction because an Indian boy named

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Richard Frethorne to his father and mother, March 20, April 2 and 3, 1623

2956: 2147: 1997: 1669: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1148: 1052: 1002: 768: 617: 486:, third President of the council and author of many books from the period 360: 229: 165:

They named the Virginia capes after the sons of their king, the southern

155: 71:

Reenactment of the first landing on the 400th anniversary as part of the

2781: 2452: 2431: 750: 3513: 2540:

English-speaking settlement in North America". Rountree 1990 p.53, 54n.

2394:"Girl's Bones Bear Signs of Cannibalism by Starving Virginia Colonists" 1832: 1566: 1550: 1428:, written in 1623, reports, "we live in fear of the enemy every hour." 1276: 1219: 1181: 1112: 1026: 849: 818: 731: 166: 3501: 776:. With a fleet of no fewer than eight ships, the third supply, led by 714:

Smith was taken before Wahunsunacock, who was commonly referred to as

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Migrants, Immigrants, and Slaves: Racial and Ethnic Groups in America

1599: 1322: 1306: 862: 688: 556: 523: 384: 3227:

Jamestown Adventure, The: Accounts of the Virginia Colony, 1605-1614

1836: 1710:

and American and British prisoners were exchanged there. During the

666: 363:. Both the James River and the settlement they sought to establish, 3297: 2908: 2455:. 2d revised edition originally published London: 1722. p. 26. 2373:"Presentations and Activities - For Teachers (Library of Congress)" 1602:

on October 26, 1676, and his body is believed to have been burned.

1506: 1473:, which was about 6 miles (9.7 km) wide at that point between 1330: 838: 813:

In April 1613, Pocahontas and her husband, Kocoum were residing at

781: 704: 512: 206: 2811: 2277:"Precursor Light Industry in Support of the Jamestown Glass works" 1617: 33: 2532:, built in October 1609, was never abandoned, the modern city of 2528:

Because Jamestown was abandoned for two days in June 1610, while

1578: 1310: 1302: 1123: 939: 633: 544: 139:, now part of London, with 105 men and boys and 39 crew members. 2298: 1029:, England instead of Virginia (leaving a third man behind). The 387:

colonies and were periodically at war with England, notably the

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On October 1, 1608, 70 additional settlers arrived aboard the

3605:

Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States

2319: 2172:

Henderson, George; Olasij, Thompson Dele (January 10, 1995).

1595: 1449: 367:(originally called "James His Towne") were named in honor of 1107:

Cultivation of tobacco at Jamestown (19th century engraving)

3302: 3220:

The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture

2302:

Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History

2216:

Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time

1591: 1553:

Indians crossed from Maryland and raided the plantation of

1536:

was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by

1218:

where he married Jane Poythress and they had one daughter,

574:

fort burned down. The council received additional members.

101:

in December 1606. The expedition consisted of three ships,

3323: 2466:"Chesapeake Bay - Native Americans - The Mariners' Museum" 2426:. 2d. ed. Richmond, VA: Southern Churchman Company, 1908. 1059:

on the James River, which, a year later, became the first

908:

was in charge of a nine-vessel fleet. Aboard the flagship

1887:"Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources - Doug Domenech" 2850:"Poles and Powhatans in Jamestown, Virginia (1606-1617)" 2665: 1196: 984:

Jamestown supply missions § "Fourth" supply mission

527:

houses. A week later, Newport sailed back for London on

3303:

National Park Service: Jamestown National Historic Site

2019:"Jamestown's First Lady - Archaeology Magazine Archive" 1387:

Indian massacre of 1622, depicted in a 1628 woodcut by

1364:. There were a total of twelve unmarried women on the 2760: 1229: 761:

necessaries before they can be made good for anything.

2133: 2131: 1702:

Jamestown,_Virginia § Aftermath_and_preservation

1452:

which had a total population of approximately 5,000.

1193:, during which a third of the colonists were killed. 1047:

called upon the people of Bermuda for aid during the

751:

Virginia Company of London's unrealistic expectations

641:

for the right to vote in the colony's 1619 election.

569:

Jamestown supply missions § First supply mission

28:

Jamestown, Virginia § Aftermath and preservation

2424:

Colonial Churches in the Original Colony of Virginia

2103: 2069: 2034: 1782: 1751: 97:

sent an expedition to establish a settlement in the

3334:

Time Team Special: Jamestown – America's Birthplace

3283:

APVA web site for the Jamestown Rediscovery project

1825:

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

51:, also Jamestowne, was the first settlement of the 3288:National Geographic Magazine Jamestown Interactive 3041:Fausz, J. Frederick, "Powhatan Uprising of 1622", 2902: 2900: 2847: 2807: 2805: 2244: 2128: 2208: 2206: 744:The Proceedings of the English Colony of Virginia 3556: 3312:by John L. Cotter and J. Paul Hudson, (1957) at 3293:Jamestown Settlement and Yorktown Victory Center 2673:The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference 1776: 1745: 1557:in the northern portion of the colony along the 1119:. Rolfe was the first man to successfully raise 703:west of Jamestown, his men were set upon by the 2948: 2897: 2802: 2171: 1618:The capital moves from Jamestown to high ground 3505:Map of Virginia highlighting James City County 3324:State Tourism Website – Virginia is for Lovers 2203: 1994:"History of Jamestown - Jamestown Rediscovery" 1813: 993:colonists, more supplies, and a new governor, 232:from April 5–10, 1607 on their way to Virginia 201: 22:. For the adjacent living history museum, see 3402: 2848:Odrowaz-Sypniewska, Margaret (Jun 29, 2007). 2167: 2165: 1859: 1731:Jamestown commemorative stamps, issue of 1907 1147:In 1611, the Virginia Company of London sent 1142: 1066: 324: 62: 26:. For later history and commemorations, see 3013: 2974: 2872: 2843: 2841: 2651:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2299:Grizzard, Frank E.; Smith, Boyd D. (2007). 2294: 2292: 1915: 1913: 1488: 1448:. In 1634, the English Crown created eight 1301:By 1620, more German settlers arrived from 1079: 772:, placed in the most experienced of hands, 501: 3409: 3395: 3187:(University of North Carolina Press, 2007) 2868: 2866: 2789:"German and Polish craftsmen in Jamestown" 2670:; McPherson, James M. (24 November 2009). 2162: 2137: 2099: 2097: 2065: 2063: 2030: 2028: 1372: 938:was deliberately driven onto the reefs of 426:Those named for the initial council were: 331: 317: 3344:NBC News Interview with Dr. William Kelso 2932: 2909:"Spuscizna - History of Poles in the USA" 2873:Badaczewski, Dennis (February 28, 2002). 2536:puts in a competing claim as "the oldest 2212: 1360:, traveled with Pace and his wife on the 639:first recorded strike in Colonial America 374: 44:as depicted on the map by Pedro de Zúñiga 3120: 3007: 2838: 2289: 1910: 1724: 1481:and Archer's Hope Creek, (since renamed 1463: 1382: 1243: 1102: 892: 796:Depiction of Pocahontas in European garb 791: 665: 652: 587: 407:, most of whom were affiliated with the 205: 66: 32: 2863: 2213:Robertson, Patrick (November 8, 2011). 2094: 2060: 2025: 1970:. Preservation Virginia. Archived from 1404:'s death in 1618, his younger brother, 1180:joins the James River, occupied by the 3557: 3152:. Research.history.org. Archived from 2728:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2613:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2488: 2447:. Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1855. 904:Leaving England in 1609, Vice-Admiral 845:who had arrived in Jamestown in 1611. 670:John Smith's map of Virginia, ca. 1609 228:, and commemorating their stopping in 115:captain and in command of the group), 107:(the largest ship, sometimes known as 3610:Colonial settlements in North America 3585:Populated places in colonial Virginia 3390: 3147: 2980: 2489:Strong, Pauline Turner (2018-02-19). 2445:The History of Virginia in Four Parts 1923:. Xroads.virginia.edu. Archived from 1500:forces of Royal Governor of Virginia 1213:Once back in Virginia, Rolfe married 1197:An investor relations trip to England 85:European colonization of the Americas 3570:Populated places established in 1607 3565:English colonization of the Americas 3222:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2013) 3208:(University of Virginia Press, 2006) 3201:(University of Nebraska Press, 2008) 2954: 2628:Colonial WIlliamsburg, WInter 2010. 2329:. Germanheritage.com. Archived from 1892:. Indians.vipnet.org. Archived from 1528: 1222:, who was born in 1650. Many of the 657:Engraving depicting Capt. John Smith 648: 210:Map tracing the routes taken by the 18:For the National Historic Site, see 2630:"Slavery, Freedom, and Fort Monroe" 1656:Several prominent individuals like 1577:Berkeley. The governor offered him 1572:Following the establishment of the 1230:Changing social and political order 496: 414: 13: 3500: 3417:Municipalities and communities of 3170: 3014:Seroczynski, Felix Thomas (1911). 1160:and Martiall" (popularly known as 977: 965:The survivors of the shipwreck of 14: 3626: 3254: 2906: 1628:History of Williamsburg, Virginia 480:, second president of the council 154:arrived at the Spanish colony of 3615:History of the Thirteen Colonies 3575:Archaeological sites in Virginia 2955:Obst, Peter J. (July 20, 2012). 2143:"Jamestown Pioneers From Poland" 1695: 1151:to act as deputy-governor or as 1017:Somers returned to Bermuda with 912:was the Admiral of the company, 868: 577: 492:, first president of the council 470:, twice president of the council 300: 189:made the following declaration: 171:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 3141: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3072: 3048: 3035: 2926: 2881:Michigan State University Press 2736: 2697: 2659: 2621: 2576: 2552: 2543: 2522: 2509: 2482: 2458: 2437: 2412: 2386: 2365: 2344: 2327:"First Germans in the colonies" 2011: 1438: 888: 661: 562: 379:On May 14, the colonists chose 81:Timeline of Jamestown, Virginia 3148:Jones, Jennifer (2009-11-05). 1986: 1960: 1938: 1879: 1853: 1814:Lisa L. Weaver (8 June 2000). 1807: 848:She married prominent planter 592:Working reconstruction of the 455:, later executed for espionage 1: 3183:Warren M. Billings (Editor), 3121:McCulley, Susan (June 1987). 3056:"The Ferrar Papers 1590-1790" 2254:. Kismeta.com. Archived from 2040:"Congressional Record - 1956" 1866:Jamestown Interpretive Essays 1739: 1647:College of William & Mary 1637:for Virginia had been ended. 995:Thomas West, Baron De La Warr 787: 38: 3309:New Discoveries at Jamestown 1624:Middle Plantation (Virginia) 1273:"20 and odd Negroes" arrived 1156:crews to rebuild Jamestown. 1049:American War of Independence 988:During the same period that 958:and materials salvaged from 423:with the colonists in 1606. 7: 3590:James City County, Virginia 3420:James City County, Virginia 3339:Following in Godspeeds Wake 3278:America's 400th Anniversary 3206:Jamestown, The Buried Truth 2180:University Press of America 2109:"Congressional Record 1976" 2075:"Congressional Record 1975" 1788:"Congressional Record 1976" 1757:"Congressional Record 1975" 1714:the island was occupied by 1167: 1076:, kept the project afloat. 899:A Discovery of the Barmudas 463:Martin's Brandon Plantation 202:Exploration, seeking a site 177:, for his younger brother, 89:List of Jamestown colonists 10: 3631: 3353:Geographical coordinates: 3213:Love and Hate in Jamestown 3017:Poles in the United States 2354:. Polishamericancenter.org 1996:. Apva.org. Archived from 1862:"Women in Early Jamestown" 1708:American Revolutionary War 1699: 1621: 1590:Jamestown. He attempted a 1517:and later by his daughter 1492: 1376: 1248:The Inside of the current 1236:First Africans in Virginia 1233: 1224:First Families of Virginia 1143:Governor Dale, Dale's Code 1098: 1083: 1067:Expansion beyond Jamestown 1055:founded the settlement of 981: 873:What became known as the " 616:and "Mistress Forrest and 581: 566: 135:captain). The ships left 78: 17: 3530: 3512: 3498: 3450: 3431: 3329:Jamestown Discovery Trail 3266:Where are We Digging Now? 3234:Virginia's True Founder: 3089:(Electronic Text Center, 3043:American History Magazine 2693:– via Google Books. 2305:. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. 2221:Bloomsbury Publishing USA 1266:Virginia General Assembly 1001:(adjacent to present-day 722:'s seat of government at 63:Arrival and first landing 3349:History Channel Web Site 3319:First Landing State Park 3247:(Harper Perennial, 2008) 2935:"The House of Burgesses" 2819:Polish American Congress 2768:"German sawmill in 1620" 1495:Third Anglo-Powhatan War 1489:Third Anglo-Powhatan War 1321:in American history for 1086:First Anglo-Powhatan War 1080:First Anglo-Powhatan War 1025:, took the ship back to 502:Construction of the fort 3215:(Alfred A. Knopf, 2003) 3129:. National Park Service 2420:The Church at Jamestown 2418:Bryan, Corbin Braxton. 2352:"First Polish Settlers" 1948:. Preservation Virginia 1608:Green Spring Plantation 1543:Green Spring Plantation 1379:Indian Massacre of 1622 1373:Indian Massacre of 1622 1191:Indian massacre of 1622 3595:James River (Virginia) 3506: 3236:Edward Maria Wingfield 3232:Jocelyn R. Wingfield, 3225:Ed Southern (Editor), 3091:University of Virginia 2748:www.washingtonpost.com 2676:. Simon and Schuster. 2470:www.marinersmuseum.org 2141:(September 28, 1958). 2048:. pp. 11905–11906 1736: 1396: 1319:the first labor strike 1253: 1108: 1072:land to the west from 901: 797: 763: 691:, who lived along the 671: 658: 601: 490:Edward Maria Wingfield 375:Selection of Jamestown 233: 196: 76: 45: 3504: 3372:37.20917°N 76.77750°W 3194:(Perseus Books, 2005) 3192:A Land as God Made It 3022:Catholic Encyclopedia 2666:Wagner, Margaret E.; 2422:in Clark, W. M., ed. 2139:Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1728: 1464:New Town and palisade 1386: 1247: 1106: 896: 795: 758: 669: 656: 628:or German-speakers), 591: 209: 191: 179:Charles, Duke of York 70: 36: 3543:United States portal 3078:Frethorne, Richard. 2981:Smith, John (1624). 2791:. Germanheritage.com 2770:. Germanheritage.com 2252:"Jamestown Dutchmen" 2114:Congressional Record 2105:Congressional Record 2080:Congressional Record 2071:Congressional Record 2045:Congressional Record 2036:Congressional Record 1921:"Virginia's History" 1793:Congressional Record 1784:Congressional Record 1762:Congressional Record 1753:Congressional Record 1037:Somers Isles Company 897:Sylvester Jordain's 720:Powhatan Confederacy 695:near the modern-day 594:Jamestown Glasshouse 409:Powhatan Confederacy 131:(the smallest ship, 24:Jamestown Settlement 3377:37.20917; -76.77750 3368: / 3261:Historic Jamestowne 3218:Helen C. Rountree, 3150:"Middle Plantation" 3123:"Bacon's Rebellion" 2913:The Spuscizna Group 1946:"Original Settlers" 1868:. Virtual Jamestown 1860:Kathleen M. Brown. 1688:, in honor of King 1477:which fed into the 1329:were granted equal 1317:artisans conducted 1285:indentured servants 1174:Chesterfield County 1092:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 906:Christopher Newport 817:, a village of the 774:Christopher Newport 614:Thomas Forrest, Esq 598:Historic Jamestowne 461:, later founder of 440:Christopher Newport 431:Bartholomew Gosnold 307:Virginia portal 288: • 284: • 280: • 261:American Revolution 240:History of Virginia 183:Cape Henry Memorial 173:, and the northern 123:Bartholomew Gosnold 113:Christopher Newport 3600:Colony of Virginia 3580:History of Bermuda 3522:Wolstenholme Towne 3507: 3243:Benjamin Woolley, 3204:William M. Kelso, 3085:2013-09-26 at the 2995:. pp. 150–184 2668:Gallagher, Gary W. 2515:Woodward, Hobson. 2443:Beverley, Robert. 2399:The New York Times 1737: 1712:American Civil War 1682:House of Burgesses 1583:House of Burgesses 1471:Virginia Peninsula 1418:Wolstenholme Towne 1397: 1325:in Jamestown. The 1254: 1109: 918:Lieutenant-General 902: 859:St George's Church 843:Alexander Whitaker 798: 701:Chickahominy River 679:(near present-day 672: 659: 602: 256:Colony of Virginia 234: 142:By April 6, 1607, 77: 46: 20:Historic Jamestown 3552: 3551: 3314:Project Gutenberg 3298:Virtual Jamestown 3240:(Booksurge, 2007) 3061:. Microform.co.uk 3020:. Vol. XII. 2876:Poles in Michigan 2534:Hampton, Virginia 2312:978-1-85109-637-4 1974:on 7 October 2011 1678:Francis Nicholson 1534:Bacon's Rebellion 1529:Bacon's Rebellion 1458:James City County 1426:Richard Frethorne 1323:democratic rights 1135:Nicotiana tabacum 1129:Nicotiana rustica 1061:incorporated town 1045:George Washington 689:Nansemond Indians 649:Ongoing struggles 606:Mary and Margaret 519:was built there. 353:Old Point Comfort 341: 340: 278:African-Americans 3622: 3544: 3537: 3503: 3443: 3436: 3426: 3421: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3211:David A. Price, 3197:Margaret Huber, 3176:Bernard Bailyn, 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2826:on July 24, 2015 2822:. Archived from 2809: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2727: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2707:. Archived from 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2650: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2612: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2589:. Archived from 2588: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2526: 2520: 2519:. Viking (2009). 2513: 2507: 2506: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2462: 2456: 2441: 2435: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2375:. 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Archived from 1822: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1749: 1643:College Building 1502:William Berkeley 1454:James City Shire 1422:Martin's Hundred 1271:In August 1619, 1262:Jamestown Church 1258:General Assembly 1250:Jamestown Church 1178:Appomattox River 925:William Strachey 685:Middlesex County 497:Early settlement 415:Original council 405:Virginia Indians 381:Jamestown Island 333: 326: 319: 305: 304: 303: 236: 235: 43: 40: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3536:Virginia portal 3535: 3526: 3508: 3496: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3257: 3180:(Vintage, 2012) 3173: 3171:Further reading 3168: 3159: 3157: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3087:Wayback Machine 3077: 3073: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2993:American Memory 2991:. 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A letter by 1410:Opechancanough 1377:Main article: 1374: 1371: 1292:William Tucker 1240:Tobacco brides 1231: 1228: 1198: 1195: 1169: 1166: 1144: 1141: 1100: 1097: 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 1068: 1065: 979: 976: 890: 887: 870: 867: 831:Fredericksburg 789: 786: 784:in June 1609. 752: 749: 716:Chief Powhatan 709:Opechancanough 677:Stingray Point 663: 660: 650: 647: 582:Main article: 579: 576: 567:Main article: 564: 561: 555:, fevers, and 553:salt poisoning 549:brackish water 529:Susan Constant 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 493: 487: 481: 474:John Ratcliffe 471: 465: 456: 453:George Kendall 450: 444:Susan Constant 437: 416: 413: 389:Dutch Republic 376: 373: 339: 338: 336: 335: 328: 321: 313: 310: 309: 296: 295: 294: 293: 273: 271:Post–Civil War 268: 266:U.S. Civil War 263: 258: 253: 243: 242: 219:Susan Constant 203: 200: 160:Chesapeake Bay 148:Susan Constant 133:John Ratcliffe 125:captain), and 109:Sarah Constant 104:Susan Constant 95:London Company 73:Jamestown 2007 64: 61: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3627: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3425:United States 3422: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3381: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3238:and His Times 3237: 3231: 3229:(Blair, 2011) 3228: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3156:on 2012-02-04 3155: 3151: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3057: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3010: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2936: 2929: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2867: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2790: 2784: 2769: 2763: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2731: 2725: 2711:on 2015-01-03 2710: 2706: 2700: 2685: 2683:9781439148846 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2648: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2596:on 2015-02-26 2592: 2585: 2579: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Fort Algernon 2525: 2518: 2512: 2504: 2502:9780429981487 2498: 2495:. 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History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)

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