History of India (1947–present)

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state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. Within a period of some three or four months in late 1947 a number of Hindus and Sikhs estimated at some 5 million moved from West Punjab into India, while 5.5 million Muslims travelled in the opposite direction. The outcome, akin to what today is called 'ethnic cleansing', produced an Indian Punjab 60 per cent Hindu and 35 per cent Sikh, while the Pakistan Punjab became almost wholly Muslim. A similar, though less extensive, migration took place between east and west Bengal, though murderous attacks on fleeing refugees, with the attendant loss of life, were much less extensive in the eastern region. Even those who did not move, if of the wrong community, often found themselves treated as though they were the enemy. In Delhi itself, the city's Muslims, cowering in an old fort, were for several months after partition regarded with intense suspicion and hostility. Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people.

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independent, their status to be settled later. Geographical location, personal and popular sentiment, and substantial pressure and incentives from the new governments led almost all princes eventually to merge their domains into either Pakistan or India. ... Each new government asserted its exclusive sovereignty within its borders, realigning all territories, animals, plants, minerals, and all other natural and human-made resources as either Pakistani or Indian property, to be used for its national development... Simultaneously, the central civil and military services and judiciary split roughly along religious 'communal' lines, even as they divided movable government assets according to a negotiated formula: 22.7 percent for Pakistan and 77.3 percent for India.

210: 1892: 4459: 32: 2520: 3099: 2501: 4511: 2397: 2080: 1169:, Nehru signed a pact with Liaquat Ali Khan that pledged both nations to the protection of minorities and creation of minority commissions. Although opposed to the principle, Patel decided to back this pact for the sake of peace, and played a critical role in garnering support from West Bengal and across India, and enforcing the provisions of the pact. Khan and Nehru also signed a trade agreement, and committed to resolving bilateral disputes through peaceful means. Steadily, hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East Pakistan, but the thaw in relations did not last long, primarily owing to the Kashmir dispute. 3573: 2100: 4263: 4774: 3192:, Indira's older son, as the next prime minister. Rajiv had been elected to Parliament only in 1982, and at 40, was the youngest national political leader and prime minister ever. But his youth and inexperience were an asset in the eyes of citizens tired of the inefficacy and corruption of career politicians, and looking for newer policies and a fresh start to resolve the country's long-standing problems. The Parliament was dissolved, and Rajiv led the Congress party to its largest majority in history (over 415 seats out of 545 possible), reaping a sympathy vote over his mother's assassination. 2437: 4937: 4105: 4006: 1044: 2056: 1527: 1615: 4572: 2543: 5580:

pre-existing migratory flows within the partitioned regions (see also Chatterji 2013). She also demonstrates that the new national states of India and Pakistan were quickly drawn into trying to stem this migration. As they put into place laws designed to restrict the return of partition emigrants, this produced new dilemmas for both new nations in their treatment of 'overseas Indians'; and many of them lost their right to return to their places of origin in the subcontinent, and also their claims to full citizenship in host countries.

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countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."

4634: 4925:. The economy had started to slow down in the second term of Manmohan Singh's tenure but started a recovery in 2013–14 when the GDP growth rate accelerated to 6.4% from the previous year's 5.5%. The acceleration continued through 2014–15 and 2015–16 with growth rates of 7.5% and 8.0% respectively in the early early years under Narendra Modi's first term. However the growth rate subsequently decelerated, to 7.1% and 6.6% in 2016–17 and 2017–18 respectively, partly because of the disruptive effects of 2644: 3868: 1235: 1713: 1187: 3465: 4898: 2255: 1267: 3227: 3961: 2127: 2583: 3039: 1206: 4171: 3449: 2563: 5536:

countryside, ploughing the land as landless peasants or sharecroppers, it is hardly surprising that many thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, did not hear the news for many weeks afterwards. For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of 1947 may have been the first that they knew about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India

4982: 3153: 1911:"operate not privately and behind the closed doors of the party meeting, but openly and periodically through the electorate." He outlined the goals of the Swatantra Party through twenty-one "fundamental principles" in the foundation document. The party stood for equality and opposed government control over the private sector. Rajagopalachari sharply criticised the bureaucracy and coined the term " 1930:. Although there were occasional electoral pacts between the Swatantra Party and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Rajagopalachari remained non-committal on a formal tie-up with the DMK due to its existing alliance with Communists whom he dreaded. The Swatantra Party contested 94 seats in the Madras state assembly elections and won six as well as won 18 parliamentary seats in the 3674: 5550:, p. : "When the British divided and quit India in August 1947, they not only partitioned the subcontinent with the emergence of the two nations of India and Pakistan but also the provinces of Punjab and Bengal. ... Indeed for many the Indian subcontinent's division in August 1947 is seen as a unique event which defies comparative historical and conceptual analysis" 4824:, which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity, improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry. However, it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort, resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming, ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities. 3569:. Unemployment is steadily declining, and poverty has fallen to approximately 22%. Gross Domestic Product growth increased to beyond 7%. While serious challenges remain, India is enjoying a period of economic expansion that has propelled it to the forefront of the world economy, and has correspondingly increased its influence in political and diplomatic terms. 3294:, and was sacked from the party and office. Becoming a popular crusader for reform and clean government, Singh led the Janata Dal coalition to a majority. He was supported by BJP and the leftist parties from outside. Becoming Prime Minister, Singh made an important visit to the Golden Temple shrine, to heal the wounds of the past. He implemented the 4894:. By the turn of the 21st century, India had progressed towards a free-market economy, with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation. This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy, literacy rates, and food security, although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents. 2625:. The government sponsored modern agricultural implements, new varieties of generic seeds, and increased financial assistance to farmers that increased the yield of food crops such as wheat, rice and corn, as well as commercial crops like cotton, tea, tobacco and coffee. Increased agricultural productivity expanded across the states of the 3764: 1643:

the scientific temper, and non-alignment. In Parekh's opinion, the philosophy and the policies that resulted from this benefited a large section of society such as public sector workers, industrial houses, and middle and upper peasantry. However, it failed to benefit or satisfy the urban and rural poor, the unemployed and the

1336:—after being partitioned. The princes of the princely states, however, were given the right to either remain independent or accede to either dominion. Thus India's leaders were faced with the prospect of inheriting a fragmented country with independent states and kingdoms dispersed across the mainland. Under the leadership of 2396: 3565:

almost every type of industry, which also benefitted from the availability of skilled labor. Foreign investment and outsourcing of jobs to India's labor markets further enhanced India's economic growth. A large middle class has arisen across India, which has increased the demand, and thus the production of a wide array of

1161:, owing to communal violence, intimidation, and repression from Muslim authorities. The plight of the refugees outraged Hindus and Indian nationalists, and the refugee population drained the resources of Indian states, who were unable to absorb them. While not ruling out war, Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel invited 3137:, the inadvertent deaths of civilians and damage to the temple building inflamed tensions in the Sikh community across India. The Government used intensive police operations to crush militant operations, but it resulted in many claims of abuse of civil liberties. North-east India was paralysed owing to the 3200:

India's national reserves. As prime minister, Rajiv broke from his mother's precedent to improve relations with the United States, which increased economic aid and scientific co-operation. Rajiv's encouragement of science and technology resulted in a major expansion of the telecommunications industry and

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South Asians learned that the British Indian empire would be partitioned on 3 June 1947. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority live in the

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withdrew the IPKF in 1990, but thousands of Indian soldiers had died. Rajiv's departure from socialist policies did not sit well with the masses, who did not benefit from the innovations. Unemployment was a serious problem, and India's burgeoning population added ever-increasing needs for diminishing

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which resulted in cost of oil imports to rise substantially, the cost of the Bangladesh war and the refugee resettlement, and food shortages caused by droughts in parts of the country.The economic and social problems caused by high inflation, as well as allegations of corruption against Indira Gandhi

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In his short essay "Our Democracy", Rajagopalachari argued the necessity of a right-wing alternative to the Congress: "since ... the Congress Party has swung to the Left, what is wanted is not an ultra or outer-Left , but a strong and articulate Right." Rajagopalachari also said the opposition must:

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The partition caused large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration between the two dominions. Among refugees who survived, it solidified the belief that safety lay among co-religionists. In the instance of Pakistan, it made palpable a hitherto only-imagined refuge for the Muslims of British

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The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among the members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the

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erupted in Delhi and parts of Punjab, causing the deaths of thousands of Sikhs along with terrible pillage, arson, and rape. Senior members of the Congress Party have been implicated in stirring the violence against Sikhs. Government investigation has failed to date to discover the causes and punish

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and postponed elections at national and state levels. Non-Congress governments in Indian states were dismissed, and nearly 1,000 opposition political leaders and activists were imprisoned. Her government also introduced a contentious programme of compulsory birth control. Strikes and public protests

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by the Soviet Union. Although Nehru disavowed nuclear ambitions for India, Canada and France aided India in the development of nuclear power stations for electricity. India also negotiated an agreement in 1960 with Pakistan on the just use of the waters of seven rivers shared by the countries. Nehru

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proposal that a plebiscite be held in the entire state as soon as hostilities ceased, and a UN-sponsored cease-fire was agreed to by both parties on 1 January 1949. No statewide plebiscite was held, however, for in 1954, after Pakistan began to receive arms from the United States, Nehru withdrew his

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The sudden refugee flows related to Partition may at the time have been unsurpassed in modern world history. It is likely that at least 14–18 million people moved. Previous assessments of the mortality associated with Partition have varied between 200,000 and 1 million. The first figure, attributed

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guarantee for former Indian royalty, and waged a major offensive against party hierarchy over the nationalisation of India's banks. Although resisted by Desai and India's business community, the policy was popular with the masses. When Congress politicians attempted to oust Gandhi by suspending her

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India's economy benefited from an end to paralysing strikes and political disorder. India announced a 20-point programme which enhanced agricultural and industrial production, increasing national growth, productivity, and job growth. But many organs of government and many Congress politicians were

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etc. during this period with limited or regional appeal. With the eclipse of the Muslim league due to partition, the Congress party was able to dominate Indian politics during the 1950s.This started breaking down during the 60s and 70s.This period saw formation of many new parties.These included

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Nehru can be regarded as the founder of the modern Indian state. Parekh attributes this to the national philosophy Nehru formulated for India. For him, modernisation was the national philosophy, with seven goals: national unity, parliamentary democracy, industrialisation, socialism, development of

4699:. The BJP won 240 seats, down from 303 seats it had secured in 2019, and lost its singular majority in the Lok Sabha. Modi confirmed the support of 293 NDA MPs to President Draupadi Murmu, which marked Modi's third term as prime minister and his first time heading a coalition government, with the 3895:

in March 2006. According to the nuclear deal, the United States was to give India access to civilian nuclear technology while India agreed to greater scrutiny for its nuclear programme. Later, United States approved a controversial law allowing India to buy their nuclear reactors and fuel for the

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In November 1997, the Congress Party again withdrew support for the United Front. New elections in February 1998 brought the BJP the largest number of seats in Parliament (182), but this fell far short of a majority. On 20 March 1998, the President inaugurated a BJP-led coalition government, with

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A rising generation of well-educated and skilled professionals in scientific sectors of the industry began propelling the Indian economy, as the information technology industry took hold across India with the proliferation of computers. The new technologies increased the efficiency of activity in

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have risen in prominence and economic importance, becoming centres of rising industries and destinations for foreign investment and firms. Strategies like forming Special Economic Zones—tax amenities, good communications infrastructure, low regulation—to encourage industries has paid off in many

4510: 3824:, declined to take the office, to defuse the controversy about whether her foreign birth should be considered a disqualification for the Prime Minister's post. Apart from the Congress party, other members of UPA included Socialist and regional parties.The alliance had outside support of India's 3783:

Throughout 2003, India's speedy economic progress, political stability, and a rejuvenated peace initiative with Pakistan increased the government's popularity. India and Pakistan agreed to resume direct air links and to allow overflights, and a groundbreaking meeting was held between the Indian

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was loosened, and government restrictions on foreign currency, travel, foreign investment, and imports decreased considerably. This allowed private businesses to use resources and produce commercial goods without government bureaucracy interfering, and the influx of foreign investment increased

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The partition of South Asia that produced India and West and East Pakistan resulted from years of bitter negotiations and recriminations ... The departing British also decreed that the hundreds of princes, who ruled one-third of the subcontinent and a quarter of its population, became legally

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Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government,

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describes how the partition of the British Indian empire into the new nation states of India and Pakistan produced new diaspora on a vast, and hitherto unprecedented, scale, but hints that the sheer magnitude of refugee movements in South Asia after 1947 must be understood in the context of

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in Kashmir, derailing a promising peace process that had begun only three months earlier when Prime Minister Vajpayee visited Pakistan, inaugurating the Delhi-Lahore bus service. Indian forces killed Pakistan-backed infiltrators and reclaimed important border posts in high-altitude warfare.

4626:. The number of new cases had begun to steadily drop by late-May and vaccination gained momentum again. India administered 1 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine on 21 October 2021. Although official number of Covid related deaths in India during the pandemic is less than half a million, 4617:

stated that the country planned to approve and begin distribution of a vaccine by the first quarter of 2021. Vaccination against COVID-19 started in India on 16 January 2021. By early April 2021, second wave of infections took hold in the country with destructive consequences. According to

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in December 1992. The final months of the Rao-led government in the spring of 1996 suffered the effects of several major political corruption scandals, which contributed to the worst electoral performance by the Congress Party in its history a that time as the Hindu nationalist

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won a convincing and resounding 262 seats, with Congress alone winning 206 seats. However, the Congress-led government faced many allegations of corruption. Inflation rose to an all-time high, and the ever-increasing prices of food commodities caused widespread agitation.

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service was inaugurated, the first in 60 years to operate between Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered Kashmirs. However, in May 2006, suspected Islamic extremist militants killed 35 Hindus in the worst attacks in Indian-administered Kashmir for several months.

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under the premiership of Modi. The Modi government's sweeping mandate and popularity helped the BJP win several state assembly elections in India. The Modi government implemented several initiatives and campaigns to increase manufacturing and infrastructure – notably —

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brought after left-wing parties withdrew their support over the nuclear deal. After the vote, several left-wing and regional parties formed a new alliance to oppose the government, saying it had been tainted by corruption. Within three months, following approval by the

2239:, and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's elevation to immense popularity. Relations with the United States grew strained, and India signed a 20-year treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union—breaking explicitly for the first time from non-alignment. In 1974, India tested 1344:

convinced the rulers of princely states contiguous to India to accede to India. Many rights and privileges of the rulers of the princely states, especially their personal estates and privy purses, were guaranteed to convince them to accede. Some of them were made

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in many sectors. Since then, the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained unchanged since 1991, although no government had tried taking on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers and on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing

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The economic history of the India since 1947 can be divided into two epochs: 1.1947-91 which saw heavy government involvement in the economy, and a slow growth rate in GDP 2.1991–present which saw deregulation and a rapid growth in GDP, and reduction in poverty.

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downgraded India's GDP predictions for FY21 to negative figures, signalling a recession in India, the most severe since 1979. The Indian Economy contracted by 6.6 percent which was lower than the estimated 7.3 percent decline. In 2022, the ratings agency

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High Court gave their verdict, and found Indira Gandhi guilty of misusing government machinery for election purposes. Opposition parties conducted nationwide strikes and protests demanding her immediate resignation. Various political parties united under

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The Hindu Code Bill was visualised by Ambedkar and Nehru as the flagship of modernisation and a radical revision of Hindu law ... it is widely regarded as dramatic benchmark legislation giving Hindu women equitable if not superior entitlements as legal

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India is said to have stationed 20,000–40,000 troops in a country of only 200,000 during the referendum. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union, and the monarchy was abolished. To enable the incorporation of the new state, the

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Nehru led the Congress to further election victories in 1957 and 1962. During his tenure, the Indian Parliament passed extensive reforms that increased the legal rights of women in Hindu society, and further legislated against caste discrimination and

16325: 2158:. The Congress Party won a reduced majority in the 1967 elections owing to widespread disenchantment over rising prices of commodities, unemployment, economic stagnation, and food crisis. Indira Gandhi had started on a rocky note after agreeing to a 1340:, the new Government of India employed political negotiations backed with the option (and, on several occasions, the use) of military action to ensure the primacy of the central government and of the Constitution then being drafted. Sardar Patel and 3406:

assassinated him and many others by setting off the bomb in her belt by leaning forward while garlanding him. In the elections, Congress (Indira) won 244 parliamentary seats and put together a coalition, returning to power under the leadership of

4350:. Contrary to the strategies used by the party during previous elections, Modi played the dominant role in the BJP's presidential style election campaign. The 16th national general election, held in early 2014, saw a huge victory for the BJP led 2918:

under the constitution, which allowed the central government to assume sweeping powers to defend law and order in the nation. Explaining the breakdown of law and order and threat to national security as her primary reasons, Gandhi suspended many

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became the first non-Congress Prime Minister to complete a full term. His tenure saw rapid growth of infrastructure, improved diplomatic relationship with the United States, economic reforms, nuclear tests, several foreign policy and military

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in march of 1971 by Rehman led to widespread atrocities being committed by the Pakistani army against select groups.It is estimated that starting in March 1971, members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro-Pakistani Islamist militias

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the finance minister, who tried to reduce tax evasion and tax receipts rose due to this crackdown although taxes were lowered. This process lost its momentum during the later tenure of Mr. Gandhi as his government was marred by scandals.

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to Mountbatten (the last Viceroy) smacks of a number that—conveniently from an official perspective—minimises the loss of life. However, the figure of 1 million may also be too low. The data, however, do not allow for a firmer judgement.

2640:, the government encouraged the production of milk, which increased greatly, and improved rearing of livestock across India. This enabled India to become self-sufficient in feeding its own population, ending two decades of food imports. 9771: 2484: 2173:

after the PLA soldiers opened fire on the Indian soldiers who were making a fence on the border in Nathu La. The Indian forces successfully repelled Chinese forces and the outcome saw Chinese defeat with their withdrawal from Sikkim.

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for the 2011–12 term. In 2004, India had launched an application for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, along with Brazil, Germany and Japan. In March, India overtook China to become the world's largest importer of arms.

9687: 1150:, who held him responsible for partition and charged that Mohandas Gandhi was appeasing Muslims. More than one million people flooded the streets of Delhi to follow the procession to cremation grounds and pay their last respects. 10556: 5971: 5044:

British India consisted of those regions of the British Raj, or the British Indian Empire, which were directly administered by Britain; other regions of nominal sovereignty that were indirectly ruled by Britain were called

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In 1971, Indira Gandhi and her Congress (R) were returned to power with a massively increased majority. The nationalisation of banks was carried out, and many other socialist economic and industrial policies enacted. India

2012:, India attacked Pakistan on all fronts by crossing the international border after attempts by Pakistani troops to infiltrate Indian-controlled Kashmir by crossing the de facto border between India and Pakistan in Kashmir. 4862:, which caused a spike in oil prices, resulted in a major balance-of-payments crisis for India, which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans. India asked for a $ 1.8 billion bailout loan from the 2759:

resulting in minor damages and suspension of counter-air operations for mere few hours. The strikes led to India declaring war on Pakistan, marking their entry into the war for East Pakistan's independence, on the side of

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at a meeting in Madras. Conceived by disgruntled heads of former princely states such as the Raja of Ramgarh, the Maharaja of Kalahandi and the Maharajadhiraja of Darbhanga, the party was conservative in character. Later,

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rebels, but the Indian Peace Keeping Force, as it was known, became entangled in outbreaks of violence, ultimately ending up fighting the Tamil rebels itself, and becoming a target of attack from Sri Lankan nationalists.

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Morarji Desai entered Gandhi's government as deputy prime minister and finance minister, and with senior Congress politicians attempted to constrain Gandhi's authority. But following the counsel of her political advisor

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was sworn in as India's new president, becoming India's first tribal president. Although largely ceremonial post, Murmu's election as tribal woman was historic. India celebrated 75 years of its independence from the

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devastated Indian coastlines and islands, killing an estimated 18,000 and displacing around 650,000. The tsunami was caused by a powerful undersea earthquake off the Indonesian coast. Natural disasters such as the

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during the period of the partition is usually estimated to have been around one million. The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that affects

11390: 3990:, as unconstitutional in regard to criminalising consensual sex between two homosexual adults or decriminalising such acts between adult heterosexuals or other consenting adults, that may be deemed unnatural. 3710:

in the first summit between Pakistan and India in more than two years in the middle of 2001. But the meeting failed without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir region.

9399: 7156: 4766:. Steel, mining, machine tools, telecommunications, insurance, and power plants, among other industries, were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s. The Indian economy of this period is characterised as 2034:. The war was a complete rout for the Indians and led to a refocusing on arms build-up and an improvement in relations with the United States. China withdrew from disputed territory in the contested Chinese 9959: 9661: 2986:

became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India. The Desai administration established tribunals to investigate Emergency-era abuses, and Indira and Sanjay Gandhi were arrested after a report from the

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to global trade and investment. India's domestic politics also took new shape, as traditional alignments by caste, creed, and ethnicity gave way to a plethora of small, regionally-based political parties.

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migrated to India in fear of domination and suppression in Muslim Pakistan. Communal violence killed an estimated one million Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, and gravely destabilised both dominions along their

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composed, in part, of those who unfairly lost elections. India has constantly maintained the position of blaming Pakistan for supplying these groups with logistical support, arms, recruits and training.

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of women as a part of the initiative to control population growth, and for the demolition of slums in Delhi near the Turkmen Gate, which left hundreds of people dead or injured, and many more displaced.

2764:. India's entry expanded the existing conflict with Indian and Pakistani forces engaging on both the eastern and western fronts. Thirteen days into the war, India had achieved total superiority into the 2998:

formed an interim government. The Janata Party had become intensely unpopular due to its internecine warfare, and a perceived lack of leadership on solving India's serious economic and social problems.

2500: 1669:. He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. The government, therefore, directed investment primarily into key 4618:

Christopher Clary, assistant professor of political science at the State University of New York, technocratic competence had been entirely missing from government's response to the second wave of the

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were seized, and an extensive public works and industrialisation campaign resulted in the construction of major dams, irrigation canals, roads, thermal and hydroelectric power stations, and many more.

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Azhar, M. u. R., Masood, S., & Malek, N. M. (2018). Conflict and Development: A case study of East Pakistan Crisis, 1971. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2(9).

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The death of Vallabhbhai Patel in 1950 left Nehru as the sole remaining iconic national leader, and soon the situation became such that Nehru could implement his vision for India without hindrance.

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to hold India's most powerful office. Singh continued economic liberalisation, although the need for support from Indian Socialists and Communists forestalled further privatisation for some time.

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accused of corruption and authoritarian conduct. Police officers were accused of arresting and torturing innocent people. Indira's then twentynine year old son, and unofficial political advisor,

1915:" to describe Nehru's elaborate system of permissions and licences required for an individual to set up a private enterprise. Rajagopalachari's personality became a rallying point for the party. 10472: 10400: 9749: 9429: 7426: 9779: 7387: 7342: 8586: 3729:

took bribes) as well as reports of intelligence failures that led to the Kargil incursions going undetected, and the apparent failure of his talks with the Pakistani President. Following the

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protests have been described as an instigating factor. Tensions escalated on the Indo-China border after aggressive skirmishes between Indian and Chinese troops beginning on 5 May 2020. The

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in Calcutta and later in Delhi to calm people and emphasise peace despite the threat to his life. Both governments constructed large relief camps for incoming and leaving refugees, and the

8357: 4785:, formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country's independence. They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy, involving the rapid development of 4613:. This led to millions losing their jobs and many lost their lives. The Indian economy also shrunk in percentage terms by double digit numbers. In September 2020, India's health minister 118:, both at federal and state level respectively. The democracy has been sustained since then. India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newly independent states. 11258: 2099: 11452: 3371:) announced an alliance with the ruling Congress party for the elections of 1987. But, the elections were allegedly rigged in favour of him. This led to the rise of the armed extremist 10172: 9880: 9718: 10548: 9009: 3121:, there were many incidents of communal violence between native villagers and refugees from Bangladesh, as well as settlers from other parts of India. When Indian forces, undertaking 2800:, which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces, including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan. The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 1681:. Nehru advocated a strong initiative to enroll India's children to complete primary education, and thousands of schools, colleges and institutions of advanced learning, such as the 10450: 10205: 9359:

Hobley, D.E.J., et al., 2012, Reconstruction of a major storm event from its geomorphic signature: The Ladakh floods, 6 August 2010, Geology, v. 40, p. 483-486, doi:10.1130/G32935.1

3290:. Singh had been moved from the Finance ministry to the Defence ministry after he unearthed some scandals which made the Congress leadership uncomfortable. Singh then unearthed the 9471: 10790: 9502: 1512:, at particular percentage in Education Admissions, Employments, Political Bodies, Promotions, etc., for "socially and educationally backward citizens." The constitution has had 10696: 8711: 4055:, in the words of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, India's "greatest internal security challenge", and other terrorist tensions (such as Islamist terrorist campaigns in and out of 1312:

pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India. In January 1947, Nehru said that independent India would not accept the

6059: 3662:—a new coalition led by the BJP—gained a majority to form a government with Vajpayee as prime minister in October 1999. The end of the millennium was devastating to India, as a 7571:

Mookherjee, Nayanika (2012). "Mass rape and the inscription of gendered and racial domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971". In Raphaëlle Branche; Fabrice Virgili (eds.).

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was divided into several states beginning in 1970 within the borders of what was then Assam. In 1963, the Naga Hills district became the 16th state of India under the name of

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to resist what he termed Gandhi's dictatorship. Leading strikes across India that paralysed its economy and administration, Narayan even called for the Army to oust Gandhi.

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India's population passed the 500 million mark in the early 1970s, but its long-standing food crisis was resolved with greatly improved agricultural productivity due to the

9992: 14831: 14231: 14053: 11704: 10767: 816: 11313: 7873: 6215: 4322:. The Jana Sangh joined the Janata party in 1977 but when that party fell apart in a short period of three years, the erstwhile members of Jana Sangh in 1980 formed the 4125: 11202: 8217: 3650:(BJP) fell apart, leading to fresh elections in September. In May and June 1999, India discovered an elaborate campaign of terrorist infiltration that resulted in the 11398: 3322:

split to form the Janata Dal (Socialist), supported by Rajiv's Congress. This new government also collapsed in a matter of months, when Congress withdrew its support.

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was signed under the mediation of the Soviet government, but Shastri died on the night after the signing ceremony. A leadership election resulted in the elevation of

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Vajpayee again serving as prime minister. On 11 and 13 May 1998, this government conducted a series of five underground nuclear weapons tests, known collectively as

2793: 10579:"Coronavirus vaccine India: Expect Covid-19 vaccine by early next year, will take first shot if any trust deficit, Harsh Vardhan | India News – Times of India" 9596: 9407: 7767: 7166: 10300: 9949: 9144: 4734:

after independence was influenced by the colonial experience, which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned

1968:

was seized by the Egyptian government, an international conference voted 18–4 to take action against Egypt. India was one of the four backers of Egypt, along with

9651: 9629: 7629:

Karachi: United Press of Pakistan, 1974. pp. 74, 226), some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one (Johnson, B. L. C.

3725:

The National Democratic Alliance government's credibility was adversely affected by a number of political scandals (such as allegations that the Defence Minister

10709:

Banaji, M., & Gupta, A. (2022). Estimates of pandemic excess mortality in India based on civil registration data. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(12), e0000803.

2008:, Pakistan captured one-third of Kashmir (which India claims as its territory), and India captured three-fifths (which Pakistan claims as its territory). In the 12070: 10422: 10323: 7800: 6245: 2235:

half, after millions of refugees had fled the persecution of the Pakistani army. The clash resulted in the independence of East Pakistan, which became known as

2187:

Congress membership, Gandhi was empowered with a large exodus of members of parliament to her own Congress (R). The bastion of the Indian freedom struggle, the

16706: 10739: 11092: 10617: 10232: 5883: 10674: 8300:

Gwatkin, Davidson R. "Political will and family planning: the implications of India's emergency experience." Population and Development Review (1979): 29-59.

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which lasted from 1947 to 1949. Eventually, a United Nations-overseen ceasefire was agreed that left India in control of two-thirds of the contested region.

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season, killed around 277 people and brought extensive damage to property. A further 280 people died in the neighbouring Pakistani regions, particularly in

4151:

Despite all this, India showed great promise with a higher growth rate in gross domestic product. In January 2011, India assumed a nonpermanent seat in the

4048:

in Arunachal Pradesh, which was a monumental event to the people of the region, and the abbot of the monastery greeted him with much fanfare and adulation.

3411:. This Congress-led government, which served a full five-year term, initiated a gradual process of economic liberalisation and reform, which has opened the 10940:

Data Source: Tables of Prof. Angus Maddison (2010). The per capita GDP over various years and population data can be downloaded in a spreadsheet from here

6848: 5287: 3056: 1109:. The violence was stopped by early September owing to the co-operative efforts of both Indian and Pakistani leaders, and especially due to the efforts of 10521: 9555: 9338: 6183:

The war for states had not only ended in Indian military victory but had given its leaders enormous self-confidence and satisfaction over a job well done.

4417:, an Indian wing commander, was taken prisoner by the Pakistani side. Acting nonetheless under pressure from various world leaders and constrained by the 2166:, which created much hardship for Indian businesses and consumers, and the import of wheat from the United States fell through due to political disputes. 1701:

based on centralised and integrated national economic programs—no taxation for Indian farmers, minimum wage and benefits for blue-collar workers, and the

18015: 4797:

central command system. The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital- and technology-intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual, low-skill

66:. When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of 3536:

of large, inefficient, and loss-inducing government corporations. The UF government had attempted a progressive budget that encouraged reforms, but the

1349:(governor) and Uprajpramukh (deputy governor) of the merged states. Many small princely states were merged to form viable administrative states such as 1040:, and the central treasury. Self-governing independent Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14 and 15 August 1947 respectively. 10813: 10384: 7994:

Political Economy of Indian Development in the 20th Century: India's Road to Freedom and GrowthG.S. Bhalla, The Indian Economic Journal 2001 48:3, 1-23

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in Uttarakhand and other north Indian states caused devastating floods and landslides, with more than 5,700 people "presumed dead." In September 2014,

1052:

India. The migrations took place hastily and with little warning. It is thought that between 14 million and 18 million people moved, and perhaps more.

9741: 7410: 3733:, the United States lifted sanctions which it had imposed against India and Pakistan in 1998. The move was seen as a reward for their support for the 2709:

was the third in four wars fought between the two nations.The war was fought in December 1971 over the issue of Bangladesh. India decisively defeated

16472: 16310: 15766: 13963: 7365: 7326: 7219: 3601:, the BJP coalition lasted in power 13 days. With all political parties wishing to avoid another round of elections, a 14-party coalition led by the 8939: 8582: 2733:

civilians in Bangladesh. During the conflict, members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro-Pakistani Islamist militias called the Razakars

1614: 14221: 14211: 14023: 6880: 4516: 1425: 811: 174: 8815: 7685: 2154:, Nehru's daughter who had been serving as Minister for Information and Broadcasting, as the third prime minister. She defeated right-wing leader 1749:

was passed in 1956. Old states were dissolved and new states created on the lines of shared linguistic and ethnic demographics. The separation of

18005: 14087: 13993: 8642: 7736: 3888: 3880: 3024: 2311: 2307: 1513: 801: 9069: 8827: 8516: 6996: 5327: 4318:

originated in the 1920s and has remained a strong political force in India. The major party of the religious right since the 1950s had been the

16956: 16267: 15688: 14176: 1081: 11460: 4692:

landed on the moon on 23 August 2023, thus making India the 4th country to land on the moon after the Soviet Union, China, and United States.

1745:

in 1952 sparked a major re-shaping of the Indian Union. Nehru appointed the States Re-organisation Commission, upon whose recommendations the

1583:

Indian losses in the war totalled 1,104 killed and 3,154 wounded; Pakistani, about 6,000 killed and 14,000 wounded. Neutral assessments state

1580:, in an effort to secure Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. A United Nations-mediated ceasefire took place on 5 January 1949. 1416:(a Muslim-majority state with a Hindu king) in the far north of the subcontinent quickly became a source of controversy that erupted into the 18020: 14003: 9890: 9710: 9001: 3540:

and political instability created economic stagnation. The Vajpayee administration continued with privatisation, reduction of taxes, a sound

761: 8382: 5385: 1693:, reporting directly to the Prime Minister, was established in 1950, with Nehru as the chairman. The commission was tasked with formulating 1409:, after the failure of negotiations, which was done between 13 and 29 September 1948. It was incorporated as a state of India the next year. 1020:

districts in these provinces were awarded to Pakistan and the majority non-Muslim to India. The other assets that were divided included the

38:, the first prime minister of India, often regarded as the architect of modern India, addressing a newly independent India on 15 August 1947 14971: 7191:

The troubled border: some facts about boundary disputes between Assam-Nagaland, Assam-Arunachal Pradesh, Assam-Meghalaya, and Assam-Mizoram

5661: 4326:(BJP). The BJP grew its support base in the following decades and is now the most dominant political party in India. In September 2013 the 3483:

was initiated in 1991 by Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his then-Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. Rao was often referred to as

2310:

laid down a set of conditions that made Sikkim an "associate state", a special designation not used by any other state. A month later, the

10442: 9461: 4244:, causing an estimated loss of INR 200–300 billion (US$ 4–6 billion) to over 1.7 million depositors. In December 2013, the 17990: 15469: 15094: 8978: 7303: 7074: 7035: 6529: 6483: 5691: 3737:. The tensions of an imminent war between India and Pakistan again rose by the heavy Indian firing on Pakistani military posts along the 1926:. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Annadurai grew close to Rajagopalachari and sought an alliance with the Swatantra Party for the 1283: 10782: 9494: 7643: 6922: 18000: 17214: 16699: 16239: 15791: 14226: 8707: 6440: 6066: 5423: 5224: 4549:

temple construction officially started after a Bhoomi Poojan (Hindu ground breaking) ceremony by Prime Minister Modi on 5 August 2020.

2974:

Indira Gandhi's Congress Party called for general elections in 1977, only to suffer a humiliating electoral defeat at the hands of the

864: 7657: 3298:

report, to increase the quota in reservation for low-caste Hindus. His government fell after Singh, along with Bihar's Chief Minister

18143: 18035: 15844: 15661: 15545: 15325: 15017: 11005:"Cultural Influences on Economic Thought in India: Resistance to diffusion of neo-classical economics and the principles of Hinduism" 8560: 4248:

overturned the Delhi High Court ruling on Sec 377, criminalising homosexual sex between consenting adults once again in the country.

3387:, forcing them to leave Kashmir in large numbers. Around 90% of the Kashmiri Pandits left Kashmir during the 1990s, resulting in the 2734: 1927: 914: 821: 7451: 6496:

One subject that particularly interested Nehru was the reform of Hindu law, particularly with regard to the rights of Hindu women...

18040: 17018: 16315: 16282: 6012: 4557: 4425: 4418: 3848: 2725: 1809:

In pre-independence India, the main parties were the Congress and the Muslim league.There were also many other parties such as the

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which subsequently became quite controversial were passed with less than three hours of debate in either house in September 2020.

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to become the most populous country on the earth with a population of over 1.425 billion. India was selected as the host for the

3905:, George W. Bush signed into law a nuclear deal with India, which ended a three-decade ban on American nuclear trade with Delhi. 3746: 3635:

In the early months of 1999, Prime Minister Vajpayee made a historic bus trip to Pakistan and met with Pakistan's prime minister

2199: 11711: 10361: 9277: 8608: 8192: 7130: 5301: 1607:

began a second term as prime minister. President Prasad was also elected to a second term by the electoral college of the first

18010: 17963: 15565: 14672: 14449: 14121: 9244: 9218: 9182: 8792: 5560:

Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (2013), "Introduction: Concepts and Questions", in Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (eds.),

3624:— which caused Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. India's nuclear tests prompted President of the United States 3235: 1125:

I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.

8444: 8436:

The politics of homeland: a study of the ethnic linkages and political mobilisation amongst Sikhs in Britain and North America

7842: 17265: 16692: 15459: 15161: 15001: 14986: 14780: 14710: 11976: 11688: 11667: 11623: 11597: 11576: 11557: 11538: 11519: 11496: 10975: 8972: 8868: 8135: 7967: 7940: 7618: 7580: 7555: 7526: 7381: 6972: 6654: 6582: 6255: 6225: 6176: 6146: 6119: 5724: 5685: 5638: 5607: 5569: 5528: 5480: 5359: 5260: 5218: 4739: 2720:

The crisis started with Punjabi dominated Pakistani army refusing to surrender power to the newly elected but mainly Bengali

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programme which was meant to encourage companies to manufacture their products in India and also increase their investment.

4141: 3987: 3772: 2890: 1354: 1134: 11931: 9801: 9586: 8466: 4201:

region of North India resulted in the deaths of around 255 people, while affecting 9,000 people directly. In June 2013, a

4079:. In the new millennium, India improved relations with many countries and foreign unions including the United States, the 16736: 15335: 15166: 14080: 10128: 9123: 7777: 4926: 4437: 4391: 4383: 3388: 1698: 1670: 1596: 1543: 878: 209: 10284: 9152: 4777:

Change in per capita GDP of India, 1820–2015. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 1990 International Geary-Khamis dollars.

3864:

government launched India's largest-ever rural jobs scheme, aimed at lifting around 60 million families out of poverty.

15590: 15585: 15444: 14562: 14522: 10710: 8330: 7708: 7068: 7029: 6825: 6043: 5798: 4542: 4520: 4449: 4283: 4229: 3979:

took place. India blamed militants from Pakistan for the attacks and announced a "pause" in the ongoing peace process.

3201: 3168: 2882: 2744:. The murders and rapes led to an estimated eight to ten million people to flee East Pakistan to seek refuge in India. 2291: 1947: 1943: 1891: 1561: 1413: 920:

From being a relatively struggling country in its formative years, the Republic of India has emerged as a fast growing

8852: 3318:

withdrew their support to Singh government, causing them to lose parliamentary vote of confidence on 7 November 1990.

3267:

broke, revealing that senior government officials had taken bribes over defence contracts by a Swedish guns producer.

1993:

had visited Pakistan in 1953, but owing to political turmoil in Pakistan, no headway was made on the Kashmir dispute.

946:

Independent India's first years were marked with turbulent events—a massive exchange of population with Pakistan, the

17985: 17980: 16440: 15560: 15350: 15277: 14963: 14901: 14537: 12290: 11955: 11913: 11892: 11858: 11826: 11805: 11782: 11754: 11644: 8755: 8275: 8245: 8052: 7810: 7611: 7420: 7336: 7297: 7199: 6916: 6523: 6477: 6434: 6340: 6092: 4445: 3897: 3632:

on India pursuant to the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act and led to widespread international condemnation.

3078: 2955:, the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India, signing the "New Delhi" declaration during a visit by US President 2756: 2710: 2659: 1997: 1387:

resulted in a 99% vote to merge with India, annulling the controversial accession to Pakistan, which was made by the

12279: 10883: 9099: 7264: 5166: 3489:

for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a

2294:

was held in which 97.5 percent of voters supported abolishing the monarchy, effectively approving union with India.

31: 17995: 16908: 16165: 16160: 16153: 15776: 15746: 14851: 14816: 14593: 12003: 11103: 10609: 6202:

India won, and gained two-thirds of Kashmir, which it successfully held against another Pakistani invasion in 1965.

5929: 5890: 4878: 4849: 4751: 4614: 4113: 3505: 3480: 3399: 1619: 1465: 1196: 906: 11230: 10666: 8899: 6274: 1884:

and the Maharaja of Patiala joined the effort. Rajagopalachari, Masani and Ranga also tried but failed to involve

1429:

support. The Indian Constitution came into force in Kashmir on 26 January 1950 with special clauses for the state.

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By the end of 2004, India began to withdraw some of its troops from Kashmir. By the middle of the next year, the

3372: 3351: 2182:, Gandhi resuscitated her popular appeal by a major shift towards socialist policies. She successfully ended the 1746: 1729: 1682: 1505: 1329: 1143: 1013: 11995:

Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85661-4

10092:

Srivastava, Sanjay (April 2015). "Modi-Masculinity: Media, Manhood, and "Traditions" in a Time of Consumerism".

6841: 3263:

Rajiv Gandhi's image as an honest politician (he was nicknamed "Mr. Clean" by the press) was shattered when the

18111: 16450: 16030: 14517: 14073: 12322: 12080: 10133: 9330: 4930: 4375: 4206: 4052: 3060: 3012: 2856: 2781: 1826:

those founded by former congress leaders such as the Swatantra party, many Socialist leaning parties, and the

1673:

industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.

1303: 1252:

to India. She played a pivotal role in rehabilitating refugees and victims of the violence associated with the

1173: 910: 857: 9040: 18081: 18050: 16435: 16298: 16060: 15854: 15771: 15610: 15360: 15036: 14996: 14740: 13898: 11875: 8235: 6302: 6207: 4853: 4060: 3840: 3742: 3347: 1445: 1317: 11865: 10522:"In speeches, PM called for 'quality debates'; in House, Govt pushed 15 Bills in under 10 mins last session" 9619: 6802: 2315: 18101: 17757: 17108: 16715: 16445: 16340: 16020: 15912: 15812: 15731: 15282: 14730: 14486: 12407: 8265: 4967: 4782: 4550: 4379: 4351: 4343: 4302:. ISRO also became the first space agency and India the first country to reach Mars on its maiden attempt. 3994: 3809: 3659: 2852: 1964:, and encouraged the People's Republic of China to join the global community of nations. In 1956, when the 1960:, of which India was a co-founder. Nehru maintained friendly relations with both the United States and the 1931: 1449: 1199:

had the responsibility of welding the British Indian provinces and the princely states into a united India.

981: 836: 700: 499: 103: 51: 10502: 7226: 4695:

General elections were held in India from 19 April to 1 June 2024 in seven phases to elect the members of

4346:. Several BJP leaders initially expressed opposition to Modi's candidature, including BJP founding member 3517: 3098: 2370:

were formed into an autonomous state within Assam; in 1972 this became a separate state under the name of

17947: 17334: 16983: 16502: 16192: 16050: 15907: 15538: 15533: 15345: 14891: 14735: 14715: 14444: 14196: 14008: 13878: 11653: 10953: 8931: 7215: 4863: 4794: 4735: 4133: 3998: 3861: 3805: 3606: 3537: 3529: 2937:, was accused of committing gross excesses—Sanjay was blamed for the Health Ministry carrying out forced 2170: 2110: 1690: 1401:(Hindu-majority state with a Muslim nizam)—Patel ordered the Indian army to depose the government of the 1037: 142: 122: 17143: 10503:"Indian Farmers' Protest 2020–2021: History, Progress, Current State of Unions — Transcontinental Times" 6873: 17682: 17234: 16951: 16946: 16663: 16599: 16136: 16104: 16025: 15504: 15365: 15287: 15156: 15141: 15104: 14991: 14886: 14846: 14603: 14572: 14481: 14159: 14114: 14058: 11152: 10917:"Industrialization, Dirigisme and Capitalists: Indian Big Business from Independence to Liberalization" 9836: 8094: 6515: 6380:

Som, Reba (February 1994). "Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol over Substance?".

5972:"Right to reservation is not a fundamental right, observes SC judge as parties withdraw plea for quota" 5599: 5462: 5252: 5210: 4950: 4619: 4606: 4598: 4592: 3925: 3853: 2851:

and her government, caused increasing political unrest across India during 1973–74. This included the

2818:

on a 2001 stamp of India. He is remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister

2785: 2706: 2700: 2379: 2224: 2215: 2070: 2039: 2009: 2001: 1951: 1531: 1461: 947: 741: 275: 245: 219: 158: 154: 150: 9061: 7725: 6988: 4885:, reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of 4128:

rocked the country in 2010, raising questions about the credibility of the government followed by the

3597:

but without enough strength to prove a majority on the floor of that Parliament. Under Prime Minister

1918:

Rajagopalachari's efforts to build an anti-Congress front led to a patch-up with his former adversary

17657: 17354: 17229: 17068: 17008: 16457: 16197: 16035: 16008: 15937: 15872: 15786: 15758: 15555: 15454: 15151: 14976: 14826: 14638: 14542: 14459: 14254: 14216: 14186: 14028: 13988: 13978: 13453: 13047: 12396: 12268: 11340:"Goldman Sachs: India's economy will shrink 45% this quarter and suffer a brutal recession this year" 8638: 8493: 8121: 6572:

Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall "Five Year Plans" in Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Vol. 7 pp. 156–160

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rose from the ninth-largest to the fifth-largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, surpassing the

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replaced Deve Gowda as the consensus choice for Prime Minister of a 16-party United Front coalition.

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the perpetrators, but public opinion blamed Congress leaders for directing attacks on Sikhs in Delhi.

2622: 2612: 2228: 1923: 850: 826: 756: 751: 297: 189: 90:

of more than 10 million people between India and Pakistan and the death of about one million people.

7671: 4805:, who thought it would waste capital and labour, and retard the development of small manufacturers. 17942: 17917: 17454: 17153: 17133: 16993: 16853: 16811: 16641: 16126: 15982: 15957: 15726: 15355: 15307: 15297: 15257: 15247: 14881: 14836: 14796: 14770: 14750: 14527: 14476: 14434: 14315: 14299: 13913: 12827: 12667: 10054: 8891:

Shaila Seshia, "Divide and rule in Indian party politics: The rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party."

5010: 4759: 4743: 4252: 3825: 3801: 3092: 2942: 2874: 2773: 2730: 2655: 2188: 1822: 1694: 1600: 1417: 1370: 1366: 1337: 1272: 1192: 1058: 882: 688: 473: 91: 5433: 4378:(GST), was introduced in 2017. A vehicle-borne suicide bomber assaulted a convoy of cars carrying 4259:, Uttar Pradesh, resulted in at least 62 deaths, injured 93, and left more than 50,000 displaced. 4012:

in Arunachal Pradesh, is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world after the

3699:

made a groundbreaking visit to India to improve ties between the two nations. In January, massive

17662: 17632: 17369: 17349: 17184: 17093: 16816: 16806: 16796: 16786: 16636: 16229: 16217: 16187: 15849: 15796: 15570: 15340: 15292: 15183: 15146: 15136: 15131: 14876: 14801: 14725: 14201: 14018: 13983: 13818: 13598: 13147: 12699: 12628: 9831: 5657: 5111: 5071: 4970:'s outlooks. In the first quarter of financial year 2022–2023, the Indian economy grew by 13.5%. 4832: 4652: 4638: 4202: 4109: 3913: 3857: 3700: 3283: 3246:

and agreed to deploy troops for peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict led by the

3049: 2355: 2086: 1985: 1689:. After India achieved independence, a formal model of planning was adopted, and accordingly the 1622: 1481: 1249: 831: 746: 534: 323: 137:

insurgencies. India has unresolved territorial disputes with China which escalated into a war in

99: 55: 10768:"India to host G20 Summit in 2023, year after 2022 meeting in Indonesia: Grouping's declaration" 10015: 4262: 17887: 17797: 17792: 17033: 16972: 16864: 16791: 16781: 16584: 16224: 16180: 16055: 15987: 15977: 15942: 15580: 15575: 15424: 15237: 15232: 15178: 15099: 14869: 14864: 14841: 14677: 14164: 13933: 13908: 13858: 13798: 13383: 13319: 13117: 12333: 12208: 10055:"The 'Modi lahar [wave]' in the 2014 Indian national election: A critical realignment?" 5744: 5099: 4622:. The second wave placed a major strain on the healthcare system, including shortage of liquid 4398: 4323: 4287: 4245: 3965: 3902: 3647: 3605:

emerged to form a government known as the United Front. A United Front government under former

3590: 3437: 3315: 2752: 2090: 1977: 1219: 1029: 563: 181:

from 1971, when Pakistan was allied with the United States and the People's Republic of China.

11945: 11657: 10233:"How Pakistan planned to hit India back for Balakot -- the mission, the fighters, the tactics" 10173:"February 14, 2019: When a CRPF convoy came under attack in Pulwama on Srinagar-Jammu Highway" 8962: 7287: 7058: 7019: 6509: 6467: 5675: 5246: 3572: 3544:

aimed at reducing deficits and debts, and increased initiatives for public works. Cities like

3223:. Thousands were killed immediately, while many more subsequently died or were left disabled. 1500:

at the federal and state level, and independent judiciary. The constitution also required the

18086: 18025: 17852: 17637: 17582: 17414: 17374: 17179: 17098: 17043: 17028: 16978: 16966: 16843: 16545: 16418: 16403: 16272: 16249: 15967: 15817: 15741: 15693: 15683: 15272: 15220: 15205: 14646: 14567: 14496: 14491: 14284: 14249: 14191: 14107: 13968: 13938: 13803: 13758: 13588: 13227: 13217: 13187: 12919: 12899: 12760: 12129: 12091: 11903: 11045: 10610:"India reports new record of 103,558 daily Covid cases, as second wave and new lockdowns hit" 10206:"As it happened: Tension mounts after Indian fighter jets cross Kashmir frontier, bomb camps" 8440: 6906: 5020: 4963: 4501: 4494: 4368: 4299: 4214: 4145: 3658:

Soaring on popularity earned following the successful conclusion of the Kargil conflict, the

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by Israel, the United Kingdom and France, but did not oppose the Chinese direct control over

1878: 1814: 1439: 1313: 791: 776: 766: 655: 111: 11816: 11611: 10423:"Chinese troops challenge India at multiple locations in eastern Ladakh, standoff continues" 7449:

Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere

6424: 6247:

The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics

5758: 5204: 4936: 4773: 3760:, leading to the deaths of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus and with 223 people reported missing. 17937: 17892: 17827: 17772: 17717: 17602: 17507: 17464: 17419: 17339: 17239: 17083: 16988: 16838: 16330: 16065: 16003: 15972: 15962: 15922: 15917: 15656: 15595: 15449: 15242: 15225: 14702: 14048: 13903: 13888: 13833: 13474: 9907: 9299: 8494:"The Unequal Effects of Liberalization: Evidence from Dismantling the License Raj in India" 8492:

Aghion, Philippe; Burgess, Robin; Redding, Stephen J; Zilibotti, Fabrizio (1 August 2008).

5115: 4891: 4414: 4319: 4291: 4275: 4267: 4104: 4088: 3932:, Haryana. As of 2011, nobody had been charged for the crime, though it has been linked to 3785: 3776: 3768: 3730: 3677: 3598: 3145: 3016: 2911: 2899: 2183: 2134:

served as prime minister for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term (1980–84).

1957: 1644: 1630: 1553: 1520: 1473: 1448:

on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the

1033: 1001: 929: 170: 138: 79: 8556: 7478:

Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda".

6614:"Dynamics of the Indian Party System: The Emergence of Competitive Multi Party Coalitions" 3612:

lasted less than a year. The leader of the Congress Party withdrew support in March 1997.

3329:

The stone mosaic that stands at the exact location where Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in

3095:

or simply "Congress(I)", were swept back into power with a large majority in January 1980.

2811: 8: 17922: 17867: 17752: 17747: 17642: 17622: 17547: 17344: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17289: 17128: 16621: 16614: 16609: 16408: 16345: 16335: 16131: 16099: 16070: 15464: 15419: 15383: 15302: 15109: 15086: 14859: 14682: 14454: 14363: 13828: 13556: 13403: 13097: 13077: 12489: 12437: 11612: 9684:"Troops deployed to quell deadly communal clashes between Hindus, Muslims in north India" 8322: 8098: 7448: 5945: 5131: 5123: 5067: 4870: 4704: 4483: 4355: 4029: 3976: 3969: 3939:

In 2008 October, India successfully launched its first mission to the Moon, the uncrewed

3521: 3490: 3455: 3448: 3122: 3110: 3008: 2815: 2686:(with Flt Lt Krishnamurthy peering over his shoulder). Veteran newscaster Surojit Sen of 2667: 2626: 2390:

in the south) were separated from Assam as union territories; both became states in 1986.

2299: 2139: 1885: 1827: 1818: 1608: 1501: 1350: 1043: 1021: 902: 890: 596: 516: 505: 379: 367: 87: 63: 11550:

Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order

6004: 3695:

In May 2000, India's population exceeded 1 billion. President of the United States

1705:

of heavy industries such as steel, aviation, shipping, electricity, and mining. Village

1587:

emerged victorious as it successfully defended the majority of the contested territory.

18106: 17952: 17872: 17802: 17787: 17697: 17687: 17597: 17587: 17572: 17557: 17537: 17512: 17384: 17329: 17053: 17023: 16918: 16898: 16848: 16746: 16565: 16550: 16517: 16467: 16430: 16207: 16170: 16040: 15947: 15902: 15897: 15736: 15721: 15700: 15630: 15605: 15550: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15126: 14626: 14501: 14471: 14424: 14391: 14206: 14033: 13893: 13873: 13518: 13127: 13037: 12807: 12797: 12730: 12679: 12385: 12301: 12039: 11511: 11019: 10473:"After bhoomi poojan at Ayodhya, RSS' Mohan Bhagwat says we have fulfilled our resolve" 10109: 10074: 10035: 9954: 9931: 9861: 9656: 9591: 9466: 9369: 8005: 7865: 7495: 7161: 7113: 6405: 6397: 6311: 5494: 4798: 4700: 4645: 4410: 4194: 4174: 4160: 3757: 3640: 3629: 3613: 3408: 3276: 2915: 2805: 2748: 2671: 2648: 2204: 2147: 2143: 1965: 1856:, along with Murari Vaidya of the newly established Forum of Free Enterprise (FFE) and 1853: 1843: 1626: 1625:. He oversaw India's transition from a colony to a republic, while nurturing a plural, 1569: 1565: 1526: 1497: 1493: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1077: 975: 452: 303: 130: 115: 83: 7357: 4571: 4005: 3593:(BJP) emerged from the May 1996 national elections as the single-largest party in the 18096: 17927: 17912: 17812: 17707: 17667: 17592: 17497: 17469: 17429: 17254: 17038: 16998: 16961: 16923: 16903: 16893: 16776: 16766: 16604: 16594: 16589: 16492: 16477: 16212: 16094: 16089: 15952: 15932: 15927: 15839: 15834: 15651: 15600: 15411: 15210: 15074: 14775: 14429: 14043: 14013: 13923: 13918: 13863: 13808: 13638: 13528: 13507: 13463: 13433: 13137: 13067: 13057: 13027: 12509: 12471: 12351: 12103: 11972: 11951: 11909: 11888: 11854: 11822: 11801: 11794: 11778: 11684: 11663: 11640: 11619: 11607: 11593: 11572: 11553: 11534: 11515: 11492: 10971: 10888: 10821: 10753: 10721: 10640: 10392: 10353: 10292: 10257: 10180: 10113: 10078: 10039: 9935: 9865: 9853: 9269: 8968: 8751: 8616: 8326: 8271: 8241: 8184: 8131: 8048: 8025: 7963: 7936: 7806: 7704: 7607: 7576: 7551: 7522: 7499: 7416: 7377: 7332: 7293: 7195: 7117: 7064: 7025: 6968: 6912: 6821: 6650: 6625: 6519: 6473: 6430: 6409: 6336: 6251: 6221: 6172: 6142: 6115: 6088: 6039: 5979: 5925: 5720: 5681: 5634: 5603: 5565: 5524: 5498: 5486: 5476: 5305: 5256: 5214: 5063: 5015: 4315: 4117: 4037: 3299: 3295: 3205: 3176: 2864: 2761: 2533: 2474:

dragon of the Meithei tradition and an important emblem among Manipur state symbols.

2442: 2427: 2375: 2279: 2271: 2016: 1861: 1794: 1549: 1453: 1211: 1025: 1009: 997: 955: 941: 786: 781: 713: 661: 511: 441: 234: 11990: 9236: 9215: 9174: 8784: 7869: 7633:. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1975. pp. 73, 75) that "could have been" 12 million. 4793:, and based on direct and indirect state intervention, rather than the more extreme 4036:

On 8 November 2009, in spite of strong protests by China, which claims the whole of

2979: 2042:

that it crossed during the war. India disputes China's sovereignty over the smaller

1004:. The change of political borders notably included the division of two provinces of 18116: 18030: 17907: 17877: 17857: 17832: 17822: 17762: 17672: 17617: 17612: 17502: 17424: 17249: 17204: 17189: 17113: 17088: 17058: 16821: 16761: 16532: 16487: 16482: 16382: 16355: 16202: 16013: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15827: 15716: 15671: 15492: 15401: 15173: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15031: 14760: 14720: 14651: 14353: 14181: 14171: 14141: 14038: 13973: 13943: 13928: 13883: 13868: 13853: 13823: 13718: 13413: 13197: 13107: 12986: 12976: 12929: 12858: 12837: 12427: 12417: 12256: 12191: 11987:

Environmental History of Modern India: Land, Population, Technology and Development

10354:"Delhi 2020 religious riots: Amnesty International accuses police of rights abuses" 10101: 10066: 10027: 9923: 9845: 9832:"The BJP's Fragile Mandate: Modi and Vote Mobilizers in the 2014 General Elections" 9772:"Fresh clashes in UPs Muzaffarnagar leave 26 dead, Army deployed in affected areas" 8508: 8017: 7857: 7487: 7105: 6842:"Statistical Report on General Election 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras" 6788: 6389: 5466: 5363: 5107: 5075: 5000: 4940:

Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red, compared to that of China in green

4906: 4858:

The collapse of the Soviet Union, which was India's major trading partner, and the

4755: 4627: 4575: 4546: 4538: 4218: 4186: 4129: 4084: 4045: 4021: 4009: 3986:

decriminalised consensual homosexual sex, re-interpreting the British Raj-era law,

3983: 3726: 3707: 3609: 3412: 3384: 3144:

On 31 October 1984, the Prime Minister's own Sikh bodyguards assassinated her, and

3028: 2836: 2675: 2573: 2506: 2258: 2062: 1786: 1734: 1686: 1604: 1572:. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after independence by launching tribal 1421: 1309: 1162: 1089: 1073: 1053: 959: 806: 602: 487: 481: 373: 198: 166: 95: 35: 23: 9927: 9711:"Firstpost India: IBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfew" 9120: 8875: 7615: 7542:

Sajjad, Tazreena (2012) . "The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women". In

6590: 5458:

An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century

5206:

An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century

4144:

in Delhi in protest at state corruption, after government proposals to tighten up

2804:

were civilians, either family members of the military personnel or collaborators (

2548:

A school campus in Mizoram, which has one of the highest literacy rates in India.

2314:

repealed the 35th Amendment, and made Sikkim a full state, adding its name to the

2211: 1852:

On 4 June 1959, shortly after the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress,

18065: 18055: 17957: 17862: 17807: 17722: 17702: 17522: 17492: 17487: 17444: 17434: 17399: 17394: 17359: 17284: 17209: 17048: 16771: 16631: 16555: 16497: 16462: 16143: 16121: 16045: 15822: 14946: 14941: 14931: 14924: 14692: 14547: 14532: 14358: 14241: 13496: 13485: 13443: 13423: 13341: 13308: 12889: 12817: 12777: 12689: 12649: 12611: 12529: 11966: 11882: 11848: 11772: 11678: 11634: 11587: 10154:"BJP's Demographic Dividend in the 2014 General Elections: An Empirical Analysis" 10070: 9434: 9400:"India raises flood death toll to 5,700 as all missing persons now presumed dead" 9222: 9127: 9044: 8903: 8856: 8434: 8315: 7957: 7928: 7861: 7731: 7622: 7603: 7596: 7455: 7189: 7134: 6644: 6166: 6136: 6109: 5776: 5714: 5628: 5593: 5456: 5079: 4954: 4802: 4781:

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, along with the statistician

4731: 4560:, Prime minister Modi in November 2021 repealed the laws in three minutes in the 4433: 4402: 4041: 3896:

first time in 30 years. In July 2008, the United Progressive Alliance survived a

3752:

In 2002, 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya were killed in a train fire in

3738: 3428: 3368: 3364: 3325: 3319: 3231: 3212: 3106: 3020: 2988: 2920: 2847: 2801: 2687: 2637: 2616: 2596: 2529: 2423: 2327: 2066: 2027: 1981: 1919: 1865: 1847: 1810: 1754: 1702: 1398: 1358: 1215: 1110: 573: 557: 528: 408: 10740:"Independence Day 2022– Students across India celebrate Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav" 8072: 7898: 6558: 4633: 2146:, but without any definitive outcome or alteration of the Kashmir boundary. The 2085:

The Indian Air Force used 20 small and lightweight Canberra bombers against the

17897: 17847: 17837: 17817: 17782: 17742: 17727: 17449: 17379: 17364: 17304: 17294: 17123: 17013: 16883: 16858: 16833: 16731: 16684: 16658: 16626: 16572: 16522: 16512: 16413: 16234: 16116: 15892: 15027: 14755: 14745: 14557: 14466: 14419: 14414: 14386: 14343: 14338: 14274: 13706: 13658: 13352: 13330: 13298: 13276: 13237: 13167: 13157: 13017: 12750: 12560: 12062: 11750: 10697:"PM Modi to meet 7 vaccine manufacturers as India crosses 1 billion doses mark" 9430:"Kashmir floods: Phones down, roads submerged; Toll touches 200, rescue ops on" 8665:"India's Cabinet Falls as Premier Loses Confidence Vote, by 142–346, and Quits" 7625:: lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan (reported by Aziz, Qutubuddin. 7514: 5576: 5059: 5046: 4910: 4874: 4790: 4786: 4696: 4681: 4669: 4664: 4327: 4080: 3936:, a shadowy Hindu fundamentalist group headed by a former Indian army officer. 3933: 3909: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3813: 3566: 3528:, India's economy expanded rapidly. The economic reforms were a reaction to an 3525: 3511: 3471: 3464: 3343: 3311: 3291: 3264: 2860: 2823: 2741: 2683: 2651: 2643: 2592: 2347: 1881: 1762: 1666: 1557: 1406: 1325: 1147: 1130: 963: 951: 796: 649: 590: 578: 568: 549: 493: 421: 350: 107: 11093:"India's pathway through economic crisis(which makes failer of mixed economy)" 10153: 7616:

Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates, Sources, and Calculations

7109: 6393: 5630:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

5360:"India: Asia's Other Superpower Breaks Out – Newsweek: World News – MSNBC.com" 3867: 3860:(killing 79,000) hit the subcontinent in the next year. In February 2006, the 3314:, which was going to the Babri Masjid site in Ayodhya on 23 October 1990. The 3117:

But the rise of an insurgency in Punjab would jeopardise India's security. In

1234: 328: 18137: 17842: 17767: 17732: 17692: 17607: 17577: 17567: 17552: 17439: 17409: 17389: 17118: 16560: 16423: 16148: 15666: 15625: 14953: 14909: 14806: 14381: 14320: 14289: 14269: 14264: 13628: 13568: 13393: 12787: 12740: 12720: 12594: 12577: 12539: 12519: 12454: 12238: 12228: 12218: 12161: 11729: 11259:"Demonetisation, GST impact: IMF lowers India's 2017 growth forecast to 6.7%" 10893: 10825: 10396: 10296: 10184: 10105: 10031: 9912:"The Modi-centric BJP 2014 election campaign: new techniques and old tactics" 9857: 9849: 8029: 7543: 7369: 7258: 6629: 6217:

War bellies: the critical relationship between resolve and domestic audiences

5983: 5103: 4959: 4747: 4685: 4497: 4486: 4466: 4364: 4360: 4335: 4256: 4063:). Terrorism has increased in India, with bomb blasts in leading cities like 4013: 3945: 3796:

In January 2004 Prime Minister Vajpayee recommended early dissolution of the

3734: 3541: 3533: 3330: 3216: 3130: 2983: 2952: 2934: 2886: 2819: 2769: 2765: 2630: 2569: 2363: 2155: 2151: 2131: 1790: 1662: 1658: 1376:

There were three states that proved more difficult to integrate than others:

1362: 1321: 1316:. In May 1947, he declared that any princely state which refused to join the 1158: 1094: 898: 635: 623: 446: 433: 427: 393: 12045: 11924:

India – The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2007

10941: 9742:"9 killed in communal riots in Muzaffarnagar, curfew clamped, army deployed" 6507: 5794: 1685:, were founded across the nation. Nehru advocated a socialist model for the 18045: 17932: 17562: 17527: 17517: 17459: 17259: 17163: 17073: 17063: 16828: 16756: 16741: 15676: 15646: 15193: 14656: 14373: 14259: 13748: 13738: 13618: 13608: 13538: 13373: 13363: 13247: 13177: 12959: 12879: 12499: 12363: 12311: 12179: 10884:"The Rise and Fall of Indian Socialism: Why India embraced economic reform" 10667:"Despite surge in cases, Covid guidelines flouted during Holi celebrations" 8848: 5135: 5127: 5091: 5083: 4987: 4897: 4828: 4763: 4630:

rates for all causes has been estimated at between 3 and 5 million deaths.

4347: 4305: 4237: 3950: 3921: 3821: 3817: 3715: 3696: 3636: 3625: 3580:. Since May 1998, India declared itself to be a full-fledged nuclear state. 3424: 3423:) between Hindus and Muslims that killed over 10,000 people, following the 3420: 3355: 3303: 3189: 3160: 2995: 2975: 2969: 2956: 2784:. on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, ending conflict officially and marking the 2737: 2721: 2343: 2179: 2163: 2061:

Indian Army officers of the 4th Sikh Regiment captured a Police Station in

1961: 1895: 1874: 1857: 1778: 1758: 1742: 1712: 1223: 641: 583: 458: 385: 340: 317: 311: 178: 11659:

Tryst with law enforcement and human rights: four decades in Indian police

8512: 8383:"Remembering the massacre at Turkman Gate: From a memoir of the Emergency" 5471: 4738:. Domestic policy tended towards protectionism, with a strong emphasis on 2254: 2046:

territory that it controls on the western part of the Sino-Indian border.

1864:

and critic of socialist leaning Nehru, announced the formation of the new

1275:(right), chosen to head the emergency interim government in Kashmir after 1266: 966:

also ensured that the constitution of independent India would be secular.

17652: 17532: 17224: 17003: 16751: 16577: 15781: 15396: 15391: 15119: 14936: 14919: 14811: 14439: 14406: 14348: 14330: 14294: 13768: 13728: 13688: 13087: 12949: 12939: 10916: 10549:"India's first coronavirus case: Kerala student in Wuhan tested positive" 10016:"Mr. Modi Goes to Delhi: Mediated Populism and the 2014 Indian Elections" 9091: 7252: 5516: 5158: 5119: 5087: 5025: 4882: 4836: 4813: 4809: 4725: 4565: 4163:

reached its peak in 2011–12, leading to formation of India's 29th state,

4137: 3940: 3788:

project aimed to link India's corners with a network of modern highways.

3719: 3256: 3196: 3172: 2938: 2797: 2679: 2359: 2351: 2283: 2232: 2159: 2105:

Disputed areas in the western sector of the Sino-Indian border including

2035: 1912: 1903: 1870: 1782: 1770: 1716: 1469: 1341: 1328:. The provinces were given to India or Pakistan, in two particular cases— 1186: 1166: 1154: 1118: 1085: 1005: 985: 925: 894: 694: 667: 521: 75: 10528:. No. November 30, 2021. Living Media India Limited. Indian Express 3960: 2846:

India in the first half of the 1970s faced high inflation caused by the

2126: 58:

on 15 August 1947. Direct administration by the British, which began in

22:

established after 1950. For the pre-establishment era of the state, see

17902: 17677: 17627: 17542: 17194: 17078: 16913: 15620: 15512: 14914: 14598: 14396: 13678: 13578: 13288: 10607: 8896: 7802:

Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies – S. M. Burke

6613: 6315: 6232:

the 1947 First Kashmir (won by India, according to MIDS classification)

5946:"Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication" 5095: 4817: 4758:, while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal. 4677: 4274:

In November 2013, India launched its first interplanetary mission, the

4241: 4025: 3651: 3621: 3602: 3395: 3394:

On 21 May 1991, while former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi campaigned in

3307: 3287: 3102: 3063: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2885:. Although he suffered a defeat from her in 1971 elections, he accused 2870: 2789: 2714: 2387: 2367: 2236: 2106: 2043: 2000:

with its neighbouring rival state Pakistan, two in this period. In the

1766: 1577: 1489: 1384: 1346: 1279: 989: 886: 771: 629: 263: 162: 134: 11943: 11774:

Makers of India's foreign policy: Raja Ram Mohun Roy to Yashwant Sinha

11569:

The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume II : c. 1757–2003

8583:"Elections 1989: Congress (I) faces prospect of being routed in Bihar" 7491: 7318: 6874:"Statistical Report on General Elections 1962 to the Second Lok Sabha" 6401: 5523:(2 ed.), New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 1, 4413:

region. After a dogfight between Indian and Pakistani fighter pilots.

2582: 2191:, had split in 1969. Gandhi continued to govern with a slim majority. 1391:

against the wishes of the people of the state who were overwhelmingly

17882: 17777: 17737: 17712: 17647: 17309: 17299: 17199: 15114: 13648: 11422:"Moody's upgrades India's rating outlook to 'stable' from 'negative'" 11207: 9885: 8127: 7513:

Sharlach, Lisa (2002). "State Rape: Sexual Violence as Genocide". In

6797: 5428: 4767: 4561: 4164: 4076: 4072: 3954: 3917: 3797: 3594: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3243: 3226: 3126: 2948: 2894: 2878: 2491: 2466: 2371: 2244: 2031: 1973: 1969: 1121:

was mobilised to provide humanitarian assistance on a massive scale.

335: 14687: 11732:, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee. "India Since Independence" 10443:"Ayodhya's Ram Temple Will Be 161-Foot Tall, An Increase Of 20 Feet" 8021: 7843:"The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war" 6542:

It is our birthright to demand equitable adjustment of Hindu law....

6508:

Forbes, Geraldine; Geraldine Hancock Forbes; Gordon Johnson (1999).

6300:

Parekh, Bhiku (1991). "Nehru and the National Philosophy of India".

5288:"France, UK back India's bid for permanent UN Security Council seat" 4240:

run by Saradha Group, a consortium of over 200 private companies in

4177:

damaged 71 towns and villages, including the main town in the area,

3038: 1205: 17244: 16888: 15517: 14552: 13998: 12909: 12374: 12151: 12141: 11231:"PRESS NOTE ON SECOND ADVANCE ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL INCOME 2017–18" 11183: 10427: 9987: 9033: 8788: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8167: 6426:

She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and Propriety

6087:(paperback ed.). HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 343. 4859: 4610: 4602: 4311: 4170: 4087:

has grown at a very rapid pace. India was now being looked at as a

3485: 3250:. Rajiv sent Indian troops to enforce the agreement and disarm the 3134: 2863:, the United Women's Anti- Price Rise Front in Maharashtra and the 2822:

and the Indian Emergency, for whose overthrow he had called for a "

2471: 2450: 2419: 2411: 2403: 2339: 2335: 2142:

succeeded him as prime minister. In 1965, India and Pakistan again

1380: 1276: 1102: 993: 345: 269: 251: 146: 126: 11203:"Where does India stand in the list of world's largest economies?" 10783:"India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon's south pole" 8259: 8257: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 7701:

Flight of the Falcon: Demolishing Myths of Indo Pak Wars 1965-1971

6908:

Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency

5490: 2342:

was added to Nagaland. In 1970, in response to the demands of the

2282:

for Sikkim to become a state of India. In April of that year, the

2015:

In 1961, after continual petitions for a peaceful handover, India

1595:

India held its first national elections under the Constitution in

17404: 13207: 12112: 11285: 11133: 9624: 9148: 8609:"The Bofors Story, 25 Years After: Interview with Sten Lindstrom" 8270:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 38–39, 143. 4944: 4406: 4387: 4331: 4182: 3929: 3663: 3577: 3432: 3380: 2562: 2549: 2510: 2475: 2407: 2383: 2287: 2248: 2005: 1989: 1798: 1774: 1706: 1485: 1477: 1257: 416: 362: 239: 71: 11928:

Political Economy, Growth and Liberalisation in India, 1991-2008

11850:

India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy

10814:"Narendra Modi wins backing of allies to form Indian government" 8218:"Tragedy at Turkman Gate: Witnesses recount horror of Emergency" 6944:

Robert Sherrod (19 January 1963). "Nehru: The Great Awakening".

6038:(Reprint ed.). New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 120. 4605:. Two months later in March 2020, prime minister Modi imposed a 3949:. In the previous year, India had launched its first commercial 3152: 16928: 14099: 13007: 11121: 11002: 9652:"Government releases data of riot victims identifying religion" 8267:

Unsettling memories : narratives of the emergency in Delhi

8254: 8144: 6076: 5186: 5184: 4922: 4914: 4623: 4579: 4441: 4232:

related to rape and offences against women. In April 2013, the

4198: 4068: 4064: 3879:

exchange handshakes in New Delhi on 2 March 2006 vis-à-vis the

3753: 3667: 3282:

Power came instead to his former finance and defence minister,

3251: 3220: 2576:

and earned the distinction of being the country's bread basket.

2490:

Meghalaya is mountainous, the most rain-soaked state of India.

2446: 2415: 2275: 1899: 1750: 1333: 1106: 1098: 1065: 1017: 67: 7402: 7133:. Official website of the Government of Sikkim. Archived from 6153:

The Indian army defended Kashmir against Pakistani aggression.

5924:. Cambridge England: Cambridge University press. p. 195. 4601:

began on 30 January 2020, when the first case was reported in

4519:

is intended as a launch vehicle for crewed missions under the

3673: 2670:. Standing immediately behind from left to right: Indian Navy 932:

given its large and growing economy, military and population.

10324:"India to launch first manned space mission by 2022: PM Modi" 9620:"India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban" 8708:"Kashmiri Pandits offered three choices by radical Islamists" 8491: 7597:"Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900" 6188: 5915: 5585: 5386:"India is quietly laying claim to economic superpower status" 4918: 4673: 4017: 3833: 3156: 3118: 3109:(Golden Temple), was repaired by the Indian Government after 2663: 2331: 1678: 1584: 1457: 1402: 1392: 1388: 1153:

In 1949, India recorded almost 1 million Hindu refugees into

1113:, the leader of the Indian freedom struggle, who undertook a 1069: 719: 257: 19: 10258:"Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters" 9644: 9587:"India's Supreme Court Restores an 1861 Law Banning Gay Sex" 8296: 8294: 5857:. Supreme Court of India. 12 September 2002. p. 18/30. 5620: 5181: 3916:, Pratibha Patil was a low-profile governor of the state of 3279:, much less than the majority which propelled him to power. 3238:. It is considered the worst industrial disaster in history. 2261:

in Sikkim. Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union.

16277: 13668: 11749: 10722:"Droupadi Murmu: India's first tribal president takes oath" 8748:

Ethnic conflict and civic life: Hindus and Muslims in India

7772: 7644:"1971 Exodus: Managing an astronomical 10 million refugees" 6723: 6721: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 4689: 4295: 4126:

concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games

3829: 3553: 3247: 3242:

India in 1987 brokered an agreement with the Government of

3159:

system is the largest domestic communication system in the

3138: 2588: 1633:

while projecting India as a regional hegemon in South Asia.

1383:(Hindu-majority state with a Muslim Nawab)—a December 1947 9197: 7935:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 87. 7658:"How India responded to the influx of 10 million refugees" 4901:

GDP grows exponentially, almost doubling every five years.

4843: 4609:

in the country at four hours notice to stop the spread of

3920:

before emerging as the favoured presidential candidate of

2169:

In 1967, India and China again engaged with each other in

9556:"Saradha raised deposits from 1.7 mn people, probe finds" 9373: 9178: 9047:. Newsweek.com (5 March 2006). Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 8291: 8240:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 266. 7187: 6769: 6757: 6745: 4339: 4178: 3722:(originally Uttaranchal) — were formed in November 2000. 3091:

Indira Gandhi and her Congress Party splinter group, the

2020: 1831: 1476:, secular, and democratic republic, assures its citizens 1452:

as the country's fundamental governing document, and the

924:

major economy. India has sometimes been referred to as a

921: 74:. Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of 12027:

Select Documents on India's Foreign Policy and Relations

11420:

Dhasmana, Indivjal; Choudhury, Shrimi (6 October 2021).

10608:

Jessie Yeung, Vedika Sud and Esha Mitra (5 April 2021).

9225:, BBC News, 14 November 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2007. 8321:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 7686:"Bangladesh's genocide debate; A conscientious research" 7214: 6733: 6718: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6250:(illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. 5159:"India | History, Map, Population, Economy, & Facts" 5058:

The first Cabinet of independent India (L to R sitting)

4719: 4306:

2014 – Return of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Government

3816:

became the Prime Minister, after the Congress President

1937: 1395:

and despite Junagadh not being contiguous with Pakistan.

11739:(Routledge/Edinburgh South Asian Studies Series) (2011) 11397:. Press Trust of India. 31 January 2021. Archived from 10383:

Trivedi, Saurabh; Bhandari, Hemani (24 February 2020).

9983:"Election 2009 dissected: How parties cut the vote pie" 9331:"India's FY11 growth could be revised up-govt official" 8540: 7060:

Comparative Economics in Transforming the World Economy

6465: 6361: 6111:

With Honour & Glory: Wars fought by India 1947–1999

4409:

and dropped bombs in the town of Balakot in Pakistan's

3763: 2606: 1548:

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 was fought between

1324:

consisted of 17 provinces, which existed alongside 565

1218:

Forces to Major General (later General and Army Chief)

62:, affected a political and economic unification of the 11314:"India's GDP to see 5% contraction in FY21, says Icra" 11102:. Global Economic Governance Programme. Archived from 10754:"Most populous nation- Should India rejoice or panic?" 10158:

Economics Department Working Paper Series Via EconStor

9462:"India and Pakistan Strain as Flooding Kills Hundreds" 8308: 8306: 8212: 8210: 7548:

Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide

7374:

Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide

7289:

Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management

7056: 6981: 5797:. Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 29 July 2008. 3706:

Prime Minister Vajpayee met with Pakistan's President

3234:

march in September 2006, demanding the extradition of

2595:, was a highly successful co-operative started during 2290:

and disarmed the Chogyal's palace guards. Thereafter,

1804: 1165:

for talks in Delhi. Although many Indians termed this

15326:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

11770: 10385:"Policeman among 5 killed in Delhi violence over CAA" 9950:"Advani grabs lifeline, meekly withdraws resignation" 5521:

The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan

5413:, Vol. 28, No. 4 (October–December 1967), pp. 236–241 5238: 2755:, which consisted of preemptive aerial strikes on 11 1988:, and the suppression of a pro-democracy movement in 1906:, was a successful politician in the Swatantra Party. 889:

in 1998. From the 1950s to the 1980s, India followed

11837:

Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume Two, 1947-1956

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10641:"India's Covid crisis delivers a blow to brand Modi" 9002:"Defence minister resigns in Indian bribery scandal" 8695:

Farooq Abdullah, Kashmir's Prodigal Son: A Biography

8467:"1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory" 8234:

Tarlo, Emma (2000). Das, Veena; et al. (eds.).

7959:

Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies

6349: 5509: 4977: 3427:

demolition by Hindu extremists in the course of the

1498:

Westminster style parliamentary system of government

116:

Westminster style parliamentary system of government

11710:. University of Chicago. p. 32. Archived from 11238:

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

9881:"BJP announces Modi as prime ministerial candidate" 8926: 8924: 8414: 8303: 8207: 6834: 5553: 4680:at the International Exhibition Convention Centre, 4421:, Pakistan was compelled to free the Indian pilot. 3646:In April 1999, the coalition government led by the 2893:against her. Four years later on 12 June 1975, the 2321: 1637: 1629:. In foreign policy, he took a leading role in the 1519:India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as 15174:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 11964: 11793: 11453:"India's GDP grows at 13.5% in April–June quarter" 11284: 9902: 9900: 9830:Chhibber, Pradeep K.; Ostermann, Susan L. (2014). 8543:Rajiv Gandhi: An Annotated Bibliography, 1944–1982 8314: 8229: 8227: 7724: 6904: 6781: 5852:"Aruna Roy & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors" 5706: 5559: 4672:on 15 August 2022. In April 2023, India surpassed 4083:, Israel, and the People's Republic of China. The 3275:General elections in 1989 gave Rajiv's Congress a 1956:Nehru's foreign policy was the inspiration of the 1948:List of conflicts in Asia § Republic of India 1697:for economic development which were shaped by the 1537: 1468:in Article 395. The constitution declares India a 893:-inspired policies. The economy was influenced by 11944:Nilekani, Nandan; and Thomas L. Friedman (2010). 11703: 11419: 11189: 11139: 11127: 9829: 9264: 9262: 8750:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 8123:Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography 8042: 7181: 5783:. India: Navajivan. p. 292. ASIN B0006EYQ0A. 3908:In 2007, India got its first female President as 3784:government and moderate Kashmir separatists. The 3171:to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, 2792:. Approximately 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were 1297: 18135: 16714: 11791: 11756:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture 11586:Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). 9739: 9055: 9053: 9029: 9027: 8921: 7017: 6956: 6809: 6642: 6220:. University of Wisconsin—Madison. p. 142. 5592:Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012), 5448: 5328:"Lowy Institute paper – The Next Economic Giant" 5245:Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012), 4517:Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III 3195:Rajiv Gandhi initiated a series of reforms: the 2666:on 16 December 1971, in the presence of India's 1599:, where a turnout of over 60% was recorded. The 11884:Global Power: India's Foreign Policy, 1947–2006 11737:The Politics of Modern India since Independence 11391:"Indian economy contracts by 6.6 pc in 2020-21" 11046:"Milton Friedman on the Nehru/Mahalanobis Plan" 10839: 10382: 10013: 9897: 9145:"Delhi High Court legalises consensual gay sex" 8224: 7921: 7891: 6134: 6101: 5889:. Ministry of Law & Justice. Archived from 4866:(IMF), which in return demanded de-regulation. 4374:The largest tax reform in India's history, the 4354:; the alliance gained an absolute majority and 3690: 3419:But India was rocked by communal violence (see 3219:pesticides plant in the central Indian city of 3025:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War 2905: 2768:meanwhile it had sufficient superiority in the 2270:In 1973, anti-royalist riots took place in the 935: 11705:"Economic reforms in India: Task force report" 11585: 10811: 10007: 9259: 8960: 8861: 8485: 7962:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 216. 7519:Violence and Politics: Globalization's Paradox 7366:"The Bangladesh Genocide: The Plight of Women" 6943: 6911:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 82–. 5716:India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present 5591: 5562:Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora 5244: 5190: 4962:upgraded India's outlook to stable similar to 4945:COVID-19 pandemic and aftermath (2020–present) 3800:and general elections. an alliance led by the 3183: 2647:The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 concluded with 907:India has pursued more economic liberalisation 16700: 14115: 14081: 12050: 11947:Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed Nation 11814: 11639:(Second ed.), Boulder/London: Shambala, 11486: 11078: 11066: 10990: 10845: 10129:"Modi's Modus Operandi in the 2014 Elections" 9050: 9024: 8964:Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Prime Minister of India 8869:"Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief" 8813: 7717: 7057:Rosser, J. Barkley; Marina V. Rosser (2004). 6866: 5787: 5673: 4342:'s candidate for prime minister ahead of the 4020:, Tibet. It is one of the few monasteries of 3771:highway. The project was launched in 2001 by 2026:In 1962 China and India engaged in the brief 1830:, the political arm of the Hindu nationalist 1719:states prior to the States Reorganisation Act 1653:Nehru implemented economic policies based on 1444:The Constitution of India was adopted by the 858: 11841:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography: 1956-64 Vol 3 11592:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9825: 9823: 9362: 9059: 6135:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). 4193:In August 2010, cloudbursts and the ensuing 2927: 2889:of corrupt electoral practices and filed an 2877:Candidate and Indira's opponent in the 1971 2740:women and girls in a systematic campaign of 2694: 1741:, and consequent death for the demand of an 1564:from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four 11901: 11880: 11676: 11508:The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism 10152:Basu, Dipankar; Misra, Kartik (June 2014). 10085: 10052: 9708: 8932:"Serial bomb blasts leave 60 dead in India" 7415:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 269. 7242:Section: "The Green Revolution", pp. 17–20. 7096:G. T. (1 March 1975), "Trouble in Sikkim", 6466:Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). 6197:New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24–29 6141:(Fourth ed.). Routledge. p. 324. 5820:Swaminathan, Shivprasad (26 January 2013). 5819: 5719:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 34. 5667: 5547: 5196: 4820:facilities collectively contributed to the 4688:, a lunar lander developed and launched by 4236:was unearthed, caused by the collapse of a 3928:took place, killing Pakistani civilians in 3881:India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement 3125:, raided the hideout of self-rule pressing 2841: 2528:, Arunachal Pradesh, is one of the notable 980:The partition of India was outlined in the 901:and public ownership, leading to pervasive 17215:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 16707: 16693: 14122: 14108: 14088: 14074: 12012:(Routledge Historical Biographies) (2004) 11632: 11606: 10996: 10869: 10857: 10546: 10145: 10091: 10014:Chakravartty, Paula; Roy, Srirupa (2015). 9980: 9879:Reddy, B. Muralidhar (14 September 2013). 9617: 9495:"More Saradha entities under SEBI scanner" 9203: 9062:"India welcomed as new sort of superpower" 8807: 8777: 8407:M.R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution," 7589: 7570: 7517:; Sally A. Bermanzohn; Mark Ungar (eds.). 6243: 6200:. New Zealand. Ministry of Defence. 1999. 5997: 5908: 5822:"India's benign constitutional revolution" 4905:In the second decade of this century, the 4684:, New Delhi from 9 to 10 September 2023. 4099: 3891:during a visit by United States President 2910:On 25 June 1975, Gandhi advised President 2690:is seen holding a microphone on the right. 2138:Jawaharlal Nehru died on 27 May 1964, and 1928:1962 Madras Legislative Assembly elections 1590: 1284:Kashmir's Instrument of Accession to India 865: 851: 102:, but the leader most associated with the 15336:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 15216:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 11337: 11145: 11037: 10151: 9906: 9820: 9578: 9228: 8954: 6328: 6171:. Columbia University Press. p. 66. 5969: 5741:The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947 5470: 4464:Prime Minister Modi at the launch of the 4228:case and subsequent protests resulted in 3079:Learn how and when to remove this message 2509:, which houses the Tripura State Museum. 2231:, a civil war taking place in Pakistan's 1464:, its framers repealed prior acts of the 18:This article is about the history of the 15278:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 11744:The Politics of India since Independence 11547: 11487:Datt, Ruddar; Sundharam, K.P.M. (2009). 10952:The 2015 estimate is retrieved from the 10914: 9981:Srivastava, Ritesh K. (30 August 2011). 9234: 8967:. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 187–. 8745: 8119: 7768:"1971 War: 'I will give you 30 minutes'" 7512: 7477: 7157:"Constitution has been amended 94 times" 6898: 6815: 6636: 6367: 6027: 6011:. Ministry of Law, Government of India. 5633:, Oxford University Press, p. 189, 4935: 4896: 4772: 4632: 4570: 4523:announced in Prime Minister Modi's 2018 4286:on 24 September 2014, became the fourth 4261: 4169: 4103: 4004: 3959: 3866: 3849:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 3791: 3762: 3672: 3571: 3324: 3225: 3151: 3097: 2947: 2810: 2726:Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence 2642: 2402:Assam till the 1950s: The new states of 2253: 2198: 2125: 2004:, fought over the disputed territory of 1890: 1723: 1711: 1613: 1525: 1492:. Key features of the constitution were 1042: 30: 16377: 14280:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 11796:Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi 11311: 10875: 10126: 10059:Australian Journal of Political Science 10046: 9733: 9618:Shyamantha, Asokan (11 December 2013). 9353: 9137: 8071:. Mount Holyoke College. Archived from 8003: 7927: 7550:. Transaction Publishers. p. 225. 7461: 7363: 7263:. Library of Congress Country Studies. 7011: 6816:Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar (1995). 6618:The Indian Journal of Political Science 6168:Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation 5884:"Preamble of the Constitution of India" 5795:"Introduction to Constitution of India" 5651: 5411:The Indian Journal of Political Science 4881:in 1991. The reforms did away with the 4873:government, including Finance Minister 4844:Post-liberalisation period (since 1991) 3912:was sworn in. Long associated with the 3532:. The Rao administration initiated the 3163:Region. It is a series of multipurpose 1761:enabled the creation of an exclusively 1214:(at right) offers his surrender of the 18136: 15566:Securities and Exchange Board of India 14673:National Geological Monuments of India 12029:(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982) 11677:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), 11505: 11084: 10881: 10812:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (5 June 2024). 10638: 10282: 9584: 9474:from the original on 10 September 2014 8816:"Obituary: A scholar and a politician" 8312: 7836: 7834: 7698: 7541: 7376:. Transaction Publishers. p. 55. 7328:Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh 7324: 7257:U.S. Library of Congress (released in 7050: 7021:Understanding India's Economic Reforms 6962: 6775: 6763: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6712: 6693: 6681: 6335:. Gyan Publishing House. p. 506. 6299: 6213: 6164: 6158: 5970:Rajagopal, Krishnadas (11 June 2020). 5775: 5756: 5454: 5202: 4707:of Bihar emerging as two main allies. 4426:Article 370 of the Indian Constitution 2414:, the capital of Assam was shifted to 1976:, and the USSR. India had opposed the 1146:on 30 January 1948 was carried out by 1047:The first Cabinet of independent India 905:and slow economic growth. Since 1991, 114:made India a democratic republic with 16688: 16376: 15490: 15366:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 15331:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 15072: 14624: 14139: 14103: 12049: 12000:The Economy of Modern India 1860–1970 11566: 11528: 11450: 11177: 11090: 10780: 10547:Narasimhan, T. E. (30 January 2020). 10519: 10403:from the original on 26 February 2020 10334:from the original on 20 December 2018 10321: 10230: 10170: 9878: 9802:"India Launches Mars Orbiter Mission" 9740:Ahmed Ali Fayyaz (8 September 2013). 9721:from the original on 9 September 2013 9632:from the original on 16 December 2013 9585:Harris, Gardiner (11 December 2013). 9553: 9328: 9235:Majumdar, Sanjoy (10 November 2009). 9167: 9102:from the original on 5 September 2020 8981:from the original on 2 September 2021 8795:from the original on 26 December 2018 8697:(UBS Publishers' Distributors, 1996). 8645:from the original on 26 December 2018 8545:. University of Michigan. p. 65. 8432: 8263: 8233: 8047:. Abhinav Publications. p. 236. 7955: 7933:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military 7798: 7408: 7285: 7279: 7220:Human Development Report 2004, Punjab 7095: 6925:from the original on 2 September 2021 6905:Anthony James Joes (18 August 2006). 6611: 6532:from the original on 2 September 2021 6486:from the original on 2 September 2021 6355: 6128: 6107: 6082: 5759:"Sardar Patel – Man who United India" 5712: 5626: 5269:from the original on 14 February 2020 4740:import substitution industrialisation 4720:Pre-liberalisation period (1947–1991) 3887:The United States and India signed a 3820:, the widow of former prime minister 3520:initiated by the then Prime Minister 3383:reportedly tortured and killed local 2093:, which led to the Annexation of Goa. 1938:Foreign policy and military conflicts 1781:, and on 1 November 1966, the larger 1655:import substitution industrialisation 969: 11989:(Bloomsbury Publishing India, 2022) 11908:. Academic Foundation. p. 854. 11846: 11277: 10620:from the original on 16 October 2021 10589:from the original on 11 January 2021 10285:"Why People Are Protesting in India" 10053:Chacko, Priya; Mayer, Peter (2014). 9962:from the original on 13 October 2014 9764: 9702: 9454: 9422: 9341:from the original on 2 December 2018 9237:"Frontier town venerates Dalai Lama" 9060:Giridharadas, Anand (21 July 2005). 9012:from the original on 16 October 2017 8999: 8942:from the original on 6 December 2008 8641:. Indianexpress.com. 23 March 2015. 8563:from the original on 6 February 2004 8473:from the original on 23 October 2012 8087: 7976:from the original on 30 October 2020 7879:from the original on 10 October 2017 7840: 7819:from the original on 15 October 2020 7458:, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp. 7429:from the original on 10 October 2020 7390:from the original on 15 October 2020 7345:from the original on 13 October 2020 7306:from the original on 20 October 2021 7024:. Academic Foundation. p. 126. 6787: 6443:from the original on 20 October 2021 6422: 6281:from the original on 17 October 2016 5914: 5801:from the original on 22 October 2014 5713:Menon, Shivshankar (20 April 2021). 5694:from the original on 6 December 2019 5515: 4586: 4444:. The BJP government introduced the 4116:is one of the largest international 3988:Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code 3889:major nuclear co-operation agreement 3584: 3440:emerged as the largest single party. 3236:American businessman Warren Anderson 3061:adding citations to reliable sources 3032: 2994:In 1979, the coalition crumbled and 2731:killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 2607:Green revolution and Operation Flood 2121: 1785:state was divided into the smaller, 1320:would be treated as an enemy state. 1197:Minister for Home and States Affairs 992:and the creation of two independent 15361:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 15283:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 14972:Autonomous administrative divisions 11767:(2009) New Delhi. 978-81-219-0298-4 11652: 11043: 10965: 10793:from the original on 24 August 2023 10677:from the original on 22 August 2021 10483:from the original on 25 August 2021 10453:from the original on 25 August 2021 10283:Victor, Daniel (17 December 2019). 10231:Joshi, Sameer (14 September 2019). 9752:from the original on 8 January 2014 9566:from the original on 26 August 2013 9517: 9492: 9392: 9370:"Flash floods kill dozens in India" 9310:from the original on 16 August 2013 9280:from the original on 15 August 2018 9114: 8814:V. Venkatesan (1–14 January 2005). 8736:(Penguin Random House India, 2017). 8557:"Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery" 8420: 8195:from the original on 15 August 2018 8120:Malhotra, Inder (1 February 2014). 7909:from the original on 11 August 2017 7831: 7726:"India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace" 6886:from the original on 8 October 2014 6854:from the original on 7 October 2010 6379: 6114:. Lancer Publishers. pp. 18–. 6033: 6005:"The Constitution (Amendment) Acts" 5757:Tiwari, Aaditya (30 October 2017). 4927:2016 Indian banknote demonetisation 4658: 4401:when its airplanes flew across the 3530:impending balance of payment crisis 3499: 3389:ethnic cleansing of Kashmiri Hindus 3208:and information technology sector. 2963: 2830: 2552:became a state on 20 February 1987. 2536:became a state on 20 February 1987. 2265: 1805:Development of a multi-party system 984:. It led to the dissolution of the 70:, and Pakistan, with a majority of 13: 15351:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 12019: 11723: 11338:Nagarajan, Shalini (21 May 2020). 11044:Roy, Subroto (22 September 1998). 10970:. Anchor Books. pp. 167–174. 10559:from the original on 11 March 2020 10171:Ahmad, Nissar (16 February 2019). 9778:. 7 September 2013. Archived from 9686:. Associated Press. Archived from 9535:from the original on 27 April 2013 9505:from the original on 25 April 2013 9438:. 8 September 2014. Archived from 9380:from the original on 6 August 2010 9247:from the original on 6 August 2018 8061: 8036: 7899:"Jamaat claims denied by evidence" 7692: 7672:"Genocide: Confusion with numbers" 7575:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 68. 7188:Bhubaneswar Bhattacharyya (1995). 6967:. New Delhi: Lancer. p. 214. 6643:Ramachandra Guha (31 March 2011). 6015:from the original on 27 April 2008 5769: 5564:, London and New York: Routledge, 5102:. (L to R standing) Khurshed Lal, 4762:resembled central planning in the 4521:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme 4282:, to Mars and, was successful, so 4253:clashes between Hindus and Muslims 4024:that have remained protected from 3828:. Manmohan Singh became the first 3524:and his then-Finance Minister Dr. 3398:on behalf of Congress (Indira), a 2513:became a state on 21 January 1972. 2494:became a state on 21 January 1972. 2478:became a state on 21 January 1972. 2453:became a state on 1 December 1963. 1944:India and the Non-Aligned Movement 1837: 1777:were created out of the bilingual 1603:won an overwhelming majority, and 822:List of Inventions and Discoveries 208: 14: 18155: 15546:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 15288:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 14573:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 12033: 11905:Indian Economy Since Independence 10303:from the original on 25 June 2021 9808:from the original on 22 July 2018 9216:"India and China row over border" 9175:"Gay sex decriminalised in India" 8734:The Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 8714:from the original on 7 April 2020 8675:from the original on 11 July 2018 8589:from the original on 4 March 2016 8522:from the original on 1 March 2018 8447:from the original on 17 June 2019 7739:from the original on 13 June 2017 7447:Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: 6999:from the original on 13 July 2017 6820:. Orient Blackswan. p. 111. 6663:from the original on 4 March 2021 6262:Victor: India, Defeated: Pakistan 5832:from the original on 1 March 2013 5595:A Concise History of Modern India 5248:A Concise History of Modern India 5227:from the original on 25 June 2020 5169:from the original on 12 June 2015 4226:2012 Delhi gang rape & murder 4051:21st-century India is facing the 3141:'s clash with Government forces. 2735:raped between 200,000 and 400,000 2274:. In 1975, the Prime Minister of 1996:India has fought a total of four 1137:on the basis of religion in 1945. 50:began when the country became an 18144:History of the Republic of India 16909:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 14129: 12069: 11940:(The A to Z Guide Series) (2010) 11763:Datt, Ruddar; Sundharam, K.P.M. 11735:Bates, Crispin, and Subho Basu. 11444: 11413: 11383: 11357: 11331: 11305: 11291:The Economic Times (ET Graphics) 11251: 11223: 11195: 11171: 11072: 11060: 10984: 10959: 10946: 10934: 10908: 10863: 10851: 10805: 10781:Kumar, Sanjay (23 August 2023). 10774: 10760: 10746: 10732: 10714: 10703: 10689: 10659: 10632: 10601: 10571: 10540: 10513: 10495: 10465: 10435: 10415: 10376: 10346: 10322:Kumar, Chetan (15 August 2018). 10315: 10276: 10250: 10224: 10198: 10164: 10120: 9995:from the original on 6 June 2014 9974: 9942: 9889:. Chennai, India. Archived from 9872: 9794: 9709:Adrija Bose (8 September 2013). 9676: 9664:from the original on 6 July 2019 9611: 9599:from the original on 1 June 2014 9547: 9486: 9322: 9292: 9270:"Profile: India's Maoist rebels" 9209: 9185:from the original on 3 July 2009 9084: 8993: 8909: 8885: 8842: 8785:"Narasimha Rao – a Reforming PM" 8764: 8739: 8726: 8700: 8687: 8657: 8631: 8601: 8575: 8549: 8534: 8459: 8426: 8401: 8375: 8355: 8349: 8113: 7997: 7988: 7949: 7792: 7292:. New Delhi: SAGE. p. 201. 7267:from the original on 4 June 2011 7077:from the original on 27 May 2016 7038:from the original on 11 May 2016 7018:Kapila, Raj; Uma Kapila (2004). 6879:. Election Commission of India. 6847:. Election Commission of India. 6563:, Indian Institute of Technology 6277:. Election Commission of India. 5921:The Success of India's Democracy 5674:Prof. Prasoon (1 January 2010). 5290:. India Today. 19 November 2022. 4980: 4850:Economic liberalisation in India 4810:high-yielding varieties of seeds 4509: 4475: 4457: 4432:was separated into two separate 4120:to be staged in Delhi and India. 3808:(UPA) won a surprise victory in 3756:, Gujarat. This sparked off the 3506:Economic liberalisation in India 3481:Economic liberalisation in India 3463: 3447: 3400:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 3037: 2747:Official de-jure war began with 2581: 2561: 2541: 2518: 2499: 2483: 2458: 2435: 2395: 2322:Formation of Northeastern states 2098: 2078: 2054: 1661:where the government-controlled 1638:Nehru administration (1952–1964) 1265: 1233: 1204: 1185: 1144:assassination of Mohandas Gandhi 950:and the integration of over 500 341:Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha 17149:Provisional Government of India 14589:History of India (1947–present) 11451:Dhoot, Vikas (31 August 2022). 11091:Ghosh, Arunabha (1 June 2004). 10364:from the original on 1 May 2021 10134:Economic & Political Weekly 9072:from the original on 3 May 2012 8615:. 24 April 2012. Archived from 8541:Satinder Sharma; Indra Sharma. 7841:Bose, Sarmila (November 2011). 7760: 7751: 7678: 7664: 7650: 7636: 7564: 7535: 7506: 7471: 7441: 7253:"The Green Revolution in India" 7245: 7208: 7149: 7123: 7089: 7063:. MIT Press. pp. 468–470. 6937: 6605: 6575: 6566: 6547: 6501: 6459: 6416: 6373: 6322: 6293: 6267: 6085:Kargil from Surprise to Victory 6052: 5963: 5938: 5876: 5864:from the original on 7 May 2016 5844: 5813: 5750: 5733: 5416: 5404: 5362:. 28 March 2006. Archived from 5052: 5038: 4384:Jammu-Srinagar National Highway 4213:, following heavy rains due to 4153:United Nations Security Council 4140:, a prominent social activist, 3995:Indian general election in 2009 3747:2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff 3373:insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 3352:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 3133:— Sikhs' most holy shrine – in 3048:needs additional citations for 2713:, resulting in the creation of 1769:. On 1 May 1960, the states of 1730:States Reorganisation Act, 1956 1683:Indian Institutes of Technology 1544:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 1538:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 1506:States and Territories of India 1433: 1365:. Some princely states such as 15356:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 15308:Special Protection Group (SPG) 15298:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 12323:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 11771:Dixit, Jyotindra Nath (2004). 11753:; Rashmi Sadana, eds. (2012). 11683:, Cambridge University Press, 11552:. Cambridge University Press. 11479: 11312:Noronha, Gaurav (2 May 2020). 11286:"A Bigger Hit on the Economy?" 11229: 10127:Narayan, Badri (17 May 2014). 9554:Dutta, Romita (20 June 2013). 9406:. 16 July 2013. Archived from 8469:. BBC News. 29 December 1984. 7412:Exploring Social Psychology 4E 6965:Indian Army after Independence 6612:Swain, Pratap Chandra (2008). 6108:Singh, Maj Gen Jagjit (2000). 5378: 5352: 5320: 5294: 5280: 5151: 4931:Goods and Services Tax (India) 4061:terrorism in India's Northeast 3856:(killing more than 1,000) and 3367:(son of former Chief Minister 3013:Assassination of Indira Gandhi 2724:led by Shaikh Mujibur Rehman. 2358:, the districts embracing the 2229:Bangladesh War of Independence 1304:Political integration of India 1298:Integration of princely states 1174:Political integration of India 1135:opposing the division of India 1101:boundaries, and the cities of 1064:An estimated 3.5 million 817:Science and Technology History 1: 16451:Engineering colleges in India 16080:Electronics and semiconductor 15293:National Security Guard (NSG) 15037:World Heritage Sites in India 14625: 13253: 12992: 12965: 12864: 12843: 12766: 12705: 12634: 12617: 12600: 12583: 12566: 12545: 12460: 12443: 12197: 11759:. Cambridge University Press. 11571:. New Delhi: Orient Longman. 11506:Erdman, Howard Loyd (2008) . 11491:. New Delhi: S. Chand Group. 11365:"Goldman report most damning" 11257: 10507:www.transcontinentaltimes.com 9928:10.1080/09584935.2015.1027662 9329:Kumar, Manoj (10 June 2011). 9000:Bedi, Rahul (16 March 2001). 8851:. Retrieved 7 October 2007. 8559:. BBC News. 4 February 2004. 8433:Tatla, Darshan Singh (1993). 8069:"Indian Emergency of 1975-77" 7956:Burke, Samuel Martin (1974). 7165:. 15 May 2010. Archived from 6818:Social change in modern India 6303:Economic and Political Weekly 6009:India Code Information System 5680:. Pustak Mahal. p. 120. 5144: 4854:Economic development in India 4448:in 2019, sparking widespread 4142:staged a 12-day hunger strike 3701:earthquakes hit Gujarat state 3348:Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 3270: 2410:formed in the 1960-70s. From 1980:and the 1956 invasion of the 881:, having conducted its first 17758:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 17034:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 16716:Indian independence movement 15341:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 15162:State legislative assemblies 15073: 15002:States and union territories 14711:Biogeographic classification 12408:Northern Black Polished Ware 11633:Richardson, Hugh E. (1984), 10071:10.1080/10361146.2014.937392 8918:. Retrieved 22 December 2011 8849:PV Narasimha Rao Passes Away 7862:10.1080/14623528.2011.625750 7850:Journal of Genocide Research 7699:Haider, Sayed Sajad (2009). 6649:. Harvard University Press. 6244:Hoontrakul, Pongsak (2014). 6165:Wilcox, Wayne Ayres (1963). 6060:"Pakistan Covert Operations" 4801:was criticised by economist 4783:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis 4380:Central Reserve Police Force 4251:In August – September 2013, 3924:. In February, the infamous 3691:Under Bharatiya Janata Party 3660:National Democratic Alliance 2924:were outlawed in all forms. 2906:Declaration of the emergency 2668:Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora 2023:on the west coast of India. 1488:, and endeavours to promote 1450:Government of India Act 1935 1078:North-West Frontier Province 982:Indian Independence Act 1947 936:1947–1950: Dominion of India 346:Spread of Jainism – Mahavira 112:constitution adopted in 1950 48:history of Republic of India 44:history of independent India 7: 17948:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 17335:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 16508:Water supply and sanitation 15491: 15273:Border Security Force (BSF) 15018:National monuments of India 14140: 14004:Influence on Southeast Asia 11971:. Oxford University Press. 11965:Panagariya, Arvind (2008). 11821:. Pearson Education India. 11618:. Oxford University Press. 10954:International Monetary Fund 10647:. No. May 8, 2021. BBC 8746:Varshney, Ashutosh (2003). 8095:"The Rise of Indira Gandhi" 6963:Praval, Major K.C. (2009). 6275:"Lok Sabha Results 1951–52" 5455:Fisher, Michael H. (2018), 5203:Fisher, Michael H. (2018), 4973: 4864:International Monetary Fund 4736:economy of the Soviet Union 4148:fell short of his demands. 4134:Adarsh Housing Society scam 3999:United Progressive Alliance 3875:and India's Prime Minister 3862:United Progressive Alliance 3806:United Progressive Alliance 3703:, killing at least 30,000. 3607:Chief Minister of Karnataka 3538:1997 Asian financial crisis 3360:The then-Chief Minister of 3184:Rajiv Gandhi administration 1530:Indian soldiers during the 747:Dynasties in Indian History 165:. India was neutral in the 54:sovereign state within the 10: 18160: 17683:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 17235:Indian Independence League 16952:Partition of Bengal (1947) 16947:Partition of Bengal (1905) 15561:Central Statistical Office 15167:State legislative councils 15142:Union Council of Ministers 12386:Black and Red ware culture 11847:Guha, Ramachandra (2011). 11589:A Concise History of India 11548:Kopstein, Jeffrey (2005). 10915:Mazumdar, Surajit (2012). 10094:Television & New Media 10020:Television & New Media 9837:Studies in Indian Politics 8185:"India profile – Timeline" 8043:G. G. Mirchandani (2003). 7521:. Routledge. p. 111. 6516:Cambridge University Press 6472:. Routledge. p. 328. 5600:Cambridge University Press 5463:Cambridge University Press 5461:, Cambridge and New York: 5253:Cambridge University Press 5211:Cambridge University Press 5191:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 4847: 4723: 4710: 4620:COVID-19 pandemic in India 4599:COVID-19 pandemic in India 4593:COVID-19 pandemic in India 4590: 4430:state of Jammu and Kashmir 4266:Artist's rendering of the 3926:Samjhauta Express bombings 3741:and the subsequent deadly 3670:, killing at least 10,000. 3509: 3503: 3341: 3006: 2967: 2834: 2786:formation of East Pakistan 2772:, which resulted later in 2762:Bengali nationalist forces 2707:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 2701:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 2698: 2610: 2380:North-East Frontier Agency 2216:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 2071:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 2040:North-East Frontier Agency 2010:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 2002:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 1952:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 1941: 1841: 1727: 1541: 1532:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 1462:constitutional autochthony 1437: 1301: 973: 948:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 939: 742:Timeline of Indian History 169:, and was a leader in the 149:which resulted in wars in 110:, accepted no office. The 17: 18074: 17973: 17858:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 17658:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 17478: 17355:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 17275: 17230:Indian Home Rule movement 17172: 17069:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 17009:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 16937: 16874: 16722: 16531: 16441:Medical colleges in India 16396: 16392: 16372: 16291: 16260: 15996: 15865: 15805: 15757: 15709: 15639: 15591:Foreign exchange reserves 15586:Foreign direct investment 15556:Economic Advisory Council 15526: 15503: 15499: 15486: 15410: 15382: 15316: 15303:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 15265: 15256: 15201: 15192: 15085: 15081: 15068: 15010: 14962: 14900: 14789: 14701: 14683:Sacred mountains of India 14665: 14637: 14633: 14620: 14581: 14510: 14405: 14372: 14329: 14308: 14255:Indus Valley Civilisation 14240: 14152: 14148: 14135: 12397:Painted Grey Ware culture 12269:Indus Valley Civilisation 12056: 12051:Links to related articles 11968:India: The Emerging Giant 11792:Frank, Katherine (2002). 11614:India: The Emerging Giant 11100:GEG Working Paper 2004/06 11079:Datt & Sundharam 2009 11067:Datt & Sundharam 2009 10991:Datt & Sundharam 2009 10846:Datt & Sundharam 2009 9092:"Profile: Pratibha Patil" 8237:Violence and subjectivity 7364:Debnath, Angela (2012) . 7331:. Routledge. p. 40. 7325:Alston, Margaret (2015). 7110:10.1080/03064227508532403 6946:The Saturday Evening Post 6793:"The wisest man in India" 6429:. SUNY Press. p. 3. 6394:10.1017/S0026749X00011732 6036:Political System of India 5677:My Letters.... M.K.Gandhi 5006:Military history of India 4996:Economic history of India 4968:Moody's Investors Service 4887:foreign direct investment 4822:Green Revolution in India 4746:, a large government-run 4678:2023 G20 New Delhi summit 4543:Citizenship Amendment Act 4446:Citizenship Amendment Act 4290:to reach Mars, after the 3841:Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus 3578:Agni-II ballistic missile 3188:The Congress party chose 3165:geo-stationary satellites 2928:Life during the emergency 2695:Bangladesh Liberation War 2613:Green Revolution in India 2019:the Portuguese colony of 1924:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1747:States Reorganisation Act 1570:newly independent nations 1179: 954:to form a united nation. 915:fastest-growing economies 298:Indus Valley Civilization 86:. The partition led to a 18097:Indian annexation of Goa 17943:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 17455:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 17220:Indian National Congress 17019:Non-cooperation movement 15727:Multi Commodity Exchange 15346:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 13048:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 13028:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 12629:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 11293:. 21 May 2020. p. 1 11048:. India Policy Institute 10106:10.1177/1527476415575498 10032:10.1177/1527476415573957 9850:10.1177/2321023014551870 9221:15 February 2008 at the 9126:29 November 2010 at the 8902:24 February 2021 at the 8895:38.11 (1998): 1036–1050 8501:American Economic Review 8358:"Shah Commission Report" 8313:French, Patrick (2011). 7805:. U of Minnesota Press. 7602:21 February 2016 at the 7454:21 December 2011 at the 7409:Myers, David G. (2004). 7225:(Report). Archived from 7216:The Government of Punjab 6989:"India – War with China" 6332:Across The Himalayan Gap 6310:(5–12 Jan 1991): 35–48. 5745:George Allen & Unwin 5031: 5011:Outline of ancient India 4760:Five-Year Plans of India 4744:economic interventionism 4564:and nine minutes in the 4532: 4500:with PM Modi, the first 4114:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 4094: 3743:Indian Parliament attack 3685: 3641:Lahore peace declaration 3639:, signing the bilateral 3337: 3204:, and gave birth to the 3093:Indian National Congress 3002: 2875:Samyukta Socialist Party 2861:Bihar student agitations 2857:Maoist Naxalite movement 2842:Prelude to the Emergency 2656:Pakistan Eastern Command 2241:its first nuclear weapon 2203:Indian aircraft carrier 2194: 2189:Indian National Congress 2144:went to war over Kashmir 1932:1962 Lok Sabha elections 1665:would co-exist with the 1601:Indian National Congress 1514:more than 100 amendments 1510:reserved quotas or seats 1418:First Indo-Pakistani War 1338:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 1273:Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah 1193:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 455:, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE 329:Rise of Śramaṇa movement 304:Post Indus Valley Period 248:, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE 92:Indian National Congress 18102:Indian Independence Act 17688:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 17663:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 17633:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 17370:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 17350:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 17185:All-India Muslim League 17139:Royal Air Force strikes 17104:Round table conferences 17094:Chittagong armoury raid 16984:Hindu–German Conspiracy 16967:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 16737:Porto Grande de Bengala 15571:Enforcement Directorate 15032:Indian-origin religions 15023:National parks of India 14832:Highest point by states 14594:Economic liberalisation 13148:Western Chalukya Empire 12291:Mature Harappan culture 12014:excerpt and text search 12004:excerpt and text search 11985:Saravanan, Velayutham. 11932:excerpt and text search 11876:excerpt and text search 11866:excerpt and text search 11153:"That old Gandhi magic" 10966:Das, Gurcharan (2002). 10921:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de 10639:Alluri, Aparna (2021). 10553:Business Standard India 9916:Contemporary South Asia 9300:"India Assessment 2016" 8961:Sujata K. Dass (2004). 8855:1 November 2007 at the 8317:India : a portrait 8006:"Emergency Assessments" 8004:Prashad, Vijay (1996). 7621:4 February 2012 at the 7194:. Lawyer's Book Stall. 6329:Tan Chung, ed. (1998). 5548:Talbot & Singh 2009 5163:Encyclopædia Britannica 5112:N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 5072:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 4833:economic liberalization 4808:Since 1965, the use of 4653:Prime Minister of India 4344:2014 Lok Sabha election 4110:2010 Commonwealth Games 4100:Congress rule continues 3202:India's space programme 2982:of opposition parties. 2782:instrument of surrender 2660:instrument of surrender 2171:Sino-Indian War of 1967 2030:over the border in the 1998:wars/military conflicts 1623:Prime Minister of India 1591:Governance and politics 1568:fought between the two 1373:acceded later in 1949. 1250:instrument of accession 490:, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE 314:, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE 308:, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE 300:, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE 100:Prime Minister of India 78:was separated into the 17888:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 17793:Purushottam Das Tandon 17159:Praja Mandala movement 16973:The Indian Sociologist 16541:Arts and entertainment 16176:Science and technology 16112:Information technology 15792:Government initiatives 14688:Sacred rivers of India 14678:Sacred groves of India 14232:Science and technology 14054:Science and technology 12438:Three Crowned Kingdoms 12280:Early Harappan culture 12095:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 11872:Makers of Modern India 11818:India's Foreign Policy 11815:Ghosh, Anjali (2009). 11680:The Partition of India 11567:Kumar, Dharma (2005). 11529:Ghose, Sankar (1993). 11190:Task Force Report 2006 11140:Task Force Report 2006 11128:Task Force Report 2006 8874:. OECD. Archived from 7703:. Vanguard, Pakistan. 6993:www.globalsecurity.org 6646:Makers of Modern India 6423:Basu, Srimati (2005). 6214:Brozek, Jason (2008). 5739:Lumby, E. W. R. 1954. 5100:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 4964:S&P Global Ratings 4941: 4902: 4892:agricultural subsidies 4778: 4703:of Andhra Pradesh and 4655: 4583: 4491:Chief of General Staff 4399:2019 Balakot airstrike 4397:India carried out the 4376:Goods and Services Tax 4324:Bharatiya Janata Party 4271: 4246:Supreme Court of India 4190: 4146:anti-graft legislation 4121: 4053:Naxalite–Maoist rebels 4033: 3972: 3968:with smoke during the 3966:Taj Mahal Palace Hotel 3953:, carrying an Italian 3884: 3780: 3775:led by Prime Minister 3682: 3648:Bharatiya Janata Party 3591:Bharatiya Janata Party 3581: 3561:parts of the country. 3438:Bharatiya Janata Party 3334: 3316:Bharatiya Janata Party 3239: 3180: 3114: 2960: 2853:Railway Strike in 1974 2827: 2753:Operation Chengiz Khan 2691: 2286:took over the city of 2262: 2219: 2135: 1978:partition of Palestine 1907: 1720: 1634: 1618:Jawaharlal Nehru, the 1534: 1516:since it was enacted. 1220:Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri 1157:and other states from 1140: 1048: 1030:Royal Indian Air Force 909:. Today, India is the 879:a nuclear-weapon state 812:Paper Currency History 670:, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE 664:, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE 658:, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE 652:, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE 644:, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE 320:, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE 276:South Indian Neolithic 213: 121:The country has faced 39: 18112:Political integration 17853:Shyamji Krishna Varma 17638:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 17583:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 17415:Rettamalai Srinivasan 17375:Mahadev Govind Ranade 17180:All India Kisan Sabha 17144:Coup d'état of Yanaon 17044:Qissa Khwani massacre 17029:Coolie-Begar movement 16844:Second Anglo-Sikh War 16498:Socio-economic issues 16446:Law colleges in India 16436:Universities in India 15684:Reserve Bank of India 14487:Independence movement 14285:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 13957:Specialised histories 13228:Kalachuris of Kalyani 13218:Kalachuris of Tripuri 12900:Western Ganga Kingdom 12828:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 12778:Western Satrap Empire 12761:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 12751:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 12302:Late Harappan culture 12063:History of South Asia 12040:India country profile 12008:Zachariah, Benjamin. 11636:Tibet and its History 11533:. Allied Publishers. 10585:. 13 September 2020. 9908:Jaffrelot, Christophe 9660:. 24 September 2013. 9493:PTI (24 April 2013). 9121:"The Mirror Explodes" 9043:18 March 2009 at the 8513:10.1257/aer.98.4.1397 8441:University of Warwick 7480:New Political Science 7286:Singh, Katar (1999). 6511:Women in Modern India 6083:Malik, V. P. (2010). 6072:on 12 September 2014. 5472:10.1017/9781316276044 5021:The Emergency (India) 4939: 4900: 4776: 4636: 4574: 4502:Indian Prime Minister 4495:Israel Defense Forces 4382:(CRPF) troops on the 4369:Swachh Bharat Mission 4300:European Space Agency 4278:, popularly known as 4265: 4234:Saradha Group scandal 4181:, and nearby town of 4173: 4107: 4008: 3963: 3870: 3792:Congress rule returns 3766: 3676: 3575: 3404:female suicide bomber 3328: 3229: 3155: 3101: 2951: 2814: 2788:as the new nation of 2672:Vice Admiral Krishnan 2646: 2526:Golden Pagoda, Namsai 2318:of the Constitution. 2257: 2202: 2129: 1894: 1757:-speaking regions of 1724:States reorganisation 1715: 1645:Hindu fundamentalists 1617: 1529: 1440:Constitution of India 1314:divine right of kings 1123: 1046: 885:in 1974, followed by 787:Philosophical History 767:Architectural History 701:Independence Movement 537:, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE 531:, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE 508:, c. 760 – c. 973 CE 212: 175:made a loose alliance 104:independence struggle 34: 17938:Veeran Sundaralingam 17893:Tara Rani Srivastava 17828:Sahajanand Saraswati 17718:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 17603:Chandra Shekhar Azad 17508:Alluri Sitarama Raju 17465:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 17420:Sahajanand Saraswati 17340:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 17240:Indian National Army 17084:Dharasana Satyagraha 16989:Champaran Satyagraha 16839:First Anglo-Sikh War 15772:Economic development 15616:Voluntary guidelines 15611:Industrial licensing 14741:Environmental issues 14523:Non-Aligned Movement 14300:Seleucid–Mauryan war 13475:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 13277:Late medieval period 13188:Eastern Ganga Empire 12920:Vishnukundina Empire 11922:McCartney, Matthew. 11902:Kapila, Uma (2009). 11881:Jain, B. M. (2009). 11800:. Houghton Mifflin. 10882:Staley, Sam (2006). 10520:Manoj, C.G. (2021). 9525:"Cheat funds, again" 9470:. 8 September 2014. 8791:. 23 December 2004. 8585:. 30 November 1989. 8411:(1977) 5#1 pp 19–38. 8264:Tarlo, Emma (2001). 7905:. 28 February 2008. 7799:Burke, S. M (1974). 7735:. 27 December 1971. 7595:Rummel, Rudolph J., 7104:, Routledge: 68–69, 6791:(22 December 2002). 6382:Modern Asian Studies 5918:(6 September 2001). 5255:, pp. 265–266, 4576:COVID-19 vaccination 4415:Abhinandan Varthaman 4320:Bharatiya Jana Sangh 4314:movement advocating 4292:Soviet space program 4276:Mars Orbiter Mission 4268:Mars Orbiter Mission 4203:multi-day cloudburst 4112:opening ceremony in 4089:potential superpower 3786:Golden Quadrilateral 3777:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 3769:Golden Quadrilateral 3731:September 11 attacks 3678:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 3628:and Japan to impose 3599:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 3230:Victims of the 1984 3179:operations in India. 3146:1984 anti-Sikh riots 3057:improve this article 3017:1984 anti-Sikh riots 2912:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 2900:Jaya Prakash Narayan 2065:, after winning the 1958:Non-Aligned Movement 1631:Non-Aligned Movement 1446:Constituent Assembly 1424:initially agreed to 1318:Constituent Assembly 1034:Indian Civil Service 930:potential superpower 895:extensive regulation 837:Wars involving India 710:, 1947 CE – present 535:2nd Chalukya Dynasty 496:, c. 724 – c. 760 CE 461:, c. 240 – c. 550 CE 370:1700 – 682 BCE 306:(Cemetery H Culture) 171:Non-Aligned Movement 80:Dominion of Pakistan 56:British Commonwealth 17923:V. K. Krishna Menon 17868:Subhas Chandra Bose 17753:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 17748:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 17643:Govind Ballabh Pant 17623:Dayananda Saraswati 17548:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 17345:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 17325:Dhondo Keshav Karve 17320:Dayananda Saraswati 17315:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 17290:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 16803:Anglo-Maratha Wars 15534:Ministry of Finance 14538:Indo-Pakistani wars 14482:Partition of Bengal 13557:Early modern period 13404:Vijayanagara Empire 13384:Chitradurga Kingdom 13078:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 12490:Shaishunaga dynasty 11938:The A to Z of India 11887:. Lexington Books. 11870:Guha, Ramachandra. 11835:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 11717:on 7 February 2009. 11463:on 3 September 2022 11369:The Daily Telegraph 11109:on 12 November 2011 11018:(2). Archived from 10770:. 23 November 2020. 10509:. 21 November 2022. 9893:on 17 October 2013. 9782:on 9 September 2013 9776:The Hindustan Times 9690:on 9 September 2013 9442:on 9 September 2014 9038:and The Daily Beast 9006:The Daily Telegraph 8826:(1). Archived from 8774:(2011) pp 614, 663. 8671:. 8 November 1990. 8389:. 14 September 2021 8099:Library of Congress 7169:on 21 November 2011 7098:Index on Censorship 6805:on 8 December 2013. 6583:"Seventh Amendment" 6555:"Institute History" 5627:Dyson, Tim (2018), 5436:on 19 November 2014 5424:"Patel vs. Gandhi?" 5392:. 12 September 2022 5132:Satya Narayan Sinha 5124:Jairamdas Daulatram 5068:Sardar Baldev Singh 4789:by both public and 4752:business regulation 4705:Janata Dal (United) 4558:protests by farmers 4484:President of Israel 4356:formed a government 4230:changes in the laws 4057:Jammu & Kashmir 4032:without any damage. 4030:Cultural Revolution 3970:2008 Mumbai attacks 3914:Nehru–Gandhi family 3714:Three new states — 3522:P. V. Narasimha Rao 3491:minority government 3456:P. V. Narasimha Rao 3302:'s government, had 3123:Operation Blue Star 3111:Operation Blue Star 3009:Operation Blue Star 2865:Nav Nirman movement 2816:Jayaprakash Narayan 2757:Indian air stations 2674:, Indian Air Force 2654:, the commander of 2627:Indo-Gangetic Plain 2430:was also separated. 2304:Indian Constitution 2140:Lal Bahadur Shastri 2017:invaded and annexed 1886:Jayaprakash Narayan 1828:Bharatiya Jan Sangh 1765:-speaking state of 1691:Planning Commission 1609:Parliament of India 1242:Kanchan Prabha Devi 1176: 1022:British Indian Army 792:History of Religion 757:Demographic History 722:, 1950 CE – present 689:The Great Rebellion 632:, 1538/40 – 1556 CE 506:Tripartite Struggle 449:, c. 30 – c. 375 CE 380:Shaishunaga Dynasty 368:Brihadratha Dynasty 88:population transfer 18107:Partition of India 17953:Yashwantrao Holkar 17918:V. O. Chidamabaram 17873:Subramania Bharati 17803:Rahul Sankrityayan 17788:Pritilata Waddedar 17698:Shri Krishna Singh 17598:C. Rajagopalachari 17588:Bidhan Chandra Roy 17573:Bhavabhushan Mitra 17558:Begum Hazrat Mahal 17513:Annapurna Maharana 17385:Muthulakshmi Reddy 17330:G. Subramania Iyer 17024:Christmas Day Plot 16899:Indian nationalism 16849:Sannyasi rebellion 16747:East India Company 16503:Standard of living 16193:Telecommunications 15710:Financial services 15631:Atmanirbhar Bharat 15551:Finance Commission 14716:Biosphere reserves 14472:Bengal Renaissance 14460:Commander-in-Chief 14425:East India Company 14034:Partition of India 13899:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 13847:Regional histories 13792:National histories 13679:Travancore Kingdom 13649:Thondaiman Kingdom 13519:Golkonda Sultanate 13128:Somavamshi Kingdom 13098:Rashtrakuta Empire 13038:Rashidun Caliphate 12960:Kabul Shahi Empire 12808:Nagas of Padmavati 12731:Indo-Greek Kingdom 12671:(230 BC – AD 1206) 12364:Vedic Civilisation 12312:Vedic Civilisation 12209:Ahar-Banas culture 12025:Appadorai A., ed. 11936:Mansingh, Surjit. 11662:. APH Publishing. 11608:Panagariya, Arvind 11512:Harvard University 11401:on 31 January 2022 11395:The Economic Times 11318:The Economic Times 11159:. 27 November 1997 11069:, pp. 504–506 10993:, pp. 185–187 10896:on 14 January 2009 10699:. 23 October 2021. 10671:The Indian Express 10583:The Times of India 10526:The Indian Express 10360:. 27 August 2020. 10328:The Times of India 10289:The New York Times 10212:. 26 February 2019 9955:The Times of India 9746:The Indian Express 9657:The Times of India 9592:The New York Times 9467:The New York Times 9066:The New York Times 8830:on 30 January 2010 8772:India After Gandhi 8770:Ramachandra Guha, 8669:The New York Times 8639:"Mandal vs Mandir" 8344:rukhsana sultana . 8191:. 15 August 2018. 8045:320 Million Judges 7780:on 6 December 2010 7162:The Times of India 6561:on 13 August 2007. 6469:A History of India 6138:A History of India 6034:Das, Hari (2002). 5826:The Hindu: Opinion 5302:"NIC Global Trend" 4942: 4903: 4799:cottage industries 4779: 4701:Telugu Desam Party 4656: 4584: 4556:After a year long 4537:In February 2020, 4411:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4272: 4191: 4175:2010 Ladakh floods 4161:Telangana movement 4122: 4118:multi-sport events 4034: 3982:In July 2009, the 3975:In November 2008, 3973: 3898:vote of confidence 3885: 3858:Kashmir earthquake 3812:held in May 2004. 3781: 3758:2002 Gujarat riots 3683: 3630:economic sanctions 3614:Inder Kumar Gujral 3582: 3409:P.V. Narasimha Rao 3335: 3240: 3211:In December 1984, 3181: 3115: 2961: 2916:state of emergency 2828: 2692: 2680:Lt Gen Sagat Singh 2649:Lieutenant-General 2263: 2220: 2148:Tashkent Agreement 2136: 1966:Suez Canal Company 1913:licence-permit Raj 1908: 1898:, the Maharani of 1888:in the initiative. 1854:C. Rajagopalachari 1844:C. Rajagopalachari 1721: 1635: 1627:multi-party system 1566:Indo-Pakistan Wars 1535: 1494:Universal suffrage 1466:British parliament 1254:Partition of India 1246:Kingdom of Tripura 1172: 1059:their relationship 1049: 976:Partition of India 970:Partition of India 887:another five tests 762:Linguistic History 517:Rastrakuta Dynasty 453:Satavahana Dynasty 417:Kingdom of Magadha 396:, c. 600 – 345 BCE 363:Kingdom of Magadha 336:Later Vedic Period 324:Early Vedic period 312:Vedic civilization 214: 123:religious violence 84:Partition of India 40: 18131: 18130: 18125: 18124: 18092:Republic of India 17928:Vallabhbhai Patel 17913:Ubaidullah Sindhi 17813:Ram Prasad Bismil 17708:M. Bhaktavatsalam 17668:Jatindra Nath Das 17593:Bipin Chandra Pal 17528:Babu Kunwar Singh 17498:Achyut Patwardhan 17255:Khudai Khidmatgar 17099:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 17039:Kakori conspiracy 16999:Rowlatt Committee 16962:Direct Action Day 16924:Swadeshi movement 16904:Khilafat Movement 16894:Hindu nationalism 16854:Rebellion of 1857 16777:Anglo-Mysore Wars 16767:Battle of Plassey 16682: 16681: 16678: 16677: 16674: 16673: 16368: 16367: 16364: 16363: 15913:Jammu and Kashmir 15539:Finance ministers 15482: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15470:Women in politics 15445:Political parties 15378: 15377: 15374: 15373: 15184:Chief Secretaries 15157:State governments 15152:Cabinet Secretary 15105:Foreign relations 15064: 15063: 15060: 15059: 14616: 14615: 14612: 14611: 14604:COVID-19 pandemic 14477:Political reforms 14098: 14097: 13783: 13782: 13777: 13776: 13697: 13696: 13599:Thanjavur Kingdom 13547: 13546: 13508:Bijapur Sultanate 13464:Deccan sultanates 13342:Tughlaq Sultanate 13289:Ghaznavid Dynasty 13267: 13266: 13138:Chaulukya Kingdom 13068:Mallabhum kingdom 13058:Umayyad Caliphate 12798:Bharshiva Dynasty 12694:(200 BC – AD 300) 12684:(230 BC – AD 220) 12680:Satavahana Empire 12658: 12657: 12654:(247 BC – AD 224) 12510:Macedonian Empire 12484:(450 BC – AD 489) 12472:Achaemenid Empire 12342: 12341: 12247: 12246: 12170: 12169: 12120: 12119: 12104:Madrasian culture 12042:BBC India profile 11978:978-0-19-531503-5 11853:. Pan Macmillan. 11777:. HarperCollins. 11690:978-0-521-85661-4 11669:978-81-7648-340-7 11625:978-0-19-531503-5 11599:978-0-521-68225-1 11578:978-81-250-2710-2 11559:978-1-139-44604-4 11540:978-81-7023-369-5 11521:978-0-521-04980-1 11498:978-81-219-0298-4 11432:on 16 August 2022 11426:Business Standard 11265:. 10 October 2017 11192:, pp. 17–20. 11025:on 23 August 2006 10977:978-0-385-72074-8 10673:. 29 March 2021. 10479:. 5 August 2020. 9531:. 25 April 2013. 9376:. 6 August 2010. 8974:978-81-7835-277-0 8137:978-93-84544-16-4 7969:978-0-8166-5714-8 7942:978-0-87003-214-1 7660:. 5 October 2015. 7582:978-0-230-36399-1 7557:978-1-4128-4759-9 7528:978-0-415-93111-3 7492:10.1080/713687893 7383:978-1-4128-4759-9 6974:978-1-935501-10-7 6789:Guha, Ramachandra 6656:978-0-674-05246-8 6257:978-1-137-41235-5 6227:978-1-109-04475-1 6178:978-0-231-02589-8 6148:978-0-415-32919-4 6121:978-81-7062-109-6 5896:on 9 October 2017 5726:978-0-670-09129-4 5687:978-81-223-1109-9 5640:978-0-19-882905-8 5609:978-1-107-02649-0 5571:978-0-415-48010-9 5530:978-0-300-23032-1 5482:978-1-107-11162-2 5262:978-1-107-02649-0 5220:978-1-107-11162-2 5064:Rafi Ahmed Kidwai 5016:Politics of India 4951:COVID-19 pandemic 4869:In response, the 4663:On 25 July 2022, 4650: 4643: 4607:complete lockdown 4587:COVID-19 pandemic 4438:Jammu and Kashmir 4434:union territories 4419:Vienna Convention 4392:Jammu and Kashmir 4316:Hindu nationalism 4211:Jammu and Kashmir 4038:Arunachal Pradesh 3826:Communist parties 3585:Era of coalitions 3362:Jammu and Kashmir 3300:Lalu Prasad Yadav 3296:Mandal Commission 3206:software industry 3177:search and rescue 3129:militants in the 3089: 3088: 3081: 2891:election petition 2780:to sign an joint 2749:Pakistan airforce 2684:Maj Gen JFR Jacob 2676:Air Marshal Dewan 2534:Arunachal Pradesh 2443:Hornbill Festival 2428:Arunachal Pradesh 2376:Arunachal Pradesh 2356:Meghalaya Plateau 2300:Indian Parliament 2280:Indian Parliament 2272:Kingdom of Sikkim 2243:in the desert of 2130:Nehru's daughter 2122:1960s after Nehru 2087:Portuguese forces 1862:classical liberal 1562:Kashmir and Jammu 1458:Republic of India 1454:Dominion of India 1414:Jammu and Kashmir 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1212:General El Edroos 1026:Royal Indian Navy 956:Vallabhbhai Patel 942:Dominion of India 875: 874: 802:Education History 720:Republic of India 714:Dominion of India 708:Independent India 697:, 1858 – 1947 CE 662:Kingdom of Mysore 638:, 1556 – 1857 CE 560:, 1206 – 1526 CE 512:Pratihara dynasty 235:Madrasian culture 98:became the first 20:Republic of India 18151: 18117:Simla Conference 17908:Tiruppur Kumaran 17878:Subramaniya Siva 17833:Sangolli Rayanna 17823:Rash Behari Bose 17763:Nagnath Naikwadi 17673:Jawaharlal Nehru 17618:Dadabhai Naoroji 17613:Chittaranjan Das 17503:A. K. Fazlul Huq 17425:Savitribai Phule 17250:Khaksar movement 17205:Berlin Committee 17190:Anushilan Samiti 17154:Independence Day 17114:Aundh Experiment 17089:Vedaranyam March 16994:Kheda Satyagraha 16979:Singapore Mutiny 16762:Portuguese India 16709: 16702: 16695: 16686: 16685: 16637:Physical culture 16458:Ethnic relations 16394: 16393: 16374: 16373: 16356:Mumbai Consensus 15908:Himachal Pradesh 15797:Numbering system 15787:Green revolution 15662:Historical Forex 15501: 15500: 15488: 15487: 15460:Scheduled groups 15263: 15262: 15199: 15198: 15083: 15082: 15070: 15069: 15052:Tourism in India 15047:History of India 15042:Culture of India 14652:Geology of India 14635: 14634: 14622: 14621: 14553:Naxal Insurgency 14548:White Revolution 14543:Green Revolution 14150: 14149: 14137: 14136: 14124: 14117: 14110: 14101: 14100: 14090: 14083: 14076: 14039:Pakistan studies 13879:Himachal Pradesh 13719:Portuguese India 13715: 13714: 13711: 13669:Sikh Confederacy 13565: 13564: 13561: 13414:Bengal Sultanate 13353:Sayyid Sultanate 13331:Khalji Sultanate 13320:Mamluk Sultanate 13285: 13284: 13281: 13262: 13258: 13255: 13198:Kakatiya Kingdom 13108:Paramara Kingdom 13001: 12997: 12994: 12970: 12967: 12910:Kamarupa Kingdom 12873: 12869: 12866: 12859:Kalabhras Empire 12852: 12848: 12845: 12771: 12768: 12755:(50 BC – AD 400) 12735:(180 BC – AD 10) 12714: 12710: 12707: 12676: 12675: 12672: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12622: 12619: 12605: 12602: 12588: 12585: 12571: 12568: 12554: 12550: 12547: 12465: 12462: 12448: 12445: 12428:Haryanka dynasty 12418:Pradyota dynasty 12360: 12359: 12356: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12202: 12199: 12192:Anarta tradition 12188: 12187: 12184: 12152:Mehrgarh culture 12142:Bhirrana culture 12138: 12137: 12134: 12133:(10,800–3300 BC) 12100: 12099: 12096: 12086: 12085: 12073: 12059: 12058: 12047: 12046: 11998:Tomlinson, B.R. 11982: 11961: 11919: 11898: 11864: 11832: 11811: 11799: 11788: 11760: 11718: 11716: 11709: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11673: 11649: 11629: 11617: 11603: 11582: 11563: 11544: 11531:Jawaharlal Nehru 11525: 11502: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11459:. Archived from 11448: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11428:. Archived from 11417: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11344:Business Insider 11335: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11288: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11235: 11227: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11216: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11149: 11143: 11137: 11131: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11108: 11097: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11024: 11009: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10963: 10957: 10950: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10927: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10892:. Archived from 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10860:, pp. 31–32 10855: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10718: 10712: 10707: 10701: 10700: 10693: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10011: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9958:. 12 June 2013. 9946: 9940: 9939: 9904: 9895: 9894: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9827: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9366: 9360: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9276:. 4 March 2011. 9266: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9232: 9226: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9151:. Archived from 9141: 9135: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9098:. 21 July 2007. 9088: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9057: 9048: 9031: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9017: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8928: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8859: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8781: 8775: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8743: 8737: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8704: 8698: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8521: 8507:(4): 1397–1412. 8498: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8339: 8320: 8310: 8301: 8298: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8181: 8142: 8141: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8010:Social Scientist 8001: 7995: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7929:Haqqani, Hussain 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7878: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7776:. Archived from 7764: 7758: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7728: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7646:. 27 March 2021. 7640: 7634: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7249: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7224: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6846: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6801:. Archived from 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6716: 6710: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6589:. Archived from 6587:Indiacode.nic.in 6579: 6573: 6570: 6564: 6562: 6557:. Archived from 6551: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6537: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6491: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6065:. Archived from 6064: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5777:Gandhi, Rajmohan 5773: 5767: 5766: 5754: 5748: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5671: 5665: 5664:31 October 2009. 5655: 5649: 5648: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5474: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5432:. Archived from 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5366:on 28 March 2006 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5333:. Archived from 5332: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5304:. Archived from 5298: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5155: 5138: 5108:Mohanlal Saksena 5076:Jawaharlal Nehru 5056: 5050: 5042: 5001:Economy of India 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4907:economy of India 4879:economic reforms 4756:central planning 4659:Post COVID India 4648: 4641: 4628:excess mortality 4551:Farm reform laws 4547:Rama Janmabhoomi 4525:Independence Day 4513: 4504:to visit Israel. 4479: 4461: 4338:, was named the 4219:Pakistani Punjab 4209:in the state of 4187:Thikse Monastery 4167:, in June 2014. 4130:2G spectrum case 4085:economy of India 4046:Tawang Monastery 4040:as its own, the 4022:Tibetan Buddhism 4010:Tawang Monastery 3984:Delhi High Court 3727:George Fernandes 3718:, Jharkhand and 3708:Pervez Musharraf 3610:H. D. Deve Gowda 3576:Nuclear capable 3500:Economic reforms 3467: 3451: 3385:Kashmiri Pandits 3310:and stopped his 3084: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3041: 3033: 3029:Siachen conflict 2964:Janata interlude 2837:Indian Emergency 2831:Indian Emergency 2824:total revolution 2623:Green Revolution 2585: 2574:Green Revolution 2565: 2545: 2530:Buddhist temples 2522: 2507:Ujjayanta Palace 2503: 2487: 2462: 2439: 2418:, now a part of 2406:, Meghalaya and 2399: 2278:appealed to the 2266:Merger of Sikkim 2259:Rumtek Monastery 2102: 2082: 2063:Lahore, Pakistan 2058: 1902:and princess of 1735:Potti Sreeramulu 1687:economy of India 1657:and advocated a 1605:Jawaharlal Nehru 1502:Union Government 1422:Jawaharlal Nehru 1310:Jawaharlal Nehru 1269: 1256:in the state of 1237: 1208: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1163:Liaquat Ali Khan 1138: 1054:Excess mortality 960:Jawaharlal Nehru 867: 860: 853: 827:Military History 782:Literary History 752:Economic History 736:Related articles 716:, 1947 – 1950 CE 691:, 1857 – 1858 CE 626:, 1526 – 1540 CE 605:, 1342 – 1576 CE 603:Bengal Sultanate 599:, 1336 – 1646 CE 593:, 1251 – 1618 CE 494:Karakota Dynasty 488:Harsha's Dynasty 482:Chalukya Dynasty 374:Haryanka Dynasty 351:Rise of Buddhism 242:, c. 500,000 BCE 202: 184: 183: 96:Jawaharlal Nehru 36:Jawaharlal Nehru 24:History of India 18159: 18158: 18154: 18153: 18152: 18150: 18149: 18148: 18134: 18133: 18132: 18127: 18126: 18121: 18082:Cabinet Mission 18070: 17974:British leaders 17969: 17958:Yogendra Shukla 17863:Siraj ud-Daulah 17818:Rani Lakshmibai 17808:Rajendra Prasad 17798:R. Venkataraman 17743:Mithuben Petit‎ 17723:Mahadaji Shinde 17703:Lala Lajpat Rai 17538:Bahadur Shah II 17523:Ashfaqulla Khan 17493:Accamma Cherian 17488:Abul Kalam Azad 17480: 17474: 17445:Syed Ahmad Khan 17435:Sister Nivedita 17400:Pandita Ramabai 17395:Niralamba Swami 17360:J. B. Kripalani 17285:Ashfaqulla Khan 17277: 17271: 17210:Ghadar Movement 17168: 17049:Flag Satyagraha 16957:Revolutionaries 16939: 16933: 16876: 16870: 16772:Battle of Buxar 16718: 16713: 16683: 16670: 16642:Public holidays 16527: 16473:Life expectancy 16388: 16387: 16360: 16287: 16256: 16161:Pharmaceuticals 15992: 15861: 15801: 15767:COVID-19 impact 15753: 15705: 15635: 15522: 15495: 15474: 15406: 15370: 15312: 15252: 15248:District Courts 15188: 15179:Chief Ministers 15077: 15056: 15006: 14958: 14896: 14870:Western coastal 14865:Eastern coastal 14852:Mountain passes 14785: 14771:Protected areas 14697: 14693:Stones of India 14661: 14629: 14608: 14577: 14563:Space programme 14533:Sino-Indian War 14528:Five-Year Plans 14506: 14401: 14368: 14359:Delhi Sultanate 14325: 14316:Middle kingdoms 14309:Middle Kingdoms 14304: 14236: 14144: 14131: 14128: 14094: 14065: 14064: 14063: 13958: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13848: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13793: 13785: 13784: 13779: 13778: 13712: 13709: 13707:Colonial states 13699: 13698: 13589:Madurai Kingdom 13562: 13559: 13549: 13548: 13497:Bidar Sultanate 13486:Berar sultanate 13454:Ladakh Kingdom 13444:Gajapati Empire 13424:Garhwal Kingdom 13309:Delhi Sultanate 13282: 13279: 13269: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13238:Chutiya Kingdom 13208:Zamorin Kingdom 12999: 12995: 12987:Maukhari Empire 12977:Chalukya Empire 12968: 12930:Maitraka Empire 12871: 12867: 12850: 12846: 12838:Vakataka Empire 12818:Sasanian Empire 12769: 12712: 12708: 12690:Kuninda Kingdom 12673: 12670: 12668:Middle Kingdoms 12660: 12659: 12650:Parthian Empire 12641: 12637: 12620: 12603: 12586: 12569: 12552: 12548: 12463: 12446: 12357: 12354: 12344: 12343: 12262: 12259: 12249: 12248: 12200: 12185: 12182: 12172: 12171: 12162:Edakkal culture 12135: 12132: 12122: 12121: 12113:Soanian culture 12097: 12094: 12083: 12052: 12036: 12022: 12020:Primary sources 11979: 11958: 11916: 11895: 11861: 11829: 11808: 11785: 11742:Brass, Paul R. 11726: 11724:Further reading 11721: 11714: 11707: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11670: 11647: 11626: 11600: 11579: 11560: 11541: 11522: 11499: 11482: 11477: 11476: 11466: 11464: 11449: 11445: 11435: 11433: 11418: 11414: 11404: 11402: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11374: 11372: 11363: 11362: 11358: 11348: 11346: 11336: 11332: 11322: 11320: 11310: 11306: 11296: 11294: 11283: 11282: 11278: 11268: 11266: 11263:Hindustan Times 11256: 11252: 11242: 11240: 11233: 11228: 11224: 11214: 11212: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11188: 11184: 11176: 11172: 11162: 11160: 11151: 11150: 11146: 11142:, pp. 7–8. 11138: 11134: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11095: 11089: 11085: 11077: 11073: 11065: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11042: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11012:Economic Issues 11007: 11001: 10997: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10964: 10960: 10951: 10947: 10939: 10935: 10925: 10923: 10913: 10909: 10899: 10897: 10880: 10876: 10870:Panagariya 2008 10868: 10864: 10858:Panagariya 2008 10856: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10830: 10828: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10779: 10775: 10766: 10765: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10738: 10737: 10733: 10728:. 25 July 2022. 10720: 10719: 10715: 10708: 10704: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10680: 10678: 10665: 10664: 10660: 10650: 10648: 10637: 10633: 10623: 10621: 10606: 10602: 10592: 10590: 10577: 10576: 10572: 10562: 10560: 10545: 10541: 10531: 10529: 10518: 10514: 10501: 10500: 10496: 10486: 10484: 10477:Hindustan Times 10471: 10470: 10466: 10456: 10454: 10441: 10440: 10436: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10381: 10377: 10367: 10365: 10352: 10351: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10320: 10316: 10306: 10304: 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10264:. 5 August 2019 10256: 10255: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10229: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10169: 10165: 10150: 10146: 10125: 10121: 10090: 10086: 10051: 10047: 10012: 10008: 9998: 9996: 9979: 9975: 9965: 9963: 9948: 9947: 9943: 9905: 9898: 9877: 9873: 9828: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9785: 9783: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9755: 9753: 9738: 9734: 9724: 9722: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9650: 9649: 9645: 9635: 9633: 9616: 9612: 9602: 9600: 9583: 9579: 9569: 9567: 9552: 9548: 9538: 9536: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9508: 9506: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9475: 9460: 9459: 9455: 9445: 9443: 9435:Hindustan Times 9428: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9411: 9410:on 17 July 2013 9398: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9342: 9327: 9323: 9313: 9311: 9298: 9297: 9293: 9283: 9281: 9268: 9267: 9260: 9250: 9248: 9233: 9229: 9223:Wayback Machine 9214: 9210: 9204:Richardson 1984 9202: 9198: 9188: 9186: 9181:. 2 July 2009. 9173: 9172: 9168: 9158: 9156: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9128:Wayback Machine 9119: 9115: 9105: 9103: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9075: 9073: 9058: 9051: 9045:Wayback Machine 9034:India Rising – 9032: 9025: 9015: 9013: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8975: 8959: 8955: 8945: 8943: 8938:. 14 May 2008. 8930: 8929: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8904:Wayback Machine 8890: 8886: 8881:on 6 June 2011. 8878: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8857:Wayback Machine 8847: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8812: 8808: 8798: 8796: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8744: 8740: 8731: 8727: 8717: 8715: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8663: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8619:on 18 June 2012 8607: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8566: 8564: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8476: 8474: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8448: 8443:. p. 133. 8431: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8356:Shah, Justice. 8354: 8350: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8232: 8225: 8220:. 28 June 2015. 8216: 8215: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8183: 8182: 8145: 8138: 8118: 8114: 8104: 8102: 8101:Country Studies 8093: 8092: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8041: 8037: 8022:10.2307/3520142 8016:(9/10): 36–68. 8002: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7970: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7845: 7839: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7813: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7697: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7627:Blood and tears 7623:Wayback Machine 7604:Wayback Machine 7594: 7590: 7583: 7573:Rape in Wartime 7569: 7565: 7558: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7511: 7507: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7456:Wayback Machine 7446: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7423: 7407: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7384: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7071: 7055: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6961: 6957: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6919: 6903: 6899: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6814: 6810: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6535: 6533: 6526: 6518:. p. 115. 6506: 6502: 6489: 6487: 6480: 6464: 6460: 6446: 6444: 6437: 6421: 6417: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6212: 6208: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5774: 5770: 5755: 5751: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5672: 5668: 5656: 5652: 5641: 5625: 5621: 5610: 5590: 5586: 5572: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5531: 5514: 5510: 5483: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5340:on 25 June 2020 5337: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5308:on 16 June 2012 5300: 5299: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5270: 5263: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5228: 5221: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5080:Rajendra Prasad 5057: 5053: 5047:princely states 5043: 5039: 5034: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4955:rating agencies 4947: 4856: 4848:Main articles: 4846: 4803:Milton Friedman 4791:private sectors 4732:economic policy 4728: 4722: 4713: 4661: 4595: 4589: 4568:without debate. 4539:riots broke out 4535: 4528: 4514: 4505: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4403:de facto border 4308: 4136:. In mid-2011, 4102: 4097: 4042:14th Dalai Lama 3871:U.S. President 3794: 3739:Line of Control 3693: 3688: 3587: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3429:Ram Janmabhoomi 3369:Sheikh Abdullah 3365:Farooq Abdullah 3358: 3342:Main articles: 3340: 3320:Chandra Shekhar 3273: 3232:Bhopal disaster 3186: 3107:Harmandir Sahib 3085: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3054: 3042: 3031: 3021:Bhopal disaster 3007:Main articles: 3005: 2989:Shah Commission 2972: 2966: 2930: 2921:civil liberties 2908: 2881:elections from 2848:1973 oil crisis 2844: 2839: 2833: 2774:Eastern defence 2703: 2697: 2688:All India Radio 2638:Operation Flood 2619: 2617:Operation Flood 2611:Main articles: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2597:Operation Flood 2591:Dairy Plant at 2586: 2578: 2577: 2566: 2553: 2546: 2537: 2523: 2514: 2504: 2495: 2488: 2479: 2463: 2454: 2440: 2431: 2424:Sino-Indian War 2400: 2330:, the state of 2328:Northeast India 2324: 2268: 2197: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2103: 2094: 2091:Operation Vijay 2083: 2074: 2067:Battle of Burki 2059: 2028:Sino-Indian War 1954: 1940: 1920:C. N. Annadurai 1866:Swatantra Party 1850: 1848:Swatantra Party 1842:Main articles: 1840: 1838:Swatantra Party 1823:Communist party 1811:Hindu mahasabha 1807: 1739:fast-unto-death 1732: 1726: 1703:nationalisation 1695:Five-Year Plans 1640: 1593: 1576:(militia) from 1546: 1540: 1496:for all adults, 1442: 1436: 1359:Vindhya Pradesh 1326:princely states 1306: 1300: 1287: 1270: 1261: 1238: 1227: 1216:Hyderabad State 1209: 1200: 1190: 1139: 1129: 1115:fast-unto-death 1111:Mohandas Gandhi 1016:. The majority 978: 972: 952:princely states 944: 938: 913:and one of the 871: 842: 841: 807:Coinage History 797:Musical History 737: 729: 728: 727: 683: 675: 674: 673: 618: 610: 609: 608: 558:Delhi Sultanate 552: 542: 541: 540: 476: 466: 465: 464: 424:, 322 – 185 BCE 411: 401: 400: 399: 388:, 345 – 322 BCE 305: 293: 285: 284: 283: 278:3000 – 1000 BCE 272:7000 – 2600 BCE 254:7570 – 6200 BCE 229: 200: 193: 27: 12: 11: 5: 18157: 18147: 18146: 18129: 18128: 18123: 18122: 18120: 18119: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18078: 18076: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17977: 17975: 17971: 17970: 17968: 17967: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17898:Tarak Nath Das 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17848:Shuja-ud-Daula 17845: 17840: 17838:Sarojini Naidu 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17783:Prafulla Chaki 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17728:Mahatma Gandhi 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17484: 17482: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17450:Vakkom Moulavi 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17380:Mahatma Gandhi 17377: 17372: 17367: 17365:Jyotirao Phule 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17305:B. R. Ambedkar 17302: 17297: 17295:Ayya Vaikundar 17292: 17287: 17281: 17279: 17273: 17272: 17270: 17269: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17176: 17174: 17170: 17169: 17167: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17124:Cripps Mission 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17014:Noakhali riots 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16943: 16941: 16935: 16934: 16932: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16880: 16878: 16877:and ideologies 16872: 16871: 16869: 16868: 16861: 16859:Radcliffe Line 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16834:Vellore Mutiny 16831: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16801: 16800: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16728: 16726: 16720: 16719: 16712: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16689: 16680: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16666: 16656: 16655: 16654: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16618: 16617: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16581: 16580: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16537: 16535: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16428: 16427: 16426: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16400: 16398: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16378: 16370: 16369: 16366: 16365: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16331:Income Tax Act 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16307: 16306: 16295: 16293: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16264: 16262: 16258: 16257: 16255: 16254: 16253: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16221: 16220: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16184: 16183: 16173: 16168: 16166:Pulp and paper 16163: 16158: 16157: 16156: 16154:Iron and Steel 16151: 16141: 16140: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16114: 16109: 16108: 16107: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16076: 16075: 16074: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16000: 15998: 15994: 15993: 15991: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15938:Madhya Pradesh 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15873:Andhra Pradesh 15869: 15867: 15863: 15862: 15860: 15859: 15858: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15837: 15832: 15831: 15830: 15820: 15815: 15809: 15807: 15803: 15802: 15800: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15777:Liberalisation 15774: 15769: 15763: 15761: 15755: 15754: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15749: 15744: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15713: 15711: 15707: 15706: 15704: 15703: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15691: 15681: 15680: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15643: 15641: 15637: 15636: 15634: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15542: 15541: 15530: 15528: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15520: 15515: 15509: 15507: 15497: 15496: 15484: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15473: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15416: 15414: 15408: 15407: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15388: 15386: 15380: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15372: 15371: 15369: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15322: 15320: 15314: 15313: 15311: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15269: 15267: 15260: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15229: 15228: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15202: 15196: 15190: 15189: 15187: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15164: 15154: 15149: 15147:Civil Services 15144: 15139: 15137:Prime Minister 15134: 15132:Vice President 15129: 15124: 15123: 15122: 15117: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15091: 15089: 15079: 15078: 15066: 15065: 15062: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15028:Nature worship 15025: 15020: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15004: 14999: 14997:Municipalities 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14968: 14966: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14956: 14951: 14950: 14949: 14944: 14934: 14929: 14928: 14927: 14917: 14912: 14906: 14904: 14898: 14897: 14895: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14873: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14822:Extreme points 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14793: 14791: 14787: 14786: 14784: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14766:National parks 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14726:Climate change 14723: 14718: 14713: 14707: 14705: 14699: 14698: 14696: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14662: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14643: 14641: 14631: 14630: 14618: 14617: 14614: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14585: 14583: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14558:Smiling Buddha 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14514: 14512: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14435:1857 rebellion 14432: 14427: 14422: 14420:Princely state 14417: 14411: 14409: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14394: 14392:European trade 14389: 14384: 14378: 14376: 14370: 14369: 14367: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14339:Medieval India 14335: 14333: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14323: 14318: 14312: 14310: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14275:Yavana Kingdom 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14246: 14244: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14222:Paper currency 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14168: 14167: 14162: 14156: 14154: 14146: 14145: 14133: 14132: 14127: 14126: 14119: 14112: 14104: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14092: 14085: 14078: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14062: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13960: 13959: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13951: 13947: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13850: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13795: 13794: 13791: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13780: 13775: 13774: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13751: 13745: 13744: 13741: 13735: 13734: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13721: 13713: 13705: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13695: 13694: 13691: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13675: 13674: 13671: 13665: 13664: 13661: 13659:Maratha Empire 13655: 13654: 13651: 13645: 13644: 13641: 13639:Sikkim Kingdom 13635: 13634: 13631: 13629:Marava Kingdom 13625: 13624: 13621: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13605: 13604: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13591: 13585: 13584: 13581: 13575: 13574: 13571: 13563: 13555: 13554: 13551: 13550: 13545: 13544: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13529:Keladi Kingdom 13525: 13524: 13521: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13503: 13502: 13499: 13492: 13491: 13488: 13481: 13480: 13477: 13470: 13469: 13466: 13460: 13459: 13456: 13450: 13449: 13446: 13440: 13439: 13436: 13434:Mysore Kingdom 13430: 13429: 13426: 13420: 13419: 13416: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13400: 13399: 13396: 13390: 13389: 13386: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13370: 13369: 13366: 13364:Lodi Sultanate 13359: 13358: 13355: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13337: 13336: 13333: 13326: 13325: 13322: 13315: 13314: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13301: 13299:Ghurid Dynasty 13295: 13294: 13291: 13283: 13275: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13265: 13264: 13250: 13244: 13243: 13240: 13234: 13233: 13230: 13224: 13223: 13220: 13214: 13213: 13210: 13204: 13203: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13170: 13168:Hoysala Empire 13164: 13163: 13160: 13158:Lohara Kingdom 13154: 13153: 13150: 13144: 13143: 13140: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13124: 13123: 13120: 13114: 13113: 13110: 13104: 13103: 13100: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13074: 13073: 13070: 13064: 13063: 13060: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13044: 13043: 13040: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13024: 13023: 13020: 13018:Tibetan Empire 13014: 13013: 13010: 13004: 13003: 12989: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12973: 12972: 12962: 12956: 12955: 12952: 12946: 12945: 12942: 12936: 12935: 12932: 12926: 12925: 12922: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12906: 12905: 12902: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12890:Kadamba Empire 12886: 12885: 12882: 12876: 12875: 12861: 12855: 12854: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12800: 12794: 12793: 12790: 12784: 12783: 12780: 12774: 12773: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12753: 12747: 12746: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12723: 12717: 12716: 12702: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12686: 12685: 12682: 12674: 12666: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12656: 12655: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12614: 12612:Pallava Empire 12608: 12607: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12532: 12530:Seleucid India 12526: 12525: 12522: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12506: 12505: 12502: 12496: 12495: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12457: 12455:Maha Janapadas 12451: 12450: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12420: 12414: 12413: 12410: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12392: 12391: 12390:(1300–1000 BC) 12388: 12381: 12380: 12377: 12370: 12369: 12366: 12358: 12350: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12339: 12336: 12329: 12328: 12327:(2000–1600 BC) 12325: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12306:(1900–1300 BC) 12304: 12297: 12296: 12295:(2600–1900 BC) 12293: 12286: 12285: 12284:(3300–2600 BC) 12282: 12275: 12274: 12273:(3300–1300 BC) 12271: 12263: 12260:(3300–1300 BC) 12255: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12235: 12234: 12233:(1600–1300 BC) 12231: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12213:(3000–1500 BC) 12211: 12205: 12204: 12194: 12186: 12183:(3500–1500 BC) 12178: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12168: 12167: 12166:(5000–3000 BC) 12164: 12158: 12157: 12156:(7000–3300 BC) 12154: 12148: 12147: 12146:(7570–6200 BC) 12144: 12136: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12098: 12090: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12066: 12065: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12044: 12043: 12035: 12034:External links 12032: 12031: 12030: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12006: 11996: 11993: 11983: 11977: 11962: 11956: 11941: 11934: 11920: 11914: 11899: 11893: 11878: 11868: 11859: 11844: 11833: 11827: 11812: 11806: 11789: 11783: 11768: 11765:Indian Economy 11761: 11751:Vasudha Dalmia 11747: 11740: 11733: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11719: 11701: 11689: 11674: 11668: 11650: 11645: 11630: 11624: 11604: 11598: 11583: 11577: 11564: 11558: 11545: 11539: 11526: 11520: 11503: 11497: 11489:Indian Economy 11483: 11481: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11443: 11412: 11382: 11356: 11330: 11304: 11276: 11250: 11222: 11211:. 2 April 2020 11194: 11182: 11180:, p. 1037 11170: 11144: 11132: 11120: 11083: 11071: 11059: 11036: 10995: 10983: 10976: 10958: 10945: 10933: 10907: 10874: 10862: 10850: 10838: 10804: 10773: 10759: 10745: 10731: 10713: 10702: 10688: 10658: 10631: 10600: 10570: 10539: 10512: 10494: 10464: 10434: 10431:. 24 May 2020. 10414: 10375: 10345: 10314: 10275: 10249: 10223: 10197: 10163: 10144: 10119: 10100:(4): 331–338. 10084: 10065:(3): 518–528. 10045: 10026:(4): 311–322. 10006: 9973: 9941: 9922:(2): 151–166. 9896: 9871: 9844:(2): 137–151. 9819: 9793: 9763: 9732: 9701: 9675: 9643: 9610: 9577: 9546: 9516: 9485: 9453: 9421: 9391: 9361: 9352: 9321: 9291: 9258: 9227: 9208: 9206:, p. 210. 9196: 9166: 9155:on 5 July 2009 9136: 9134:– 19 July 2010 9113: 9083: 9049: 9023: 8992: 8973: 8953: 8920: 8908: 8884: 8860: 8841: 8806: 8776: 8763: 8756: 8738: 8725: 8699: 8693:Aditya Sinha, 8686: 8656: 8630: 8600: 8574: 8548: 8533: 8484: 8458: 8425: 8423:, p. 139. 8413: 8400: 8374: 8348: 8332:978-0307272430 8331: 8302: 8290: 8276: 8253: 8246: 8223: 8206: 8143: 8136: 8112: 8086: 8075:on 19 May 2017 8060: 8053: 8035: 7996: 7987: 7968: 7948: 7941: 7920: 7903:THE DAILY STAR 7890: 7830: 7811: 7791: 7759: 7750: 7716: 7710:978-9694025261 7709: 7691: 7677: 7663: 7649: 7635: 7588: 7581: 7563: 7556: 7544:Tottne, Samuel 7534: 7527: 7515:Kent Worcester 7505: 7470: 7460: 7440: 7421: 7401: 7382: 7370:Totten, Samuel 7356: 7337: 7317: 7298: 7278: 7244: 7232:on 8 July 2011 7207: 7200: 7180: 7148: 7137:on 25 May 2009 7131:"About Sikkim" 7122: 7088: 7070:978-0262182348 7069: 7049: 7031:978-8171881055 7030: 7010: 6980: 6973: 6955: 6936: 6917: 6897: 6865: 6833: 6827:978-8125004226 6826: 6808: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6717: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6655: 6635: 6604: 6574: 6565: 6546: 6524: 6500: 6478: 6458: 6435: 6415: 6388:(1): 165–194. 6372: 6370:, p. 364. 6360: 6358:, p. 243. 6348: 6341: 6321: 6292: 6266: 6256: 6236: 6226: 6206: 6187: 6177: 6157: 6147: 6127: 6120: 6100: 6093: 6075: 6051: 6045:978-8174884961 6044: 6026: 5996: 5962: 5937: 5930: 5907: 5875: 5843: 5812: 5786: 5768: 5749: 5732: 5725: 5705: 5686: 5666: 5650: 5639: 5619: 5608: 5584: 5577:Joya Chatterji 5570: 5552: 5540: 5529: 5508: 5481: 5447: 5415: 5403: 5377: 5351: 5319: 5293: 5279: 5261: 5237: 5219: 5195: 5193:, p. 304. 5180: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5060:B. R. Ambedkar 5051: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4975: 4972: 4946: 4943: 4875:Manmohan Singh 4845: 4842: 4787:heavy industry 4724:Main article: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4697:18th Lok Sabha 4682:Pragati Maidan 4670:British Empire 4665:Droupadi Murmu 4660: 4657: 4639:Vice President 4624:medical oxygen 4591:Main article: 4588: 4585: 4541:in Delhi. The 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4463: 4456: 4328:Chief Minister 4307: 4304: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4081:European Union 3977:Mumbai attacks 3964:A view of the 3934:Abhinav Bharat 3910:Pratibha Patil 3893:George W. Bush 3877:Manmohan Singh 3873:George W. Bush 3814:Manmohan Singh 3802:Congress Party 3793: 3790: 3773:NDA government 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3586: 3583: 3567:consumer goods 3526:Manmohan Singh 3512:Indian Century 3504:Main article: 3501: 3498: 3479: 3478: 3472:Manmohan Singh 3469: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3413:Indian economy 3344:1990s in India 3339: 3336: 3312:Ram Rath Yatra 3292:Bofors scandal 3272: 3269: 3265:Bofors scandal 3213:gas leaked out 3185: 3182: 3087: 3086: 3045: 3043: 3036: 3004: 3001: 2968:Main article: 2965: 2962: 2929: 2926: 2907: 2904: 2843: 2840: 2835:Main article: 2832: 2829: 2794:taken prisoner 2742:genocidal rape 2699:Main article: 2696: 2693: 2678:, Indian Army 2658:, signing the 2652:A. A. K. Niazi 2608: 2605: 2593:Anand, Gujarat 2587: 2580: 2579: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2480: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2401: 2394: 2323: 2320: 2316:First Schedule 2312:36th Amendment 2308:35th Amendment 2267: 2264: 2212:Alize aircraft 2196: 2193: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048: 1939: 1936: 1882:K. M. Cariappa 1839: 1836: 1806: 1803: 1728:Main article: 1725: 1722: 1679:untouchability 1667:private sector 1639: 1636: 1592: 1589: 1558:princely state 1542:Main article: 1539: 1536: 1438:Main article: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1410: 1407:Operation Polo 1396: 1308:In July 1946, 1302:Main article: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1191: 1184: 1148:Nathuram Godse 1131:Mahatma Gandhi 1127: 974:Main article: 971: 968: 964:Mahatma Gandhi 940:Main article: 937: 934: 917:in the world. 873: 872: 870: 869: 862: 855: 847: 844: 843: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 726: 725: 724: 723: 717: 705: 704: 703: 692: 685: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 665: 659: 653: 650:Maratha Empire 647: 646: 645: 636:Mughal Dynasty 633: 627: 624:Mughal Dynasty 620: 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 607: 606: 600: 594: 591:Pandyan Empire 588: 587: 586: 581: 579:Sayyid Dynasty 576: 574:Tugluq Dynasty 571: 569:Khalji Dynasty 566: 564:Mamluk Dynasty 554: 553: 548: 547: 544: 543: 539: 538: 532: 526: 525: 524: 519: 514: 503: 497: 491: 485: 484:, 543 – 753 CE 478: 477: 474:Early medieval 472: 471: 468: 467: 463: 462: 456: 450: 447:Kushan Dynasty 444: 439: 438: 437: 431: 430:, 185 – 73 BCE 428:Shunga Dynasty 425: 422:Maurya Dynasty 413: 412: 407: 406: 403: 402: 398: 397: 391: 390: 389: 383: 377: 371: 359: 358: 357: 356: 355: 354: 353: 348: 343: 333: 332: 331: 321: 309: 301: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 282: 281: 280: 279: 273: 267: 261: 255: 243: 237: 231: 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 216: 215: 205: 204: 195: 194: 187: 173:. However, it 108:Mahatma Gandhi 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18156: 18145: 18142: 18141: 18139: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18079: 18077: 18073: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17972: 17966: 17965: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17843:Satyapal Dang 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17768:Nana Fadnavis 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17733:Mangal Pandey 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17693:Khudiram Bose 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17608:Chetram Jatav 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17578:Bhikaiji Cama 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17568:Bharathidasan 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17553:Basawon Singh 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17485: 17483: 17477: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17440:Sri Aurobindo 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17410:Ram Mohan Roy 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17390:Narayana Guru 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17282: 17280: 17274: 17268: 17267: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17177: 17175: 17173:Organisations 17171: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17134:Bombay Mutiny 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17119:Indian Legion 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17059:1928 Protests 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17004:Rowlatt Bills 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16974: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16942: 16936: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16881: 16879: 16873: 16867: 16866: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16779: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16729: 16727: 16725: 16721: 16717: 16710: 16705: 16703: 16698: 16696: 16691: 16690: 16687: 16665: 16662: 16661: 16660: 16657: 16653: 16650: 16649: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16616: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16571: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16536: 16534: 16530: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16433: 16432: 16429: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16395: 16391: 16384: 16380: 16379: 16375: 16371: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16346:Insurance Act 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16336:Companies Act 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16305: 16302: 16301: 16300: 16297: 16296: 16294: 16290: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16265: 16263: 16259: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16219: 16216: 16215: 16214: 16211: 16210: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16182: 16181:Biotechnology 16179: 16178: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16145: 16142: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16119: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16106: 16103: 16102: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16085:Entertainment 16083: 16081: 16078: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16053: 16052: 16049: 16048: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16006: 16005: 16002: 16001: 15999: 15995: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15983:Uttar Pradesh 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15870: 15868: 15864: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15842: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15829: 15826: 15825: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15810: 15808: 15804: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15756: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15739: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15708: 15702: 15699: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15682: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15667:Digital rupee 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15644: 15642: 15638: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15626:Make in India 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15581:Foreign trade 15579: 15577: 15576:External debt 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15540: 15537: 15536: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15525: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15510: 15508: 15506: 15502: 15498: 15494: 15489: 15485: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15413: 15409: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15389: 15387: 15385: 15381: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15319: 15315: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15255: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15238:Chief Justice 15236: 15234: 15233:Supreme Court 15231: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15191: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15112: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15100:Energy policy 15098: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15071: 15067: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14965: 14961: 14955: 14952: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14939: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14926: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14907: 14905: 14903: 14899: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14860:Indo-Gangetic 14858: 14857: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14794: 14792: 14788: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14704: 14700: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14640: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14623: 14619: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14580: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14568:The Emergency 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14509: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14408: 14404: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14375: 14371: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14332: 14328: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14307: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14290:Kushan Empire 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14265:Mahajanapadas 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14239: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14157: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14138: 14134: 14125: 14120: 14118: 14113: 14111: 14106: 14105: 14102: 14091: 14086: 14084: 14079: 14077: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14068: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13954: 13953: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13914:Uttar Pradesh 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13844: 13843: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13789: 13788: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13766: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13746: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13716: 13708: 13703: 13702: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13676: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13656: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13626: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13616: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13586: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13576: 13572: 13570: 13569:Mughal Empire 13567: 13566: 13558: 13553: 13552: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13536: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13522: 13520: 13516: 13515: 13511: 13509: 13505: 13504: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13493: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13471: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13431: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13397: 13395: 13394:Reddy Kingdom 13392: 13391: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13371: 13367: 13365: 13361: 13360: 13356: 13354: 13350: 13349: 13345: 13343: 13339: 13338: 13334: 13332: 13328: 13327: 13323: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13278: 13273: 13272: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13121: 13119: 13118:Yadava Empire 13116: 13115: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13105: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13055: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13011: 13009: 13008:Harsha Empire 13006: 13005: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12917: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12897: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12791: 12789: 12788:Kushan Empire 12786: 12785: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12775: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12722: 12721:Shunga Empire 12719: 12718: 12703: 12701: 12700:Mitra Dynasty 12698: 12697: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12669: 12664: 12663: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12642: AD 500 12638: 250 BC 12632: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12621: 250 AD 12615: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12604: 300 BC 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12587: 300 BC 12581: 12579: 12578:Chera Kingdom 12576: 12575: 12570: 300 BC 12564: 12562: 12561:Pandya Empire 12559: 12558: 12553: 300 AD 12549: 300 BC 12543: 12541: 12540:Sangam period 12538: 12537: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12523: 12521: 12520:Maurya Empire 12518: 12517: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12497: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12447: 600 BC 12441: 12439: 12436: 12435: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12411: 12409: 12405: 12404: 12401:(1200–600 BC) 12400: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12387: 12383: 12382: 12379:(1500–600 BC) 12378: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12368:(1500–500 BC) 12367: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12355:(1500–200 BC) 12353: 12348: 12347: 12338:(1600–500 BC) 12337: 12335: 12331: 12330: 12326: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12316:(2000–500 BC) 12315: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12298: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12287: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12258: 12253: 12252: 12243:(1400–700 BC) 12242: 12240: 12239:Jorwe culture 12237: 12236: 12232: 12230: 12229:Malwa culture 12227: 12226: 12223:(1600–750 BC) 12222: 12220: 12219:Pandu culture 12217: 12216: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12181: 12176: 12175: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12131: 12126: 12125: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12093: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12028: 12024: 12023: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11991:online review 11988: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11970: 11969: 11963: 11959: 11957:9781101024546 11953: 11949: 11948: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11915:9788171887088 11911: 11907: 11906: 11900: 11896: 11894:9780739121450 11890: 11886: 11885: 11879: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11867: 11862: 11860:9780330540209 11856: 11852: 11851: 11845: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11828:9788131710258 11824: 11820: 11819: 11813: 11809: 11807:9780395730973 11803: 11798: 11797: 11790: 11786: 11784:9788172235925 11780: 11776: 11775: 11769: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11730:Bipan Chandra 11728: 11727: 11713: 11706: 11702: 11692: 11686: 11682: 11681: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11651: 11648: 11646:9780877737896 11642: 11638: 11637: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11616: 11615: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11591: 11590: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11570: 11565: 11561: 11555: 11551: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11532: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11490: 11485: 11484: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11447: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11416: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11371:. 19 May 2020 11370: 11366: 11360: 11345: 11341: 11334: 11319: 11315: 11308: 11292: 11287: 11280: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11239: 11232: 11226: 11210: 11209: 11204: 11198: 11191: 11186: 11179: 11174: 11158: 11157:The Economist 11154: 11148: 11141: 11136: 11129: 11124: 11105: 11101: 11094: 11087: 11081:, p. 507 11080: 11075: 11068: 11063: 11047: 11040: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10987: 10979: 10973: 10969: 10968:India Unbound 10962: 10955: 10949: 10942: 10937: 10922: 10918: 10911: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10866: 10859: 10854: 10848:, p. 179 10847: 10842: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10777: 10769: 10763: 10755: 10749: 10741: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10706: 10698: 10692: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10662: 10646: 10642: 10635: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10543: 10527: 10523: 10516: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10438: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10418: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10318: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10279: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10238: 10234: 10227: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10167: 10159: 10155: 10148: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10123: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10010: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9977: 9961: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9945: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9901: 9892: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9826: 9824: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9647: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9614: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9581: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9550: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9457: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9425: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9395: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9356: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9325: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9212: 9205: 9200: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9117: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9030: 9028: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8957: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8877: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8845: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8810: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8773: 8767: 8759: 8757:9780300100136 8753: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8732:Neena Gopal, 8729: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8696: 8690: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8544: 8537: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8429: 8422: 8417: 8410: 8409:Asian Affairs 8404: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8309: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8279: 8277:9780520231221 8273: 8269: 8268: 8260: 8258: 8249: 8247:9780520216082 8243: 8239: 8238: 8230: 8228: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8116: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8056: 8054:81-7017-061-3 8050: 8046: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7952: 7944: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7835: 7818: 7814: 7812:9780816607204 7808: 7804: 7803: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7763: 7754: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7727: 7720: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7687: 7681: 7673: 7667: 7659: 7653: 7645: 7639: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7614:, Chapter 8, 7613: 7612:3-8258-4010-7 7609: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7567: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7464: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7444: 7428: 7424: 7422:9780070700628 7418: 7414: 7413: 7405: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7338:9781317684862 7334: 7330: 7329: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7299:81-7036-773-5 7295: 7291: 7290: 7282: 7266: 7262: 7260: 7259:public domain 7254: 7248: 7228: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7203: 7201:9788173310997 7197: 7193: 7192: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7053: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6918:0-8131-9170-X 6914: 6910: 6909: 6901: 6882: 6875: 6869: 6850: 6843: 6837: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6778:, p. 190 6777: 6772: 6766:, p. 189 6765: 6760: 6754:, p. 188 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6695: 6690: 6683: 6678: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6593:on 1 May 2017 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6543: 6531: 6527: 6525:0-521-65377-0 6521: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6504: 6497: 6485: 6481: 6479:0-415-32919-1 6475: 6471: 6470: 6462: 6455: 6442: 6438: 6436:81-86706-49-6 6432: 6428: 6427: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6368:Kopstein 2005 6364: 6357: 6352: 6344: 6342:81-212-0585-9 6338: 6334: 6333: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6240: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6210: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6161: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6104: 6096: 6094:9789350293133 6090: 6086: 6079: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5892: 5885: 5879: 5860: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5782: 5781:Patel: A Life 5778: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5670: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5289: 5283: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213:, p. 8, 5212: 5208: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5104:R. R. Diwakar 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4978: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960:Fitch Ratings 4956: 4952: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4871:Narasimha Rao 4867: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4816:and improved 4815: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4775: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4748:public sector 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4717: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4686:Chandrayaan-3 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4615:Harsh Vardhan 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498:Gadi Eizenkot 4496: 4492: 4488: 4487:Reuven Rivlin 4485: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4467:Make in India 4460: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4424:By repealing 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4365:Digital India 4362: 4361:Make in India 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4336:Narendra Modi 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4257:Muzaffarnagar 4254: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242:Eastern India 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067:, New Delhi, 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014:Potala Palace 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3946:Chandrayaan-1 3942: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3903:U.S. Congress 3899: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854:Mumbai floods 3850: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735:War on Terror 3732: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542:fiscal policy 3539: 3535: 3534:privatisation 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379:Militants in 3377: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3332: 3331:Sriperumbudur 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3217:Union Carbide 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131:Golden Temple 3128: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3083: 3080: 3072: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3046:This section 3044: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2984:Morarji Desai 2981: 2977: 2971: 2958: 2954: 2953:Morarji Desai 2950: 2946: 2944: 2943:sterilisation 2940: 2936: 2935:Sanjay Gandhi 2925: 2922: 2917: 2914:to declare a 2913: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887:Indira Gandhi 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2838: 2825: 2821: 2820:Indira Gandhi 2817: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2599:in the 1970s. 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2568:The state of 2564: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Jaintia Hills 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2306:. First, the 2305: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:Morarji Desai 2153: 2152:Indira Gandhi 2149: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2132:Indira Gandhi 2128: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2069:, during the 2068: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879:Field Marshal 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:Justice party 1812: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1671:public sector 1668: 1664: 1663:public sector 1660: 1659:mixed economy 1656: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1427: 1426:Mountbatten's 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412:The state of 1411: 1408: 1405:, code-named 1404: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:Madhya Bharat 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:British India 1319: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159:East Pakistan 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1061:to this day. 1060: 1055: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:British India 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 977: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 943: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 911:third largest 908: 904: 900: 899:protectionism 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 848: 846: 845: 838: 835: 833: 832:Naval History 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 732: 721: 718: 715: 712: 711: 709: 706: 702: 699: 698: 696: 693: 690: 687: 686: 679: 678: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 643: 640: 639: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 621: 614: 613: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 585: 584:Lodhi Dynasty 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 559: 556: 555: 551: 550:Late medieval 546: 545: 536: 533: 530: 529:Chola Dynasty 527: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 507: 504: 501: 500:Arab Invasion 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 479: 475: 470: 469: 460: 459:Gupta Dynasty 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 443: 442:Sangam period 440: 436:, 73 – 28 BCE 435: 434:Kanva Dynasty 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 419: 418: 415: 414: 410: 405: 404: 395: 394:Mahajanapadas 392: 387: 386:Nanda Dynasty 384: 382:413 – 345 BCE 381: 378: 376:544 – 413 BCE 375: 372: 369: 366: 365: 364: 361: 360: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 337: 334: 330: 327: 326: 325: 322: 319: 316: 315: 313: 310: 307: 302: 299: 296: 295: 289: 288: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 249: 247: 244: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 225: 224: 221: 218: 217: 211: 207: 206: 203: 197: 196: 191: 186: 185: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 133:and regional 132: 128: 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 76:British India 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 16: 18091: 18087:Constitution 18075:Independence 17962: 17933:Vanchinathan 17563:Bhagat Singh 17518:Annie Besant 17479:Independence 17460:Vinoba Bhave 17264: 17260:Swaraj Party 17164:Lucknow Pact 17074:Purna Swaraj 17064:Nehru Report 16971: 16875:Philosophies 16863: 16829:Polygar Wars 16757:French India 16742:Dutch Bengal 16732:Colonisation 16622:Martial arts 16546:Architecture 16419:Demographics 16404:Caste system 16381:Society and 16031:Construction 15813:By net worth 15647:Indian rupee 15450:Reservations 15318:Intelligence 15221:Human rights 15206:Constitution 14964:Subdivisions 14657:Indian Plate 14647:Fossil Parks 14588: 14582:Contemporary 14497:World War II 14374:Early Modern 14364:Vijayanagara 14260:Vedic period 14130:India topics 13979:Demographics 13969:Architecture 13813: 13749:French India 13739:Danish India 13619:Bengal Subah 13609:Bhoi dynasty 13539:Koch Kingdom 13374:Ahom Kingdom 13248:Deva Kingdom 12940:Huna Kingdom 12880:Gupta Empire 12782:(AD 35–405 ) 12741:Kanva Empire 12713: 50 BC 12595:Chola Empire 12534:(312–303 BC) 12524:(321–184 BC) 12514:(330–323 BC) 12504:(380–321 BC) 12500:Nanda Empire 12494:(424–345 BC) 12476:(550–330 BC) 12432:(684–424 BC) 12422:(799–684 BC) 12412:(700–200 BC) 12334:Swat culture 12180:Chalcolithic 12092:Palaeolithic 12026: 12009: 11999: 11986: 11967: 11946: 11937: 11927: 11923: 11904: 11883: 11871: 11849: 11840: 11836: 11817: 11795: 11773: 11764: 11755: 11743: 11736: 11712:the original 11694:, retrieved 11679: 11658: 11635: 11613: 11588: 11568: 11549: 11530: 11507: 11488: 11465:. Retrieved 11461:the original 11456: 11446: 11434:. Retrieved 11430:the original 11425: 11415: 11403:. Retrieved 11399:the original 11394: 11385: 11373:. Retrieved 11368: 11359: 11347:. Retrieved 11343: 11333: 11321:. Retrieved 11317: 11307: 11295:. Retrieved 11290: 11279: 11267:. Retrieved 11262: 11253: 11241:. Retrieved 11237: 11225: 11213:. Retrieved 11206: 11197: 11185: 11173: 11161:. Retrieved 11156: 11147: 11135: 11130:, p. 7. 11123: 11111:. Retrieved 11104:the original 11099: 11086: 11074: 11062: 11050:. Retrieved 11039: 11027:. Retrieved 11020:the original 11015: 11011: 10998: 10986: 10967: 10961: 10948: 10936: 10924:. Retrieved 10920: 10910: 10898:. Retrieved 10894:the original 10887: 10877: 10872:, p. 24 10865: 10853: 10841: 10831:13 September 10829:. Retrieved 10818:The Guardian 10817: 10807: 10795:. Retrieved 10786: 10776: 10762: 10748: 10734: 10725: 10716: 10705: 10691: 10679:. Retrieved 10670: 10661: 10649:. Retrieved 10644: 10634: 10622:. Retrieved 10613: 10603: 10591:. 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Advani 4309: 4288:space agency 4279: 4273: 4250: 4238:Ponzi scheme 4223: 4192: 4158: 4150: 4123: 4050: 4035: 3992: 3981: 3974: 3951:space rocket 3944: 3938: 3922:Sonia Gandhi 3907: 3886: 3846: 3838: 3822:Rajiv Gandhi 3818:Sonia Gandhi 3795: 3782: 3751: 3724: 3716:Chhattisgarh 3713: 3705: 3697:Bill Clinton 3694: 3657: 3645: 3637:Nawaz Sharif 3634: 3626:Bill Clinton 3618: 3588: 3563: 3515: 3484: 3470: 3454: 3425:Babri Mosque 3421:Bombay riots 3418: 3393: 3378: 3359: 3356:Bombay riots 3306:arrested in 3281: 3274: 3262: 3241: 3210: 3194: 3190:Rajiv Gandhi 3187: 3167:launched by 3161:Asia Pacific 3143: 3116: 3090: 3075: 3069:January 2021 3066: 3055:Please help 3050:verification 3047: 2996:Charan Singh 2993: 2980:amalgamation 2976:Janata Party 2973: 2970:Janata Party 2957:Jimmy Carter 2931: 2909: 2869: 2867:in Gujarat. 2845: 2751:-affiliated 2746: 2722:Awami League 2719: 2704: 2635: 2620: 2572:led India's 2465: 2449:, Nagaland. 2422:. After the 2325: 2302:amended the 2296: 2292:a referendum 2269: 2221: 2210:launches an 2206: 2180:P. N. Haksar 2176: 2168: 2137: 2025: 2014: 1995: 1962:Soviet Union 1955: 1917: 1909: 1896:Gayatri Devi 1875:K. M. Munshi 1858:Minoo Masani 1851: 1808: 1779:Bombay State 1759:Madras State 1743:Andhra State 1738: 1733: 1717:South Indian 1707:common lands 1699:Soviet model 1675: 1652: 1649: 1641: 1594: 1582: 1573: 1547: 1521:Republic Day 1518: 1509: 1460:. To ensure 1443: 1434:Constitution 1375: 1307: 1224:Secunderabad 1152: 1141: 1124: 1114: 1105:, Delhi and 1063: 1050: 979: 945: 919: 883:nuclear test 876: 777:LGBT history 707: 642:Bengal Subah 630:Suri Dynasty 617:Early modern 597:Vijayanagara 522:Pala Dynasty 318:Kuru kingdom 179:Soviet Union 120: 64:subcontinent 59: 47: 43: 41: 28: 15: 18031:Mountbatten 17653:Hemu Kalani 17533:Bagha Jatin 17470:Vivekananda 17225:India House 17109:Act of 1935 16884:Ambedkarism 16752:British Raj 16664:Traditional 16341:Banking Act 16326:SARFESI Act 16240:Electricity 16061:Oil and gas 16051:Electricity 16004:Agriculture 15988:West Bengal 15978:Uttarakhand 15943:Maharashtra 15782:Licence Raj 15737:Black money 15596:Remittances 15440:Nationalism 15425:Citizenship 15258:Enforcement 15243:High Courts 15120:Rajya Sabha 14781:sanctuaries 14731:Earthquakes 14703:Environment 14518:Integration 14492:1943 famine 14440:British Raj 14407:Late modern 14331:Middle Ages 14295:Alchon Huns 14207:Mathematics 14197:Linguistics 13964:Agriculture 13934:South India 13909:Maharashtra 13859:Balochistan 13799:Afghanistan 13773:(1858–1947) 13769:British Raj 13763:(1757–1858) 13759:Company Raj 13753:(1759–1954) 13743:(1620–1869) 13733:(1605–1825) 13729:Dutch India 13723:(1510–1961) 13710:(1510–1961) 13693:(1799–1849) 13689:Sikh Empire 13683:(1729–1947) 13673:(1707–1799) 13663:(1674–1818) 13653:(1650–1948) 13643:(1642–1975) 13633:(1600–1750) 13623:(1576–1757) 13613:(1541–1804) 13603:(1532–1673) 13593:(1529–1736) 13583:(1540–1556) 13573:(1526–1858) 13560:(1526–1858) 13543:(1515–1947) 13533:(1499–1763) 13523:(1518–1687) 13512:(1492–1686) 13501:(1492–1619) 13490:(1490–1574) 13479:(1490–1636) 13468:(1490–1596) 13458:(1470–1842) 13448:(1434–1541) 13438:(1399–1947) 13428:(1358–1803) 13418:(1352–1576) 13408:(1336–1646) 13398:(1325–1448) 13388:(1300–1779) 13378:(1228–1826) 13368:(1451–1526) 13357:(1414–1451) 13346:(1320–1414) 13335:(1290–1320) 13324:(1206–1290) 13313:(1206–1526) 13303:(1170–1206) 13280:(1206–1526) 13261: 1300 13257: 1200 13242:(1187–1673) 13232:(1156–1184) 13212:(1102–1766) 13202:(1083–1323) 13192:(1078–1434) 13182:(1070–1230) 13178:Sena Empire 13172:(1040–1347) 13162:(1003–1320) 13088:Pala Empire 12950:Rai Kingdom 12792:(AD 60–240) 12725:(185–73 BC) 12481:Ror Dynasty 12201: 3950 11950:. Penguin. 11696:15 November 11654:Sen, Sankar 11480:Works cited 11467:3 September 11436:3 September 11405:3 September 11113:12 December 10926:4 September 10797:30 December 10787:Science.org 10756:. May 2023. 10532:13 December 9786:8 September 9756:8 September 9725:8 September 9694:8 September 9636:11 December 9478:9 September 9446:9 September 8679:11 December 8649:23 December 8593:23 December 8526:23 December 8477:1 September 8362:archive.org 8338:13 February 8283:13 February 7310:23 December 7081:23 December 7042:23 December 6952:(2): 60–67. 6776:Erdman 2008 6764:Erdman 2008 6752:Erdman 2008 6740:Erdman 2008 6728:Erdman 2008 6713:Erdman 2008 6694:Erdman 2008 6682:Erdman 2008 6597:19 November 6285:23 December 5989:19 December 5955:19 December 5916:Atul, Kohli 5868:11 November 5836:18 February 5660:, Encarta. 5370:22 December 5344:22 December 5312:22 December 5273:27 December 5231:27 December 5120:K. C. Neogy 5116:N.V. Gadgil 5088:John Mathai 5026:Licence Raj 4953:, numerous 4949:During the 4883:Licence Raj 4837:V. P. Singh 4814:fertilisers 4726:Licence Raj 4566:Rajya Sabha 4189:is located. 4138:Anna Hazare 3941:lunar probe 3767:Section of 3720:Uttarakhand 3431:dispute in 3260:resources. 3257:V. P. Singh 3197:Licence Raj 3173:meteorology 2941:of men and 2939:vasectomies 2798:Indian Army 2738:Bangladeshi 2374:. In 1972, 2360:Khasi Hills 2352:Garo people 2284:Indian Army 2214:during the 2184:Privy Purse 2160:devaluation 2038:and Indian 2036:South Tibet 1904:Cooch Behar 1871:N. G. Ranga 1771:Maharashtra 1456:became the 1342:V. P. Menon 1248:signed the 1167:appeasement 1155:West Bengal 1119:Indian Army 1086:East Bengal 1082:Baluchistan 1074:West Punjab 986:British Raj 926:great power 772:Art History 695:British Raj 668:Sikh Empire 656:Company Raj 502:, c. 738 CE 228:Prehistoric 199:History of 145:, and with 52:independent 18061:Linlithgow 18001:Chelmsford 17991:Cornwallis 17903:Tatya Tope 17773:Nana Saheb 17678:K. Kamaraj 17628:Dhan Singh 17543:Bakht Khan 17195:Arya Samaj 17129:Quit India 17079:Salt March 16938:Events and 16914:Satyagraha 16615:television 16605:Literature 16409:Corruption 16132:Television 16100:Healthcare 16021:Automotive 15968:Tamil Nadu 15835:Labour law 15818:Demography 15621:NITI Aayog 15527:Governance 15513:BSE SENSEX 15465:Secularism 15420:Censorship 15211:Penal Code 15110:Parliament 15087:Government 14892:Waterfalls 14736:Ecoregions 14599:Pokhran-II 14397:Bengal War 14212:Metallurgy 14044:Philosophy 14024:Metallurgy 14014:Literature 13939:Tamil Nadu 13804:Bangladesh 13579:Sur Empire 13293:(977–1186) 13259: – c. 13222:(675–1210) 13152:(973–1189) 13142:(942–1244) 13132:(882–1110) 13122:(850–1334) 13112:(800–1327) 13092:(750–1174) 13072:(694–1947) 13052:(650–1036) 13032:(624–1075) 13000: 700 12998: – c. 12996: 550 12969: 500 12914:(350–1100) 12904:(350–1000) 12872: 600 12870: – c. 12868: 250 12851: 500 12849: – c. 12847: 250 12770: 130 12745:(75–26 BC) 12711: – c. 12709: 150 12640: – c. 12606:– AD 1279) 12589:– AD 1102) 12572:– AD 1345) 12551: – c. 12464: 600 12449:– AD 1600) 12257:Bronze Age 11178:Kumar 2005 11163:17 January 11029:17 January 10900:17 January 10593:20 October 10338:2 December 9812:6 November 9008:. London. 8946:4 November 8439:(Thesis). 7856:(4): 398. 7631:Bangladesh 7003:20 October 6667:8 February 6356:Ghose 1993 6019:9 December 5805:14 October 5763:pib.gov.in 5743:. London: 5698:5 December 5491:2018021693 5396:25 October 5145:References 5096:Amrit Kaur 4835:, he made 4818:irrigation 4298:, and the 4280:Mangalyaan 4270:spacecraft 3681:victories. 3652:Kargil War 3622:Pokhran-II 3603:Janata Dal 3516:Under the 3510:See also: 3396:Tamil Nadu 3308:Samastipur 3288:Janata Dal 3271:Janata Dal 3103:Akal Takht 2883:Rai Bareli 2871:Raj Narain 2790:Bangladesh 2715:Bangladesh 2532:in India. 2388:Mizo Hills 2386:(from the 2368:Garo Hills 2338:. Part of 2237:Bangladesh 2225:intervened 2107:Aksai Chin 2044:Aksai Chin 1942:See also: 1797:-speaking 1789:-speaking 1767:Tamil Nadu 1578:Waziristan 1490:fraternity 1385:plebiscite 1347:Rajpramukh 1280:Hari Singh 1072:living in 990:South Asia 903:corruption 264:Lahuradewa 135:separatist 18036:Wellesley 18021:Dalhousie 17883:Surya Sen 17778:P. Kakkan 17738:Mir Qasim 17713:M. N. Roy 17648:Har Dayal 17481:activists 17310:Baba Amte 17300:Ayyankali 17278:reformers 17200:Azad Hind 16940:movements 16919:Socialism 16647:Sculpture 16600:Festivals 16566:Webcomics 16518:Sexuality 16468:Languages 16431:Education 16261:Regulator 16208:Transport 16105:Hospitals 16041:Education 16009:Livestock 15973:Telangana 15963:Rajasthan 15923:Karnataka 15918:Jharkhand 15722:Insurance 15701:Inflation 15606:Subsidies 15505:Companies 15435:Democracy 15430:Elections 15402:Air Force 15127:President 15115:Lok Sabha 14992:Districts 14947:Southeast 14942:Southwest 14932:Northeast 14925:Northwest 14887:Volcanoes 14847:Mountains 14790:Landforms 14627:Geography 14502:Partition 14467:Zamindari 14250:Stone Age 14187:Economics 14172:Astronomy 14153:Overviews 13994:Education 13984:Dynasties 13904:Rajasthan 13889:Karnataka 13834:Sri Lanka 13102:(753–982) 13082:(736–916) 13062:(661–750) 13042:(632–661) 13022:(618–841) 13012:(606–647) 12981:(543–753) 12954:(489–632) 12944:(475–576) 12934:(475–767) 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15011:See also 14827:Glaciers 14776:Wildlife 14666:Heritage 14511:Republic 14445:Railways 14415:Colonial 14387:Marathas 14354:Kakatiya 14242:Ancient 14217:Military 14202:Maritime 14177:Clothing 14160:Timeline 14059:Timeline 14049:Religion 14029:Military 14019:Maritime 14009:Language 13999:Indology 13829:Pakistan 13819:Maldives 13517: – 13506: – 13495: – 13484: – 13473: – 13362: – 13351: – 13340: – 13329: – 13318: – 12466:–300 BC) 12406: – 12395: – 12384: – 12373: – 12352:Iron Age 12332: – 12321: – 12300: – 12289: – 12278: – 11926:(2009); 11839:(1979); 11656:(2002). 11610:(2008). 10791:Archived 10726:BBC News 10675:Archived 10618:Archived 10587:Archived 10557:Archived 10481:Archived 10451:Archived 10447:NDTV.com 10428:ThePrint 10401:Archived 10362:Archived 10358:BBC News 10332:Archived 10301:Archived 10262:BBC News 10237:ThePrint 9993:Archived 9988:Zee News 9960:Archived 9910:(2015). 9806:Archived 9750:Archived 9719:Archived 9662:Archived 9630:Archived 9597:Archived 9564:Archived 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