225:
1744:
1605:
166:
2183:
982:
933:
740:
595:
2001:
152:
1931:
24:
1443:
919:
765:
717:
698:
665:
646:
235:
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growth in both west and southern
Germany. Unemployment was much higher in the East, often over 15%. Economists Snower and Merkl (2006) suggest that the malaise was prolonged by all the social and economic help from the German government, pointing especially to bargaining by proxy, high unemployment benefits and welfare entitlements, and generous job-security provisions.
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The economic policies were heavily oriented toward the world market, and the export sector continued to be very strong. Prosperity was pulled along by exports that reached a record of $ 1.7 trillion US dollars in 2011, or half of the German GDP, or nearly 8% of all of the exports in the world. While
1556:
Germany invested over two trillion marks in the rehabilitation of the former East
Germany, helping it to transition to a market economy and cleaning up the environmental degradation. By 2011 the results were mixed, with slow economic development in the East, in sharp contrast to the rapid economic
1560:
The German economic miracle petered out in the 1990s, so that by the end of the century and the early 2000s it was ridiculed as "the sick man of Europe." It suffered a short recession in 2003. The economic growth rate was a very low 1.2% annually from 1988 to 2005. Unemployment, especially in the
2153:
in 2015 as it became the final destination of choice for many asylum seekers from Africa and the Middle East entering the EU. The country took in over a million refugees and migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its federal states based on their tax income and
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208:
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resulted in a stalemate for both major parties, SPD and CDU/CSU, as they won almost the same number of seats, but not enough to form a majority without the support of several smaller parties. This was resolved on
November 11, 2005, when both parties agreed to form a grand coalition led by
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the rest of the
European Community struggled with financial issues, Germany took a conservative position based on an extraordinarily strong economy after 2010. The labor market proved flexible, and the export industries were attuned to world demand.
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three days after the start of the invasion signaled a foreign policy shift in contemporary
Germany, with billions of dollars in investments in the German military. Scholz also approved direct military and economic aid to
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198:
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As of
December 2023, Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world after the United States, China and Japan and the largest economy in Europe. It is the third largest export nation in the world.
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As of
December 2023, Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world after the United States, China and Japan and the largest economy in Europe. It is the third largest export nation in the world.
1662:
became the capital of
Germany on October 3, although the government continued to have its seat in Bonn until 1999. December 2 marks the first elections for the city parliament after reunification.
2331:
From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Deutschlandlied" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.
3332:
1919:, as opposed to the countries (mainly former east bloc countries) that supported the war. However, Germany supported the United States militarily in other parts of the world, notably in the
1976:. Schröder argued that it had become increasingly difficult to push for the necessary socio-economic reforms because of the opposition majority in the upper house of the parliament, the
1987:
to call new federal elections. On 21 July 2005 the
President agreed to Chancellor's request and dissolved the parliament, scheduling early parliamentary elections for 18 September.
3122:
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In
January 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion economic stimulus plan to protect several sectors from a downturn and a subsequent rise in unemployment rates.
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was re-elected for a second five-year term as Germany's president, a first for an SPD president, attributed to his perception as a symbol of consensus and continuity.
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since September's election. Angela Merkel has said on her fourth term that she would not seek another term in the next elections and that she would retire.
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88:
1938:
The early 2000s saw increased unemployment and an aging population. The government instituted further reforms to meet these challenges, known as the
1805:
In 1998, it became known that the CDU/CSU had received anonymous funding. Helmut Kohl subsequently resigned as honorary party chairman, and in 2000,
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276:
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60:
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In 2017, Angela Merkel was elected to a fourth term as Chancellor. The FDP reentered the Bundestag, and for the first time the right-wing populist
599:
312:
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Faas, Thorsten. "The German Federal Election of 2013: Merkel’s Triumph, the Disappearance of the Liberal Party, and Yet Another Grand Coalition."
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A large tax reform was implemented in 2000. After 2003, the federal government enacted a number of reforms in social and health policy, known as
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existing population density. The decision by Merkel to authorize unrestricted entry led to heavy criticism in Germany as well as within Europe.
67:
3990:
3192:
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Christopher S. Allen, "Ideas, Institutions and Organized Capitalism: The German Model of Political Economy Twenty Years after Unification,"
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1946:
had a CDU/CSU majority, the government of Gerhard Schröder was dependent on support from the conservatives in order to pass legislation.
74:
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eastern districts, remained stubbornly high despite heavy stimulus spending. It rose from 9.2% in 1998 to 11.1% in 2009. The worldwide
563:
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1980:, as well as the tensions within his own party. After losing this vote, as intended, on July 1, Chancellor Schröder was able to ask
56:
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Herbert Kitschelt, and Wolfgang Streeck, "From stability to stagnation: Germany at the beginning of the twenty-first century."
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535:
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1813:, the Secretary General of the CDU since 1998, emerged as a leading figure in the party and was elected chairwoman in 2000.
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Dennis J. Snower, and Christian Merkl, "The Caring Hand that Cripples: The East German Labor Market after Reunification,"
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1961:. Köhler, who was previously relatively unknown in Germany, quickly became one of the country's most popular politicians.
1674:, took place on December 2 in that year. The CDU became the largest party with 43.8%, followed by the SPD (33.5%) and the
1569:. However unemployment did not rise, and recovery was faster than almost anywhere else. The old industrial centers of the
3904:
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1248:
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1973:
1780:
1686:
1652:
1518:
1387:
1181:
1036:
702:
2723:
Florian Spohr, "Germany’s Labour Market Policies: How the Sick Man of Europe Performed a Second Economic Miracle." in
2232:
dominated Scholz's early foreign and domestic policies. Germany’s previous foreign policy towards Russia (traditional
4244:
4148:
3985:
1798:, a former SPD chairman and rival of Schröder, resigned from the cabinet. He was succeeded as Minister of Finance by
107:
81:
4535:
3294:
3158:
2225:
2110:
1675:
1031:
3428:(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 231 pages; studies of the "Grand Coalition" of 2005-09 and the first Merkel government.
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in 1999, when German forces saw combat for the first time since World War II. Chancellor Schröder supported the
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2170:. In March 2018, Angela Merkel formed another grand coalition with Social Democrats (SPD) after five months of
1062:
1021:
650:
45:
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888:
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are not present in the Bundestag for the first time. Since 2014, the newly established right-wing populist
2074:
2051:
2012:
1901:
1772:
1732:
1671:
1054:
869:
864:
854:
846:
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won its first district election in Sonneberg, despite all the other parties supporting the CDU Candidate.
165:
4202:
4115:
3567:
2707:
Christian Dustmann, et al. "From sick man of Europe to economic superstar: Germany's resurgent economy."
2579:
1954:
1074:
1026:
1011:
1006:
961:
2635:
4125:
4037:
4015:
3934:
3919:
3735:
3715:
3557:
2847:
2829:
Thorsten Fass, "The German Federal Election of 2009: Sprouting Coalitions, Drooping Social Democrats,"
1617:
1253:
1223:
996:
840:
816:
2134:
Major political projects of the second grand coalition under Merkel are the legislation for a general
4530:
4377:
3562:
1070:
1066:
1001:
2296:
won in an election. it is the first mayor of a city with more than 20,000 inhabitants to be held by
1720:
4354:
4316:
4153:
3924:
3215:
2258:
1078:
3250:
4490:
4364:
4344:
4321:
4301:
4261:
4224:
4173:
4047:
4010:
3780:
3502:
2308:
2297:
2279:
2219:
2197:
2163:
2150:
2124:
1904:. Since the Greens became larger than the liberals, Gerhard Schröder's government was reelected.
1345:
1046:
754:
627:
581:
432:
171:
34:
1693:
to the capital, Berlin. At this time, the term "Berlin Republic" (alluding to the Cold War era "
4291:
4266:
4229:
4088:
4020:
3849:
3740:
3730:
2478:
2201:
2090:
1965:
1625:
1566:
1211:
1105:
677:
621:
413:
4452:
4271:
4256:
4219:
2070:
became the new Vice Chancellor. The Social Democrats did especially poorly in the election.
2021:
1916:
1599:
1408:
1050:
822:
441:
2508:
2407:
4234:
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4000:
3995:
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3823:
3725:
2712:
2344:
seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany,
2116:
1981:
1958:
1943:
1877:
1843:
1827:. The Schröder government also stressed environmental issues and promoted the reduction of
1820:
was elected President of Germany. Rau had tried to be elected president for several years.
1784:
1716:
1641:
1640:) and the new states became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, an event known as the
1506:
1403:
1231:
1218:
1110:
832:
550:
509:
474:
426:
1806:
1743:
151:
8:
4417:
4311:
4286:
4281:
4158:
4103:
4042:
3948:
3679:
3613:
2143:
1977:
1897:
1748:
1534:
405:
3775:
2146:
reforms. Projects initiated with the Liberals in the second term are largely continued.
1776:
1647:
Elections for new state parliaments were held in the five states on October 14, and the
1573:
and North Germany lagged as well, as the coal and steel industries faded in importance.
4483:
4476:
4331:
4296:
4183:
4168:
4098:
4076:
4052:
3980:
3914:
3844:
3755:
3674:
3643:
3552:
3529:
2237:
2139:
1779:
was elected as Chancellor, at the head of a coalition government consisting of his own
1198:
1158:
1130:
970:
496:
224:
3023:"Frank-Walter Steinmeier elected to second term as German president | DW | 13.02.2022"
2261:. As of April 2023, over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany.
4437:
4412:
4359:
4306:
4120:
3892:
3684:
3426:
Germany After the Grand Coalition: Governance and Politics in a Turbulent Environment
2788:
Germany After the Grand Coalition: Governance and Politics in a Turbulent Environment
2379:
2371:
2067:
2063:
1163:
1086:
4499:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4249:
4214:
4188:
3860:
3664:
3633:
3588:
3583:
3211:"German far-right party wins its first county leadership post as it rises in polls"
1795:
1685:
decided that the parliament and parts of the government and central administration
1604:
1125:
1120:
1115:
729:
1896:, the first time a CSU politician was chancellor candidate since the candidacy of
1588:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4339:
3765:
3384:
3355:"Success of far-right AfD shows east and west Germany are drifting further apart"
3003:
2966:
2869:
2375:
2363:
2236:) was criticized for having been too credulous and soft towards Russia. Scholz's
2094:
1788:
1702:
1698:
1562:
1295:
386:
187:
157:
136:
1984:
1950:
4504:
4382:
4369:
4032:
3790:
3235:
3163:
2062:
won a majority and Angela Merkel could form a coalition with the liberals, the
2028:
1920:
1912:
1889:
1828:
1751:
1461:
1447:
1188:
254:
3443:
2775:
4519:
3745:
2254:
2017:
2004:
1939:
1862:
1839:
1810:
1633:
1275:
881:
789:
366:
353:
327:
314:
291:
278:
2182:
4130:
3805:
3800:
3770:
3669:
3623:
3231:"Germany: Far-right AfD wins first city mayoral election – DW – 12/17/2023"
2135:
2098:
2032:
1817:
1791:, a leading Green politician, became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister.
1708:
1694:
1514:
1510:
1384:
1380:
1315:
1305:
1266:
1153:
938:
924:
1565:
of 2008-2010 worsened conditions briefly, as there was a sharp decline in
981:
4140:
3854:
3689:
3638:
2193:
2186:
2073:
Among the major German political projects initiated in this term are the
2036:
1847:
1824:
1799:
1621:
1609:
1168:
483:
468:
447:
1763:
The ruling liberal-conservative coalition government, consisting of the
4349:
3970:
3179:"Germany's far-right AfD party wins historic victory in local election"
2986:"'New era': Scholz becomes Germany's new chancellor as Merkel bows out"
2367:
2312:
2233:
1735:, Helmut Kohl was reelected as Chancellor for his fifth and last term.
1238:
410:
3295:"Far right set to win in a German state for the first time since WWII"
1533:). This time period is also determined by the ongoing process of the "
3960:
3608:
3004:"Germany elections: Centre-left claim narrow win over Merkel's party"
2283:
2000:
1969:
1964:
After a bitter defeat for the SPD in state elections in the state of
1873:
1682:
1651:
became the largest party in all states except Brandenburg, where the
1637:
1570:
800:
489:
3159:"Germany: Far-right AfD wins first governing post – DW – 06/25/2023"
1930:
245:
Location of History of Germany (1990–present) (dark green)
23:
3494:
3193:"Germany's far-right AfD wins vote to lead district for first time"
3107:
2609:
1908:
1794:
Shortly after the formation of the government, Minister of Finance
1522:
876:
804:
3103:"Scholz and liberal finance minister clash over nuclear phase-out"
4239:
3659:
3603:
3525:
3325:"Far-right AfD wins eastern state in Germany's regional election"
2922:"Merkel Critic Says Chancellor's Refugee Policy Is a 'Time Bomb'"
2242:
2128:
2055:
1893:
1869:
1764:
1738:
1333:
1135:
398:
393:
3438:
Epstein, Catherine. "East Germany and Its History since 1989,"
3265:"German far right wins first major election since World War II"
2870:"Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts"
2293:
2177:
1924:
1851:
1659:
1629:
1589:
Chancellorship of Helmut Kohl in a reunited Germany (1990–1998)
268:
248:
2967:"Germany coalition deal: Merkel set to lead fourth government"
2461:"The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany"
2115:
In December 2013, the grand coalition was re-established in a
1990:
3619:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
3598:
3055:"'A new era': Germany rewrites its defence, foreign policies"
2739:
2737:
2290:
234:
3385:"German far right hails 'historic' election victory in east"
2345:
2097:
and future transition of the German economy, summarized as
1858:
1690:
796:
305:
2846:. ARD Tagesschau (German). 29 January 2014. Archived from
2734:
2311:
AfD became the first far-right party in Germany since the
2770:
Diethelm Prowe, "Kohl and the German Reunification Era,"
1525:. Germany after 1990 is referred to by historians as the
893:
2759:
Kohl: Genius of the Present: A Biography of Helmut Kohl
3081:"Ukraine crisis: Germany halts Nord Stream 2 approval"
2483:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1900:
in 1980. Both CDU/CSU and the SPD polled 38.5% in the
1846:
against the United States, and Germany sent forces to
3251:"German far-right party makes electoral breakthrough"
2539:"Bevölkerung nach Geschlecht und Staatsangehörigkeit"
2289:
On 17 December 2023, The AfD candidate for mayor of
2267:
1968:(22 May 2005), Chancellor Schröder asked the German
1670:
The first federal election after reunification, the
3419:
In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent
2606:"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income"
2384:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3442:Vol. 75, No. 3 (September 2003), pp. 634–661
3489:Uniting Germany: Documents and Debates, 1944-1993
2896:"Chancellor Running Out of Time on Refugee Issue"
2801:"Germany agrees on 50-billion-euro stimulus plan"
2315:to win a plurality of seats in a state election.
4517:
3433:Angela Merkel: A Chancellorship Forged in Crisis
1665:
2400:
1907:Germany and France vehemently opposed the 2003
1726:
562:357,022 km (137,847 sq mi) (
3487:Jarausch, Konrad H., and Volker Gransow, eds.
3020:
2406:
2340:Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and
1739:Chancellorship of Gerhard Schröder (1998–2005)
3510:
2576:"World Economic Outlook database: April 2021"
1482:
3471:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History
3424:Bolgherini, Silvia. and Florian Grotz, eds.
2354:) and is the primary seat of six ministries.
2349:
2257:while also committing to Merkel's policy of
2178:Chancellorship of Olaf Scholz (2021–present)
1552:Economic history of the German reunification
1350:
1236:
185:
128:
3629:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
3464:Angela Merkel: The Chancellor and Her World
2348:, has the special title of "federal city" (
2249:, Scholz committed to weaken dependence on
1991:Chancellorship of Angela Merkel (2005–2021)
1620:was dissolved, five states were recreated (
1503:history of Germany from 1990 to the present
925:Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn Republic)
3517:
3503:
2786:Silvia Bolgherini and Florian Grotz, eds.
1489:
1475:
233:
223:
2983:
2844:"Government declaration by Angela Merkel"
2157:
2081:) for a sustainable energy supply, the "
2045:
1892:was the candidate for Chancellor for the
1883:
1876:, experienced severe flooding during the
739:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2598:
2479:"Surface water and surface water change"
2196:was sworn in as chancellor. He formed a
2181:
2104:
1999:
1995:
1929:
1758:
1742:
1603:
1576:
594:
251: (light green & dark grey)
228:
3123:"How Bad Will the German Recession Be?"
2774:March 2002, Vol. 74 Issue 1, pp 120-38
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
1857:In 1999, Germany partially adopted the
1713:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
4518:
2984:Crowcroft, Orlando (8 December 2021).
2833:July 2010, Vol. 33 Issue 4, pp 894-903
2531:
2458:
2089:) for balanced budgets, the reform of
1545:
57:"History of Germany" 1990–present
3498:
3395:from the original on 2 September 2024
3365:from the original on 1 September 2024
3335:from the original on 1 September 2024
3305:from the original on 3 September 2024
3275:from the original on 1 September 2024
2949:"German elections 2017: full results"
2668:May 2006, Vol. 96 Issue 2, pp 375-382
2646:from the original on 15 December 2020
2628:
2127:(AfD) party were elected for various
1649:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
3524:
3141:"Ukrainian refugees by country 2023"
2640:United Nations Development Programme
2561:
2226:Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022
2192:On 8 December 2021, Social Democrat
1865:as the currency of Germany in 2002.
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
2616:from the original on 9 October 2020
2549:from the original on 23 August 2019
2519:from the original on 9 January 2021
2459:Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018).
2448:from the original on 30 April 2020.
2274:2024 German anti-extremism protests
2212:won a plurality as a result of the
2093:, and high-tech strategies for the
1915:to label Germany and France as the
1537:" of the formerly divided country.
13:
3481:
3431:Crawford, Alan, and Tony Czuczka.
3411:
2946:
2586:from the original on 12 April 2021
2501:
2489:from the original on 24 March 2021
1972:(lower house of parliament) for a
1957:and a CDU politician, was elected
1653:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1608:Helmut Kohl after the fall of the
1593:
14:
4557:
2467:from the original on 25 May 2020.
2418:from the original on 7 March 2016
2268:Rise of the Far Right and the AfD
2027:Under Merkel, Germany hosted the
2807:. 6 January 2009. Archived from
2709:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2412:"Repräsentation und Integration"
2111:German intervention against ISIL
1911:, leading the administration of
1861:, which completely replaced the
1676:Free Democratic Party of Germany
1455:
1441:
980:
931:
917:
764:
763:
738:
716:
715:
697:
696:
664:
663:
645:
644:
593:
196:
164:
150:
22:
4546:Contemporary history by country
3721:German revolutions of 1848–1849
3690:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
3377:
3347:
3317:
3287:
3257:
3243:
3223:
3203:
3185:
3171:
3151:
3133:
3115:
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3047:
3029:
3014:
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2977:
2959:
2940:
2914:
2888:
2862:
2836:
2823:
2793:
2780:
2764:
2751:
2717:
2701:
2688:
2671:
2658:
2636:"Human Development Report 2020"
2438:"The German Federal Government"
1868:Several German cities, notably
1505:spans the period following the
1249:German revolutions of 1848–1849
612:232/km (600.9/sq mi) (
308:(seat of government, 1990–1999)
33:needs additional citations for
3706:Early modern period, 1500–1800
3594:List of early Germanic peoples
3021:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2727:(Oxford UP, 2019) pp. 283-303
2471:
2452:
2430:
2357:
2334:
2325:
2305:2024 Thuringian state election
1854:and other parts of the world.
1850:. Germany also sent forces to
1:
3829:History of Germany since 1990
2393:
1666:Kohl's fourth term, 1991–1994
4541:History of Germany by period
2745:"Economic Key Facts Germany"
2696:German Politics and Society,
2253:by halting certification of
2149:Germany was affected by the
2020:who became the first female
1809:resigned as party chairman.
1727:Kohl's fifth term, 1994–1998
1540:
7:
4526:Contemporary German history
2580:International Monetary Fund
1955:International Monetary Fund
1836:NATO war against Yugoslavia
124:Federal Republic of Germany
10:
4562:
3736:North German Confederation
3716:Confederation of the Rhine
3469:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed.
3083:. dw.com. 22 February 2022
2790:(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011)
2772:Journal of Modern History,
2271:
2259:phasing out nuclear energy
2108:
1655:became the largest party.
1618:German Democratic Republic
1597:
1549:
1254:North German Confederation
1224:Confederation of the Rhine
939:German Democratic Republic
130:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
4470:
4330:
4210:
4201:
4084:
4075:
3956:
3947:
3883:
3874:
3837:
3816:
3698:
3652:
3576:
3545:
3536:
3440:Journal of Modern History
3037:"The ruins of Ostpolitik"
2666:American Economic Review,
1953:, the former head of the
1834:Germany took part in the
899:
887:
875:
863:
853:
829:
811:
783:
753:
728:
709:
690:
676:
657:
638:
620:
606:
587:
580:
570:
556:
549:
545:
532:
519:
506:
502:
495:
480:
465:
457:
453:
438:
423:
419:
404:
392:
382:
343:
264:
220:
180:
146:
122:
3888:Administrative divisions
3457:The Rush to German Unity
2318:
2309:Alternative for Germany
1711:, a former Judge at the
1616:On October 3, 1990, the
536:Russian troops withdrawn
4536:21st century in Germany
3061:. AFP. 27 February 2022
2831:West European Politics,
2463:. Library of Congress.
2298:Alternative for Germany
2280:Alternative for Germany
2220:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
2198:traffic-light coalition
2151:European migrant crisis
2138:in Germany and various
2125:Alternative for Germany
2091:German immigration laws
1754:in Moscow on 9 May 2005
433:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
4149:Science and technology
3850:History of Brandenburg
3741:Unification of Germany
3731:Frankfurt Constitution
3450:West European Politics
2725:Great Policy Successes
2698:(2010) 28#2 pp 130-150
2679:West European Politics
2382:are recognised by the
2350:
2251:Russian energy imports
2189:
2158:Fourth term, 2018–2021
2046:Second term, 2009–2013
2008:
1966:North Rhine-Westphalia
1935:
1934:President Horst Köhler
1884:Second term, 2002–2005
1755:
1721:Richard von Weizsäcker
1681:On June 20, 1991, the
1626:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1613:
1351:
1237:
1106:Linear Pottery culture
701:$ 4.319 trillion (
649:$ 4.743 trillion (
414:parliamentary republic
186:
129:
3786:Flight and expulsions
3452:38#1 (2015): 238–247.
3417:Ash, Timothy Garton.
2711:28.1 (2014): 167-88.
2272:Further information:
2214:2021 federal election
2185:
2105:Third term, 2013–2018
2052:2009 federal election
2022:Chancellor of Germany
2013:2005 federal election
2003:
1996:First term, 2005–2009
1974:vote of no-confidence
1933:
1902:2002 federal election
1773:1998 federal election
1759:First term, 1998–2002
1746:
1733:1994 federal election
1672:1990 federal election
1607:
1600:New states of Germany
1577:Resurgence after 2010
1032:Territorial evolution
572:• Water (%)
4458:World Heritage Sites
4136:German states by GDP
3726:German Confederation
3455:Jarausch, Konrad H.
3391:. 1 September 2024.
3361:. 1 September 2024.
3331:. 1 September 2024.
3301:. 1 September 2024.
3271:. 1 September 2024.
3129:. 14 September 2022.
3010:. 27 September 2021.
2642:. 15 December 2020.
2278:On 5 June 2023, The
2247:global energy crisis
2230:its economic effects
2166:also entered in the
2117:Third Merkel cabinet
1959:President of Germany
1944:Bundesrat of Germany
1878:2002 European floods
1844:September 11 attacks
1719:in 1994, succeeding
1717:President of Germany
1642:German Reunification
1517:were reunited after
1507:German reunification
1368:Expulsion of Germans
1334:Contemporary Germany
1232:German Confederation
831:• Summer (
589:• 2020 estimate
523:Sovereignty attained
42:improve this article
4094:Automobile industry
3680:Carolingian dynasty
3614:History of the Huns
3462:Kornelius, Stefan.
3299:The Washington Post
3269:The Washington Post
3043:. 23 February 2022.
2444:. 23 January 2018.
2142:reforms, including
1898:Franz Josef Strauss
1546:Stagnation in 1990s
1535:inner reunification
1182:Early Modern period
1169:Eastward settlement
363: /
324: /
288: /
257: (light green)
4164:Telecommunications
3845:History of Prussia
3761:Revolution of 1918
3756:War guilt question
3675:Carolingian Empire
3644:Sack of Rome (410)
3553:History of Germany
2747:. 5 December 2023.
2681:26.4 (2003): 1-34
2408:Bundespräsidialamt
2238:Zeitenwende speech
2190:
2172:political deadlock
2009:
1942:. However, as the
1936:
1756:
1687:would be relocated
1614:
1462:History portal
1448:Germany portal
1199:Kingdom of Prussia
1159:Kingdom of Germany
1131:Barbarian kingdoms
686:2021 estimate
634:2021 estimate
239:Show map of Europe
4513:
4512:
4466:
4465:
4197:
4196:
4111:Chemical Triangle
4071:
4070:
4058:Political parties
4006:Foreign relations
3943:
3942:
3870:
3869:
3781:Allied occupation
3685:Holy Roman Empire
2902:. 19 January 2016
2876:. 28 January 2016
2850:on 1 January 2015
2757:Karl Hugo Pruys,
2075:energy transition
2068:Guido Westerwelle
2064:Cabinet Merkel II
1949:On May 23, 2004,
1807:Wolfgang Schäuble
1749:Russian president
1531:Berliner Republik
1499:
1498:
1430:
1429:
1324:
1323:
1164:Holy Roman Empire
1041:Holy Roman Empire
954:
953:
950:
949:
944:
943:
711:• Per capita
659:• Per capita
383:Official language
367:52.517°N 13.383°E
292:52.517°N 13.383°E
272:
213:
193:"Song of Germany"
118:
117:
110:
92:
4553:
4531:1990s in Germany
4493:
4486:
4479:
4443:Prussian virtues
4208:
4207:
4116:Economic history
4082:
4081:
3976:
3954:
3953:
3905:Cities and towns
3881:
3880:
3861:Baden Revolution
3665:Treaty of Verdun
3634:Marcomannic Wars
3589:Migration Period
3584:Germanic peoples
3568:Military history
3543:
3542:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3041:www.eurozine.com
3033:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2797:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2404:
2387:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2200:government with
1796:Oskar Lafontaine
1777:Gerhard Schröder
1491:
1484:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1356:
1339:
1338:
1272:
1271:
1242:
1126:Migration Period
1121:Germanic peoples
1116:Urnfield culture
984:
974:
956:
955:
935:
934:
921:
920:
914:
913:
901:
900:
844:
820:
774:
773:
767:
766:
760:
749:
748:
742:
741:
735:
719:
718:
700:
699:
683:
667:
666:
648:
647:
631:
598:83,190,556 (
597:
596:
378:
377:
375:
374:
373:
368:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
339:
338:
336:
335:
334:
329:
328:50.733°N 7.100°E
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
303:
302:
300:
299:
298:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
271:
240:
237:
230:
227:
215:
214:
191:
168:
154:
141:
140:
132:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4462:
4326:
4277:Life expectancy
4193:
4067:
4038:Law enforcement
3974:
3939:
3866:
3833:
3812:
3796:Divided Germany
3766:Weimar Republic
3694:
3660:Frankish Empire
3648:
3572:
3538:
3532:
3523:
3484:
3482:Primary sources
3414:
3412:Further reading
3409:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3199:. 26 June 2023.
3191:
3190:
3186:
3181:. 25 June 2023.
3177:
3176:
3172:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2982:
2978:
2973:. 4 March 2018.
2965:
2964:
2960:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2928:. 9 August 2016
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2781:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2457:
2453:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2362:
2358:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2276:
2270:
2180:
2160:
2113:
2107:
2095:informatization
2048:
1998:
1993:
1886:
1789:Joschka Fischer
1761:
1741:
1729:
1703:Weimar Republic
1699:interwar period
1668:
1602:
1596:
1594:Five new states
1591:
1579:
1563:Great Recession
1554:
1548:
1543:
1527:Berlin Republic
1495:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1392:
1359:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1296:Weimar Republic
1269:
1259:
1258:
1245:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1136:Frankish Empire
1111:Únětice culture
1101:
1093:
1092:
1037:Historic states
992:
972:
965:
932:
918:
839:
836:
815:
795:
793:
788:
771:
770:
769:
758:
746:
745:
744:
733:
712:
693:
681:
660:
641:
625:
609:
590:
573:
559:
538:
525:
512:
486:
471:
444:
429:
371:
369:
365:
362:
357:
354:
352:
350:
349:
348:
332:
330:
326:
323:
318:
315:
313:
311:
310:
309:
304:
296:
294:
290:
287:
282:
279:
277:
275:
274:
273:
260:
259:
252:
242:
241:
238:
231:
216:
197:
194:
192:
188:Deutschlandlied
176:
175:
174:
169:
161:
160:
155:
142:
134:
127:
125:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4559:
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4507:
4502:
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4455:
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4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4374:Cultural icons
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
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4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
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4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4154:Stock exchange
4151:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4079:
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4069:
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4065:
4060:
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4028:
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4018:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3968:
3963:
3957:
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3884:
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3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3791:Denazification
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3563:Historiography
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3376:
3346:
3316:
3286:
3256:
3242:
3236:Deutsche Welle
3222:
3202:
3184:
3170:
3164:Deutsche Welle
3150:
3132:
3114:
3111:. 9 June 2022.
3094:
3072:
3046:
3028:
3013:
2995:
2976:
2958:
2947:Clarke, Seán.
2939:
2913:
2887:
2861:
2835:
2822:
2811:on 13 May 2011
2792:
2779:
2763:
2750:
2733:
2716:
2700:
2687:
2670:
2657:
2627:
2597:
2582:. April 2021.
2560:
2530:
2513:World Factbook
2500:
2470:
2451:
2442:deutschland.de
2429:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2356:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2269:
2266:
2179:
2176:
2159:
2156:
2106:
2103:
2087:Schuldenbremse
2047:
2044:
2029:2007 G8 summit
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1921:Horn of Africa
1913:George W. Bush
1890:Edmund Stoiber
1885:
1882:
1842:following the
1829:greenhouse gas
1760:
1757:
1752:Vladimir Putin
1747:Schröder with
1740:
1737:
1731:Following the
1728:
1725:
1715:, was elected
1667:
1664:
1658:The reunified
1598:Main article:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1550:Main article:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1451:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:Modern history
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1362:1945–1949/1952
1360:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1318:
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1311:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
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1278:
1270:
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1234:
1228:
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1221:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:Historiography
999:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
977:
976:
967:
966:
959:
952:
951:
948:
947:
945:
942:
941:
936:
928:
927:
922:
910:
909:
907:
897:
896:
891:
885:
884:
879:
873:
872:
867:
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
837:
830:
827:
826:
813:
809:
808:
785:
781:
780:
761:
751:
750:
747:low inequality
736:
726:
725:
720:$ 51,860 (
713:
710:
707:
706:
694:
691:
688:
687:
684:
674:
673:
668:$ 56,956 (
661:
658:
655:
654:
642:
639:
636:
635:
632:
618:
617:
610:
608:• Density
607:
604:
603:
591:
588:
585:
584:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
560:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
543:
542:
541:31 August 1994
539:
533:
530:
529:
526:
520:
517:
516:
515:3 October 1990
513:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
493:
492:
487:
481:
478:
477:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
430:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
408:
402:
401:
396:
390:
389:
384:
380:
379:
372:52.517; 13.383
345:
341:
340:
297:52.517; 13.383
266:
262:
261:
255:European Union
253:– in the
244:
243:
232:
222:
221:
218:
217:
195:
178:
177:
170:
163:
162:
156:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
126:
123:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4558:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Social issues
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:Ethnic groups
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Reunification
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:German Empire
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3459:(1994), 304pp
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3421:(1997), 700pp
3420:
3416:
3415:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3082:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2417:
2414:(in German).
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:Nord Stream 2
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:Angela Merkel
2014:
2006:
2005:Angela Merkel
2002:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:Hartz reforms
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1863:Deutsche Mark
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:war on terror
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:Angela Merkel
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:Bonn Republic
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Saxony-Anhalt
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1586:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:being divided
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Reunification
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1276:German Empire
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Mediatisation
1217:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:Early history
1097:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
988:
987:
983:
979:
978:
975:
969:
968:
963:
958:
957:
946:
940:
937:
930:
929:
926:
923:
916:
915:
912:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
890:
886:
883:
880:
878:
877:ISO 3166 code
874:
871:
868:
866:
862:
858:
856:
852:
848:
842:
838:
834:
828:
824:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:1999–present:
791:
790:Deutsche Mark
786:
782:
778:
762:
756:
752:
737:
731:
727:
723:
714:
708:
704:
695:
689:
685:
679:
675:
671:
662:
656:
652:
643:
637:
633:
629:
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
601:
592:
586:
583:
579:
575:
569:
565:
561:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
531:
528:15 March 1991
527:
524:
518:
514:
511:
510:Reunification
505:
501:
498:
494:
491:
488:
485:
479:
476:
473:
470:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
446:
443:
437:
434:
431:
428:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
407:
403:
400:
397:
395:
391:
388:
385:
381:
376:
346:
342:
337:
333:50.733; 7.100
307:
301:
270:
267:
263:
258:
256:
250:
236:
226:
219:
190:
189:
183:
179:
173:
167:
159:
153:
145:
138:
131:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4491:Bibliography
4365:Coat of arms
4345:Architecture
4322:Trade unions
4302:Prostitution
4262:Homelessness
4225:Demographics
4174:Trade unions
4141:
4131:German model
4104:Central bank
4048:Conservatism
4011:Human rights
3996:Court system
3991:Constitution
3971:
3817:Contemporary
3806:West Germany
3801:East Germany
3776:World War II
3771:Nazi Germany
3711:18th-century
3670:East Francia
3624:Cimbrian War
3488:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3397:. Retrieved
3388:
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3359:The Guardian
3358:
3349:
3337:. Retrieved
3328:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3298:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3268:
3259:
3245:
3234:
3225:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3173:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3106:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2953:the Guardian
2952:
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2899:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:the original
2838:
2830:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2804:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2724:
2719:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2551:. Retrieved
2542:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2473:
2454:
2441:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2402:
2359:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2302:
2288:
2277:
2263:
2224:
2218:
2191:
2161:
2148:
2136:minimum wage
2133:
2121:FDP Liberals
2114:
2099:Industry 4.0
2086:
2079:Energiewende
2078:
2072:
2049:
2041:
2033:Heiligendamm
2026:
2010:
1985:Horst Köhler
1963:
1951:Horst Köhler
1948:
1937:
1906:
1887:
1867:
1856:
1833:
1822:
1818:Johannes Rau
1815:
1804:
1793:
1762:
1730:
1709:Roman Herzog
1707:
1705:") emerged.
1680:
1669:
1657:
1646:
1615:
1584:
1580:
1559:
1555:
1530:
1526:
1515:East Germany
1511:West Germany
1502:
1500:
1421:
1316:World War II
1306:Nazi Germany
1267:German Reich
1194:18th century
1189:Sectionalism
1154:East Francia
904:
889:Internet TLD
865:Calling code
692:• Total
640:• Total
558:• Total
344:Largest city
246:
181:
172:Coat of arms
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
4292:Pornography
4267:Immigration
4230:Drug policy
4142:Mittelstand
4089:Agriculture
4053:Nationalism
4026:Transgender
3910:Earthquakes
3857:, 1583-1588
3855:Cologne War
3751:World War I
3653:Middle Ages
3639:Gothic Wars
3399:2 September
3369:2 September
3339:2 September
3309:2 September
3279:2 September
3127:Der Spiegel
3087:22 February
2900:Der Spiegel
2854:15 December
2650:15 December
2620:15 December
2351:Bundesstadt
2194:Olaf Scholz
2187:Olaf Scholz
2037:Mecklenburg
1848:Afghanistan
1825:Agenda 2010
1800:Hans Eichel
1771:, lost the
1622:Brandenburg
1610:Berlin Wall
1521:during the
1286:World War I
1212:Unification
1148:Middle Ages
1083:Württemberg
1063:Family tree
971:History of
905:Preceded by
768: 0.947
576:1.27 (2015)
484:Lower house
469:Upper house
458:Legislature
448:Olaf Scholz
370: /
331: /
295: /
4520:Categories
4453:Television
4438:Philosophy
4413:Literature
4272:Irreligion
4257:Healthcare
4220:Corruption
3986:Chancellor
3975:(military)
3972:Bundeswehr
3477:pp 753–814
3329:Al Jazeera
2880:31 January
2493:11 October
2394:References
2368:Low German
2313:Nazi Party
2234:Ostpolitik
2208:after the
2202:the Greens
2131:mandates.
2109:See also:
2083:Debt Brake
1917:Old Europe
1785:The Greens
1783:party and
1697:" and the
1426:since 1990
1409:New states
1353:Ostgebiete
1346:Occupation
1239:Zollverein
1087:Mediatised
997:Chronology
787:1990–1999:
743: 29.7
582:Population
442:Chancellor
406:Government
394:Demonym(s)
247:– in
229:Show globe
98:April 2023
68:newspapers
4408:Libraries
4388:Festivals
4235:Education
4179:Transport
4144:companies
4063:President
4001:Elections
3966:Bundesrat
3961:Bundestag
3930:Mountains
3898:Districts
3876:Geography
3609:Visigoths
3546:Overviews
3473:(2011),
3059:France 24
2926:Bloomberg
2805:France 24
2509:"Germany"
2284:Thuringia
2245:. Amid a
1982:President
1978:Bundesrat
1970:Bundestag
1888:In 2002,
1874:Magdeburg
1816:In 1999,
1683:Bundestag
1638:Thuringia
1571:Rhineland
1541:Economics
1395:1949–1990
1372:1944–1950
1320:1939–1945
1310:1933–1945
1300:1918–1933
1290:1914–1918
1280:1871–1918
1055:Empresses
855:Drives on
812:Time zone
772:very high
682:(nominal)
497:Formation
490:Bundestag
475:Bundesrat
427:President
4500:Category
4418:Internet
4403:Language
4393:Folklore
4312:Religion
4287:Pensions
4282:Naturism
4159:Taxation
4043:Lobbying
4016:Intersex
3949:Politics
3558:Timeline
3537:General
3530:articles
3444:in JSTOR
3393:Archived
3389:BBC News
3363:Archived
3333:Archived
3303:Archived
3273:Archived
3216:ABC News
3145:Statista
3108:Euractiv
3008:BBC News
2990:euronews
2971:BBC News
2874:BBC News
2815:27 March
2776:in JSTOR
2644:Archived
2614:Archived
2610:Eurostat
2590:12 April
2584:Archived
2547:Archived
2543:Destatis
2523:29 March
2517:Archived
2487:Archived
2485:(OECD).
2465:Archived
2446:Archived
2416:Archived
2204:and the
2168:election
2058:and the
1909:Iraq War
1767:and the
1523:Cold War
1388:division
1047:Monarchs
1007:Military
962:a series
960:Part of
784:Currency
4477:Outline
4383:Fashion
4370:Cuisine
4332:Culture
4297:Poverty
4240:Germans
4203:Society
4184:Welfare
4169:Tourism
4126:Exports
4099:Banking
4077:Economy
3981:Cabinet
3920:Islands
3915:Geology
3838:Regions
3604:Teutons
3577:Ancient
3539:History
3526:Germany
3475:excerpt
3197:Reuters
3065:1 March
2553:15 July
2515:. CIA.
2422:8 March
2380:Frisian
2372:Sorbian
2342:de jure
2303:In the
2243:Ukraine
2144:pension
2140:welfare
2129:Landtag
2056:CDU/CSU
2050:In the
1894:CDU/CSU
1870:Dresden
1765:CDU/CSU
1678:(11%).
1612:in 1989
1509:, when
1075:Prussia
1071:Bavaria
1067:Austria
1022:Judaism
1012:Economy
973:Germany
775: (
534:•
521:•
508:•
482:•
467:•
440:•
425:•
411:Federal
358:13°23′E
355:52°31′N
316:50°44′N
283:13°23′E
280:52°31′N
265:Capital
182:Anthem:
82:scholar
4505:Portal
4360:Cinema
4340:Anthem
4307:Racism
4121:Energy
3935:Rivers
3893:States
3863:, 1848
3699:Modern
3528:
3491:(1994)
3466:(2013)
3435:(2013)
2932:7 June
2906:7 June
2761:(1996)
2729:online
2713:online
2683:online
2378:, and
2376:Romany
2364:Danish
2307:, the
2294:Saxony
2119:. The
2054:, the
2007:, 2008
1925:Kuwait
1852:Kosovo
1775:, and
1660:Berlin
1630:Saxony
1079:Saxony
1051:Queens
991:Topics
964:on the
759:(2019)
757:
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399:German
387:German
347:Berlin
269:Berlin
249:Europe
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4484:Index
4448:Sport
4433:Names
4428:Music
4423:Media
4378:Dance
4250:Women
4215:Crime
4189:Women
3925:Lakes
3599:Goths
2319:Notes
2291:Pirna
1689:from
1027:Women
859:right
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319:7°6′E
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75:books
4398:Flag
4355:Arts
4021:LGBT
3401:2024
3371:2024
3341:2024
3311:2024
3281:2024
3089:2022
3067:2022
2934:2017
2908:2017
2882:2016
2856:2014
2817:2011
2652:2020
2622:2020
2592:2021
2555:2018
2525:2020
2495:2020
2424:2016
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2228:and
2011:The
1923:and
1872:and
1859:Euro
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1636:and
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1017:LGBT
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730:Gini
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614:58th
600:18th
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4350:Art
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