History of Crimea - Knowledge

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of Scythia, just as seas are boundaries of Attica; and the Tauri inhabit a part of Scythia like Attica, as though some other people, not Attic, were to inhabit the heights of Sunium from Thoricus to the town of Anaphlystus, if Sunium jutted farther out into the sea. I mean, so to speak, to compare small things with great. Such a land is the Tauric country. But those who have not sailed along that part of Attica may understand from this other analogy: it is as though in Calabria some other people, not Calabrian, were to live on the promontory within a line drawn from the harbor of Brundisium to Tarentum. I am speaking of these two countries, but there are many others of a similar kind that Tauris resembles." (trans. A. D. Godley)

5897: 673: 26: 2554:, a land improvement canal for irrigation and watering of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine, and the Crimean peninsula, was started in 1957 soon after the transfer of Crimea. The canal also has multiple branches throughout Kherson Oblast and the Crimean peninsula. The main project works took place between 1961 and 1971 and had three stages. The construction was conducted by the Komsomol members sent by the Komsomol travel ticket (Komsomolskaya putyovka) as part of shock construction projects and accounted for some 10,000 "volunteer" workers. 1753: 1616: 507: 1142: 1128: 1854: 1309: 6316: 2662: 2517: 1733:

the expansion of the Russian Empire in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, had never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose" but led to a war that stood out for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery".

2130: 495: 2609: 1668: 2360:. The so-called "City of Russian Glory" once known for its beautiful architecture was entirely destroyed and had to be rebuilt stone by stone. Due to its enormous historical and symbolic meaning for the Russians, it became a priority for Stalin and the Soviet government to have it restored to its former glory within the shortest time possible. 2137: 1323: 3275:

4.99 "Beyond this place , the country fronting the same sea is hilly and projects into the Pontus; it is inhabited by the Tauric nation as far as what is called the Rough Peninsula; and this ends in the eastern sea. For the sea to the south and the sea to the east are two of the four boundary lines

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The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in Palestine, which was part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire,

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Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and,

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Orestes, a curly-haired young man in a Greek robe, is seated before a small group of trees, clasping the right hand of another Greek man, who is standing with his left hand on the seated man's arm. Standing to their left but in the right of the painting is a tall, robed woman of elegant bearing.

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in 1783 from the defeated Ottoman Empire into the Russian Empire increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area. The Crimea was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier

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of Crimea was complete. In 1967, the Crimean Tatars were rehabilitated, but they were banned from legally returning to their homeland until the last days of the Soviet Union. The deportation was formally recognized as a genocide by Ukraine and three other countries between 2015 and 2019.

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on 16 March 2014. Although Russia initially claimed their military was not involved in the events, it later admitted that they were. Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014. Following the annexation, Russia escalated its military presence on the peninsula and made

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from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction, on the basis of "the integral character of the economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR" and to commemorate the 300th anniversary of

615:. In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Scythian Neapolis was a city "with a mixed Scythian-Greek population, strong defensive walls and large public buildings constructed using the orders of Greek architecture". The city was eventually destroyed in the mid-3rd century AD by the 451:

in Crimea is not associated with agriculture, but instead with the beginning of pottery production, changes in flint tool-making technologies, and local domestication of pigs. The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the Crimean peninsula is from the

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population was also deported to Central Asia, and partially to Ufa and its surroundings in the Ural mountains. A total of more than 230,000 people – about a fifth of the total population of the Crimean Peninsula at that time – were deported, mainly to

1744:, home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet and the associated threat of potential Russian penetration into the Mediterranean. After extensive fighting throughout Crimea, the city fell on 9 September 1855. The war ended with a Russian loss in February 1856. 2457:

Nearly 8,000 Crimean Tatars died during the deportation, and tens of thousands perished subsequently due to the harsh exile conditions. The Crimean Tatar deportation resulted in the abandonment of 80,000 households and 360,000 acres of land.

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of 1932–1933. A large Slavic population (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) influx occurred in the 1930s as a result of the Soviet policy of regional development. These demographic changes permanently altered the ethnic balance in the region.

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The Crimea was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier westwards to the Dniester.

2165:, with the Crimean ASSR retaining a degree of nominal autonomy and run as a Crimean Tatar enclave. However, this did not protect the Crimean Tatars, who constituted about 25% of the Crimean population, from 2798: 2569:. In time the peninsula also became a major tourist destination for cruises originating in Greece and Turkey. Crimea's infrastructure and manufacturing also developed, particularly around the sea ports at 637: 5282:

Bezverkha, Anastasia (2017). "Reinstating Social Borders between the Slavic Majority and the Tatar Population of Crimea: Media Representation of the Contested Memory of the Crimean Tatars' Deportation".

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continued to form a slight plurality of Crimea's still largely rural population and were the predominant portion of the population in the mountainous area and about half of the steppe population.

669:. As the Tauri inhabited only the mountainous regions of southern Crimea, the name Taurica was originally used only for this southern part, but was later extended to refer to the whole peninsula. 1839:

settled in the Crimea at the beginning of the 19th century, receiving a large allotment and fertile land and later wealthy colonists began to buy land, mainly in Perekopsky and Evpatoria uyezds.

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Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes; et al. (17 June 2011).

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Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Giedre; Sergey Telizhenko and Martin K. Jones; Jones, Martin K (2013). "The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the Crimea at Chalcolithic Ardych-Burun".

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in 2014, the majority of Crimean residents say they believed the referendum was free and fair (91%) and that the government in Kyiv ought to recognize the results of the vote (88%).

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was started to remove the memory of the Tartars, including a massive name change of the vast majority of toponyms, which were given Slavic and communist names. Very few localities –

2162: 746:, supplying the city with wheat, honey and other commodities. The last of that line of kings, Paerisades V, being hard-pressed by the Scythians, put himself under the protection of 2853: 4554:

Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea

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westwards to the Dniester. From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the

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were anxious to conquer and colonize the fertile and beautiful peninsula as part of their policy of resettling the Germans in Eastern Europe at the expense of the Slavs. In the

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Taurians intermixed with the Scythians starting from the end of 3rd century BC were mentioned as "Tauroscythians" and "Scythotaurians" in the works of ancient Greek writers. In

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troops, the Crimean mountains remained an unconquered stronghold of the native resistance (the partisans) until the day when the peninsula was freed from the occupying force.

922: 3240: 1892:. Approximately 50,000 White prisoners of war and civilians were summarily executed by shooting or hanging after Wrangel's defeat at the end of 1920, in one of the largest 3616:

The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents

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with the Crimean authorities pushing for more independence from Ukraine and closer links with Russia. In 1995, the Republic was forcibly abolished by Ukraine with the

1514:(in office: 1550–1557) gathered together groups of Cossacks and constructed a fort designed to obstruct Tatar raids into Ukraine. With this action, he founded the 804: 5799: 2301:

Sevastopol held out from October 1941 until 4 July 1942 when the Germans finally captured the city. From 1 September 1942, the peninsula was administered as the

1796:. Finally, the Russian government decided to stop the process, as agriculture began to suffer due to the unattended fertile farmland. By the late 19th century, 5360:(2005). "The Black Sea and the Slave Trade: The Role of Crimean Maritime Towns in the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries". 2975:

Trinkaus, Erik; Blaine Maley and Alexandra P. Buzhilova; Buzhilova, Alexandra P. (2008). "Brief Communication: Paleopathology of the Kiik-Koba 1 Neandertal".

1729:. To stop Russia's conquests, France and Britain entered in March 1854. While some of the war was fought elsewhere, the principal engagements were in Crimea. 2786: 344: 5141: 3559: 5059: 6287: 2814: 1907:

Crimea changed hands several times over the course of the conflict and several political entities were set up on the peninsula, including the following.

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at the end of the 2nd century. The camp was abandoned by the Romans in the mid-3rd century. This de facto province would have been controlled by the

4068: 1784:, forced by the conditions created by the war, persecution, and land expropriations. Those who survived the trip, famine, and disease, resettled in 1650:

established in 1802 with its capital at Simferopol. The governorate included both Crimea as well as larger adjacent areas of the mainland. In 1826

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alike doubled as a result of assimilationist policies, with more than 1.6 million Russians and 626,000 Ukrainians living on the peninsula by 1989.

935: 2895:, the nation's main waterway. Development of new sources of water was undertaken, with huge difficulties, to replace closed Ukrainian sources. In 5814: 1635:

that recognised the loss of Crimea and other territories that had been held by the Khanate. This increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area.

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in their war against his father. In 15 BC, it was once again restored to the king of Pontus, but from then ranked as a tributary state of Rome.

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The peninsula was resettled with other peoples, mainly Russians and Ukrainians. Modern experts say that the deportation was part of the Soviet

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discussed Ukrainian events with security service chiefs remarking that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia". On 27 February,

1401:. However, the Crimean Khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, and followed the rules they thought best for them. 2872:

going into official circulation and later to be the sole currency for legal tender with clocks also moved to Moscow time. A revision of the

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who later adopted a Turkic language, formed in the 13th century. It existed among the Muslim Crimean Tatars, primarily in the mountainous

5896: 3902: 2349:. This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions." Around 40,000 Crimean Jews were murdered. 3365: 437:. Human site occupation density was relatively high in the Crimean region and increased as early as c. 16,000 years before the present. 6282: 4484: 2877: 2708:

established firmly under Ukrainian authority. There were also intermittent tensions with Russia over the Soviet Fleet, although a 1997

1610: 1587: 1440: 1294: 219: 128:(63 BC – 341 AD). The south coast remained Greek in culture for almost two thousand years including under Roman successor states, the 444:

believe Crimea did not become a peninsula until relatively recently, with the rising of the Black Sea level in the 6th millennium BC.

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captured strategic sites across Crimea, including Crimean parliament and government buildings. Russia then installed the pro-Russian

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Slaves and freedmen formed approximately 75% of the Crimean population. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid, which took place during the

5116: 4781: 187:, which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times was 3289:

Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus

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The Russian government opposes the "annexation" label, with Putin defending the referendum as complying with the principle of the

1252:(Feodosiya), gaining control of the Crimean economy and the Black Sea commerce for two centuries. Genoa and its colonies fought a 5677: 2884:

stated that Crimea had been fully integrated into Russia. Since the annexation Russia has supported large migration into Crimea.

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Within days of the signing of the accession treaty, the process of integrating Crimea into the Russian federation began with the

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as an ethnic group dominated the Crimean Khanate from the 15th to the 18th centuries. They descend from a complicated mixture of

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The war devastated much of the economic and social infrastructure of Crimea. The Crimean Tatars had to flee from their homeland

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created a Russian aided exodus of Christian subjects who were overwhelmingly among the urban classes and created cities such as

6079: 6042: 5829: 2791: 2774: 2525: 954:. The area remained the site of overlapping interests and contact between the early medieval Slavic, Turkic and Greek spheres. 899:, an East Germanic language, was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century. 728: 5606:. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. Vol. 101. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. 4888: 5611: 5407: 4577: 4403: 4210: 4159: 3960: 3672: 3623: 3444: 3391: 3337: 2903:

portions of Kherson Oblast, which allowed it to unblock the North Crimean canal by force, resuming water supply into Crimea.

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of Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill which was later seen as dividing Europe between the Communist and democratic spheres.

2259: 2250:, German and Romanian troops suffered heavy casualties in the summer of 1941 as they tried to advance through the narrow 1848: 1741: 1397:

captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them rule as

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over the walls of the city. Historians have speculated that Genoese refugees from this engagement may have brought the

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Throughout the ancient and medieval period the interior and north of Crimea was occupied by a changing cast of invading

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The Crimea in 1854, and 1894: With Plans, and Illustrations from Sketches Taken on the Spot by Colonel W. J. Colville

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lost over 170,000 men killed or taken prisoner, and three armies (44th, 47th, and 51st) with twenty-one divisions.

2070: 383:. Late Neanderthal occupations have also been found at Starosele (c. 46,000 BP) and Buran Kaya III (c. 30,000 BP). 2434:. 14,300 Greeks, 12,075 Bulgarians, and about 10,000 Armenians were also expelled. By the end of summer 1944, the 1552: 1527: 211: 6074: 2818: 2682: 2142: 2008: 290: 5625: 5575:; Prokhorov, Dmitry. "The Development of Crimean Studies in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and Ukraine," 4754: 3570: 6047: 5881: 5856: 5184: 4136: 3839: 3012:"Stone tool function at the paleolithic sites of Starosele and Buran Kaya III, Crimea: Behavioral implications" 2782: 2748: 2697: 2336: 1379: 348: 6294: 6037: 5841: 5713: 4729: 3975:

Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartosek, Jean-Louis Panne, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stephane Courtois,

2705: 2255: 1722: 1721:, was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the 298: 2561:, with new attractions and sanatoriums for tourists. Tourists came from all around the Soviet Union and its 1559:

to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent, meaning that the Crimean Khans fell under

5824: 5090: 3883:"Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self" 2951: 2918: 1986: 1938: 1888:

in 1920. When resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Bolshevik fighters and civilians escaped by ship to

411: 2454:, where the Tatars had Turkic ethnic kin, or to remove minorities from the Soviet Union's border regions. 2273: 1420:

were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. In the 1570s close to 20,000 slaves a year went on sale in

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made their last stand in 1920, with tens of thousands of those who remained being murdered as part of the

6033: 5708: 5670: 5142:"Crimeans have tap water only six hours a day as all Russian attempts to hydrate occupied peninsula fail" 3929: 3664: 2848: 1994: 1977: 1858: 1769: 739: 441: 341: 2185:

was destroyed, because the Soviets considered the Greeks as "counter-revolutionary" with their links to

672: 6340: 5851: 5834: 5809: 5698: 3745: 3460: 2900: 2766: 2630: 2619: 2467: 2124: 2053: 1877: 1868:, the military and political situation in Crimea was chaotic, as in much of Russia. During the ensuing 1865: 1218: 1173: 1122: 652: 573: 267: 239: 93: 3855:

Anderson, M. S. (December 1958). "The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783–4".

3780:"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources" 3073:"The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior" 1382:

suzerainty, though this suzerainty was only nominal. After the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the

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was officially released with the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol added to the

2343:, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of 1807:

concentrated in the Feodosiya district and Ukrainians as well as smaller numbers of Jews (including

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A short historical Account of the Crimea, from the earliest ages and during the Russian occupation

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after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.

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1954 Soviet propaganda stamp marking the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's reunification with Russia

2511: 1737: 1591: 1518:, with which he would launch a series of attacks on the Crimean Peninsula and the Ottoman Turks. 1253: 795: 763: 275: 2825:

affirming the "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders".

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for the entire Ukraine. In spite of heavy-handed tactics by the Nazis and the assistance of the

6240: 6174: 6160: 5663: 5034:"Putin Eliminates Ministry of Crimea, Region Fully Integrated into Russia, Russian Leaders Say" 4814: 4506: 3419: 2873: 2443: 2278: 2208: 1816: 1466: 1158: 809: 755: 528: 5060:"Demographic Transformation of Crimea: Forced Migration as Part of Russia's 'Hybrid' Strategy" 4919: 4779: 4391: 4200: 3914: 1638:

Crimea went through a number of administrative reforms after Russian annexation, first as the

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Behind her are two columns of a classic Greek temple. Low mountains are in the far background.

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had exercised some control of the majority of the peninsula at the height of its power, with

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During the AD 1st, 2nd and 3rd centuries, Taurica was host to Roman legions and colonists in

326: 161: 4419:"In Yalta was organized Euromaidan, in Sevastopol were demanding to imprison the opposition" 1872:, Crimea changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik 1725:. Russia and the Ottoman Empire went to war in October 1853 over Russia's rights to protect 1249: 965:

were sold to Byzantium and other places in Anatolia and the Middle East during this period.

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on the Black Sea. By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian king

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Schonle, Andreas (2001). "Garden of the Empire: Catherine's Appropriation of the Crimea".

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Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law".

3303: 3131: 1896:. Between 56,000 and 150,000 of the civilian population were then murdered as part of the 1453:

who settled in the Crimea from the 8th century, presumably also absorbing remnants of the

8: 6204: 5846: 5774: 5395: 4617:[On the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. 3555: 3216: 2888: 2829: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2258:), they occupied most of Crimea, with the exception of the city of Sevastopol, which was 2225: 1804: 1714: 1656: 1647: 1599: 1537: 1511: 1150: 1114: 993: 778: 415: 337: 199: 133: 3761: 3088: 3029: 2974: 2887:

Once Ukraine lost control of the territory in 2014, it shut off the water supply of the

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destroyed a Mongol Golden Horde army in 1399, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent

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to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent. Catherine the Great's

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formed out of the collapse of the horde but quite rapidly itself became subject to the

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The Crimea, its towns, inhabitants and social customs, by a lady resident near the Alma

5522: 5506: 5377: 5300: 5234: 4595:"Russian government agency reveals fraudulent nature of the Crimean referendum results" 4270: 3864: 3750:

The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern

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were another cultural group that suffered. Their lands were lost during the process of

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Bruno Waterfield; Peter Dominiczak; David Blair; The Daily Telegraph (24 March 2014).

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Slater, Eric. "Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261–1475".

3355: 6245: 6119: 5952: 5607: 5541: 5526: 5514: 5470: 5462: 5452: 5403: 5381: 5346: 5304: 5259: 5251: 5241: 4915: 4573: 4431: 4399: 4258: 4248: 4206: 4155: 4132: 4090: 3984: 3956: 3835: 3668: 3657: 3619: 3560:"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" 3537: 3440: 3387: 3333: 3287: 3202: 3161: 3112: 3053: 3048: 3011: 2992: 2802: 2758: 2728: 2693: 2353: 2286: 2233: 2170: 1932: 1869: 1828: 1757: 1615: 1470: 1458: 1387: 1229: 1131: 1023: 947: 751: 720: 600: 520: 468: 391: 333: 231: 145: 117: 61: 4934:"TASS: Russia – Russian ruble goes into official circulation in Crimea as of Monday" 4418: 4077:

Before Crimea Was an Ethnic Russian Stronghold, It Was a Potential Jewish Homeland,

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The Khanate subsequently suffered a gradual internal collapse, particularly after a

580:, regarded the Tauri as a savage, warlike people. Even after centuries of Greek and 6250: 6209: 5746: 5498: 5415:

The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars.

5369: 5292: 4981: 4238: 3791: 3527: 3519: 3190: 3102: 3092: 3043: 3033: 2984: 2937:. The Ukrainian government has not accepted responsibility for all of the attacks. 2435: 2368: 2282: 2247: 2229: 2182: 2003: 1853: 1820: 1812: 1515: 1485: 1474: 1272: 1162: 1157:, had already been subjected to pressure from the Genoese and Kipchaks by the time 1094: 943: 877:

Throughout the later centuries, Crimea was invaded or occupied successively by the

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from which north-central Europe was re-populated after the end of the Ice Age. The

322: 263: 140:(ended 1475). In the 13th century, some Crimean port cities were controlled by the 113: 112:

in the hinterland to the north. The southern coast gradually consolidated into the

5296: 1394: 506: 6320: 6299: 6088: 5794: 5779: 5741: 5591: 5572: 5535: 5357: 5272: 4807:"UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity" 4656: 4567: 4479: 4426: 4351: 4242: 4074: 3952: 3829: 3688: 3602: 3434: 3381: 3263: 3097: 2881: 2778: 2713: 2544: 2321: 1964: 1773: 1752: 1718: 1651: 1478: 1417: 1340: 1288: 1141: 1012: 950:. The Crimean peninsula from this time was contested between Byzantium, Rus' and 913: 863: 554: 314: 180: 129: 4290: 4029: 3009: 1344: 1172:

Kiev lost its hold on the Crimean interior in the early 13th century due to the

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During the collapse of the Byzantine state some cities fell to its creditor the

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Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives

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National Movements and National Identity Among the Crimean Tatars (1905 - 1916)

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Dickinson, Sara. "Russia's First 'Orient': Characterizing the Crimea in 1787."

4614:Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим 3795: 3724: 3652: 2810: 2770: 2690: 2390: 2345: 2178: 2042: 1873: 1832: 1797: 1793: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1639: 1632: 1620: 1595: 1560: 1450: 1446: 1383: 1367: 1268: 1192: 1166: 1098: 1016: 977: 896: 843: 767: 685: 658: 577: 569: 380: 243: 184: 153: 121: 85: 73: 4202:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

1030:. During the entirety of this period, the urban areas were Greek-speaking and 6334: 6214: 5922: 5764: 5474: 5263: 4706: 4612: 4262: 3810: 3369:. Vol. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 449–450. 3360: 2892: 2869: 2402: 2294: 2166: 2062: 2046: 1881: 1765: 1672: 1628: 1556: 1454: 1298: 1222: 1087: 1063: 1043: 1019:

fled to the Byzantine lands, where they were said to have settled in Crimea.

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by the local Byzantine priest at Chersonesus, thus marking the entry of Rus'

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in 1784 but in 1796 it was divided into two counties and attached it to the

1493: 1352: 1184:, reaching Kiev by 1240. The Crimean interior came under the control of the 1101:

also having some control of the interior of Crimea after the tenth century.

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In the mid-10th century, the eastern area of Crimea was conquered by Prince

429:

environments, although the climate was slightly warmer during several brief

398:). The fossils are about 32,000 years old, with the artifacts linked to the 5957: 5945: 5731: 5518: 4758: 4058:, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. 3541: 3523: 3116: 3057: 3038: 2996: 2717: 2674: 2566: 2502:– were given their original names back after the fall of the Soviet Union. 2479: 2471: 2414: 2357: 2340: 2254:

linking Crimea to the Soviet mainland. Once the German army broke through (

2243: 2239: 2158: 2013: 1740:

and in the Black Sea, allied troops landed in Crimea in September 1854 and

1545: 1541: 1356: 1348: 1260: 1203: 1188: 1185: 1118: 836: 813: 693: 607:. The town ruled over a small kingdom covering the lands between the lower 581: 453: 430: 318: 259: 255: 207: 203: 176: 125: 4862:"Despite Concerns about Governance, Ukrainians Want to Remain One Country" 2716:

allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease

2466:

The autonomous republic without its titular nationality was downgraded to

2242:, Crimea was a scene of some of the bloodiest battles. The leaders of the 317:

allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease

297:

was formed in 1992, although the republic was abolished in 1995, with the

5927: 5917: 5905: 5804: 4632:

Baczynska, Gabriela; Toyer, Julien (2014-03-05). Gutterman, Steve (ed.).

2917:

Beginning in July 2022, a series of explosions and fires occurred on the

2540: 2447: 2398: 2177:, in which farmers were not compensated with wages. Schools which taught 1692: 1409: 1276: 1207: 981: 962: 676:

Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea in the 5th century

538: 419: 376: 224: 97: 38: 4933: 3493: 2356:

meant that in 1944 Sevastopol came under the control of troops from the

2339:

were targeted for annihilation during the Nazi occupation. According to

2080: 1901: 371:

Archaeological evidence of human settlement in Crimea dates back to the

202:. After two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the 6107: 6064: 5703: 5641: 5557:

The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation

5510: 4378:

National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia

3868: 2988: 2861: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2536: 2431: 2422: 2186: 1897: 1893: 1540:. After two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the 1390:

in 1475 brought Kaffa and the other trading towns under their control.

1322: 1308: 1059: 1051: 973: 917: 859: 738:

In 438 BC, the Archon (ruler) of Panticapaeum assumed the title of the

713: 677: 645: 628: 604: 399: 395: 302: 247: 101: 3010:

Hardy, Bruce; Marvin Kay; Anthony E. Marks; Katherine Monigal (2001).

831:

In the 2nd century BC, the eastern part of Taurica became part of the

92:, "Tauric Peninsula"), begins around the 5th century BCE when several 6219: 5932: 5430:

Ozhiganov, Edward. "The Crimean Republic: Rivalries for Control." in

2670: 2516: 2418: 2212: 1808: 1661: 1421: 1393:

After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held Khan

1375: 1264: 1237: 1177: 1055: 855: 847: 732: 689: 595:

The Crimean Peninsula north of the Crimean Mountains was occupied by

558: 550: 546: 531: 489: 448: 407: 105: 5502: 5329:

Fisher, Alan (1981). "The Ottoman Crimea in the Sixteenth Century".

5117:"Crimea Offers Disturbing Blueprint for Russian Takeover of Ukraine" 4634:"Russia says cannot order Crimean 'self-defense' units back to base" 3217:"The Taurians - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos" 1481:

influence due to historical Ottoman Turkish presence in the Crimea.

325:

is disputed. In 2014, Crimea saw intense demonstrations against the

210:

had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces. The ensuing

5769: 5754: 5425:

Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great's Southern Empire

5236:

The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents

4986: 3779: 3379: 3266:"... generally speaking, the Tauri, a Scythian tribe ..." 2946: 2586: 2483: 2267: 1889: 1885: 1789: 1760:, a symbol of Crimea, one of the best-known, romantic castles near 1575: 1181: 1154: 1135: 1083: 997: 989: 958: 951: 724: 596: 589: 584:

settlement, the Tauri were not pacified and continued to engage in

516: 5655: 5091:"Crimea: Deportations and forced transfer of the civil population" 4474:"Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis" 4365:

The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy

2661: 2129: 1362:

The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the

1236:, had built along the Crimean coast and established themselves at 688:

along the Black Sea coast of Crimea in the 7th or 6th century BC.

549:

states that the Tauri tribes were geographically inhabited by the

96:

were established along its coast, the most important of which was

5759: 4638: 4541: 2857: 2491: 2133:

London Geographical Institute's 1919 map of Europe showing Crimea

1785: 1623:. Only the parts of New Russia that are now in Ukraine are shown. 1505: 1489: 1462: 1413: 1079: 1071: 890: 886: 871: 817: 701: 697: 608: 562: 499: 494: 456:

Ardych-Burun site, dating to the middle of the 4th millennium BC

379:

remains found at Kiyik-Koba Cave have been dated to about 80,000

286:, called the "reunification of Ukraine with Russia" in the USSR. 42: 5650: 5466: 5255: 4886: 3930:"Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Taurida" 2891:

which supplies 85% of the peninsula's freshwater needs from the

2809:

of Ukraine. The annexation led to the other members of the then-

1221:, respectively sharing control of the south of Crimea until the 5977: 5686: 4339:"Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" 2921:

Crimean Peninsula from where the Russian Army had launched its

2666: 2495: 2451: 2426: 2410: 2207:

Crimea experienced two severe famines in the 20th century, the

2190: 2058:

April (officially, 16 August) – 16 November 1920

1571: 1508: 821: 782: 759: 743: 612: 585: 542: 426: 355:, although most countries recognise Crimea as part of Ukraine. 173: 46: 3413: 2801:

condemned the annexation and consider it to be a violation of

553:, but they are not Scythians. Also, the Taurians inspired the 5439:

The Crimean Nexus: Putin's War and the Clash of Civilizations

3354: 2570: 2409:

on the grounds that they allegedly had collaborated with the

2364: 2100: 1761: 1371: 1363: 1336: 1245: 1241: 1067: 1047: 666: 616: 524: 485: 422: 109: 5198:"Drone explosion hits Russia's Black Sea Fleet headquarters" 4782:"Russia Temporarily Kicked Out of G8 Club of Rich Countries" 4537:"RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow" 1667: 1351:) by 1443. Hacı I Giray and his successors reigned first at 1256:

with the Mongol states between the 13th and 15th centuries.

1104: 4313:"Crimea: A Gift To Ukraine Becomes A Political Flash Point" 3016: 2499: 1697:

The Crimean War (1853–1856), a conflict fought between the

1619:

A map of what was called New Russia during the time of the

1075: 882: 433:

and began to warm significantly after the beginning of the

5011:"Russia Amends Constitution to Include Crimea, Sevastopol" 4957:"Crimea Adopts Ruble as Ukraine Continues Battling Rebels" 4889:"Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia" 4677:"Putin says plan to take Crimea hatched before referendum" 4569:

Ukraine's Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of 2022

4389: 4123: 4121: 3353:

Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).

2320:(1898–1977), under the authority of the three consecutive 1202:) originates as the name of the provincial capital of the 5185:"In southern Ukraine, Russian forces guard strategic dam" 4982:"Ukraine crisis: Crimea celebrates switch to Moscow time" 3158:

Desolate Landscapes: Ice-Age Settlement in Eastern Europe

3135: 1548:

had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces.

1461:. Linguistically, the Crimean Tatars are related to the 1370:, but they were unable to take control of the commercial 1271:

catapulted the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of

754:, in 114 BC. After the death of this sovereign, his son, 459:

By the 3rd millennium BC, Crimea had been reached by the

5089:

Andreyuk, Eugenia; Gliesche, Philipp (4 December 2017).

4702:"Four years since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea" 4657:"Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot" 4168: 3949:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

766:

in 63 BC as a reward for the assistance rendered to the

282:

as part of celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the

152:. In the medieval period, it was partially conquered by 5483:

The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition, and Conflict

4118: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 1631:

negotiated a trade agreement with the Russian diplomat

976:. The peninsula was wrested from the Byzantines by the 4219: 2821:

also rejected the referendum and annexation, adopting

2794:

threats to solidify the new status quo on the ground.

1026:

who also conquered cities controlled by its rival the

5320:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

5270: 4244:Крым и крымские татары в XIX-XX веках: сборник статей 3748:

in A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds),

3070: 2629:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 2547:

and was attached to the Crimean Oblast only in 1978.

1465:, who invaded the Crimea in the mid-8th century; the 1416:

for sale. For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six

1355:, then – from the beginning of the 15th century – at 5589: 4887:

Mike Collett-White; Ronald Popeski (16 March 2014).

4507:"Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare" 4383: 4180: 3927: 3746:

Halil Inalcik. "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"

3698: 2374: 2145:, Crimean coast near the village of Mukhalatka, 1929 148:, but the interior was much less stable, enduring a 5313:

Crimea and the Black Sea: An environmental history.

3977:

Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression

3554: 3432: 2592: 2196:From 1923 until 1944 there was an effort to create 972:and became part of the Kievan Rus' principality of 5233: 4675:Soldatkin, Vladimir; Stamp, David (9 March 2014). 4472: 4446:"Putin describes secret operation to seize Crimea" 4205:. Central European University Press. p. 152. 3936:, London: Russian Outlook – via Open Library 3656: 1876:. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by 1386:, an Ottoman invasion of the Genoese towns led by 545:refers to the Tauri as a Scythian tribe. However, 519:Crimea was settled by two groups separated by the 29:Ancient settlements in Crimea and surrounding area 4112:The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany 3808: 2813:suspending Russia from the group and introducing 2505: 942:In the 9th century CE, Byzantium established the 390:remains in Europe in the Buran-Kaya caves in the 301:established firmly under Ukrainian authority and 6332: 5577:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 5400:This Blessed Land: Crimea and the Crimean Tatars 5088: 4909: 3827: 3766:Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History 2929:. Occupied Crimea was a base for the subsequent 2543:due to its importance as the port of the Soviet 1842: 1431:of 1768-1774, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves. 980:in the 10th century; a major Byzantine outpost, 4829: 4586: 4566:Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse (2023-01-05). 4392:"The Eye of the Whirlwind: Belarus and Ukraine" 4147: 3777: 3508:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa" 3418:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 3352: 2401:" (Crimean Tatar for exile) to Central Asia by 742:, a state that maintained close relations with 386:Archaeologists have found some of the earliest 5647:On the role of Crimea in the Russian discourse 5604:Quellen zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Krim 4837:"United Nations A/RES/68/262 General Assembly" 4755:"Russia Threatens Nuclear Strikes Over Crimea" 4674: 4631: 2906: 2745:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 2076:November 1920 – 18 October 1921 1985:German puppet state under Lipka Tatar General 1282: 1232:seized the settlements that their rivals, the 1180:devastated the Crimean peninsula and pacified 274:by the Soviet regime, and in 1954, Crimea was 270:within the Russian SFSR in 1945 following the 227:, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance. 18:"Taurida" redirects here. For other uses, see 5671: 5651:The Crimean Archipelago: A Multimedia Dossier 5168:"New maps appear to show Crimea is drying up" 4504: 4390:Paul Kolstoe; Andrei Edemsky (January 1995). 4106: 4005:"Красный террор в Крыму 1920-1922: документы" 3613: 2389:On 18 May 1944, the entire population of the 2096:18 October 1921 – 30 June 1945 1581: 854:and other Bosporean trade emporiums from the 254:was created as an autonomous republic of the 172:, the north and centre of Crimea fell to the 4799: 4565: 4534: 4291:"Chronology for Crimean Russians in Ukraine" 4030:"Chronology for Crimean Russians in Ukraine" 3380:Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (1959). 3327: 2155:Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2151:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2092:Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1772:style. It was designed by Russian architect 1768:businessman Baron Pavel von Steingel in the 4572:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 4412: 3831:The Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3426: 3373: 3321: 3174: 2557:In the post-war years, Crimea thrived as a 2113: 1943:December 1917 – January 1918 1008:marks the location of this historic event. 874:of one of the Legions stationed in Charax. 463:, assumed to correspond to a late phase of 418:during this time was generally occupied by 5678: 5664: 5533: 4592: 4438: 4283: 4275:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3505: 3332:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 167. 3132:"Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine" 2878:federal subjects of the Russian Federation 2781:government in Crimea, which organized the 1611:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire 1588:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire 1441:List of Mongol and Tatar attacks in Europe 1404:Crimean Tatars introduced the practice of 1295:Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 835:, before becoming a client kingdom of the 5362:International Journal of Maritime History 5281: 4174: 3946: 3531: 3155: 3129: 3106: 3096: 3047: 3037: 3003: 2977:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2935:Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2649:Learn how and when to remove this message 2204:, but both were ultimately unsuccessful. 1999:November 1918 – April 1919 1982:25 June – 25 November 1918 1105:Mongol invasion and later medieval period 5601: 5231: 4954: 4651: 4649: 4528: 4370: 4311:Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2014). 4237: 4225: 4141: 4100: 3854: 3651: 3632: 3618:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 17. 3149: 2968: 2852: 2805:and Russian agreements safeguarding the 2660: 2625:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2577:and in the oblast's landlocked capital, 2515: 2413:occupation forces and formed pro-German 2272: 2262:and later awarded the honorary title of 2136: 2128: 1852: 1751: 1666: 1614: 1488:, a people of Jewish descent practising 1314:Crimea in the middle of the 15th century 1140: 1126: 921: 808:Fragment of a marble relief depicting a 803: 772: 671: 636: 505: 493: 367:Bone and tool from the Buran-Kaya caves. 362: 32: 24: 5579:(Dec 2011), Vol. 64 Issue 4, pp437–452. 5488: 5356: 5008: 4396:Russians in the Former Soviet Republics 4336: 4310: 3907:Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War 3439:. Penguin Books, Limited. p. 210. 2738: 2200:. There were two attempts to establish 2061:Government of White movement's General 1956:19 March – 30 April 1918 1399:tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire 406:, along with the northern coast of the 266:until 1944. The ASSR was downgraded to 6333: 5867:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014) 5444: 5328: 5114: 5057: 5031: 4535:De Carbonnel, Alissa (13 March 2014). 4470: 4198: 4186: 3346: 1521: 858:. The Roman colony was protected by a 846:. The Charax colony was founded under 479: 351:supporting reunification. Russia then 272:ethnic cleansing of the Crimean Tatars 150:long series of conquests and invasions 6153: 5877:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014) 5659: 5537:Housing, Land, and Property in Crimea 4694: 4646: 4605: 4498: 4487:from the original on 11 February 2021 3857:The Slavonic and East European Review 3848: 3821: 3802: 3285: 3279: 2769:. At the same time Russian president 1604: 1499: 1213:Trebizond's Perateia soon became the 1037: 984:, was taken in 988 CE. A year later, 907: 866:; it also hosted a detachment of the 684:Greek city-states began establishing 599:tribes. Their center was the city of 189:frequent raids into Russia for slaves 4868:from the original on October 1, 2015 4864:. Pew Research Center. May 8, 2014. 4354:BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2015 4055:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 3752:, Brooklyn College, 1979, pp. 25–43. 3414:Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum. 3130:Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). 2931:Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast 2602: 2524:On 19 February 1954, the oblast was 2461: 2038:February – April 1920 1747: 946:to defend against incursions by the 410:in general, Crimea was an important 338:occupying strategic points in Crimea 164:, which marked the beginning of the 5685: 5434:(MIT Press. 1997). pp. 83–137. 4955:Verbyany, Volodymyr (1 June 2014). 4247:(in Russian). Moscow. p. 242. 3328:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R, ed. (2001). 3296: 3064: 2828:According to survey carried out by 2665:Crimea's southernmost point is the 2159:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1849:Crimea during the Russian Civil War 1145:Khan Uzbek Mosque 1314, Staryi Krym 622: 13: 5887:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People 5790:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 5638:Historical footage of Crimea, 1918 5583: 5219: 4880: 4398:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 194. 4095:International Committee for Crimea 3123: 2405:'s Soviet government as a form of 2025:2 April – June 1919 661:were the first to name the region 347:from Ukraine following a disputed 336:culminating in pro-Russian forces 14: 6352: 5882:Council of Ministers (until 2014) 5631: 5566: 5277:. old fashioned and anti-Russian. 5240:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5226:Bibliography of Ukrainian history 5195: 4337:Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). 4129:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 3461:"Another New England — in Crimea" 2880:, and the Russian Prime Minister 2733:Russia invaded and annexed Crimea 2381:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 2375:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 2193:, and their independent culture. 2169:'s repressions of the 1930s. The 2021:Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic 1952:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic 850:with the intention of protecting 764:Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus 136:(1204–1461), and the independent 6315: 6314: 5895: 5847:President of Crimea (historical) 4151:The Crimea. A Very Short History 2757:that ousted Ukrainian president 2607: 2593:Independent Ukraine (since 1991) 2002:Anti-Bolshevik government under 1532:In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was 1477:, although it shows substantial 1434: 1321: 1307: 1165:began its western sweep through 603:on the outskirts of present-day 194:In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was 5402:. University of Toronto Press. 5189: 5178: 5172:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5160: 5134: 5115:Dooley, Brian (25 March 2022). 5108: 5082: 5051: 5025: 5002: 4974: 4948: 4926: 4903: 4854: 4813:. 28 March 2014. Archived from 4773: 4747: 4722: 4625: 4559: 4505:Simon Shuster (10 March 2014). 4471:Weaver, Courtney (2015-03-15). 4464: 4357: 4345: 4330: 4304: 4231: 4192: 4131:". U of Nebraska Press, p.211, 4084: 4061: 4043: 4022: 3997: 3969: 3940: 3921: 3895: 3875: 3784:Journal of Early Modern History 3771: 3755: 3739: 3681: 3614:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). 3607: 3588: 3548: 3499: 3486:Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 3478: 3453: 3407: 3383:A history of Greece to 322 B.C. 3269: 3195:10.1179/0093469013Z.00000000042 2819:United Nations General Assembly 2683:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2219: 2157:. The Russian SFSR founded the 2083:(until 20 February 1921), then 1742:besieged the city of Sevastopol 1555:signed in June 1774 forced the 1406:raids into Eastern Slavic lands 1267:(present-day Feodosiya) in the 789: 291:dissolution of the Soviet Union 166:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 5820:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation 5441:(Yale University Press, 2017). 5427:(Yale University Press, 2017). 5315:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.) 5285:Journal of Borderlands Studies 5271:Barker, W. Burckhardt (1855). 5058:Hurska, Alla (29 March 2021). 4842:. United Nations. 1 April 2014 4621:(in Ukrainian). 15 March 2014. 4148:M. Clement Hall (March 2014). 3416:"The Corpus of Crimean Gothic" 3386:Clarendon Press. p. 109. 3257: 3233: 3209: 2927:full-scale invasion of Ukraine 2749:2014 Crimean status referendum 2724:of the relatively pro-Russian 2506:1954 transfer to Ukrainian SSR 2474:on 30 June 1945. A process of 2417:. On 26 June of the same year 2118: 1969:May – June 1918 1880:made their last stand against 1686: 1471:Kipchak or Northwestern branch 1374:towns in the Crimea. In 1462, 902: 777:The "Chersonesus Tauricus" of 727:expanded to Crimea as part of 1: 6038:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5842:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5714:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5590:Neilson, Mrs. Andrew (1855). 5451:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 5297:10.1080/08865655.2015.1066699 5032:McHugh, Jess (15 July 2015). 3983:, 1999, hardcover, page 100, 3928:William Henry Beable (1919), 3817:. Brill Archive. p. 288. 3595:"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea" 3292:. Cambridge University Press. 3264:Strabo. Geographica. 7. 4. 2. 3245:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 2923:offensive on Southern Ukraine 2913:Crimea attacks (2022–present) 2706:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 2669:on the northern shore of the 2599:History of Crimea (1991–2014) 2305:(general district of Crimea) 1843:Russian Civil War (1917–1922) 1660:after travelling through the 988:accepted the hand of Emperor 986:Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev 572:, who eventually established 358: 299:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 50: 5825:Renaming of Crimean toponyms 5038:International Business Times 3569:. p. 27. Archived from 3512:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3436:A Short History of Byzantium 3433:John Julius Norwich (2013). 3286:Minns, Ellis Hovell (1913). 3183:Journal of Field Archaeology 3160:. Rutgers University Press. 3098:10.1371/journal.pone.0020834 2842: 2198:Jewish settlements in Crimea 1987:Maciej (Suleyman) Sulkiewicz 1803:There were large numbers of 1149:The overseas territories of 781:, shown on a map printed in 474: 461:Yamna or "pit grave" culture 60:The recorded history of the 7: 6058:2014 parliamentary election 5709:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 3934:Russian Gazetteer and Guide 3665:University of Toronto Press 3488:29, no. 3 (2006): 271–283. 3156:Hoffecker, John F. (2002). 2940: 2907:Russian invasion of Ukraine 2849:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 2531:Ukraine's union with Russia 2099:Autonomous republic of the 2079:Bolshevik government under 1995:Crimean Regional Government 1978:Crimean Regional Government 1859:Crimean Regional Government 1857:A 25-ruble banknote of the 1764:. It was built in 1912 for 1654:published his seminal work 1328:The Crimean Khanate in 1600 1283:Crimean Khanate (1443–1783) 465:Proto-Indo-European culture 442:Black Sea deluge hypothesis 220:incorporation of the Crimea 10: 6357: 5852:2003 Tuzla Island conflict 5835:Crimean Tatar repatriation 5374:10.1177/084387140501700110 5223: 5070:(50). Jamestown Foundation 4425:November 28, 2020, at the 3947:Gellately, Robert (2007). 3834:. Macmillan. p. 258. 3815:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3796:10.1163/157006507780385125 2910: 2846: 2742: 2596: 2509: 2378: 2223: 2153:on 18 October 1921 as the 2149:Crimea became part of the 2125:Crimea in the Soviet Union 2122: 2054:Government of South Russia 1926: 1894:massacres of the Civil War 1866:Russian Revolution of 1917 1846: 1690: 1608: 1585: 1582:Russian Empire (1783–1917) 1525: 1438: 1412:), in which they captured 1292: 1286: 1198:(via Italian, from Turkic 1108: 1013:Norman Conquest of England 930:, built on the site where 911: 793: 740:King of Cimmerian Bosporus 653:Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea 650: 626: 483: 17: 6312: 6268: 6233: 6182: 6173: 6149: 6142: 6115: 6106: 6029: 6020: 5986: 5913: 5904: 5893: 5862:2014 annexation by Russia 5800:1783 annexation by Russia 5722: 5694: 5602:Albrecht, Stefan (2013). 5331:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 5232:Allworth, Edward (1998). 5009:Sputnik (11 April 2014). 4619:Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 4593:Ilya Somin (6 May 2014). 4352:Crimea profile – Overview 3903:"Crimean War (1853–1856)" 3828:Sebag Montefiore (2000). 2783:Crimean status referendum 2476:de-Tatarization of Crimea 2450:and acquire territory in 2385:De-Tatarization of Crimea 2202:Jewish autonomy in Crimea 2106: 2098: 2095: 2090: 1946:Crimean Tatar government 1939:Crimean People's Republic 1792:, and other parts of the 1240:(present-day Balaklava), 1161:died in 1222, before the 934:is believed to have been 700:. In the 5th century BC, 498:The Scythian treasure of 388:anatomically modern human 170:Mongol invasion of Europe 89: 77: 6094:Crimean Federal District 5830:1954 transfer to Ukraine 5445:Rywkin, Michael (1994). 5437:Pleshakov, Constantine. 4811:China Central Television 4613: 4154:. Lulu.com. p. 52. 4091:"Famine in Crimea, 1931" 3981:Harvard University Press 3778:Mikhail Kizilov (2007). 3567:The Jamestown Foundation 3330:North Pontic Archaeology 2962: 2952:Crimean ASSR (1991–1992) 2767:new Ukrainian government 2673:, currently used by the 2318:Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld 2114:Soviet Union (1922–1991) 2034:South Russian Government 1736:Following action in the 1723:declining Ottoman Empire 1644:Novorossiysk Governorate 1627:On 28 December 1783 the 1553:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1528:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1228:In the 13th century the 1215:Principality of Theodoro 1206:, the city now known as 1176:. In the summer of 1238 1111:Principality of Theodoro 1002:into the Christian world 708:founded the sea port of 307:city with special status 305:being administered as a 236:changed hands many times 212:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 138:Principality of Theodoro 64:, historically known as 20:Taurida (disambiguation) 5737:Crimea in the Roman era 5626:excerpt and text search 3601:March 23, 2016, at the 3366:Encyclopædia Britannica 3308:Encyclopædia Britannica 2696:was reorganized as the 2512:1954 transfer of Crimea 2107:Soviet era (1921–1991) 2071:revolutionary committee 1738:Danubian Principalities 1701:and an alliance of the 1680:The Siege of Sevastopol 1592:Novorossiya Governorate 1263:army besieging Genoese 1191:from 1239 to 1441. The 1123:Mongol invasion of Rus' 889:(4th–8th century), the 839:in the 1st century BC. 812:, 3rd century BC, from 796:Crimea in the Roman era 353:formally annexed Crimea 179:, and in the 1440s the 45:, deer, bull, club and 6161:Crimean Premier League 6008:Urban-type settlements 5857:2014 status referendum 5815:Crimea in World War II 5598:; complete text online 5555:Williams, Brian Glyn. 4912:The German Law Journal 4730:"Annexation of Crimea" 4199:Polian, Pavel (2004). 4127:Yitzhak Arad (2009). " 4050:"Crimea: Introduction" 3913:. 2008. Archived from 3524:10.3201/eid0809.010536 3083:(6). plosone: e20834. 3039:10.1073/pnas.191384498 2865: 2714:Soviet Black Sea Fleet 2687:Ukrainian independence 2678: 2521: 2470:(province) within the 2298: 2146: 2134: 1861: 1777: 1683: 1624: 1467:Crimean Tatar language 1225:intervention of 1475. 1159:Alexios I of Trebizond 1146: 1138: 957:It became a center of 939: 828: 786: 681: 648: 512: 503: 368: 315:Soviet Black Sea Fleet 57: 30: 6288:Ukrainian Catholicism 5968:Pontic–Caspian steppe 5552:, recent developments 5095:Foreign Policy Center 5064:Eurasia Daily Monitor 4363:Mark Clarence Walke, 2856: 2807:territorial integrity 2787:Crimea's independence 2664: 2519: 2407:collective punishment 2291:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2276: 2256:Operation Trappenjagd 2224:Further information: 2143:"Red Ukraine" warship 2140: 2132: 2028:Bolshevik government 1959:Bolshevik government 1856: 1755: 1670: 1618: 1439:Further information: 1293:Further information: 1144: 1130: 1109:Further information: 1006:Chersonesus Cathedral 996:in marriage, and was 928:Chersonesus Cathedral 925: 912:Further information: 807: 776: 675: 640: 627:Further information: 576:in Crimea during the 527:to the south and the 509: 497: 447:The beginning of the 366: 345:declared independence 116:which was annexed by 36: 28: 6070:Legislative Assembly 5448:Moscow's Lost Empire 5396:Magocsi, Paul Robert 5345:. Hurst Publishers. 4376:Roman Szporluk, ed. 4067:Jeffrey Veidlinger, 2874:Russian Constitution 2799:many other countries 2618:factual accuracy is 2565:, particularly from 2550:The construction of 2363:The Crimean port of 2141:Stalin on board the 1279:to Western Europe. 1015:, a large number of 970:Sviatoslav I of Kiev 696:were established by 502:, in eastern Crimea. 435:Late Glacial Maximum 404:Last Glacial Maximum 402:culture. During the 284:Treaty of Pereyaslav 5785:Genoese–Mongol Wars 5775:Empire of Trebizond 5534:UN-HABITAT (2007). 5358:Kizilov, Mikhail B. 5341:Kent, Neil (2016). 4599:The Washington Post 3721:blacksea-crimea.com 3556:Brian Glyn Williams 3506:Wheelis M. (2002). 3221:www.chersonesos.org 3089:2011PLoSO...620834P 3030:2001PNAS...9810972H 3024:(19): 10972–10977. 2889:North Crimean Canal 2830:Pew Research Center 2720:in 2010. After the 2563:satellite countries 2559:tourist destination 2552:North Crimean Canal 2444:plan to gain access 2309:(and sub-district) 2266:after the war. The 2226:Taurida Subdistrict 2209:Famine of 1921–1922 1727:Orthodox Christians 1715:Kingdom of Sardinia 1657:The Crimean Sonnets 1648:Taurida Governorate 1600:Taurida Governorate 1538:Catherine the Great 1522:Independent Khanate 1512:Dmytro Vyshnevetsky 1484:A small enclave of 1115:Empire of Trebizond 611:River and northern 480:Tauri and Scythians 416:East European Plain 331:Ukrainian president 264:occupied by Germany 200:Catherine the Great 134:Empire of Trebizond 6130:Crimean Trolleybus 6034:Republic of Crimea 5481:Sasse, Gwendolyn. 5392:(E.J. Brill. 1996) 5322:3.1 (2002): 3-25. 5148:. 17 December 2020 5121:Human Rights First 4734:UaWarExplained.com 4435:. 19 February 2014 4073:2018-11-16 at the 3659:Ukraine: A History 3576:on 21 October 2013 2989:10.1002/ajpa.20833 2957:Kizil-Koba culture 2866: 2837:self-determination 2739:Russian annexation 2698:Republic of Crimea 2679: 2522: 2303:Generalbezirk Krim 2299: 2252:Isthmus of Perekop 2147: 2135: 1862: 1778: 1684: 1677:panoramic painting 1625: 1605:Russian annexation 1500:Cossack incursions 1469:forms part of the 1147: 1139: 1038:The Crimean steppe 940: 932:Vladimir the Great 908:Rus' and Byzantium 829: 787: 758:, was invested by 682: 649: 513: 504: 440:Proponents of the 373:Middle Paleolithic 369: 342:Republic of Crimea 295:Republic of Crimea 242:'s anti-Bolshevik 158:Vladimir the Great 120:and then became a 90:Χερσόνησος Ταυρική 78:Ταυρική or Ταυρικά 58: 31: 6341:History of Crimea 6328: 6327: 6308: 6307: 6283:Roman Catholicism 6264: 6263: 6169: 6168: 6138: 6137: 6102: 6101: 6016: 6015: 5953:Crimean Mountains 5613:978-3-88467-197-9 5408:978-0-7727-5110-2 5343:Crimea: A History 5311:Cordova, Carlos. 4579:978-1-009-05991-6 4432:Ukrayinska Pravda 4405:978-1-85065-206-9 4239:Bekirova, Gulnara 4212:978-963-9241-68-8 4161:978-1-304-97576-8 3962:978-1-4000-4005-6 3917:on 16 April 2015. 3674:978-0-8020-8390-6 3625:978-90-04-19190-7 3446:978-0-241-95305-1 3393:978-0-19-814260-7 3339:978-90-04-12041-9 2803:international law 2759:Viktor Yanukovych 2694:Crimean peninsula 2659: 2658: 2651: 2581:. Populations of 2462:Post-World War II 2395:forcibly deported 2354:Crimean offensive 2287:Winston Churchill 2234:Crimean offensive 2111: 2110: 1870:Russian Civil War 1748:Late Imperial era 1429:Russo-Turkish War 1388:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 1347:(a descendant of 1230:Republic of Genoa 1032:eastern Christian 1024:Republic of Genoa 721:Achaemenid Empire 601:Scythian Neapolis 521:Crimean Mountains 469:Kurgan hypothesis 392:Crimean Mountains 334:Viktor Yanukovych 232:Russian Civil War 82:Tauric Chersonese 62:Crimean Peninsula 6348: 6318: 6317: 6180: 6179: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6113: 6112: 6027: 6026: 5911: 5910: 5899: 5747:Bosporan Kingdom 5699:Political status 5680: 5673: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5617: 5597: 5573:Kizilov, Mikhail 5551: 5530: 5478: 5423:O'Neill, Kelly. 5413:Milner, Thomas. 5388:Kirimli, Hakan. 5385: 5338: 5308: 5278: 5267: 5239: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5193: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5146:Euromaidan Press 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4786:Business Insider 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4442: 4436: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4387: 4381: 4374: 4368: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4274: 4266: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4145: 4139: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4088: 4082: 4065: 4059: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4007:. 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In 1921, the 181:Crimean Khanate 53: 23: 12: 11: 5: 6354: 6344: 6343: 6326: 6325: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6225:Crimea Germans 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6200:Crimean Tatars 6197: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6125:Crimean Bridge 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5973:Southern Coast 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5780:Genoese Crimea 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5744: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: articles 5683: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5644: 5633: 5632:External links 5630: 5629: 5628: 5620:Wood, Evelyn. 5618: 5612: 5599: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5568: 5567:Historiography 5565: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5546: 5540:. UN-HABITAT. 5531: 5486: 5479: 5457: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5411: 5393: 5386: 5368:(1): 211–235. 5354: 5339: 5326: 5316: 5309: 5291:(2): 127–139. 5279: 5268: 5246: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5202:abcnews.go.com 5196:Blann, Susie. 5188: 5177: 5159: 5133: 5107: 5081: 5050: 5024: 5001: 4973: 4947: 4925: 4902: 4879: 4853: 4828: 4798: 4772: 4761:. 11 July 2014 4746: 4721: 4693: 4663:. 9 March 2015 4645: 4624: 4604: 4585: 4578: 4558: 4527: 4497: 4463: 4452:. 8 March 2015 4437: 4411: 4404: 4382: 4369: 4356: 4344: 4329: 4303: 4282: 4253: 4230: 4218: 4211: 4191: 4179: 4177:, p. 127. 4175:Bezverkha 2017 4167: 4160: 4140: 4117: 4099: 4083: 4081:, 7 March 2014 4060: 4042: 4021: 3996: 3993:The Red Terror 3968: 3961: 3955:. p. 72. 3939: 3920: 3894: 3874: 3847: 3840: 3820: 3801: 3770: 3754: 3738: 3697: 3689:"Soldier Khan" 3680: 3673: 3631: 3624: 3606: 3587: 3547: 3498: 3477: 3452: 3445: 3425: 3422:on 2007-03-02. 3406: 3392: 3372: 3361:Chisholm, Hugh 3356:"Crimea" 3345: 3338: 3320: 3295: 3278: 3268: 3256: 3232: 3208: 3189:(2): 120–128. 3173: 3167:978-0813529929 3166: 3148: 3122: 3063: 3002: 2983:(1): 106–112. 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2911:Main article: 2908: 2905: 2847:Main article: 2844: 2841: 2775:Russian troops 2771:Vladimir Putin 2763:demonstrations 2755:events in Kyiv 2740: 2737: 2691:ethnic Russian 2667:Cape of Sarych 2657: 2656: 2615: 2613: 2606: 2597:Main article: 2594: 2591: 2510:Main article: 2507: 2504: 2463: 2460: 2391:Crimean Tatars 2376: 2373: 2307:und Teilbezirk 2221: 2218: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2074: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2043:White movement 2041:Government of 2039: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2000: 1997: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1864:Following the 1847:Main article: 1844: 1841: 1798:Crimean Tatars 1794:Ottoman Empire 1758:Swallow's Nest 1749: 1746: 1711:Ottoman Empire 1707:British Empire 1699:Russian Empire 1691:Main article: 1688: 1685: 1640:Taurida Oblast 1621:Russian Empire 1609:Main article: 1606: 1603: 1596:Taurida Oblast 1583: 1580: 1526:Main article: 1523: 1520: 1501: 1498: 1451:Turkic peoples 1447:Crimean Tatars 1436: 1433: 1368:Dniester River 1327: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1269:siege of Kaffa 1254:series of wars 1167:Volga Bulgaria 1106: 1103: 1046:, such as the 1039: 1036: 1011:Following the 948:Rus' Khaganate 909: 906: 904: 901: 897:Crimean Gothic 881:(AD 250), the 844:Charax, Crimea 791: 788: 750:, the king of 748:Mithridates VI 659:ancient Greeks 651:Main article: 624: 621: 578:Archaic Period 534:in the north. 481: 478: 476: 473: 360: 357: 289:Following the 238:and was where 185:Ottoman Empire 122:client kingdom 94:Greek colonies 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6353: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6323: 6322: 6311: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Crimean Tatar 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215:Pontic Greeks 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6081: 6080:2017 election 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6053:State Council 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5810:Soviet period 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5765:Crimean Goths 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642:filmportal.de 5639: 5636: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5562: 5559:(Brill 2001) 5558: 5554: 5549: 5547:9789211319200 5543: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5491:Slavic Review 5487: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5458:9781315287713 5454: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5351:9781849044639 5348: 5344: 5340: 5337:(2): 135–143. 5336: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5247:9780822319948 5243: 5238: 5237: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5013:. RIA Novosti 5012: 5005: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4935: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4838: 4832: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4709: 4708: 4707:Government.no 4703: 4697: 4682: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4562: 4555: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4467: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4341:. Al Jazeera. 4340: 4333: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4292: 4286: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4254:9785851670572 4250: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4228:, p. 14. 4227: 4226:Allworth 1998 4222: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4189:, p. 67. 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4108:John Erickson 4103: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4011:on 2022-06-25 4010: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3991:. Chapter 4: 3990: 3989:0-674-07608-7 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3863:(88): 17–41. 3862: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3811:H. A. R. Gibb 3805: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3695:. April 2014. 3694: 3690: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893:Dnieper river 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Russian ruble 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2785:and declared 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2689:the majority 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2653: 2650: 2642: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2518: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:Tatar Legions 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403:Joseph Stalin 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2295:Joseph Stalin 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:Joseph Stalin 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2139: 2131: 2126: 2105: 2102: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063:Pyotr Wrangel 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2047:Anton Denikin 2044: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:Nestor Makhno 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:Baltic German 1763: 1759: 1754: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:French Empire 1700: 1694: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673:Franz Roubaud 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1646:, with a new 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1629:Sublime Porte 1622: 1617: 1612: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1557:Sublime Porte 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504:In 1553–1554 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:Crimean Goths 1452: 1448: 1442: 1435:Tatar society 1432: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1395:Meñli I Giray 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1324: 1310: 1300: 1299:Crimean Goths 1296: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Crimean Goths 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:steppe nomads 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 937: 933: 929: 924: 919: 915: 900: 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 801: 797: 784: 780: 775: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 729:his campaigns 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 679: 674: 670: 668: 664: 660: 654: 647: 643: 639: 634: 630: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 530: 526: 522: 518: 508: 501: 496: 491: 487: 472: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 450: 445: 443: 438: 436: 432: 431:interstadials 428: 424: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 365: 356: 354: 350: 346: 343: 339: 335: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 280:Ukrainian SSR 277: 273: 269: 265: 262:, Crimea was 261: 257: 253: 249: 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During the 167: 163: 159: 156:whose prince 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 87: 83: 75: 71: 67: 63: 54: 300 BC 48: 44: 40: 35: 27: 21: 16: 6319: 6278:Christianity 6175:Demographics 6043:Constitution 6000: 5988:Subdivisions 5958:Kerch Strait 5732:Greek Crimea 5723: 5621: 5603: 5592: 5576: 5556: 5536: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5447: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5414: 5399: 5389: 5365: 5361: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5319: 5312: 5288: 5284: 5273: 5235: 5206:. Retrieved 5201: 5191: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5150:. Retrieved 5145: 5136: 5124:. Retrieved 5120: 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5094: 5084: 5072:. Retrieved 5067: 5063: 5053: 5041:. Retrieved 5037: 5027: 5015:. Retrieved 5004: 4992:. Retrieved 4985: 4976: 4964:. Retrieved 4960: 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4928: 4911: 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4882: 4870:. Retrieved 4856: 4844:. Retrieved 4831: 4819:. Retrieved 4815:the original 4801: 4789:. Retrieved 4785: 4775: 4765:22 September 4763:. Retrieved 4759:The Diplomat 4749: 4738:. 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Retrieved 3467:. 2015-05-24 3464: 3455: 3435: 3428: 3420:the original 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3382: 3375: 3364: 3348: 3329: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3307: 3298: 3288: 3281: 3271: 3259: 3248:. Retrieved 3244: 3235: 3224:. Retrieved 3220: 3211: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3157: 3151: 3139:. Retrieved 3125: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3021: 3015: 3005: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2916: 2886: 2867: 2864:, 1 May 2019 2839:of peoples. 2834: 2827: 2823:a resolution 2797:Ukraine and 2796: 2765:against the 2752: 2680: 2675:Russian Navy 2645: 2636: 2617: 2567:East Germany 2556: 2549: 2535: 2523: 2480:Bakhchysarai 2472:Russian SFSR 2465: 2456: 2441: 2388: 2362: 2358:Soviet Union 2351: 2344: 2341:Yitzhak Arad 2337:Crimean Jews 2334: 2314: 2313:by the Nazi 2310: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2240:World War II 2237: 2220:World War II 2206: 2195: 2148: 2101:Russian SFSR 2014:Solomon Krym 2007: 1935:(1917–1921) 1916:Jurisdiction 1906: 1863: 1802: 1781: 1779: 1735: 1731: 1696: 1679: 1655: 1637: 1626: 1569: 1565: 1563:influence. 1550: 1546:Russian army 1542:Ottoman navy 1531: 1503: 1483: 1444: 1426: 1403: 1392: 1361: 1357:Bakhchisaray 1349:Genghis Khan 1345:Hacı I Giray 1334: 1261:Golden Horde 1259:In 1346 the 1258: 1248:(Kerch) and 1227: 1212: 1204:Golden Horde 1199: 1194: 1189:Golden Horde 1186:Turco-Mongol 1171: 1148: 1134:fortress of 1119:Golden Horde 1092: 1041: 1021: 1010: 967: 956: 941: 895: 876: 841: 837:Roman Empire 830: 814:Panticapaeum 790:Roman Empire 756:Pharnaces II 737: 735:in 513 BCE. 731:against the 719:The Persian 718: 694:Panticapaeum 683: 662: 656: 594: 567: 536: 514: 458: 454:Chalcolithic 446: 439: 385: 370: 288: 260:World War II 256:Russian SFSR 252:Crimean ASSR 229: 208:Russian army 204:Ottoman navy 193: 177:Golden Horde 81: 69: 65: 59: 15: 5918:Arabat Spit 5805:Crimean War 5497:(1): 1–22. 4187:Rywkin 1994 4035:8 September 2925:during the 2639:August 2024 2541:closed city 2526:transferred 2448:Dardanelles 2367:hosted the 2285:in Crimea: 2244:Third Reich 2119:Interbellum 2045:'s General 1817:Belarusians 1693:Crimean War 1687:Crimean War 1418:Tatar raids 1410:Wild Fields 1378:recognized 1277:Black Death 1208:Staryi Krym 1099:Kievan Rus' 982:Chersonesus 978:Kievan Rus' 959:slave trade 903:Middle Ages 885:(376), the 852:Chersonesos 712:(in modern 710:Chersonesos 642:Chersonesos 555:Greek myths 539:Geographica 420:periglacial 377:Neanderthal 276:transferred 230:During the 225:Crimean War 214:forced the 154:Kievan Rus' 144:and by the 98:Chersonesos 80:), and the 39:Chersonesus 6195:Ukrainians 6065:Sevastopol 5923:Arabat Bay 5704:Sevastopol 5224:See also: 5208:17 October 5204:. ABC News 4740:2022-03-29 4491:2022-01-23 4450:Yahoo News 4137:080322270X 4015:2023-02-08 3888:2018-07-08 3841:0312278152 3471:2024-01-20 3250:2019-02-06 3241:"Taurians" 3226:2019-02-06 2862:Simferopol 2860:parade in 2729:Yanukovych 2700:, after a 2583:Ukrainians 2579:Simferopol 2575:Sevastopol 2537:Sevastopol 2432:Uzbekistan 2379:See also: 2187:capitalist 2123:See also: 2073:government 2069:Bolshevik 1929:Revolution 1898:Red Terror 1874:White Army 1837:Bulgarians 1831:and Roma. 1770:Neo-Gothic 1717:, and the 1671:Detail of 1586:See also: 1494:Çufut Qale 1060:Sarmatians 1052:Cimmerians 992:'s sister 974:Tmutarakan 938:in 989 CE. 918:Tmutarakan 860:vexillatio 714:Sevastopol 665:after the 646:Sevastopol 644:in modern 629:Spartocids 605:Simferopol 400:Gravettian 396:Simferopol 359:Prehistory 349:referendum 303:Sevastopol 248:Red Terror 244:White Army 162:Sevastopol 102:Sevastopol 37:Coin from 6256:Ukrainian 6234:Languages 6220:Krymchaks 6205:Armenians 5933:Black Sea 5906:Geography 5527:159492185 5475:476453248 5382:162235937 5305:148535821 5264:610947243 4961:Bloomberg 4891:. 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