History of Bulgaria

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in Macedonia and gave a green light to the creation of a strong church and cultural institutions. Stambolov negotiated loans with western European countries to develop the economic and military strength of Bulgaria. In part, this was motivated by his desire to create a modern army which could secure all of the national territory. His approach toward western Europe was one of diplomatic manoeuvring. He understood the interests of the Austrian Empire in Macedonia and warned his diplomats accordingly. His domestic policy was distinguished by the defeat of terrorist groups sponsored by Russia, the strengthening of the rule of law, and rapid economic and educational growth, leading to progressive social and cultural change, and development of a modern army capable of protecting Bulgaria's independence. Stambolov was aware that Bulgaria had to be politically, militarily, and economically strong to achieve national unification. He mapped out the political course which turned Bulgaria into a strong regional power, respected by the great powers of the day. However, Bulgaria's regional leadership was short-lived. After Stambolov's death the independent course of his policy was abandoned.

9275: 1274: 3028: 1805: 3249:(prince 1887–1908, tsar 1908–1918). Stambolov believed that Russia's liberation of Bulgaria from Turkish rule had been an attempt by Czarist Russia to turn Bulgaria into its protectorate. His policy was characterized by the goal of preserving Bulgarian independence at all costs, working with both the Liberal majority and Conservative minority parties. During his leadership Bulgaria was transformed from an Ottoman province into a modern European state. Stambolov launched a new course in Bulgarian foreign policy, independent of the interests of any great power. His main foreign policy objective was the unification of the Bulgarian nation into a nation-state consisting of all the territories of the 2710: 7369: 4020:". The reform package introduced in 1997 restored positive economic growth, but led to rising social inequality. The political and economic system after 1989 virtually failed to improve both the living standards and create economic growth. According to a 2009 Pew Global Attitudes Project survey, 76% of Bulgarians said they were dissatisfied with the system of democracy, 63% thought that free markets did not make people better off and only 11% of Bulgarians agreed that ordinary people had benefited from the changes in 1989. Furthermore, the average quality of life and economic performance actually remained lower than in the times of socialism well into the early 2000s (decade). 91: 3386: 9167: 8731: 3083: 1580: 9351: 2852: 9239: 3495: 2511: 1195: 3931: 3152: 1701: 1556: 1544: 9321: 1463: 873: 8507: 2223: 2115: 1891: 2529: 2050: 1568: 2400: 9300: 1389: 938: 1146: 9602: 9387: 9375: 9363: 9343: 1996: 1091:(383–359 BC). This Thracian kingdom thrived between the early 5th century BC and the early 3rd / late 1st century BC. Located in present-day Bulgaria, southeastern Romania (northern Dobruja), northeastern Greece and European Turkey, it was a tribal amalgam dominated by the Odrysians that was the first large political entity to develop in the eastern Balkans. Before the foundation of Seuthopolis in the late 4th century it had no fixed capital. Similar to the 8961: 862: 406: 9502: 9185: 7938: 8717: 2519: 9548: 727: 716: 9722: 2818: 3296: 8898: 3044: 9573: 3782: 8502: 8973: 803:, discovered in the early 1970s. It serves as a tool in understanding how the earliest European societies functioned, principally through well-preserved ritual burials, pottery, and golden jewellery. The golden rings, bracelets and ceremonial weapons discovered in one of the graves were created between 4,600 and 4200 BC, which makes them the oldest gold artefacts yet discovered anywhere in the world. 1056: 8497: 24: 2157:(Simeon the Great), who was educated in Constantinople, Bulgaria became again a serious threat to the Byzantine Empire. His aggressive policy was aimed at displacing Byzantium as major partner of the nomadic polities in the area. By subverting the principles of Byzantine diplomacy and political culture, Simeon turned his own kingdom into a society-structuring factor in the nomadic world. 2350: 3911:'s reform program in the Soviet Union was felt in Bulgaria in the late 1980s, the Communists, like their leader, had grown too feeble to resist the demand for change for long. In November 1989 demonstrations on ecological issues were staged in Sofia and these soon broadened into a general campaign for political reform. The Communists reacted by deposing Zhivkov and replacing him by 3674: 3406:

which Austria was reluctant to grant until Berlin insisted. Bulgaria also negotiated with the Allies, who offered somewhat less generous terms. The Tsar decided to go with Germany and Austria and signed an alliance with them in September 1915, along with a special Bulgarian-Turkish arrangement. It envisioned that Bulgaria would dominate the Balkans after the war.

6686:... in the 1980s ... the Communist leader, Todor Zhivkov, began a campaign of cultural assimilation that forced ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names, closed their mosques and prayer houses and suppressed any attempts at protest. One result was the mass exodus of more than 300,000 ethnic Turks to neighboring Turkey in 1989 ... 2980:. The Greek revolt against the Ottomans which began in 1821 also influenced the small Bulgarian educated class. But Greek influence was limited by the general Bulgarian resentment of Greek control of the Bulgarian Church and it was the struggle to revive an independent Bulgarian Church which first roused Bulgarian nationalist sentiment. 4336: 2369:, most of Bulgaria's nobility chose to join the Eastern Roman Empire. However, Bulgaria lost its independence and remained subject to Byzantium for more than a century and a half. With the collapse of the state, the Bulgarian church fell under the domination of Byzantine ecclesiastics who took control of the Ohrid Archbishopric. 655:, served for a period of 35 years, where there was relatively rapid economic growth. The Communist system collapsed in the 1980s, and several problems in the 1990s decreased the economic development of Bulgaria's agricultural and other industries. A period of relative stabilization began with the election of 594:. After reaching its apogee in the 1230s, Bulgaria started to decline due to a number of factors, most notably its geographic position which rendered it vulnerable to simultaneous attacks and invasions from many sides. A peasant rebellion, one of the few successful such in history, established the swineherd 1748:

over the trade among the Arabs, the Norse and the Avars. The Volga Bulgars were the first to ever defeat the Mongolic horde and protected Europe for decades, but after countless Mongol invasions the Kingdom of the Volga Bulgars was destroyed and most of its citizens slaughtered or sold as slaves in Asia.

3311:", with regard to its desire to revise the Treaty of Berlin through warfare. The partition of territories in the Balkans by the Great Powers without regard to ethnic composition led to a wave of discontent not only in Bulgaria, but also in its neighbouring countries. In 1911, Nationalist Prime Minister 7290:

The 7th Ancient Civilizations in Bulgaria (The Golden Prehistoric Civilization, Civilization of Thracians and Macedonians, Hellenistic Civilization, Roman Civilization, Byzantine Civilization, Bulgarian Civilization, Islamic Civilization), by Bozhidar Dimitrov; Published by "KOM Foundation," Sofia,

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in October), advancing into Greek Macedonia, and taking Dobruja from Romania in September 1916. Thus Serbia was temporarily knocked out of the war, and Turkey was temporarily rescued from collapse. By 1917, Bulgaria fielded more than a quarter of its 4.5 million population in a 1,200,000-strong army,

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was the dominant political philosophy in the countryside, as the peasantry organized a movement independent of any existing party. In 1899, the Bulgarian Agrarian Union was formed, bringing together rural intellectuals such as teachers with ambitious peasants. It promoted modern farming practices, as

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In 635, Kubrat signed a peace treaty with emperor Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire, expanding the Bulgar kingdom further into the Balkans. Later, Kubrat was crowned with the title Patrician by Heraclius. The kingdom never survived Kubrat's death. After several wars with the Khazars, the Bulgars were

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as Early Slavs under Bulgar rule, and a slow process of mutual assimilation began. In the following centuries Bulgaria established itself as a powerful empire, dominating the Balkans through its aggressive military traditions, which led to development of a distinct ethnic identity. Its ethnically and

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began, Bulgaria was a primarily agrarian state, with some 80% of its population located in rural areas. In 1950 diplomatic relations with the U.S. were broken off. But Chervenkov's support base in the Communist Party was too narrow for him to survive long once his patron Stalin was gone. Stalin died

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This, however, had little effect on the Celts, who within some years reached as far as Bulgaria. There, in 298 BC, a large body of them clashed with Cassander's army on the slopes of Mount Haemos. ... The power of the Thracians had been reduced by the Macedonians, and now much of the area fell

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In 470/469 BC, the strategist Kimon, mentioned above, defeated the Persian fleet at the mouth of the Eurymedon river. Subsequently, it seems that the royal house of the Odrysians in Thrace gained power and in about 465/464 BC emerged from the Persian shadow. The Odrysians became aware of the power

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and believed that Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, as closely related South Slav peoples, should form a federation. This idea was not favoured by Stalin. There have long been suspicions that Dimitrov's sudden death in Moscow in July 1949 was not accidental, although this has never been proven. It coincided

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On 23 August 1944, Romania left the Axis Powers and declared war on Germany, and allowed Soviet forces to cross its territory to reach Bulgaria. On 5 September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and invaded. Within three days, the Soviets occupied the northeastern part of Bulgaria along

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aligned Bulgaria with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, even though this meant becoming an ally of the Ottomans, Bulgaria's traditional enemy. But Bulgaria now had no claims against the Ottomans, whereas Serbia, Greece and Romania (allies of Britain and France) held lands perceived in Bulgaria

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was also brought into the pact. The treaties provided for the partition of the regions of Macedonia and Thrace between the allies, although the lines of partition were left dangerously vague. After the Ottoman Empire refused to implement reforms in the disputed areas, the First Balkan War broke out

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granted by the Sultan in 1870. Stambolov established close connections with the Sultan in order to enliven Bulgarian national spirit in Macedonia and to oppose Russian-backed Greek and Serbian propaganda. As a result of Stambolov's tactics, the Sultan recognised Bulgarians as the predominant people

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Bulgaria experienced a rapid industrial development from the 1950s onwards. From the following decade, the country's economy appeared profoundly transformed. Although many difficulties remained, such as poor housing and inadequate urban infrastructure, modernisation was a reality. The country then

3335:), saying that the Bulgarian army had failed to accomplish its pre-war goals at Adrianople (to capture it without Serbian help) and that the pre-war agreement on the division of Macedonia had to be revised. Some circles in Bulgaria inclined toward going to war with Serbia and Greece on this issue. 1747:

led nine Bulgar tribes to the north along the banks of the river Volga in what is today Russia, creating the Kingdom of the Volga Bulgars in the late 7th century. This kingdom later became the trade and cultural centre of the north, because it stood on a very strategic position creating a monopoly

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recuperating from the Balkan Wars. Germany and Austria realized they needed Bulgaria's help in order to defeat Serbia militarily thereby opening supply lines from Germany to Turkey and bolstering the Eastern Front against Russia. Bulgaria insisted on major territorial gains, especially Macedonia,

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The Ottoman system began declining by the 17th century and at the end of the 18th had all but collapsed. Central government weakened over the decades and this had allowed a number of local Ottoman holders of large estates to establish personal ascendancy over separate regions. During the last two

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carried through the privatisation of land and industry through the issue of shares in government enterprises to all citizens, but these were accompanied by massive unemployment as uncompetitive industries failed and the backward state of Bulgaria's industry and infrastructure were revealed. The

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from Romania reached the Bulgarian borders and demanded permission to pass through Bulgarian territory. Threatened by direct military confrontation, Tsar Boris III had no choice but to join the fascist bloc, which was made official on 1 March 1941. There was little popular opposition, since the

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to Romania. The two Balkan wars greatly destabilized Bulgaria, stopping its hitherto steady economic growth, and leaving 58,000 dead and over 100,000 wounded. The bitterness at the perceived betrayal of its former allies empowered political movements who demanded the restoration of Macedonia to

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Bulgaria, which had the land force in the Balkans, declared war on Serbia in October 1915. Britain, France and Italy responded by declaring war on Bulgaria. In alliance with Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans, Bulgaria won military victories against Serbia and Romania, occupying much of

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as a Tsar. His short reign was essential in recovering—at least partially—the integrity of the Bulgarian state. A relatively thriving period followed after 1300, but ended in 1371, when factional divisions caused Bulgaria to split into three small Tsardoms. By 1396, they were subjugated by the

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A clearer example of interaction between Celts and Thacians is the famous Gundestrup cauldron, which was found in a Danish peat bog. This spectacular silver cauldron is decorated with images of Celtic gods and warriors but its workmanship is quite obviously Thracian, the product of a Thracian

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Bulgaria sustained the heaviest casualties of any of the allies while also making the largest territorial claims. The Serbs in particular did not agree and refused to vacate any of the territory they had seized in northern Macedonia (that is, the territory roughly corresponding to the modern

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The government promoted modernization, with special emphasis on building a network of elementary and secondary schools. By 1910, there were 4,800 elementary schools, 330 lyceums, 27 post-secondary educational institutions, and 113 vocational schools. From 1878 to 1933, France funded numerous

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formed Bulgaria's first peasant government. He faced huge social problems, but succeeded in carrying out many reforms, although opposition from the middle and upper classes, the landlords and officers of the army remained powerful. In March 1923, Stamboliyski signed an agreement with the

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The first decade of the century saw sustained prosperity, with steady urban growth. The capital of Sofia grew by a factor of 600% - from 20,000 population in 1878 to 120,000 in 1912, primarily from peasants who arrived from the villages to become laborers, tradesman and office seekers.

2915: 4337:"Sirakov et al. (2010).- an ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: A Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria) | Philippe Fernandez - Academia.edu" 5875:, Library of Congress Mongolia country study. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Quote:"The Mongols maintained sovereignty over eastern Russia from 1240 to 1480, and they controlled the upper Volga area, the territories of the former Volga Bulghar state, Siberia, the northern Caucasus, 3357:

The Serbian and Greek forces were initially beaten back from Bulgaria's western border, but they quickly gained the advantage and forced Bulgaria to retreat. The fighting was very harsh, with many casualties, especially during the key Battle of Bregalnitsa. Soon afterward, the

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Modi, Alessandra; Nesheva, Desislava; Sarno, Stefania; Vai, Stefania; Karachanak-Yankova, Sena; Luiselli, Donata; Pilli, Elena; Lari, Martina; Vergata, Chiara; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Diana; Kalcev, Petar; Staneva, Rada; Antonova, Olga; Hadjidekova, Savina (2019-04-01).

1033:. The Balkans, including what is nowadays Bulgaria, provided many soldiers for the multi-ethnic Achaemenid army. Several Thracian treasures dating from the Persian rule in Bulgaria have been found. Most of what is today eastern Bulgaria remained firmly under the Persian sway 3235:, a German with close ties to the Russian Tsar, was the first prince (knyaz) of modern Bulgaria from 1879. Everyone had assumed Bulgaria would become a Russian ally. To the contrary, it became a bulwark against Russian expansion, and cooperated with the British. Bulgaria 3557:

managed to remove the military régime from power, restoring a form of parliamentary rule (without the re-establishment of the political parties) and under his own strict control. The Tsar's regime proclaimed neutrality, but gradually Bulgaria gravitated into alliance with

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During the 1960s, Zhivkov initiated reforms and passed some market-oriented policies on an experimental level. By the mid-1950s standards of living rose significantly, and in 1957 collective farm workers benefited from the first agricultural pension and welfare system in

3097:, who launched a campaign against the "Bulgarian Horrors". The campaign was supported by many European intellectuals and public figures. The strongest reaction, however, came from Russia. The enormous public outcry which the April Uprising had caused in Europe led to the 2045:

Omurtag pursued policy of repression against Christians. Menologion of Basil II, glorifies Emperor Basil II showing him as a warrior defending Orthodox Christendom against the attacks of the Bulgarian Empire, whose attacks on Christians are graphically illustrated.

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of February 1917 had a great effect in Bulgaria, spreading anti-war and anti-monarchist sentiment among the troops and in the cities. In June Radoslavov's government resigned. Mutinies broke out in the army, Stamboliyski was released and a republic was proclaimed.

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in what is now eastern Bulgaria. The modern-day village of Tulovo bears the name of the relatively short-lived kingdom. Cultural interactions between Thracians and Celts are evidenced by several items containing elements of both cultures, such as the chariot of

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in 1904, where the three faculties of history and philology, physics and mathematics, and law produced civil servants for national and local government offices. It became the center of German and Russian intellectual, philosophical and theological influences.

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used Bulgaria as a base, beginning in 1894, to agitate for independence from the Ottoman Empire. They launched a poorly planned uprising in 1903 that was brutally suppressed, and led to tens of thousands of additional refugees pouring into Bulgaria.

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The Thracians were generally disorganized, but had an advanced culture despite the lack of their own proper script, and gathered powerful military forces when their divided tribes formed unions under the pressure of external threats. They formed the

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Bulgaria emerged from Turkish rule as a poor, underdeveloped agricultural country, with little industry or tapped natural resources. Most of the land was owned by small farmers, with peasants comprising 80% of the population of 3.8 million in 1900.

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In February 1990 the Communist Party voluntarily gave up its monopoly on power and in June 1990 the first free elections since 1931 were held. The result was a return to power by the Communist Party, now shorn of its hardliner wing and renamed the

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in the year 717. Relying on his treaty with Bulgaria, the emperor asked Khan Tervel to help him deal with the Arab invasion. Tervel accepted and the Arabs were decimated outside the walls of the city. The fleet was heavily damaged with the help of

2949:— prospered. The Bulgarian peasants actually possessed their land, although it officially belonged to the sultan. The 19th century also brought improved communications, transportation and trade. The first factory in the Bulgarian lands opened in 3588:

declared a position of neutrality, being determined to observe it until the end of the war, but hoping for bloodless territorial gains, especially in the lands with a significant Bulgarian population occupied by neighbouring countries after the

3491:, and had to give Dobruja back to Romania. The country had to reduce its army to no more than 22,000 men and pay reparations exceeding $ 400 million. Bulgarians generally refer to the results of the treaty as the "Second National Catastrophe." 2038:(814–831), the northwestern boundaries with the Frankish Empire were firmly settled along the middle Danube. A magnificent palace, pagan temples, ruler's residence, fortress, citadel, water mains and baths were built in the Bulgarian capital 1251:- originates. Even though the Celts remained in the Balkans for more than a century, their influence on the peninsula was modest. By the end of the 3rd century, a new threat appeared for the people of the Thracian region in the shape of the 1979:

in the year 774, proved to be unsuccessful. Thrilled with his success against Telerig, the Byzantine Emperor dispatched a fleet 2,000 ships loaded with horsemen. This expedition proved to be a failure, because of strong northern winds near

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survived until January 1767). Turkish authorities destroyed most of the medieval Bulgarian fortresses to prevent rebellions. Large towns and the areas where Ottoman power predominated remained severely depopulated until the 19th century.

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undertook a campaign to conquer Bulgaria. After a war lasting several decades he inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Bulgarians in 1014 and completed the campaign four years later. In 1018, after the death of the last Bulgarian Tsar -

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The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond,

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Although the concept of an urban center was not developed until the Roman period, various larger fortifications which also served as regional market centers were numerous. Yet, in general, despite Greek colonization in such areas as

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With the decline of the Ottoman Empire after 1700, signs of revival started to emerge. The Bulgarian nobility had vanished, leaving an egalitarian peasant society with a small but growing urban middle class. By the 19th century, the

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The capital Tarnovo became a political, economic, cultural and religious center seen as 'the Third Rome' in contrast to Constantinople's decline after the Byzantine heartland in Asia Minor was lost to the Turks during the late 11th

2697:(reigned 1300–1322) restored Bulgarian prestige from 1300 onwards, but only temporarily. Political instability continued to grow, and Bulgaria gradually began to lose territory. This led to a peasant rebellion led by the swineherd 3616:

on 7 September 1940, which reinforced Bulgarian hopes for solving territorial problems without direct involvement in the war. However, Bulgaria was forced to join the Axis powers in 1941, when German troops that were preparing to

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During the 6th century, the traditional Greco-Roman culture was still influential, but Christian philosophy and culture were dominant and began to replace it. From the 7th century, Greek became the predominant language under the

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Whereas Philip had exacted from the Thracians subjugated in 344 a tribute of one tenth of their produce payable to the Macedones ..., it seems that Alexander did not impose any tribute on the Triballi or on the down-river

4627: 3229:. This revision left large populations of ethnic Bulgarians outside the new country and defined Bulgaria's militaristic approach to foreign affairs and its participation in four wars during the first half of the 20th century. 3804:

had been in exile, mostly in the Soviet Union, since 1923. Although Stalin executed many other exiles, he was close to Dimitrov and gave him high positions. Dimitrov was arrested in Berlin and showed great courage during the

3889:, daughter of Todor Zhivkov, promoted Bulgaria's national heritage, culture and arts on a global scale. An assimilation campaign of the late 1980s directed against ethnic Turks resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 1736:

finally defeated and they migrated to the south, to the north, and mainly to the west into the Balkans, where most of the other Bulgar tribes were living, in a state vassal to the Byzantine Empire since the 5th century.

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Facing war on three different fronts, Bulgaria sued for peace. It was forced to relinquish most of its territorial acquisitions in Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, Adrianapole to the Ottoman Empire, and the region of

3693:, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans battled various resistance groups. The Bulgarian government was forced by Germany to declare a token war on the 635:

and the region of Sofia. This left many ethnic Bulgarians out of the borders of the new state, which defined Bulgaria's militaristic approach to regional affairs and its allegiance to Germany in both World Wars.

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cave, with an approximate age of 1,6 million BC. This cave probably keeps the earliest evidence of human symbolic behaviour ever found. A fragmented pair of human jaws, which are 44,000 years old, were found in

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vacuum resulting from the withdrawal of the Persians and claimed back supremacy over the region inhabited by several tribes. From this period onwards an indigenous ruling dynasty is comprehensible.

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Turkey's refusal to implement the decisions of the conference gave Russia a long-waited chance to realise her long-term objectives with regard to the Ottoman Empire. Having its reputation at stake, Russia

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Ivaylo Lozanov, Roman Thrace, pp. 75-90 in Julia Valeva, Emil Nankov, Denver Graninger as ed. (2020) A Companion to Ancient Thrace, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN

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entered the war on the side of Greece and Serbia, attacking Bulgaria from the north. The Ottoman Empire saw this as an opportunity to regain its lost territories and also attacked from the south-east.

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in the west and controlled all of present-day Romania and eastern Hungary to the north reuniting with old roots. A Serbian state came into existence as a dependency of the Bulgarian Empire. Under Tsar

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However, the war soon became unpopular with most Bulgarians, who suffered great economic hardship and also disliked fighting their fellow Orthodox Christians in alliance with the Muslim Ottomans. The

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took office and an amnesty was proclaimed, although the Communists remained banned. A popular alliance, including the re-organised Agrarians, won the elections of 1931 under the name "Popular Bloc".

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Under Simeon's successors Bulgaria was beset by internal dissension provoked by the spread of Bogomilism (a dualist religious sect) and by assaults from Magyars, Pechenegs, the Rus, and Byzantines.

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and thus limited its power from the very first year of its establishment. The power of the Hungarians and to some extent the Serbs prevented significant expansion to the west and north-west. Under

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Tylis lasted until 212 BC, when the Thracians managed to regain their dominant position in the region and disbanded it. Small bands of Celts survived in Western Bulgaria. One such tribe were the

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Hacisalihoglu, Mehmet. "The Ottoman Administration of Bulgaria and Macedonia During the 19th - 20th Centuries in Recent Turkish Historiography: Contributions, Deficiencies and Perspectives."

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commenced on a small island, approximately 7000 BC and around 4700/4600 BC the stone architecture was already in general use and became a characteristic phenomenon that was unique in Europe.

4043:. The freedom of speech and of the press are respected by the government (as of 2015), but many media outlets are beholden to major advertisers and owners with political agendas. Also see 3739:. On 16 September 1944 the Soviet Red Army entered Sofia. In October 1944, mobilisation was ordered and Bulgaria sent three armies to fight under the operational command of the Red Army's 9708: 575:

culturally diverse people united under a common religion, language and alphabet which formed and preserved the Bulgarian national consciousness despite foreign invasions and influences.

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was elected. In 1997 the BSP government collapsed and the UDF came to power. Unemployment, however, remained high and the electorate became increasingly dissatisfied with both parties.

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Their influence in Thrace (roughly modern Bulgaria and European Turkey) is very modest, with only occasional samples of armour and jewellery, but they established a kingdom known as

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Bulgaria's Stalinist phase lasted less than five years. Under his leadership, agriculture was collectivised and a massive industrialisation campaign was launched. Bulgaria adopted a

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The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria, and is over 6,000 years old (radiocarbon dated between 4,600BC and 4,200BC).

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and World War I. But it was clear that the central geopolitical position of Bulgaria in the Balkans would inevitably lead to strong external pressure by both sides of World War II.

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turned to high technology, a sector which represented 14% of its GDP between 1985 and 1990. Its factories produce processors, hard disks, floppy disk drives and industrial robots.

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when the latter, around 1500 BC, conquered the indigenous peoples. Thracian craftsmen inherited the skills of the indigenous civilisations before them, especially in gold working.

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Basil II guaranteed the indivisibility of Bulgaria in its former geographic borders and did not officially abolish the local rule of the Bulgarian nobility, who became part of

1214:). The Macedonians won the battle, but that did not stop the Celtic advancement. Many Thracian communities, weakened by the Macedonian occupation, fell under Celtic dominance. 2891:

plagued the area. In many regions, thousands of peasants fled from the countryside either to local towns or (more commonly) to the hills or forests; some even fled beyond the

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functioned independently. However, trying to preserve the balance of power in Europe and fearing the establishment of a large Russian client state in the Balkans, the other

5734:В то время пока Владимир был юношей и правил на престоле своего отца, вышеупомянутый Самуил собрал большое войско и прибыл в далматинские окраины, в землю короля Владимира. 8488: 3927:

was adopted, in which the system of government was fixed as parliamentary republic with a directly elected President and a Prime Minister accountable to the legislature.

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The Ottomans did not normally require the Christians to become Muslims. Nevertheless, there were many cases of forced individual or mass Islamization, especially in the

3239:, but defeated the invaders. It thereby gained respect from the great powers and defied Russia. In response Russia secured the abdication of Prince Alexander in 1886. 1123:) with a vast army that included 150,000 warriors from independent Thracian tribes. Cotys I on the other hand, went to war with the Athenians for the possession of the 2689:

The country's military and economic might declined after the end of the Asen dynasty in 1257, facing internal conflicts, constant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks and

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and wants to know which Byzantine spies can help him. Knowing their names, he slaughters every agent in the capital. His rule marked the end of the political crisis.

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Thracian tribes remained divided and most of them fell under nominal Persian rule from the late 6th century until the first half of the 5th century, until King

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the Bulgarian Exarchate, which reinforced their will for independence. A struggle for political liberation from the Ottoman Empire emerged in the face of the

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Most of the Thracians were eventually Hellenized or Romanized, with some exceptions surviving in remote areas until the 5th century. A portion of the eastern

471:, a sophisticated civilization already existed which produced some of the first pottery, jewellery and golden artifacts in the world. After 3500 BC, the 10434: 4047:. Polls carried out seven years after the country's accession to the EU found only 15% of Bulgarians felt they had personally benefited from the membership. 3393:

In the aftermath of the Balkan Wars Bulgarian opinion turned against Russia and the Western powers, by whom the Bulgarians felt betrayed. The government of

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of Britain, revised the earlier treaty, and scaled back the proposed Bulgarian state. The new territory of Bulgaria was limited between the Danube and the

6424:"Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1941, The British Commonwealth; The Near East and Africa, Volume III - Office of the Historian" 5473: 4572: 7980: 7975: 3985:("NMSII") — won 120 of the 240 seats in Parliament. Simeon's popularity declined quickly during his four-year rule as Prime Minister and the BSP won the 3067:) from outside the area. Countless villages were pillaged and tens of thousands of people were massacred, the majority of them in the insurgent towns of 2790:

captured Tarnovo, the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, after a three-month siege. In 1396, the Vidin Tsardom fell after the defeat of a Christian

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in Thrace held out for many years even after the Persian defeat, and reportedly never surrendered. It remained as the last Persian stronghold in Europe.

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The "Greater Bulgaria" re-established in March 1878 on the lines of the medieval Bulgarian empire after liberation from Turkish rule did not last long.

4276: 9010: 3647: 2631:. In an inscription from Turnovo in 1230 he entitled himself "In Christ the Lord faithful Tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, son of the old Asen". 4281: 3946:

Like the other post-Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Bulgaria found the transition to capitalism more painful than expected. The anti-Communist

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that began on 22 June 1941 nor did it declare war on the Soviet Union. However, despite the lack of official declarations of war by both sides, the

9689: 7631: 4096: 5764:И така, през пролетта на 1018 г. "партията на капитулацията" надделяла, а Василий II безпрепятствено влязъл в тогавашната българска столица Охрид. 1579: 6141: 5820: 2423:, Dragash and others, such apparent passivity seems difficult to explain. Some historians explain this as a consequence of the concessions that 1708:

Unified under a single ruler, Kurt, or Kubrat (reigned c. 605–c. 642), the Bulgars constituted a powerful polity known to the Eastern Romans as

6324: 5515: 3756: 3748: 3516: 3114: 2411:

No evidence remains of major resistance or any uprising of the Bulgarian population or nobility in the first decade after the establishment of

2164:

and Greeks, and fought a series of wars with the Byzantines through his long reign (893–927). At the end of his rule the front had reached the

387: 6516: 3998: 2492:. The following year, the Byzantines were forced to recognize Bulgaria's independence. Peter styled himself "Tsar of the Bulgars, Greeks and 1432:, due to the abundance of mineral springs. The influx of immigrants from around the empire enriched the local cultural landscape; temples of 434: 6872: 3865:

in March 1953 and in March 1954 Chervenkov was deposed as Party Secretary with the approval of the new leadership in Moscow and replaced by

1883:

migration throughout the 6th and the early 7th centuries led to a dramatic change of the demographics of the region and its almost complete

4296: 3630:. However the king refused to hand over the Bulgarian Jews to the Nazis, saving 50,000 lives. Bulgaria sent occupation forces into eastern 5286: 5242: 9861: 8831: 7926: 6788: 4216: 8730: 7225:

Davidova, Evguenia. "A Centre in the Periphery: Merchants during the Ottoman period in Modern Bulgarian Historiography (1890s-1990s)."

6591:

Valentino, Benjamin A (2005). Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century. Cornell University Press. pp. 91–151.

5407: 4833: 1025:. Finally, Megabazus sent envoys to Amyntas, demanding acceptation of Persian domination, which the Macedonians accepted. Following the 479:. In the late 6th century BC, parts of what is currently Bulgaria, in particular the eastern region of the country, came under the 10837: 9160: 8224: 8215: 6710: 6471: 4993: 41: 10427: 8866: 7396: 6447: 4898: 3000: 2836: 2738: 762: 3981:

and himself the former Head of state (as Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946), won a narrow victory in elections. The Tsar's party —

3318:

In February 1912 a secret treaty was signed between Bulgaria and Serbia and in May 1912 a similar agreement was sealed with Greece.

3267:

libraries, research institutes, and Catholic schools throughout Bulgaria. In 1888, a university was established. It was renamed the

2180:(Caesar) of the Bulgarians and the Romans", a title which was recognised by the Pope, but not by the Byzantine Emperor. The capital 1964:

ended. After the reign of Tervel, there were frequent changes in the ruling houses, which lead to instability and political crisis.

799:(5000 BC) represents the first civilization with a sophisticated social hierarchy in Europe. The centrepiece of this culture is the 7860: 7679: 4191: 4161: 4543: 3342:

promised Greece Thrace to Greece if it helped Serbia defend the territory it had captured in Macedonia; the Greek Prime Minister

9155: 8836: 4136: 3315:

formed an alliance with Greece and Serbia to jointly attack the Ottomans and revise the existing agreements around ethnic lines.

6455: 3990: 3986: 1136: 974: 361: 33: 7165: 7076: 7056: 6951: 3717:. Meanwhile, on 5 of September, Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany. The Bulgarian Army was ordered to offer no resistance. 1364:) installed a new dynasty that proved to be highly loyal and expansive. Conquering and ruling much of Thrace on behalf of the 9003: 8581: 8557: 7638: 7350: 6978: 6916: 6669: 6526: 6188: 6151: 5777: 5653: 5065: 4979: 4956: 4885: 4729: 4702: 4658: 4598: 4475: 4446: 4131: 3963: 3947: 3488: 2431: 1305: 1189: 1160:

incorporated the Odrysian kingdom and Thracians became an inalienable component in the extra-continental expeditions of both

5117:

into Celtic hands. Many placenames of that area in ancient times bear witness to the presence of Celtic strongholds ...

10420: 8596: 7712: 7499: 6165:

The territorial changes which the Prussia of the Balkans was condemned to undergo are neither very considerable nor unjust.

7904: 4788:

Rehm, Ellen (2010). "The Impact of the Achaemenids on Thrace: A Historical Review". In Nieling, Jens; Rehm, Ellen (eds.).

2031:

itself. Krum implemented law reform intending to reduce poverty and strengthen social ties in his vastly enlarged state.

1678:. There were several aristocratic families whose members, bearing military titles, formed a governing class. Bulgars were 10376: 9601: 9507: 9386: 9374: 9362: 9342: 9190: 4306: 3725: 3138: 3004: 1961: 1952: 1936: 305: 5868: 5562: 5026: 3721: 3546: 3523: 2756:

The Ottomans faced little resistance from these divided and weak Bulgarian states. In 1362 they captured Philippopolis (

2745:—and several semi-independent principalities that fought among themselves, and also with Byzantines, Hungarians, Serbs, 2302:. God had created light and the invisible world, while Satan rebelled and created darkness, the material world and man. 10562: 10230: 9140: 8707: 7707: 4797: 3307:

In the years following independence, Bulgaria became increasingly militarized and was often referred to as "the Balkan

1273: 321: 7213: 5709: 2654:, to reduce the influence of the Byzantines over his country. Tarnovo became a major economic and religious centre—a " 1935:. After the death of Justinian II, the Bulgarians continued their crusades against the empire and in 716 they reached 777:

cultures developed on what is today Bulgaria, southern Romania and eastern Serbia. The earliest known town in Europe,

10492: 8774: 7331: 7309: 6563: 6367: 6325:"Aggregate and per capita GDP in Europe, 1870–2000: Continental, regional and national data with changing boundaries" 6299: 6002: 5945: 5925: 5688: 5599: 5457: 5452:]. Македонска цивилизација (in Macedonian). Skopje: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. p. 391. 5371: 5343: 5317: 5229: 5184: 5143: 5102: 5034: 5003: 4858: 4772: 4525: 4261: 3503: 3126: 1080: 1034: 676: 620: 427: 295: 7039: 5434:Иван Микулчиќ, "Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македонија", Скопје, "Македонска цивилизација", 1996, стр. 29–33. 3027: 10361: 9956: 8996: 8193: 7457: 6610: 3776: 3702: 2447: 1804: 353: 7263:

Robarts, Andrew. "The Danube Vilayet And Bulgar-Turkish Compromise Proposal Of 1867 In Bulgarian Historiography,"

6494: 4871: 4369:"Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians" 887:. Their origin remains obscure. It is generally proposed that a proto-Thracian people developed from a mixture of 10386: 9989: 9854: 9102: 7919: 7619: 7504: 7181: 4946: 4166: 2878:

decades of the 18th and first decades of the 19th centuries the Balkan Peninsula dissolved into virtual anarchy.

2466: 1521:

attacked the territories of today's Bulgaria and pillaged many Roman settlements. By the end of the 6th century,

4012:, but economic difficulties and a tide of corruption have led over 800,000 Bulgarians, including many qualified 3055:. The revolt was poorly organized and started before the planned date. It was largely confined to the region of 2461:

organized a large-scale rebellion, but failed to restore the Bulgarian state and was killed. Shortly after, the

1513:

Due to the rural nature of the local population, Roman control of the region remained weak. In the 5th century,

10173: 10006: 9944: 9461: 9121: 8506: 8208: 7462: 4561: 4236: 3902: 2908: 2709: 2694: 1832: 1764: 1416:

became a dominant group in the region, and eventually yielded several military commanders and emperors such as

543: 272: 208: 9291: 5335: 3563: 1628:

assimilated most of them, before the Bulgar élite incorporated these peoples into the First Bulgarian Empire.

1555: 582:

and Byzantine attacks and wars, and was conquered and became part of the Byzantine Empire until 1185. Then, a

10847: 10806: 10699: 10512: 10381: 10290: 9588: 9312: 8739: 8611: 7959: 7580: 7389: 7364: 6886: 4924: 4820:. Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 1515. "From the 8th century BC the coast Thrace was colonised by Greeks." 4316: 4291: 4156: 4056: 3549:

took place, removing the Popular Bloc from power and establishing an authoritarian military régime headed by

2263: 2169: 1931:". Years later, the emperor decided to betray and attack Bulgaria, but his army was crushed in the battle of 1543: 1495: 7036:

War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia

3526:

of 9 June 1923 eventually resulted in Stamboliykski's assassination. An extreme right-wing government under

2760:), and in 1382 they took Sofia. The Ottomans then turned their attentions to the Serbs, whom they routed at 10827: 10765: 10537: 8916: 8621: 8542: 8532: 8466: 7736: 7626: 7544: 4231: 4061: 3575: 3110: 2807: 2638:

was restored in 1235 with approval of all eastern Patriarchates, thus putting an end to the union with the

2080: 2066: 2011:(802–814) Bulgaria expanded vastly north-west and south, occupying the lands between the middle Danube and 1567: 1494:, and for this reason at least one historian refers to Ulfilas as "the father of Germanic literature". The 698: 420: 399: 382: 345: 267: 143: 70: 6178: 2964:

Bulgarian nationalism was emergent in the early 19th century under the influence of western ideas such as

558:

in 680, the peace treaty with Byzantium in 681, and the establishment of a permanent Bulgarian capital at

10832: 10340: 10335: 9951: 9694: 9019: 8640: 8537: 7850: 7607: 7509: 6714: 5732:, full translation in Russian. Vostlit - Eastern Literature Resources. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Quote: 4201: 3982: 3732: 3627: 3380: 3332: 2612: 1140: 1029:, the Persian hold over the Balkans loosened, but was firmly restored in 492 BC through the campaigns of 962: 337: 9266: 9166: 7232:

Grozdanova, Elena. "Bulgarian Ottoman Studies At The Turn Of Two Centuries: Continuity And Innovation,"

6117:

Nedyalka Videva, and Stilian Yotov, "European Moral Values and their Reception in Bulgarian Education,"

3789:

From 1946 to 1991 the country was known as the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) and was ruled by the

3385: 10842: 10780: 10732: 10624: 10619: 10396: 10391: 9847: 9667: 9097: 8697: 8552: 8483: 8471: 7912: 7648: 7529: 7201:

Daskalova, Krassimira. "The politics of a discipline: women historians in twentieth century Bulgaria."

6655: 6643: 6551: 6027: 5978: 5498:

Boris Todorov, "The value of empire: tenth-century Bulgaria between Magyars, Pechenegs and Byzantium,"

4499: 4246: 4151: 3346:

agreed . Seeing this as a violation of the pre-war agreements, and privately encouraged by Germany and

2489: 2131: 1988:. To decrease this Byzantine influence, he sent a letter to the emperor in which he asks for refuge in 1844: 758: 631:

was rejected by the Great Powers, and the following Treaty of Berlin limited Bulgaria's territories to

612: 583: 377: 259: 216: 6740: 6697: 5813: 3893:

to Turkey, which caused a significant drop in agricultural production due to the loss of labor force.

10366: 10120: 10081: 9465: 9355: 8926: 8692: 8201: 7494: 7295: 6995:

Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th-21st Centuries. Eds. G.Demeter, P. Peykovska. 2015

6631: 6541:Великите битки и борби на българите след освобождението, Световна библиотека, София, 2007, стр.73–74. 5525: 3955:

Socialists portrayed themselves as the defender of the poor against the excesses of the free market.

3920: 3853: 3794: 3790: 3436: 3098: 2690: 2485: 2189: 2070: 1932: 876: 686: 648: 190: 6331: 10737: 10584: 9769: 9640: 9209: 8687: 8606: 8547: 8456: 7808: 7773: 7590: 7570: 7447: 7382: 5747: 4206: 4044: 3974: 3924: 3338:

In June 1913, Serbia and Greece formed a new alliance against Bulgaria. The Serbian Prime Minister

3277: 3171: 3142: 2620: 1948: 1856: 822:

drawings date from the same era, although the exact years of their creation cannot be pin-pointed.

706: 690: 656: 182: 4873:

Macedonian Legacies: Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza

4673: 3962:

of the BSP to take office in 1995. By 1996 the BSP government was also in difficulties and in the

3930: 3082: 1621:. The easternmost South Slavs settled on the territory of modern Bulgaria during the 6th century. 1100: 530:

led to the gradual disintegration of Great Bulgaria in the second half of the 7th century. One of

10742: 10704: 10371: 10029: 9744: 9729: 9659: 9636: 9632: 9485: 9477: 9457: 9433: 9417: 9087: 8921: 8764: 8749: 8520: 8515: 8446: 8293: 8232: 7702: 7674: 7595: 7437: 6869: 6423: 6040: 4256: 4251: 4221: 4196: 3869:. Chervenkov stayed on as Prime Minister until April 1955, when he was dismissed and replaced by 3764: 3642:(territories it claimed as its own), where atrocities were committed and local Jews were sent to 3531: 3507: 3428: 3246: 3232: 3160: 3094: 2714: 2505: 2104: 1421: 1120: 603:. The Turks eliminated the Bulgarian system of nobility and ruling clergy, and Bulgaria remained 591: 467:

occupation discovered in what is today Bulgaria date from at least 1.4 million years ago. Around

174: 9663: 7287:

12 Myths in Bulgarian History, by Bozhidar Dimitrov; Published by "KOM Foundation," Sofia, 2005.

5680: 5674: 5401: 4540: 3677:

Bulgarian troops marching at a victory parade in Sofia celebrating the end of World War II, 1945

2825: 2262:). The main sources about Bogomilism in Bulgaria come from a letter of the Ecumenical Patriarch 2087:

agreed to allow an autonomous Bulgarian Archbishop at Pliska. Missionaries from Constantinople,

10684: 10195: 10024: 9391: 9379: 9046: 8931: 8856: 8804: 8601: 8287: 8228: 7798: 7614: 7585: 7432: 5211: 4301: 4186: 4126: 4066: 3690: 3420: 3206: 3113:

in April 1877. The Bulgarians also fought alongside the advancing Russians. Russia established

2761: 2683: 2134:. An alternative theory is that the alphabet was devised at the Ohrid Literary School by Saint 2074: 1799: 1667: 1278: 1017:

whose task was to accomplish conquests in the Balkans. The Persian troops subjugated gold-rich

624: 563: 287: 135: 9413: 6796: 6357: 5992: 4969: 4694: 4467: 4438: 883:

The first people to leave lasting traces and cultural heritage throughout the region were the

10654: 10614: 10594: 10574: 10477: 10275: 10140: 9749: 9684: 9606: 9536: 9367: 9227: 8861: 8769: 8645: 7763: 7753: 7722: 7643: 7575: 7514: 7472: 6387:

Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899–1923

5729: 5174: 5133: 5092: 4841: 4830: 4762: 4517: 4241: 3978: 3554: 3512: 3472: 3351: 3343: 3319: 3167: 3156: 3118: 2772:

was also invaded, bringing the Second Bulgarian Empire and Bulgarian independence to an end.

2420: 2108: 1925:

from the Empire and was paid large quantities of gold. He also received the Byzantine title "

1852: 628: 615:

became a key component of the struggle for independence, which would culminate in the failed

45: 9254: 6718: 6468: 2995:, became the natural leader of the emerging nation. The Constantinople Patriarch reacted by 1939:. The threat of both the Bulgarians and the Arab menace in the east, forced the new emperor 10770: 10589: 10330: 10325: 10265: 10200: 10105: 9774: 9754: 9584: 9530: 9481: 8876: 8814: 8660: 8422: 8397: 8312: 7934: 7840: 7780: 7689: 7558: 4211: 4071: 3682: 3063:

also took part. The uprising was crushed by the Ottomans, who brought in irregular troops (

2742: 2283: 2154: 2084: 1944: 1921:

asked Tervel for assistance in recovering his throne, for which Tervel received the region

1905: 1895: 1534: 1161: 1150: 892: 702: 567: 229: 148: 7359: 6399: 5838: 4902: 4562:"Monuments of the final phase of Cultures Hamangia and Savia on the territory of Bulgaria" 3494: 2810:

set out to free Bulgaria and the Balkans in 1444, but the Turks emerged victorious at the

2662:

during the first empire, Ivan Asen II expanded the territory to the coasts of three seas (

2642:. Ivan Asen II had a reputation as a wise and humane ruler, and opened relations with the 969:(521–486 BC). In 513 BC - after immense preparations - a huge Achaemenid army invaded the 8: 10790: 10775: 10722: 10669: 10664: 10639: 10295: 10225: 10168: 10085: 9911: 9644: 9624: 8799: 8759: 8675: 8586: 8451: 8427: 8417: 8412: 7879: 7790: 7717: 7662: 7452: 6775: 6628: 5212:"Celtic Settlement in North-Western Thrace during the Late Fourth and Third Centuries BC" 4622: 4116: 4040: 4024: 4009: 3740: 3728: 3659: 3598: 3581: 3535: 3459: 3452: 3268: 3250: 3236: 3146: 3087: 2984: 2925:

Conditions gradually improved in certain areas in the 19th century. Some towns — such as

2795: 2287: 2127: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2035: 2000: 1968: 1522: 1475: 1299: 1231: 1221:, attacked Thrace and succeeded in conquering it. Comontorius established the kingdom of 1165: 1124: 1030: 865: 535: 313: 279: 234: 10760: 10412: 9258: 7301:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

3245:(1854–1895) served 1886-1894 first as regent and then prime minister for the new ruler, 2851: 2484:, leading nobles of supposed and contested Bulgarian, Cuman, Vlach or mixed origin, led 2469:. During this time the Byzantine state experienced a century of stability and progress. 10694: 10644: 10604: 10557: 10552: 10542: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10502: 10487: 10482: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10401: 10305: 10089: 10041: 10036: 9939: 9929: 9886: 9878: 9824: 9794: 9779: 9739: 9628: 9563: 9553: 9526: 9445: 9421: 9329: 9287: 9201: 8886: 8702: 8655: 8616: 8501: 8432: 8402: 8335: 8275: 7835: 7803: 7758: 7684: 7427: 7111: 6674: 4877: 4401: 4271: 4266: 3821: 3635: 3527: 3448: 3359: 3183: 2698: 2605: 2549: 2412: 2354: 2339: 1824: 1787: 1767:

and was recognised as an independent state under the subsequent treaty signed with the

1695: 1507: 1409: 1321: 1088: 682: 595: 496: 198: 156: 127: 3151: 2510: 2457:

After the death of Basil II the empire entered into a period of instability. In 1040,

1771:

in 681. That year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of present-day

1601:

The Slavs emerged from their original homeland (most commonly thought to have been in

10785: 10727: 10689: 10679: 10659: 10649: 10634: 10629: 10609: 10579: 10547: 10532: 10507: 10443: 10280: 10255: 10235: 10215: 10205: 10095: 10077: 10046: 9979: 9896: 9870: 9559: 9437: 9244: 9092: 8744: 8665: 8650: 8635: 8371: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7985: 7888: 7855: 7845: 7825: 7813: 7748: 7534: 7327: 7319: 7305: 7102: 7090: 6967: 6912: 6890: 6559: 6522: 6363: 6305: 6295: 6184: 6147: 5998: 5941: 5921: 5684: 5595: 5453: 5367: 5339: 5313: 5225: 5180: 5139: 5098: 5061: 5030: 4999: 4975: 4952: 4881: 4854: 4793: 4768: 4698: 4654: 4594: 4521: 4471: 4442: 4388: 4368: 4311: 4121: 4106: 3908: 3890: 3886: 3613: 3590: 3476: 3444: 3327:. The allies easily defeated the Ottomans and seized most of its European territory. 3324: 3214: 3210: 3117:. The Russian army and the Bulgarian Opalchentsi decisively defeated the Ottomans at 2973: 2746: 2473: 2394: 2279: 2271: 1700: 1491: 1206:

tribes reached what is today Bulgaria and clashed with the forces of Macedonian king

1194: 1157: 1104: 961:

in about 512-511 BC, Macedonians and Persians were strangers no more. Subjugation of

958: 932: 913: 896: 492: 480: 468: 8897: 8223: 7162: 7073: 6948: 6945:

Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations.

3389:

Bulgarian soldiers cutting enemy barbed wire and preparing to advance, probably 1917

10674: 10599: 10569: 10270: 10185: 10130: 10100: 10051: 10011: 9994: 9984: 9919: 9891: 9809: 9799: 9734: 9518: 9441: 9409: 9073: 9041: 9037: 8911: 8819: 8794: 8670: 8591: 8306: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8051: 7830: 7484: 7442: 7422: 7120: 6975: 5047: 4396: 4380: 4176: 4146: 4141: 4076: 3989:, but could not form a single-party government and had to seek a coalition. In the 3951: 3861: 3846: 3618: 3605: 3394: 3367: 3242: 3122: 3016: 2832: 2781: 2750: 2734: 2589: 2480:

dynasty, allowing some Bulgarian nobles to organize an uprising. In 1185 Peter and

2462: 2416: 2404: 2378: 2342:, Bulgaria somewhat recovered from these attacks and managed to conquer Serbia and 2251: 2173: 2135: 2100: 2008: 1860: 1768: 1499: 1457: 1425: 1353: 1317: 1198:

Tribes in Thrace. Celtic peoples, including the Gauls of Tylis, are labelled in red

1076: 1050: 966: 942: 904: 888: 844: 800: 770: 766: 694: 604: 571: 551: 484: 476: 243: 224: 166: 100: 9262: 8496: 7347: 7194:

Birman, Mikhail. "Bulgarian Jewry and the Holocaust: History and Historiography,"

6273:

Gerard E. Silberstein, "The Serbian Campaign of 1915: Its Diplomatic Background,"

3059:, though certain districts in northern Bulgaria, in Macedonia, and in the area of 1462: 872: 774: 10310: 10285: 10073: 10056: 9901: 9283: 8965: 8936: 8809: 8754: 8576: 7893: 7602: 7354: 7299: 7246:

Meininger, Thomas A. "A Troubled Transition: Bulgarian Historiography, 1989–94,"

7169: 7159:

Bulgaria in Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism

7136: 7080: 6982: 6955: 6900: 6876: 6475: 5872: 5713: 5364: 5329: 5307: 5055: 4837: 4547: 4286: 3935: 3825: 3801: 3710: 3539: 3347: 3068: 2996: 2958: 2811: 2682:, unsuccessfully besieged the city in 1235 and restored the destroyed since 1018 2386: 2150: 2123: 2114: 1922: 1828: 1817: 1525:

organized regular incursions into northern Bulgaria, which were a prelude to the

1487: 1401: 743: 710: 644: 555: 547: 410: 8325: 7270:

Todorova, Maria. "Historiography of the countries of Eastern Europe: Bulgaria,"

6330:. Department of Economics at the University of Warwick, Coventry. Archived from 5274:... Ulfila, the apostle of the Goths and the father of Germanic literature. 2675: 1890: 10260: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10220: 10210: 10125: 10068: 9961: 9924: 9819: 9784: 9764: 9578: 9250: 9221: 9217: 9205: 8977: 8461: 8365: 7818: 6478:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1 April 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.

5309:

Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire: The Development of Christian Discourse

4384: 4028: 3967: 3939: 3912: 3882: 3838: 3833:

and was followed by a "Titoist" witch hunt in Bulgaria. This culminated in the

3806: 3747:

across Central Europe. The Bulgarian Army marked several victories against the

3736: 3694: 3686: 3550: 3440: 3222: 3052: 3036: 2855: 2840: 2787: 2722: 2679: 2593: 2390: 2366: 2331: 2310:

After Simeon's death, Bulgaria was weakened by external and internal wars with

2205: 2185: 2049: 2028: 1989: 1960:. The remaining ships were destroyed by a storm, in an attempt to flee. So the 1940: 1927: 1901: 1872: 1709: 1647: 1606: 1602: 1377: 1349: 1316:

that existed from the middle of the 1st century BC until 46 AD. Succeeding the

920: 664: 616: 600: 579: 519: 8988: 6611:"How communist Bulgaria became a leader in tech and sci-fi | Aeon Essays" 5365:

R.J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, 1997, Cambridge University Press

3093:

The massacres aroused a broad public reaction among liberal Europeans such as

2874:, retained Bulgarian language, dress and some customs compatible with Islam.. 2831:

The new authorities dismantled Bulgarian institutions and merged the separate

2528: 10821: 10356: 10155: 9814: 9804: 9759: 9522: 9514: 9350: 9197: 8871: 7694: 5865: 5396: 5051: 4721: 4392: 3994: 3866: 3842: 3814: 3698: 3424: 3300: 3218: 2938: 2545: 2399: 2299: 2095:, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire around 886. The alphabet and the 2012: 1976: 1884: 1211: 1026: 1021:, the coastal Greek cities, as well as defeating and conquering the powerful 815: 811: 796: 730: 652: 7187:

Baeva, Iskra. "An Attempt to Revive Foreign Interest to Bulgarian History."

6818: 6309: 5718:Так в течение двух дней был завоеван и стал владением ромеев город Преслава. 3174:

on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire, including the regions of

2701:, who eventually managed to defeat the Tsar's forces and ascend the throne. 2518: 2415:. Given the existence of such irreconcilable opponents to the Byzantines as 1408:. By the 4th century, the Thracians had a composite indigenous identity, as 1388: 1296:, and warfare continued until 46 AD when Rome finally conquered the region. 941:

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest territorial extent, under the rule of

937: 10315: 10145: 10016: 9934: 8851: 7220:

Making of a Nation in the Balkans: Historiography of the Bulgarian Revival,

7208:

Daskalov, Roumen. "The Social History of Bulgaria: Topics and Approaches,"

6757: 5888: 5704: 4678:

The Necropolis at Varna is an important site in understanding this culture.

4181: 3959: 3667: 3623: 3585: 3559: 3339: 3199: 3102: 3064: 3012: 3008: 2918: 2635: 2616: 2557: 2522: 2481: 2458: 2291: 2201: 2193: 1918: 1876: 1679: 1675: 1651: 1413: 1365: 1345: 1341: 1289: 1268: 1264: 1252: 751: 747: 640: 587: 554:, expanding his new kingdom further into the Balkan peninsula. The crucial 539: 488: 456: 6624: 6180:

L'Europe et la Jeune Turquie: les aspects nouveaux de la question d'Orient

5422: 5287:"The Saint Athanasius Monastery of Chirpan, the oldest cloister in Europe" 2733:

had caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to split into three small tsardoms—

1917:, became ruler in the beginning of 8th century when the Byzantine emperor 1145: 10300: 10178: 10163: 10135: 9971: 9308: 9059: 8270: 7539: 6911:(2nd ed. 2006). lxiv + 638 pp. Maps, bibliography, appendix, chronology. 4853:

The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,

4792:. Black Sea Studies. Vol. 11. Aarhus University Press. p. 143. 4017: 3870: 3767:

and at Stratsin. The Soviet army withdraws from Bulgaria after one year.

3643: 3609: 3538:, the Tsar persuaded Tsankov to resign, a more moderate government under 3402: 3312: 3290: 3259: 3072: 3032: 2969: 2443: 2165: 1995: 1625: 1618: 1609:, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches - the 1596: 1218: 819: 719: 578:

In the 11th century, the First Bulgarian Empire collapsed under multiple

329: 251: 6865: 3475:

in order to head off anti-monarchic revolutionary tendencies. Under the

2921:, key figure of the revolutionary movement and national hero of Bulgaria 2725:, who crossed into Europe in 1354. By 1371, factional divisions between 2721:

A weakened 14th-century Bulgaria faced a new threat from the south, the

2442:. Secondly, special charters (royal decrees) of Basil II recognised the 10063: 9789: 9213: 8941: 8789: 7768: 7275: 7258: 6823: 5716:, Historical Resources on Kievan Rus. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Quote: 5411:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 780. 5400: 4013: 3845:(born 1877) died in January 1950 and power then passed to a Stalinist, 3834: 3484: 3480: 3125:. By January 1878 they had liberated much of the Bulgarian lands. (See 3076: 2965: 2911:, which became a key component in the ideology of national liberation. 2887: 2730: 2667: 2655: 2382: 2327: 2247: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2161: 2103:

gave rise to a rich literary and cultural activity centered around the

2024: 1957: 1756: 1729: 1614: 1610: 1441: 1440:

have been discovered near the Black Sea coast. Sometime before 300 AD,

1340:. Initially only of limited relevance, its power grew significantly in 1010: 793: 782: 778: 460: 5938:

Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis

2118:

Ruins of Pliska, capital of the First Bulgarian Empire from 680 to 893

1984:. Telerig was aware of the increased presence of spies in the capital 1300:

Sapaean Thracian kingdom (Roman vassal state) (1st century BC - 46 AD)

989:, and virtually all other regions that touch the European part of the 861: 10110: 8881: 8716: 7140:

The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust

4226: 4111: 4081: 4036: 4005: 3830: 3810: 3744: 3663: 3651: 2900: 2798:. With this the Ottomans finally subjugated and occupied Bulgaria. A 2671: 2561: 2537: 2493: 2439: 2311: 2250:

arose in Bulgaria. The heresy was named after its founder the priest

2197: 1981: 1864: 1760: 1728:

river to the east and the Donets river to the north. The capital was

1717: 1424:. Urban centres became well-developed, especially the territories of 1309: 1207: 1181: 1112: 1022: 1014: 990: 986: 978: 954: 909: 884: 836: 738: 515: 472: 9839: 9721: 7374: 7253:

Mosely, Philip E. "The Post-War Historiography of Modern Bulgaria,"

6278: 2817: 2623:(1218–1241), Bulgaria once again became a regional power, occupying 2454:

already existing under Samuil, their property and other privileges.

726: 715: 10320: 10115: 8906: 7943: 7405: 7125:

Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918–1943

3760: 3655: 3295: 3194: 2867: 2663: 2643: 2624: 2601: 2553: 2424: 2361: 2319: 2146: 1783: 1772: 1721: 1659: 1417: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1329: 1108: 1084: 1060: 1038: 994: 786: 737:

The earliest human remains found in Bulgaria were excavated in the

538:, leading some of the Bulgar tribes settled in the area around the 503:

domination. This mixture of ancient peoples was assimilated by the

452: 90: 5243:"Temple to Isis and Osiris unearthed near the Bulgarian Black Sea" 4344: 3519:(VMRO), which favoured a war to regain Macedonia from Yugoslavia. 10190: 10001: 9151:

Military convention between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria

8347: 8265: 7489: 6853:

Chary, Frederick B. "Bulgaria (History)" in Richard Frucht, ed.

6195:

On a dit souvent de la Bulgarie qu'elle est la Prusse des Balkans

5591: 5520: 4101: 3857: 3793:(BCP). The BCP transformed itself in 1990, changing its name to " 3673: 3471:

In September 1918, Tsar Ferdinand abdicated in favour of his son

3308: 3188: 3056: 3043: 2992: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2896: 2803: 2791: 2765: 2757: 2628: 2581: 2573: 2565: 2477: 2451: 2335: 2315: 2181: 2126:— was developed at the Preslav Literary School, adapted from the 2053: 2016: 1868: 1813: 1752: 1671: 1637: 1503: 1479: 1445: 1405: 1373: 1313: 1282: 1116: 1099:

tribes, most Thracians are thought to have lived simply in small

1072: 1002: 998: 970: 950: 840: 527: 511: 464: 9136:

Negotiations of Bulgaria with the Central Powers and the Entente

7053:

Stefan Stambolov and the Emergence of Modern Bulgaria, 1870–1895

6580:

Dimitrov and Stalin: 1934-1943: letters from the Soviet archives

6093:

Stefan Stambolov and the emergence of modern Bulgaria, 1870-1895

5331:

A history of the Greek language: from its origins to the present

4691:

Gems and gemstones: Timeless natural beauty of the mineral world

4591:

Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, Places, and Broken Objects

1044: 8353: 8341: 7022:

Balkans: A history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey

4861:,"page 1515,"The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516" 4171: 4032: 3714: 3639: 3631: 3594: 3432: 3416: 3411: 3179: 3175: 3060: 3022: 2988: 2977: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2914: 2904: 2892: 2871: 2799: 2726: 2659: 2647: 2639: 2597: 2569: 2541: 2435: 2343: 2334:

and Byzantine invasions resulted in the seizure of the capital

2243: 2160:

Simeon hoped to take Constantinople and become emperor of both

2142: 2141:

By the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Bulgaria extended to

2039: 1985: 1914: 1840: 1836: 1744: 1740: 1713: 1683: 1655: 1514: 1451: 1433: 1393: 1337: 1325: 1293: 1018: 1006: 982: 632: 559: 531: 523: 487:

which lasted until 46 BC, when it was finally conquered by the

6819:"Angry Bulgarians feel EU membership has brought few benefits" 5981:, Library of Congress Country Study. Retrieved 4 December 2011 3781: 3752: 3323:

in October 1912 at a time when the Ottomans were tied down in

2953:

in 1834 and the first railway system started running (between

8377: 8359: 7519: 5510: 5508: 5158: 4091: 4086: 3226: 2859: 2844: 2769: 2651: 2295: 2020: 1880: 1848: 1779: 1725: 1663: 1483: 1471: 1429: 1248: 1239: 1227: 1222: 1203: 1185: 1177: 1092: 856: 852: 848: 807: 746:, but it is disputed whether these early humans were in fact 504: 500: 8301:

De facto independent Bulgarian states from the Second Empire

5161:(alternatively Tyle) on the Thracian coast of the Black Sea. 5046: 3770: 2907:. The decline of Ottoman authorities also allowed a gradual 2843:(although a small, autocephalous Bulgarian archbishopric of 2450:

and set up its boundaries, securing the continuation of the

2372: 1712:. This country was situated between the lower course of the 8407: 7524: 7146:

Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria

7107:

Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews

6510: 6508: 4790:

Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea: Communication of Powers

3534:

against Agrarians and Communists. In 1926, after the brief

2585: 2577: 2349: 2323: 2177: 2138:, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius. 1972: 1831:

covered the territory that comprises present-day Bulgaria:

1518: 1437: 1333: 1096: 1055: 660: 7131:

The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the 20th Century

7063:

The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the 20th Century

7046:

The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920

7008:

The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria

6400:"THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN THE BALKANS (SPRING 1941): PART I" 6262:

The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920

6236:

The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920

5505: 4948:

The orders, medals, and history of the Kingdom of Bulgaria

2775: 1755:(Kotrag's brother) moved west, occupying today's southern 10442: 6518:

Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia

6323:

Broadberry, Stephen; Klein, Alexander (8 February 2008).

6221: 6219: 3580:

Upon the outbreak of World War II, the government of the

2427:

granted the Bulgarian nobility to gain their allegiance.

1605:) in the early 6th century and spread to most of eastern 1466:

Invasions of the Roman Empire during the Migration Period

507:, who permanently settled on the peninsula after 500 AD. 451:

can be traced from the first settlements on the lands of

6505: 5312:, Averil Cameron, University of California Press, 1994, 2536:

Resurrected Bulgaria occupied the territory between the

1537:'s administration, Church and society, replacing Latin. 491:. During the centuries, some Thracian tribes fell under 6864:(The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) (2011) 4031:

on 1 January 2007. In 2010 it was ranked 32nd (between

3530:

took power, backed by the army and VMRO, which waged a

1474:

arrived in northern Bulgaria and settled in and around

6495:"No, Bulgaria Doesn't Need to Bury the Communist Past" 6216: 5289:(in Bulgarian). Bulgarian National Radio. 22 June 2017 4550:

at the Stara Zagora Neolithic Dwellings Museum website

4282:

List of sovereign states by date of formation § Europe

3958:

The negative reaction against economic reform allowed

3487:, ceded nearly all of its Macedonian territory to the 2499: 2476:, died and was replaced by the relatively incompetent 1775:

and Asparuh is regarded as the first Bulgarian ruler.

895:

from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion in the

6104:

John Bell, "The Genesis of Agrarianism in Bulgaria,"

5814:"Войните на цар Калоян (1197–1207 г.) (in Bulgarian)" 3785:

Headquarters of the Bulgarian Communist party in 1984

3731:

was overthrown and replaced with a government of the

3221:

range, with its seat at the old Bulgarian capital of

3155:

The borders of Bulgaria according to the Preliminary

1951:

and a fleet of 2,500 ships that were laying siege on

1943:, to sign a peace treaty with Tervel. The successor, 1490:

in the process. This was the first book written in a

965:

was part of Persian military operations initiated by

7257:(1937) 9#3 pp 348–366; work done in 1920s and 1930s 7189:

Bulgarian Historical Review/Revue Bulgare d'Histoire

6381: 6379: 6247:

Richard C. Hall, "Bulgaria in the First World War,"

6030:, The Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 December 2011 5138:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 156. 5060:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. p. 38. 4693:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 4617:"Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town" 3896: 3841:(died 16 December 1949). The elderly Prime Minister 3515:

recognising the new border and agreeing to suppress

3170:

was signed on 3 March 1878 and set up an autonomous

3132: 2572:, thereby securing the recognition of his title of " 1793: 1013:. Darius left in Europe one of his commanders named 916:

and other cities, the Thracians avoided urban life.

483:. In the 470s BC, the Thracians formed the powerful 7203:

Rivista internazionale di storia della storiografia

7116:

The Iron Fist: Inside the Bulgarian secret archives

6290:Tucker, Spencer C; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). 4365: 2658:", unlike the already declining Constantinople. As 1412:who preserved some of their ancient pagan rituals. 4991: 4615: 4432: 4277:List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe 3701:on 13 December 1941, an act which resulted in the 2768:after a three-month siege. In 1396 the Tsardom of 1654:, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the 1585:The Bulgar and Slavic migrations 6th - 7th century 1103:, usually on hilltops. At the commencement of the 7243:(2006), Issue 11, pP 85–123; covers 1800 to 1920. 6376: 6041:"Timeline: Bulgaria – A chronology of key events" 5843:. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 4 5545:Bakalov, Istorija na Bǎlgarija, "Simeon I Veliki" 5127: 5125: 4992:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (7 July 2011). 3483:coastline to Greece, recognized the existence of 3039:, ending the 480-year rule of the Ottoman Empire. 2588:" of Bulgarians and Vlachs. He waged wars on the 1947:had to deal with an army of 100,000 Arabs led by 765:yet discovered. By the end of the neolithic, the 10819: 7129:Pundeff, Marin. "Bulgaria," in Joseph Held, ed. 7061:Pundeff, Marin. "Bulgaria," in Joseph Held, ed. 4097:List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes 3950:(UDF) took office and between 1992 and 1994 the 3763:) and other German forces during the operations 3689:was involved in a number of skirmishes with the 3604:Bulgaria succeeded in negotiating a recovery of 2604:, Bohemia, and Moldavia as well as the whole of 1975:, ruled Bulgaria. His military campaign against 1859:and Haemismontus, and had a mixed population of 1083:which later peaked under the leadership of King 9018: 6521:. Columbia University Press. pp. 238–240. 6322: 4653:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Херон прес. p. 14. 3705:and other Bulgarian cities by Allied aircraft. 2514:Second Bulgarian Empire in the period 1185-1196 1778:Another Bulgar horde, led by Asparuh's brother 1666:(then Itil). A branch of them gave rise to the 926: 8313:Despotate of Dobruja (Principality of Karvuna) 6816: 6741:"Bulgaria Still Stuck in Trauma of Transition" 6600:Rummel, Rudolph, Statistics of Democide, 1997. 6355: 6121:March 2001, Vol. 53 Issue 1/2, pp 119–128 5974: 5972: 5970: 5752:Бунтари и авантюристи в Средновековна България 5745: 5561:. U.S. Embassy Sofia, Bulgaria. Archived from 5122: 3749:7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen 3517:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 3354:declared war on Serbia and Greece on June 29. 3051:In April 1876, the Bulgarians revolted in the 2532:Bulgaria under Tsar Ivan Asen II (1218 - 1241) 1763:in 680, Asparuh's khanate conquered initially 1704:Great Bulgaria and adjacent regions, c. 650 AD 923:in Thrace were founded in the 8th century BC. 562:south of the Danube mark the beginning of the 10428: 9855: 9004: 8209: 7920: 7390: 7326:. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6698:Cracks show in Bulgaria's Muslim ethnic model 6289: 6277:October 1967, Vol. 73 Issue 1, pp 51–69 6140:Dillon, Emile Joseph (February 1920) . "XV". 5962:The Balkans: from Constantinople to Communism 5956: 5954: 5446:Srednovekovni gradovi i tvrdini vo Makedonija 4559: 4514:After Eden: The evolution of human domination 3999:Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria 3915:, but this gained them only a short respite. 2278:970) and the anti-Bogomil council of Emperor 1045:Thracian Odrysian kingdom (c. 480 BC - 30 BC) 428: 7360:Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages 5840:ESSENTIAL HISTORY OF BULGARIA IN SEVEN PAGES 5748:"Заговорите на "магистър Пресиан Българина"" 5489:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press 5474:Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages 4842:p.43 (East portion of the Achaemenid Empire) 4831:p.42 (West portion of the Achaemenid Empire) 4297:List of oldest continuously inhabited cities 3023:April Uprising and Russo-Turkish War (1870s) 2972:, which trickled into the country after the 2615:in 1205, Kaloyan defeated the forces of the 1452:Migration Period (3rd century - 7th century) 1217:In 279 BC, one of the Celtic armies, led by 1130: 8832:Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School 7304:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 7236:(2005) 41#3 PP 93–146. covers 1400 to 1922; 7133:(Columbia University Press, 1992) pp 65–118 7065:(Columbia University Press, 1992) pp 65–118 7015:Foxy Ferdinand, 1861–1948: Tsar of Bulgaria 5967: 4437:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 135–138, 4217:Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School 3809:trial of 1933. Stalin made him head of the 3303:operations in 1912, Bulgarian forces in red 2580:) although he desired to be recognized as " 2122:In the early 9th century, a new alphabet — 1851:(Coastal and Inner, both south of Danube), 1171: 781:, was located in present-day Bulgaria. The 659:as prime minister in 2001. Bulgaria joined 590:, restored the Bulgarian state to form the 586:led by two brothers, Asen and Peter of the 463:and their origin. The earliest evidence of 10435: 10421: 9862: 9848: 9498: 9181: 9011: 8997: 8216: 8202: 7927: 7913: 7397: 7383: 6962:The Bulgarian Economy in the 20th century. 6738: 6550: 6544: 6514: 6209:И аз на тоя свят. Спомени от разни времена 6033: 5951: 5635: 5625: 5623: 4760: 4433:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). 3522:This triggered a nationalist reaction and 2881:Bulgarian tradition calls this period the 2472:In 1180 the last of the capable Komnenoi, 2290:sect that believed that God had two sons, 2111:, established by order of Boris I in 886. 1999:Territorial expansion during the reign of 1682:, but chiefly worshiped the supreme deity 435: 421: 9544: 7044:Jelavich, Charles, and Barbara Jelavich. 6885:(Oxford History of Modern Europe) (1990) 6817:Popkostadinova, Nikoleta (3 March 2014). 6739:Brunwasser, Matthew (November 11, 2009). 6362:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 346. 6206: 5910: 5903: 5901: 5784: 5585: 5391: 5389: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5179:. Pearson Education Limited. p. 28. 5135:Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia 4400: 4004:Since 1989 Bulgaria has held multi-party 3829:with Stalin's expulsion of Tito from the 3771:People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1991) 3001:Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee 2870:. Bulgarians who converted to Islam, the 2373:Bulgaria under Byzantine rule (1018–1185) 761:– date from 6,000 BC and are amongst the 757:The earliest dwellings in Bulgaria – the 514:formed an independent state north of the 9569: 9235: 7265:International Journal of Turkish Studies 6703: 6143:The Inside Story of the Peace Conference 5994:World Fascism: A historical encyclopedia 5990: 5672: 5450:Medieval cities and castles in Macedonia 5443: 5395: 5267: 5090: 4461: 4192:Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture 4162:List of oldest known surviving buildings 3929: 3780: 3672: 3493: 3384: 3294: 3150: 3081: 3042: 3026: 2913: 2850: 2816: 2708: 2678:- the last fortress before the walls of 2527: 2517: 2509: 2398: 2348: 2221: 2113: 2048: 1994: 1889: 1803: 1699: 1461: 1387: 1272: 1193: 1144: 1054: 936: 871: 860: 725: 714: 280:Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate 8837:Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School 7318: 7070:A History of the First Bulgarian Empire 7029:Bulgaria's Road to the First World War. 6936:Kossev, D., H. Hristov and D. Angelov; 6617: 6260:Charles Jelavich and Barbara Jelavich, 6234:Charles Jelavich and Barbara Jelavich, 6067:The Mid-Victorian generation, 1846–1886 5641: 5620: 5590:(in Bulgarian). trans. Liljana Caneva. 5423:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bulgar 5402:"Bulgaria: History: First Empire" 5172: 5097:. Cork: The Collins Press. p. 50. 4816:Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. 4720: 4613: 4588: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4137:List of archaeological sites by country 3837:and execution of Deputy Prime Minister 3202:were reluctant to agree to the treaty. 3007:led by liberal revolutionaries such as 2776:Bulgaria under Ottoman rule (1396–1878) 2764:in 1389. In 1393 the Ottomans occupied 2592:and (after 1204) on the Knights of the 985:river. Darius' army subjugated several 566:. The new state brought together local 10820: 7365:History of Bulgaria: Primary Documents 6943:Lampe, John R, and Marvin R. Jackson. 6667: 6139: 5898: 5836: 5386: 5349: 5199:craftsman for a celtic patron ... 4688: 4648: 2298:, that represented the two principles 2254:whose name can be translated as dear ( 1816:Bulgaria expanded southwest after the 1368:, it lasted until 46 AD, when Emperor 1137:Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II 10444:History of current European countries 10416: 9869: 9843: 8992: 8197: 7908: 7404: 7378: 6670:"Vote Gives Key Role to Ethnic Turks" 6656:The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s 6556:The Waffen-SS (2) 6. to 10. Divisions 6488: 6486: 6484: 6176: 5979:San Stefano, Berlin, and Independence 5895:, Morrow QuillPaperback Edition, 1979 5803:, Blackwell Publishing (2006), p. 170 4730:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4132:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe 3608:, part of Romania since 1913, in the 3489:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 2704: 2568:(1197–1207) entered a union with the 1689: 1400:In 46 AD, the Romans established the 1190:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe 7294: 7227:Journal of European Economic History 6582:(Yale University Press, 2000) p xix. 6492: 5806: 5660:. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Quote: 5629: 5614: 5131: 5048:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière 4787: 4630:from the original on 12 January 2022 4511: 4409: 3820:After 1944 he was also close to the 3115:a provisional government in Bulgaria 2465:came into succession and halted the 2338:by the Byzantine army in 971. Under 1332:tribe, who ruled from their capital 605:an integral Ottoman Empire territory 46:move details into the article's body 17: 10377:History of the Mediterranean region 6623:William Marsteller. "The Economy". 6183:(in French). Paris: Perrin et cie. 5270:The Visigoths in the Time of Ulfila 5057:A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C 4829:2002 Oxford Atlas of World History 4466:. Oxford University Press. p. 4307:History of the Mediterranean region 3683:German invasion of the Soviet Union 3479:(November 1919) Bulgaria ceded its 3401:Bulgaria sat out the first year of 3005:Internal Revolutionary Organisation 2500:Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) 2060: 1962:Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 1820:and Danubian Bulgaria was created. 1486:from Greek to Gothic, creating the 647:, and the General Secretary of the 13: 9720: 9709:Bulgarian administration in Kosovo 9165: 8896: 8729: 8715: 8708:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin 7370:Historiography in Bulgaria - in Bg 7324:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 7010:(Princeton University Press, 1943) 6926:. Khristov, Khristo Angelov. 1985. 6481: 6251:(Summer 2011) 73#2 pp 300–315 4974:Xlibris Corporation, 10 apr. 2013 4925:"Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria" 4767:. Teach Services Inc. p. 72. 4593:. London: Routledge. p. 239. 4578:from the original on 18 July 2011. 3964:presidential election of that year 3284: 1751:Another successor of Khan Kubrat, 1079:around 470 BC, probably after the 814:is associated with the Bronze Age 459:, and includes the history of the 14: 10859: 10838:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 9146:Secret Bulgarian–German agreement 7341: 7175: 7089:(1958), major scholarly history; 6909:Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria 6359:Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria 6119:Studies in East European Thought, 5920:. BORIANA Publishing House 2002, 5730:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja 4899:"Persian influence on Greece (2)" 4614:Squires, Nick (31 October 2012). 4516:. Duke University Press. p. 4359: 4262:Bulgarian lands across the Danube 3897:Republic of Bulgaria (since 1989) 3502:Elections in March 1920 gave the 3466: 3209:(1878), under the supervision of 3133:Third Bulgarian State (1878–1946) 2560:. It also exercised control over 2234:During the reign of Emperor Peter 2168:in the south, making it the most 2056:ordering the murder of Christians 1794:First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) 806:Some of the earliest evidence of 677:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 108: 10362:Bibliography of European history 9957:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 9600: 9571: 9546: 9500: 9385: 9373: 9361: 9349: 9341: 9319: 9298: 9273: 9237: 9183: 8971: 8959: 8734:Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander 8597:Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854 8505: 8500: 8495: 7936: 7241:Turkish Review of Balkan Studies 7031:Columbia University Press, 1996. 6972:A History of Bulgaria, 1393–1885 6810: 6781: 6767: 6751: 6732: 6691: 6668:Bohlen, Celestine (1991-10-17). 6661: 6649: 6637: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6572: 6535: 5826:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5778:"Bulgaria - history - geography" 5588:Istorija na Balkanite XIV–XX vek 5176:The Celts: Bronze Age to New Age 4995:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 4560:Slavchev, Vladimir (2004–2005). 4435:A companion to Ancient Macedonia 3628:non-aggression pact with Germany 2991:and the first Bulgarian Exarch, 2488:and Peter declared himself Tsar 2448:Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid 2403:Administrative divisions of the 2353:Bulgaria under the rule of Tsar 1578: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1498:in Europe was founded in 344 by 1059:The Odrysian kingdom under king 830: 759:Stara Zagora Neolithic dwellings 733:burial, 4500 BC (reconstruction) 404: 89: 22: 10387:History of Western civilization 9990:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8782:Prominent writers and scholars: 7182:List of Slavic studies journals 7151: 6842: 6758:Разрушителният български преход 6644:Domestic policy and its results 6462: 6440: 6416: 6392: 6349: 6316: 6283: 6267: 6254: 6241: 6228: 6200: 6170: 6133: 6124: 6111: 6098: 6085: 6072: 6059: 6021: 5984: 5930: 5882: 5859: 5830: 5793: 5770: 5739: 5723: 5697: 5666: 5647: 5608: 5579: 5548: 5539: 5492: 5479: 5466: 5437: 5428: 5415: 5376: 5323: 5301: 5279: 5261: 5235: 5217: 5204: 5166: 5084: 5040: 5019: 4985: 4962: 4939: 4917: 4891: 4864: 4847: 4823: 4818:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 4810: 4781: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4714: 4682: 4667: 4651:Атлас по история на Стария свят 4642: 4607: 4582: 4167:List of oldest church buildings 4025:member of NATO on 29 March 2004 3860:states. In the mid-1940s, when 3650:organised to fight against the 3569: 3325:a major war with Italy in Libya 3139:History of Bulgaria (1878–1946) 3086:"The Bulgarian Martyresses" by 2486:a revolt against Byzantine rule 1879:. Several consecutive waves of 1470:In the 4th century, a group of 1258: 1111:entered into alliance with the 957:surrendered his country to the 10231:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 10174:Christianity in the modern era 9945:Christianity in late antiquity 7248:Contemporary European History, 6855:Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe 6515:Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). 6095:(Duke University Press, 1993). 5907:D. Hupchick, The Balkans, 2002 4553: 4534: 4505: 4493: 4484: 4455: 4329: 4237:National awakening of Bulgaria 4039:) out of 181 countries in the 3938:(left) with Russian president 3903:History of Bulgaria since 1989 3415:and inflicted heavy losses on 3374: 3263:well as elementary education. 3237:was attacked by Serbia in 1885 3079:, all in the area of Plovdiv. 2885:: armed bands of Turks called 2548:, including a part of eastern 2360:In 986, the Byzantine emperor 2200:and Bulgarian translations of 1913:The son and heir of Asparuh, 1896:Constantine Manasses Chronicle 1759:. After a successful war with 1739:One of the successors of Khan 1662:and around the banks of river 1646:were a semi-nomadic people of 1075:united most of them under the 322:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 116: 1: 10382:History of the European Union 8612:Battle of the Gates of Trajan 6897:A Concise History of Bulgaria 4870:Timothy Howe, Jeanne Reames. 4462:Xenophon (8 September 2005). 4322: 4317:History of the European Union 4292:List of medieval great powers 4157:Early centers of Christianity 4057:Timeline of Bulgarian history 4001:won nearly 40% of the votes. 3777:People's Republic of Bulgaria 3127:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 2264:Theophylact of Constantinople 2211: 2176:. Simeon proclaimed himself " 2042:, mainly of stone and brick. 1448:into four smaller provinces. 1383: 1372:annexed the kingdom and made 1064: 670: 542:, and subsequently conquered 120: 9156:Bulgarian–Ottoman convention 7096: 5918:Bulgaria Illustrated History 5879:, the Crimea, and Khwarizm". 5790:Zlatarski, vol. II, pp. 1–41 5516:"The First Bulgarian Empire" 4062:Hominid dispersals in Europe 3856:, similar to those in other 3709:with the key port cities of 3576:Bulgaria during World War II 3111:declared war on the Ottomans 2909:revival of Bulgarian culture 2596:, conquering large parts of 2067:Christianization of Bulgaria 1904:during the reign of emperor 1871:, most of whom spoke either 1674:were governed by hereditary 1336:in what is now northwestern 993:, such as parts of nowadays 981:roaming to the north of the 927:Achaemenid Persian invasions 825: 763:oldest human-made structures 699:Proto-Indo-European homeland 621:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 619:in 1876, which prompted the 7: 10341:Russian invasion of Ukraine 9952:Crisis of the Third Century 9695:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 9020:Bulgaria during World War I 7272:American Historical Review, 7000: 6715:Central Intelligence Agency 6627:(Glenn E. Curtis, editor). 6292:Encyclopedia of World War I 6275:American Historical Review, 6225:Pundeff, 1992 pp 70–72 6130:Pundeff, 1992 pp 65–70 5586:Castellan, Georges (1999). 5502:(2010) 36#4 pp 312–326 5500:Journal of Medieval History 5336:Francisco Rodríguez Adrados 4050: 3983:National Movement Simeon II 3662:authorities. It was mainly 3381:Bulgaria during World War I 3333:Republic of North Macedonia 2717:and fall under Ottoman rule 2099:language that evolved from 2081:became officially Christian 2015:rivers, all of present-day 1141:Wars of Alexander the Great 1115:, and in 429 BC he invaded 10: 10864: 10397:Military history of Europe 10392:Maritime history of Europe 9122:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 8698:Uprising of Asen and Peter 7255:Journal of Modern History, 7198:2001, Vol. 10, pp 160–181. 7179: 6857:(Garland, 2000) pp 91–113. 6847: 6238:(1977) pp 216–21, 289 5991:Blamires, Cyprian (2006). 4971:The Past And Future Of Law 4512:Sale, Kirkpatrick (2006). 4385:10.1038/s41598-019-41945-0 4247:List of Bulgarian monarchs 4152:Ancient Roman architecture 3948:Union of Democratic Forces 3907:By the time the impact of 3900: 3774: 3681:Bulgaria did not join the 3573: 3378: 3288: 3136: 2779: 2503: 2376: 2305: 2215: 2204:texts spread all over the 2132:Saints Cyril and Methodius 2064: 1808:Southeast Europe 680 - 721 1797: 1693: 1635: 1631: 1594: 1478:. There the Gothic bishop 1455: 1428:, which today the city of 1328:, it was dominated by the 1312:state in the southeastern 1262: 1175: 1134: 1048: 1037:. The Persian garrison at 930: 834: 810:cultivation and livestock 680: 674: 613:Bulgarian National Revival 10799: 10751: 10713: 10450: 10367:Genetic history of Europe 10349: 10154: 9970: 9910: 9877: 9466:Second battle of Monastir 9438:Battle of Florina (Lerin) 9026: 8954: 8867:Holy Forty Martyrs Church 8693:Uprising of Georgi Voyteh 8239: 8060: 7994: 7968: 7950: 7873: 7789: 7744: 7735: 7670: 7661: 7566: 7557: 7480: 7471: 7413: 7348:WWW-VL: History: Bulgaria 7274:(1992) 97#4 pp 1105–1117 7212:(2007) 34#1-2 pp 83–103, 6989:Short history of Bulgaria 6938:Short history of Bulgaria 6711:"1990 CIA World Factbook" 6632:Federal Research Division 6294:. ABC-Clio. p. 273. 6108:(1975) 16#2 pp 73–92 5997:. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. 5837:Ivanov, Lyubomir (2007). 5679:. Temple Smith. pp. 5673:Browning, Robert (1975). 5091:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2002). 5027:"The Expedition of Cyrus" 4998:. John Wiley & Sons. 4761:Noorbergen, Rene (2004). 3921:Bulgarian Socialist Party 3854:centrally planned economy 3813:during the period of the 3795:Bulgarian Socialist Party 3791:Bulgarian Communist Party 3720:On 9 September 1944 in a 3099:Constantinople Conference 3031:In 1877, Russian general 2282:(1211). Bogomilism was a 2190:Bulgarian Orthodox Church 2071:Bulgarian Orthodox Church 2034:During the reign of Khan 1650:descent, originally from 1496:first Christian monastery 1230:and almost certainly the 1166:Alexander III (the Great) 1131:Ancient Macedon invasions 877:Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak 687:First Temperate Neolithic 649:Bulgarian Communist Party 481:Persian Achaemenid Empire 9770:Georgi Todorov (general) 9714:Anti-military propaganda 9418:Kosovo offensive (1915) 9292:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 9103:Treaty of Constantinople 8688:Uprising of Peter Delyan 8543:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars 8533:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 7281: 6700:. Reuters. May 31, 2009. 4836:29 November 2022 at the 4676:, Government of France. 4546:28 November 2011 at the 4232:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 4045:Human rights in Bulgaria 3997:'s right-centrist party 3143:Principality of Bulgaria 2713:Feudal fragmentation of 2079:Under Boris I, Bulgaria 2027:in 813, and threatening 1949:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik 1590: 1573:Gothic Invasions 376–382 1561:Gothic Invasions 267–269 1549:Gothic Invasions 250–251 1324:era Odrysian kingdom of 1172:Ancient Celtic invasions 1081:Persian defeat in Greece 1009:, before it returned to 707:Indo-European migrations 691:Old Europe (archaeology) 657:Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 607:for the next 500 years. 522:under the leadership of 10372:History of Christianity 9745:Aleksandar Stamboliyski 9660:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 9478:Battle of Skra-di-Legen 9458:Second battle of Doiran 9141:Bulgarian–German treaty 8765:Preslav Literary School 8750:Early Cyrillic alphabet 8629:Second Bulgarian Empire 8582:Siege of Constantinople 8538:Croatian–Bulgarian wars 8440:Second Bulgarian Empire 8294:Second Bulgarian Empire 8233:Second Bulgarian Empire 7438:Second Bulgarian Empire 7267:(2008) 14#1-2 pp 61–74. 6901:excerpt and text search 6887:excerpt and text search 6866:excerpt and text search 6862:The History of Bulgaria 6356:Raymond Detrez (2014). 5746:Pavlov, Plamen (2005). 5658:Encyclopædia Britannica 5485:Barford, P. M. (2001). 5444:Mikulčik, Ivan (1996). 5408:Encyclopædia Britannica 5268:Thompson, E.A. (2009). 4764:Treasures of Lost Races 4541:The Neolithic Dwellings 4500:Bulgaria - Introduction 4464:The Expedition of Cyrus 4257:Medieval Bulgarian navy 4252:Medieval Bulgarian army 4222:Tarnovo Literary School 4202:Balkan–Danubian culture 4197:Early Cyrillic alphabet 3991:parliamentary elections 3508:Aleksandar Stamboliyski 3247:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 3233:Alexander of Battenberg 3186:, though the state was 3161:Treaty of Berlin (1878) 3095:William Ewart Gladstone 2837:Ecumenical Patriarchate 2808:Władysław III of Poland 2634:The Bulgarian Orthodox 2506:Second Bulgarian Empire 1967:Decades later, in 768, 1716:river to the west, the 1422:Constantine I the Great 1342:the ancient Roman world 1149:Southern Thrace during 592:Second Bulgarian Empire 175:Second Bulgarian Empire 10493:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10196:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 9725: 9486:Third battle of Doiran 9434:First battle of Doiran 9170: 8932:Archbishopric of Ohrid 8902: 8805:Constantine of Preslav 8735: 8720: 8602:Battle of Southern Buh 8570:First Bulgarian Empire 8558:Bulgarian–Serbian wars 8553:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars 8391:First Bulgarian Empire 8288:First Bulgarian Empire 8229:First Bulgarian Empire 7708:Science and technology 7433:First Bulgarian Empire 7229:(2002) 31#3 pp 663–86. 7087:The Balkans Since 1453 6931:History of the Balkans 6625:Bulgaria country study 6558:. Osprey. p. 14. 6207:Balabanov, A. (1983). 6080:The Balkans since 1453 5676:Byzantium and Bulgaria 5594:: Hermes. p. 37. 5173:Haywood, John (2004). 5132:Koch, John T. (2006). 4951:Balkan Heritage, 1982 4689:Grande, Lance (2009). 4589:Chapman, John (2000). 4302:History of the Balkans 4127:Philippopolis (Thrace) 4067:Cradle of civilization 3943: 3786: 3757:22nd Infantry Division 3691:Soviet Black Sea Fleet 3678: 3499: 3390: 3304: 3172:Bulgarian principality 3163: 3090: 3048: 3040: 2922: 2863: 2828: 2718: 2684:Bulgarian Patriarchate 2556:and the valley of the 2533: 2525: 2515: 2408: 2407:in the Balkans c. 1045 2357: 2326:and the spread of the 2231: 2188:, the new independent 2119: 2109:Ohrid Literary Schools 2075:Golden Age of Bulgaria 2057: 2004: 1910: 1894:Miniature 47 from the 1809: 1800:First Bulgarian Empire 1705: 1668:First Bulgarian Empire 1529:arrival of the Slavs. 1467: 1397: 1285: 1247:- the ancient name of 1199: 1153: 1068: 946: 880: 869: 734: 723: 625:Liberation of Bulgaria 564:First Bulgarian Empire 455:to its formation as a 388:Struggle for Macedonia 217:Fragmentation and fall 209:Recovery and expansion 136:First Bulgarian Empire 10276:Industrial Revolution 9750:Aleksandar Protogerov 9724: 9685:Armistice of Salonica 9169: 8900: 8770:Ohrid Literary School 8733: 8719: 8646:Battle of Klokotnitsa 8622:Battle of Dyrrhachium 7250:(1996) 5#1 pp 103–118 7091:online free to borrow 6762:Le Monde diplomatique 6658:, Library of Congress 6646:, Library of Congress 6448:"History of Bulgaria" 6264:(1977) pp 289–90 5893:The Ottoman Centuries 5877:Bulgaria (for a time) 5052:Frank William Walbank 4880:) Regina Books, 2008 4674:The Gumelnita Culture 4502:, Library of Congress 4242:Bulgarian unification 3933: 3784: 3676: 3553:. A year later, Tsar 3513:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 3506:a large majority and 3497: 3388: 3344:Eleftherios Venizelos 3298: 3168:Treaty of San Stefano 3157:Treaty of San Stefano 3154: 3085: 3046: 3030: 2917: 2858:in 1609 with capital 2854: 2820: 2806:crusade commanded by 2712: 2531: 2521: 2513: 2467:decline of the empire 2432:Byzantine aristocracy 2402: 2352: 2225: 2192:became the first new 2117: 2052: 1998: 1893: 1807: 1703: 1465: 1391: 1276: 1197: 1148: 1058: 940: 875: 864: 729: 718: 629:Treaty of San Stefano 518:that became known as 306:Third Bulgarian State 10848:Prehistory of Europe 10331:European debt crisis 10326:European integration 10266:Age of Enlightenment 10106:Republic of Florence 9755:August von Mackensen 9664:Armistice of Focșani 9585:Andrei Zayonchkovski 9482:Battle of Dobro Pole 8826:Art and architecture 8740:Bulgarian literature 8661:Battle of Rusokastro 8641:Battle of Adrianople 8548:Bulgarian–Latin wars 7861:World Heritage Sites 7620:Chief of the Defence 7296:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 7210:East Central Europe, 7191:1-2 (2007): 266–268. 6891:complete text online 6860:Chary, Frederick B. 6452:bulgaria-embassy.org 6177:Pinon, Rene (1913). 6065:K. Theodore Hoppen, 5960:Dennis P. Hupchick: 5210:Nikola Theodossiev, 5094:The Celts: A History 4212:Tsarevets (fortress) 4207:Bulgarian–Latin wars 4072:Neolithic Revolution 4016:, to emigrate in a " 3536:War of the Stray Dog 3192:only autonomous but 2826:Stanisław Chlebowski 2727:the feudal landlords 2613:Battle of Adrianople 2270:940), a treatise by 2155:Simeon I of Bulgaria 2085:Ecumenical Patriarch 1945:Leo III the Isaurian 1900:The arabs attacking 1847:(First and Second), 1782:, came to settle in 1535:Eastern Roman Empire 1151:Philip II of Macedon 1087:(431–424 BC) and of 703:Proto-Indo-Europeans 643:, Bulgaria became a 568:Byzantine population 526:. Pressure from the 10828:History of Bulgaria 10714:States with limited 10296:Revolutions of 1848 10226:Early modern France 10007:Anglo-Saxon England 9912:Classical antiquity 9668:Treaty of Bucharest 9645:Battle of Bucharest 9625:Battle of Turtucaia 9414:Ovče Pole Offensive 9267:Pavle Jurišić Šturm 9098:Treaty of Bucharest 9049:• Outcome • Others 9035:South-western front 8966:Bulgaria portal 8800:Chernorizets Hrabar 8760:Old Church Slavonic 8676:Battle of Nicopolis 8666:Battle of Chernomen 8587:Battle of Marcellae 8331:Great Boyar Council 7680:Economic statistics 7463:Bulgaria since 1990 7205:46 (2004): 171–187. 7013:Constant, Stephen. 6929:Jelavich, Barbara. 6924:History of Bulgaria 6776:Globalization Index 6764:(Bulgarian edition) 6760:, October 1, 2007, 6629:Library of Congress 5320:, PP. 189–190. 4876:(original from the 4732:. Fitzroy Dearborn. 4649:Vaysov, I. (2002). 4623:The Daily Telegraph 4347:on 25 December 2014 4117:Classical Antiquity 4041:Globalization Index 4008:and privatized its 3741:3rd Ukrainian Front 3729:Konstantin Muraviev 3660:Tsardom of Bulgaria 3648:resistance movement 3599:non-aggression pact 3582:Kingdom of Bulgaria 3269:University of Sofia 3251:Bulgarian Exarchate 3159:and the subsequent 3147:Kingdom of Bulgaria 3088:Konstantin Makovsky 2985:Bulgarian Exarchate 2822:The Battle of Varna 2796:Battle of Nicopolis 2208:world of the time. 2128:Glagolitic alphabet 2093:Glagolitic alphabet 2089:Cyril and Methodius 2007:Under the reign of 1839:(Upper and Lower), 1812:Under the reign of 1788:region of Macedonia 1786:and later into the 1476:Nicopolis ad Istrum 1392:Roman Empire under 1232:Gundestrup cauldron 1125:Thracian Chersonese 866:Valchitran Treasure 785:lake settlement in 623:and the subsequent 449:history of Bulgaria 411:Bulgaria portal 314:Serbo-Bulgarian War 10833:National histories 10402:Crusading movement 10306:Russian Revolution 10141:Hundred Years' War 10037:Maritime republics 9940:Early Christianity 9930:Hellenistic period 9887:Paleolithic Europe 9825:Todor Kantardzhiev 9795:Konstantin Zhostov 9780:Kliment Boyadzhiev 9740:Aleksandar Malinov 9726: 9672:Protocol of Berlin 9637:Flămânda Offensive 9629:Battle of Bazargic 9564:Alexandru Averescu 9527:Todor Kantardzhiev 9446:Monastir offensive 9422:Battle of Krivolak 9330:Panagiotis Danglis 9288:Adolphe Guillaumat 9202:Kliment Boyadzhiev 9171: 9052:Important persons 8978:History portal 8927:Bulgarian Orthodox 8903: 8815:Evtimiy of Tarnovo 8736: 8721: 8703:Uprising of Ivaylo 8656:Battle of Velbazhd 8617:Battle of Kleidion 8607:Battle of Achelous 8336:Council of Preslav 8276:Old Great Bulgaria 7428:Old Great Bulgaria 7353:2017-09-23 at the 7234:Etudes Balkaniques 7218:Daskalov, Roumen. 7168:2012-07-21 at the 7157:John D. Bell, ed. 7112:Alexenia Dimitrova 7079:2012-07-21 at the 7068:Runciman; Steven. 6987:Todorov, Nikolai. 6981:2011-06-04 at the 6968:MacDermott, Mercia 6954:2012-06-26 at the 6875:2020-02-15 at the 6745:The New York Times 6675:The New York Times 6552:Williamson, Gordon 6493:Kassabov, Ognian. 6474:2011-09-26 at the 6211:. pp. 72–361. 6028:Historical Setting 5916:Bojidar Dimitrov: 5871:2011-09-16 at the 5712:2011-05-10 at the 5029:OUP Oxford, 2005. 5025:Robin Waterfield. 4945:Dimitri Romanoff. 4878:Indiana University 4373:Scientific Reports 4272:Bulgarian dialects 4267:Bulgarian language 4023:Bulgaria became a 3944: 3822:Yugoslav Communist 3787: 3724:the government of 3679: 3528:Aleksandar Tsankov 3500: 3460:Russian Revolution 3449:Kingdom of Romania 3410:Macedonia (taking 3391: 3305: 3164: 3091: 3049: 3041: 2923: 2864: 2829: 2729:and the spread of 2719: 2705:Ottoman incursions 2534: 2526: 2516: 2409: 2358: 2330:. Two consecutive 2246:movement known as 2232: 2230:in medieval Europe 2184:was said to rival 2120: 2058: 2005: 1911: 1810: 1724:to the south, the 1706: 1696:Old Great Bulgaria 1690:Old Great Bulgaria 1508:Council of Serdica 1468: 1410:Christian "Romans" 1398: 1286: 1200: 1154: 1101:fortified villages 1069: 947: 889:indigenous peoples 881: 870: 735: 724: 683:Prehistoric Europe 572:migrant population 493:ancient Macedonian 199:Darman and Kudelin 167:Byzantine Bulgaria 157:Cometopuli dynasty 131:7th cent., 632–668 128:Old Great Bulgaria 10843:History of Europe 10815: 10814: 10410: 10409: 10336:COVID-19 pandemic 10281:French Revolution 10256:Habsburg monarchy 10236:Cossack Hetmanate 10216:Portuguese Empire 10206:Absolute monarchy 10201:Thirty Years' War 10096:Holy Roman Empire 10021:Bulgarian Empire 9980:Early Middle Ages 9897:Bronze Age Europe 9871:History of Europe 9837: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9589:Vladimir Sakharov 9560:Constantin Prezan 9326:Kingdom of Greece 9093:Second Balkan War 8986: 8985: 8949: 8948: 8745:Glagolitic script 8651:Battle of Skafida 8636:Battle of Tryavna 8489:Bulgarian economy 8484:Bulgarian coinage 8191: 8190: 7902: 7901: 7869: 7868: 7731: 7730: 7657: 7656: 7639:Political parties 7627:National Assembly 7581:Foreign relations 7553: 7552: 7535:Rhodope Mountains 7458:People's Republic 7144:Tzvetan Todorov. 7103:Michael Bar-Zohar 7085:Stavrianos, L.S. 7051:Perry; Duncan M. 7034:Hall, Richard C. 7027:Hall, Richard C. 6922:Hristov, Hristo. 6917:978-0-8108-4901-3 6907:Detrez, Raymond. 6578:Georgi Dimitrov, 6528:978-0-231-70050-4 6428:history.state.gov 6190:978-1-144-41381-9 6153:978-3-8424-7594-6 6091:Duncan M. Perry, 6082:(1958) pp 425-47. 6078:L.S. Stavrianos, 6069:(1998) pp 625–26. 5936:Kemal H. Karpat, 5780:. 23 August 2023. 5654:Reign of Simeon I 5249:. 17 October 2008 5067:978-0-19-814815-9 4980:978-1-4628-7516-0 4957:978-87-981267-0-6 4886:978-1-930053-56-4 4742:Hoddinott, p. 27. 4704:978-0-226-30511-0 4660:978-9-5458-0021-4 4600:978-0-4151-5803-9 4571:. pp. 9–20. 4477:978-0-1916-0504-8 4448:978-1-4443-5163-7 4312:History of Europe 4122:Timeline of Varna 4107:Paeonia (kingdom) 3973:On 17 June 2001, 3923:. In July 1991 a 3909:Mikhail Gorbachev 3887:Lyudmila Zhivkova 3800:Communist leader 3614:Treaty of Craiova 3591:Second Balkan War 3477:Treaty of Neuilly 3215:Benjamin Disraeli 3211:Otto von Bismarck 3205:As a result, the 2987:was created by a 2974:French Revolution 2862:from 1530 to 1836 2695:Teodore Svetoslav 2691:Mongol domination 2646:west, especially 2474:Manuel I Komnenos 2395:Macedonia (theme) 2280:Boril of Bulgaria 2272:Cosmas the Priest 1835:(Scythia Minor), 1825:Late Roman Empire 1492:Germanic language 1277:Roman theatre of 1210:on Mount Haemos ( 1158:Macedonian Empire 1105:Peloponnesian war 933:Achaemenid Empire 445: 444: 183:Second Golden Age 63: 62: 42:length guidelines 10855: 10752:Dependencies and 10451:Sovereign states 10437: 10430: 10423: 10414: 10413: 10271:Great Divergence 10186:Age of Discovery 10131:Late Middle Ages 10101:High Middle Ages 10012:Byzantine Empire 9995:Christianization 9985:Migration Period 9920:Classical Greece 9892:Neolithic Europe 9864: 9857: 9850: 9841: 9840: 9810:Panteley Kiselov 9800:Krastyu Zlatarev 9735:Vasil Radoslavov 9605: 9604: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9556: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9519:Panteley Kiselov 9510: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9442:Struma operation 9410:Morava Offensive 9390: 9389: 9378: 9377: 9366: 9365: 9354: 9353: 9346: 9345: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9259:Stepa Stepanović 9247: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9193: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9088:Treaty of London 9074:First Balkan War 9042:Macedonian front 9038:Serbian campaign 9029: 9028: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8922:Eastern Orthodox 8917:Christianisation 8844:Famous examples: 8820:Gregory Tsamblak 8795:Clement of Ohrid 8671:Siege of Tarnovo 8592:Battle of Pliska 8509: 8504: 8499: 8467:Michael Shishman 8385:Important rulers 8315:(1337/1346–1413) 8309:(1371–1396/1422) 8307:Tsardom of Vidin 8296:(1185–1396/1422) 8242: 8241: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8195: 8194: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7882: 7742: 7741: 7698: 7668: 7667: 7564: 7563: 7500:Cities and towns 7490:Balkan Peninsula 7485:Balkan Mountains 7478: 7477: 7423:Odrysian kingdom 7399: 7392: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7337: 7315: 7121:Stephane Groueff 7020:Forbes, Nevill. 7006:Black, Cyril E. 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6795:. 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Archived from 4333: 4187:Bulgarian Empire 4177:Migration Period 4147:Edict of Serdica 4142:History of Sofia 4077:Neolithic Europe 3987:election in 2005 3952:Berov Government 3925:new Constitution 3862:collectivisation 3847:Vulko Chervenkov 3733:Fatherland Front 3703:bombing of Sofia 3606:Southern Dobruja 3395:Vasil Radoslavov 3368:Southern Dobruja 3243:Stefan Stambolov 3207:Treaty of Berlin 3017:Lyuben Karavelov 2833:Bulgarian Church 2782:Ottoman Bulgaria 2660:Simeon the Great 2590:Byzantine Empire 2463:Komnenos dynasty 2405:Byzantine Empire 2379:Bulgaria (theme) 2277: 2269: 2241: 2237: 2174:Southeast Europe 2172:in contemporary 2136:Climent of Ohrid 2061:Christianization 1861:Byzantine Greeks 1769:Byzantine Empire 1582: 1570: 1558: 1546: 1502:near modern-day 1500:Saint Athanasius 1458:Migration Period 1444:further divided 1354:Battle of Actium 1077:Odrysian kingdom 1066: 1051:Odrysian kingdom 987:Thracian peoples 967:Darius the Great 905:Odrysian kingdom 897:Early Bronze Age 879:, 4th century BC 845:Odrysian kingdom 801:Varna Necropolis 695:Neolithic Europe 663:in 2004 and the 552:Byzantine Empire 485:Odrysian Kingdom 477:Balkan Peninsula 475:appeared on the 461:Bulgarian people 437: 430: 423: 409: 408: 407: 392: 383:Military history 378:List of monarchs 366: 358: 350: 342: 334: 326: 318: 310: 300: 292: 284: 264: 260:National Revival 256: 248: 244:Ottoman Bulgaria 221: 213: 203: 195: 187: 179: 171: 161: 153: 144:Christianization 140: 132: 124: 122: 113: 105: 101:Odrysian kingdom 93: 83: 65: 64: 58: 55: 49: 40:Please read the 26: 25: 18: 10863: 10862: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10795: 10753: 10747: 10733:Northern Cyprus 10715: 10709: 10625:North Macedonia 10446: 10441: 10411: 10406: 10345: 10311:Interwar period 10286:Napoleonic Wars 10150: 10121:Mongol invasion 10074:Crown of Aragon 9966: 9906: 9902:Iron Age Europe 9873: 9868: 9838: 9833: 9652: 9615: 9599: 9596: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9547: 9545: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9400: 9384: 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4506: 4498: 4494: 4490:Runciman, p. 26 4489: 4485: 4478: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4431: 4410: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4287:List of empires 4053: 3936:Georgi Parvanov 3905: 3899: 3891:Bulgarian Turks 3826:Josip Broz Tito 3802:Georgi Dimitrov 3779: 3773: 3601:with Bulgaria. 3578: 3572: 3540:Andrey Lyapchev 3524:the coup d'état 3469: 3383: 3377: 3348:Austria-Hungary 3293: 3287: 3285:The Balkan Wars 3213:of Germany and 3149: 3137:Main articles: 3135: 3025: 2997:excommunicating 2812:battle of Varna 2784: 2778: 2707: 2508: 2502: 2397: 2387:Strymon (theme) 2377:Main articles: 2375: 2308: 2275: 2267: 2239: 2235: 2220: 2214: 2077: 2065:Main articles: 2063: 1875:or variants of 1829:Roman provinces 1818:Battle of Ongal 1802: 1796: 1732:, on the Azov. 1698: 1692: 1640: 1634: 1599: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1574: 1571: 1562: 1559: 1550: 1547: 1488:Gothic alphabet 1482:translated the 1460: 1454: 1386: 1360:(later emperor 1308:was an ancient 1306:Sapaean kingdom 1302: 1288:In 188 BC, the 1271: 1263:Main articles: 1261: 1192: 1176:Main articles: 1174: 1156:Thereafter the 1143: 1135:Main articles: 1133: 1119:(then ruled by 1053: 1047: 975:tried to defeat 949:Ever since the 945:(522 BC–486 BC) 935: 929: 859: 835:Main articles: 833: 828: 744:Bacho Kiro cave 713: 711:Yamnaya culture 679: 673: 645:Communist state 556:Battle of Ongal 548:Moesia Inferior 534:'s successors, 453:modern Bulgaria 441: 405: 403: 402: 390: 364: 356: 348: 340: 332: 324: 316: 308: 298: 290: 282: 262: 254: 246: 219: 211: 201: 193: 191:Mongol invasion 185: 177: 169: 159: 151: 138: 130: 119: 111: 103: 81: 74: 59: 53: 50: 39: 36:may be too long 31:This article's 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 10861: 10851: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10807:European Union 10803: 10801: 10800:Other entities 10797: 10796: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10757: 10755: 10754:other entities 10749: 10748: 10746: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10719: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10708: 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7710: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7649:Prime Minister 7646: 7641: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7443:Ottoman period 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: articles 7402: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7343: 7342:External links 7340: 7339: 7338: 7332: 7316: 7310: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7268: 7261: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7177: 7176:Historiography 7174: 7173: 7172: 7163:online edition 7153: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7134: 7127: 7118: 7109: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7074:online edition 7066: 7059: 7057:online edition 7049: 7042: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6976:online edition 6965: 6958: 6949:online edition 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6879: 6858: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6809: 6780: 6766: 6750: 6731: 6702: 6690: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6616: 6602: 6593: 6584: 6571: 6564: 6543: 6534: 6527: 6504: 6480: 6461: 6458:on 2010-10-11. 6439: 6415: 6391: 6385:John D. Bell, 6375: 6368: 6348: 6315: 6300: 6282: 6266: 6253: 6240: 6227: 6215: 6213:(in Bulgarian) 6199: 6189: 6169: 6152: 6132: 6123: 6110: 6097: 6084: 6071: 6058: 6032: 6020: 6003: 5983: 5966: 5950: 5929: 5909: 5897: 5881: 5858: 5829: 5805: 5801:The Byzantines 5792: 5783: 5769: 5767:(in Bulgarian) 5738: 5722: 5703:Leo Diaconus: 5696: 5689: 5665: 5646: 5634: 5619: 5607: 5600: 5578: 5547: 5538: 5504: 5491: 5478: 5476:. Sofia, 2007. 5465: 5458: 5436: 5427: 5414: 5399:, ed. (1911). 5397:Chisholm, Hugh 5385: 5375: 5348: 5322: 5300: 5278: 5272:. Ducksworth. 5260: 5247:The Sofia Echo 5234: 5216: 5203: 5185: 5165: 5144: 5121: 5103: 5083: 5066: 5039: 5018: 5004: 4984: 4968:E.O. Blunsom. 4961: 4938: 4916: 4890: 4863: 4846: 4822: 4809: 4799:978-8779344310 4798: 4780: 4773: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4713: 4703: 4681: 4666: 4659: 4641: 4606: 4599: 4581: 4552: 4533: 4526: 4504: 4492: 4483: 4476: 4454: 4447: 4408: 4358: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4049: 4029:European Union 3993:in July 2009, 3979:Tsar Boris III 3968:Petar Stoyanov 3940:Vladimir Putin 3913:Petar Mladenov 3901:Main article: 3898: 3895: 3883:Eastern Europe 3839:Traicho Kostov 3807:Reichstag fire 3775:Main article: 3772: 3769: 3737:Kimon Georgiev 3726:Prime Minister 3695:United Kingdom 3687:Bulgarian Navy 3574:Main article: 3571: 3568: 3551:Kimon Georgiev 3498:Tsar Boris III 3468: 3467:Interwar years 3465: 3441:Russian Empire 3398:as Bulgarian. 3379:Main article: 3376: 3373: 3289:Main article: 3286: 3283: 3225:and including 3223:Veliko Turnovo 3134: 3131: 3053:April Uprising 3047:April Uprising 3037:Veliko Tarnovo 3024: 3021: 2856:Rumelia Eyalet 2841:Constantinople 2780:Main article: 2777: 2774: 2706: 2703: 2680:Constantinople 2594:Fourth Crusade 2504:Main article: 2501: 2498: 2413:Byzantine rule 2391:Thrace (theme) 2374: 2371: 2367:Ivan Vladislav 2328:Bogomil heresy 2307: 2304: 2266:to Peter I (c. 2216:Main article: 2213: 2210: 2186:Constantinople 2170:powerful state 2149:in the south, 2091:, devised the 2062: 2059: 2029:Constantinople 1990:Constantinople 1953:Constantinople 1941:Theodosius III 1937:Constantinople 1902:Constantinople 1898:, 14 century: 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1710:Great Bulgaria 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1636:Main article: 1633: 1630: 1607:Central Europe 1603:Eastern Europe 1595:Main article: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1541: 1506:following the 1456:Main article: 1453: 1450: 1385: 1382: 1378:Roman province 1350:Roman Republic 1301: 1298: 1260: 1257: 1173: 1170: 1132: 1129: 1049:Main article: 1046: 1043: 931:Main article: 928: 925: 921:Greek colonies 893:Indo-Europeans 832: 829: 827: 824: 675:Main article: 672: 669: 665:European Union 627:. The initial 617:April uprising 601:Ottoman Empire 584:major uprising 520:Great Bulgaria 443: 442: 440: 439: 432: 425: 417: 414: 413: 396: 395: 394: 393: 385: 380: 372: 371: 370: 369: 368: 367: 362:Transition era 359: 351: 343: 335: 327: 319: 303: 302: 301: 296:Liberation War 293: 288:April Uprising 285: 277: 276: 275: 270: 257: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 214: 206: 205: 204: 188: 172: 164: 163: 162: 154: 146: 133: 125: 114: 106: 104:460 BC – 46 AD 95: 94: 86: 85: 76: 75: 68: 61: 60: 54:September 2023 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10860: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10766:Faroe Islands 10764: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10756: 10750: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10738:South Ossetia 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10585:Liechtenstein 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10438: 10433: 10431: 10426: 10424: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10357:Art of Europe 10355: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10156:Modern period 10153: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9860: 9858: 9853: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9815:Stefan Toshev 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9805:Nikola Zhekov 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9760:Boris Drangov 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9651: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9633:First Cobadin 9630: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9580: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9555: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9523:Stefan Toshev 9520: 9516: 9515:Nikola Zhekov 9512: 9511: 9509: 9494: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9462:2nd Crna Bend 9459: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9357: 9356:Eleventh Army 9352: 9344: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9268: 9264: 9263:Petar Bojović 9260: 9256: 9255:Živojin Mišić 9252: 9248: 9246: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9198:Nikola Zhekov 9195: 9194: 9192: 9177: 9173: 9168: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9009: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8979: 8969: 8967: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8901:Saint Theodor 8899: 8894: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872:Boyana Church 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8565: 8564:Major battles 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8386: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8214: 8212: 8207: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7945: 7930: 7925: 7923: 7918: 7916: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703:National bank 7701: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7335: 7333:0-19-504652-8 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7311:0-472-08149-7 7307: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7291:2005 (108 p.) 7289: 7286: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7222:(2004) 286pp. 7221: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7004: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870:complete text 6867: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6799:on 2020-02-06 6798: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6721:on 2011-04-27 6720: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6612: 6606: 6597: 6588: 6581: 6575: 6567: 6565:1-84176-590-2 6561: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6538: 6530: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6511: 6509: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6371: 6369:9781442241800 6365: 6361: 6360: 6352: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 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4757: 4751:Casson, p. 3. 4748: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4726:Ezero Culture 4723: 4722:Mallory, J.P. 4717: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4537: 4529: 4527:0-8223-3938-2 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4496: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4014:professionals 4011: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995:Boyko Borisov 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977:, the son of 3976: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3867:Todor Zhivkov 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3849:(1900–1980). 3848: 3844: 3843:Vasil Kolarov 3840: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3815:Popular Front 3812: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3743:to repel the 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3699:United States 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3638:and northern 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3619:invade Greece 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3564:Fascist Italy 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3425:Great Britain 3422: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3387: 3382: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3301:Balkan League 3297: 3292: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219:Stara Planina 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065:bashi-bazouks 3062: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2976:, mostly via 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939:Koprivshtitsa 2936: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2883:kurdjaliistvo 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786:In 1393, the 2783: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2723:Ottoman Turks 2716: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546:Stara Planina 2543: 2539: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2300:good and evil 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2229: 2226:Expansion of 2224: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Old Bulgarian 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1977:Constantine V 1974: 1971:of the house 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1885:Slavicisation 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:Scythia Minor 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658:north of the 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1581: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Thraco-Romans 1411: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1280: 1279:Philippopolis 1275: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243:, from which 1242: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1212:Stara Planina 1209: 1205: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:Ionian Revolt 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 977:the European 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 944: 939: 934: 924: 922: 917: 915: 911: 906: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 878: 874: 867: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 831:The Thracians 823: 821: 817: 816:Ezero culture 813: 812:domestication 809: 804: 802: 798: 797:Varna culture 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 740: 732: 731:Varna culture 728: 721: 717: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 678: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653:Todor Zhivkov 650: 646: 642: 637: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 608: 606: 602: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544:Scythia Minor 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 418: 416: 415: 412: 401: 400:Main category 398: 397: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 373: 363: 360: 355: 354:Communist era 352: 347: 344: 339: 336: 331: 328: 323: 320: 315: 312: 311: 307: 304: 297: 294: 289: 286: 281: 278: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 261: 258: 253: 250: 249: 245: 242: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 218: 215: 210: 207: 200: 197: 196: 192: 189: 184: 181: 180: 176: 173: 168: 165: 158: 155: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 137: 134: 129: 126: 123:6th–7th cent. 118: 115: 110: 107: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96: 92: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 72: 67: 66: 57: 47: 43: 37: 35: 29: 20: 19: 16: 10743:Transnistria 10705:Vatican City 10497: 10316:World War II 10169:Early modern 10146:Kalmar Union 10017:Papal States 9935:Roman Empire 9701: 9700: 9699: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9623: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9594:Field Armies 9593: 9568: 9543: 9542: 9535: 9534: 9513: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9476: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9456: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9408: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9397: 9335:Field Armies 9334: 9317: 9313:George Milne 9296: 9271: 9234: 9233: 9226: 9225: 9196: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9161:Mobilization 9128: 9127: 9126: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9058: 8892: 8862:Round Church 8852:Madara Rider 8843: 8842: 8841: 8825: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8725: 8712: 8681: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8526: 8493: 8477: 8457:Ivan Asen II 8439: 8438: 8437: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8319: 8300: 8299: 8281: 8259: 8061:21st century 7995:20th century 7969:19th century 7954: 7809:Coat of arms 7774:Demographics 7615:Armed Forces 7591:Human rights 7571:Constitution 7448:Principality 7414: 7323: 7300: 7271: 7264: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7158: 7152:Contemporary 7145: 7139: 7130: 7124: 7115: 7106: 7086: 7069: 7062: 7052: 7045: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 6988: 6971: 6961: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6908: 6896: 6882: 6861: 6854: 6843:Bibliography 6828:. Retrieved 6822: 6812: 6801:. Retrieved 6797:the original 6792: 6783: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6744: 6734: 6723:. Retrieved 6719:the original 6705: 6693: 6685: 6679:. Retrieved 6673: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6619: 6605: 6596: 6587: 6579: 6574: 6555: 6546: 6537: 6517: 6498: 6464: 6456:the original 6451: 6442: 6431:. Retrieved 6427: 6418: 6407:. Retrieved 6403: 6394: 6386: 6358: 6351: 6339:. Retrieved 6332:the original 6318: 6291: 6285: 6274: 6269: 6261: 6256: 6248: 6243: 6235: 6230: 6208: 6202: 6194: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6157:. Retrieved 6142: 6135: 6126: 6118: 6113: 6105: 6100: 6092: 6087: 6079: 6074: 6066: 6061: 6049:. Retrieved 6047:. 6 May 2010 6044: 6035: 6023: 6015: 6008:. Retrieved 5993: 5986: 5961: 5937: 5932: 5917: 5912: 5892: 5889:Lord Kinross 5884: 5876: 5861: 5852: 5845:. Retrieved 5839: 5832: 5808: 5800: 5795: 5786: 5772: 5763: 5756:. Retrieved 5751: 5741: 5736:(in Russian) 5733: 5725: 5720:(in Russian) 5717: 5705: 5699: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5642:Kazhdan 1991 5637: 5610: 5587: 5581: 5570:. Retrieved 5563:the original 5550: 5541: 5530:. Retrieved 5526:the original 5519: 5499: 5494: 5486: 5481: 5468: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5430: 5417: 5406: 5378: 5330: 5325: 5308: 5303: 5291:. Retrieved 5281: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5251:. Retrieved 5246: 5237: 5219: 5206: 5197: 5190:. Retrieved 5175: 5168: 5156: 5149:. Retrieved 5134: 5115: 5108:. Retrieved 5093: 5086: 5077: 5071:. Retrieved 5056: 5042: 5021: 5009:. Retrieved 4994: 4987: 4970: 4964: 4947: 4941: 4929:. Retrieved 4919: 4907:. Retrieved 4903:the original 4893: 4872: 4866: 4849: 4825: 4817: 4812: 4803: 4789: 4783: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4725: 4716: 4708: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4650: 4644: 4632:. Retrieved 4621: 4609: 4590: 4584: 4568: 4555: 4536: 4513: 4507: 4495: 4486: 4463: 4457: 4434: 4376: 4372: 4361: 4349:. Retrieved 4345:the original 4341:academia.edu 4340: 4331: 4182:Gothic Bible 4022: 4003: 3972: 3960:Zhan Videnov 3957: 3945: 3917: 3906: 3879: 3875: 3851: 3819: 3799: 3788: 3719: 3707: 3680: 3668:Soviet Union 3624:Soviet Union 3603: 3586:Bogdan Filov 3579: 3570:World War II 3560:Nazi Germany 3547:another coup 3545:In May 1934 3544: 3532:White terror 3521: 3501: 3470: 3457: 3421:Kaymakchalan 3408: 3400: 3392: 3364: 3356: 3340:Nikola Pasic 3337: 3329: 3317: 3306: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3241: 3231: 3204: 3200:Great Powers 3193: 3187: 3165: 3107: 3105:in 1876–77. 3103:Great Powers 3092: 3050: 3013:Hristo Botev 3009:Vasil Levski 2982: 2963: 2924: 2919:Vasil Levski 2903:or southern 2886: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2865: 2830: 2821: 2785: 2762:Kosovo Polje 2755: 2720: 2688: 2636:Patriarchate 2633: 2621:Ivan Asen II 2617:Latin Empire 2610: 2535: 2523:Ivan Asen II 2471: 2459:Peter Delyan 2456: 2429: 2410: 2359: 2309: 2292:Jesus Christ 2259: 2255: 2233: 2196:besides the 2194:patriarchate 2159: 2140: 2130:invented by 2121: 2078: 2044: 2033: 2006: 1966: 1926: 1919:Justinian II 1912: 1899: 1877:Vulgar Latin 1822: 1811: 1777: 1750: 1738: 1734: 1707: 1680:polytheistic 1652:Central Asia 1643: 1641: 1623: 1600: 1531: 1526: 1512: 1469: 1399: 1366:Roman Empire 1352:. After the 1348:of the late 1346:client state 1303: 1287: 1269:Thraco-Roman 1265:Roman Empire 1259:Roman period 1253:Roman Empire 1244: 1238: 1236: 1216: 1201: 1155: 1121:Perdiccas II 1070: 1035:until 479 BC 948: 918: 901: 882: 868:, c. 1300 BC 805: 791: 756: 752:Neanderthals 748:Homo sapiens 736: 641:World War II 638: 609: 588:Asen dynasty 577: 540:Danube delta 509: 489:Roman Empire 457:nation-state 448: 446: 346:World War II 309:1878–present 79: 51: 34:lead section 32: 15: 10781:Isle of Man 10716:recognition 10685:Switzerland 10620:Netherlands 10301:World War I 10291:Nationalism 10179:Reformation 10164:Renaissance 10136:Black Death 10069:Kievan Rus' 9972:Middle Ages 9392:Fourth Army 9380:Second Army 9309:Bryan Mahon 9060:Balkan Wars 8447:Ivan Asen I 8380:(1393–1396) 8374:(1393–1396) 8368:(1185–1393) 8326:Aristocracy 8271:South Slavs 7675:Agriculture 7632:Chairperson 7608:enforcement 7540:Sredna Gora 7505:Earthquakes 7320:Kazhdan, A. 6634:(June 1992) 6499:jacobin.com 6010:10 November 5472:L. Ivanov. 5383:1119016185. 5192:11 November 5011:17 December 4931:24 December 4909:17 December 4379:(1): 5412. 4027:and of the 4018:brain drain 3871:Anton Yugov 3644:death camps 3612:-sponsored 3403:World War I 3375:World War I 3313:Ivan Geshov 3291:Balkan Wars 3278:Macedonians 3260:Agrarianism 3119:Shipka Pass 3073:Perushtitsa 3033:Iosif Gurko 2983:In 1870, a 2970:nationalism 2961:) in 1865. 2674:), annexed 2494:Wallachians 2444:autocephaly 2284:neo-Gnostic 2242:927–969) a 2166:Peloponnese 2023:in 809 and 1823:During the 1626:South Slavs 1619:South Slavs 1597:South Slavs 1322:Hellenistic 1219:Comontorius 1202:In 298 BC, 820:Magura Cave 720:Magura cave 510:In 632 the 499:, and also 497:Hellenistic 338:World War I 330:Balkan Wars 109:Roman times 80:History of 10822:Categories 10655:San Marino 10615:Montenegro 10595:Luxembourg 10575:Kazakhstan 10478:Azerbaijan 10064:Viking Age 9879:Prehistory 9790:Ivan Lukov 9775:Ivan Kolev 9607:Third Army 9531:Ivan Kolev 9493:Commanders 9368:First Army 9214:Ivan Lukov 9176:Commanders 9109:Neutrality 8942:Bogomilism 8790:Saint Naum 8726:Literature 8362:(992–1018) 8340:Capitals: 8290:(681–1018) 7841:Literature 7697:(currency) 7586:Government 7180:See also: 6824:EUobserver 6803:2016-10-25 6789:"Bulgaria" 6725:2010-02-07 6681:2009-07-15 6433:2022-01-20 6409:2022-01-20 6341:8 November 6249:Historian, 6146:. Harper. 5847:26 October 5758:22 October 5754:. 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