992:
1257:
583:
1311:
1299:
1124:
1136:
1076:
1280:
1159:
910:
941:
1060:
163:
1092:
929:
1108:
953:
793:
724:
1310:
1558:
Although not experiencing clashes comparable to those in Paris, the city was quickly paralysed. The absence of household waste collection gave the streets a foul odour, and the department was short of petrol from 22 May. Against this movement of left, the extreme right was not absent: While militants
1598:
project, is in progress. Since June 2008, the vast architectural transformation of the station square facilitates access to the station for people with reduced mobility and pedestrian continuity between the city hall and the station. The Gare du Nord has been renovated with a controversial new glass
1366:
on 20 May 1940, following two days of heavy air raids. The
Germans gradually penetrated the city and two other armoured divisions supported the offensive. French and British units were installed in positions to the south of Amiens, and discharged field guns upon the city on 5 June. A last offensive
1007:
The tenth French town at the beginning of the 20th century, its population doubled between 1800 and 1900 from 41,000 to more than 90,000 inhabitants. Given the need to accommodate the newcomers, the city transformed and enriched its heritage, especially valuing its centre, while retaining traces of
413:
and saw a flow of legionaries and merchants. The enclosure of the late Empire protected an area of 20 hectares (49 acres). During the development of the ZAC de
Renancourt in 2012, archaeologists (INRAP and Drac Picardie) excavated a Gallo-Roman rural area of 10 hectares (25 acres), from after the
1476:
The city was rebuilt according to Pierre Dufau's plans, the reconstruction and development plan was adopted as early as July 1942. With a focus on widening the streets to ease traffic congestion. These newer structures were primarily built of brick, concrete and white stone with slate roofs. The
1178:
in 1916. The city was to the immediate rear of the Allied front during most of the war. With 93,000 inhabitants at the start of the war, the population increased to 110,000 during the conflict because of the presence of Allied troops. The population and industries suffered heavy privations (gas,
902:
took up residence in Amiens in 1871, having met his wife there at a wedding in 1856. He was later elected city councilman in 1888. In 1889, Jules Verne presided over the opening of the Amiens circus, including a courthouse, a police station and a museum dedicated to the history of
Picardy.
601:
united the regions of Amiens, Vexin, Laon, and Reims. In 1095, the people of Amiens began to form a rough municipal organization. In 1113, the municipality was sworn with the agreement of the Bishop and subsequently recognised by the King of France. Other cities in the region
297:, uncovered the earliest traces of human occupation in Amiens, in an alluvial aquifer perched at 35 metres (115 ft) above the bottom of the current valley. The age of the remains collected during this intervention is dated to approximately 500,000 to 550,000 years ago.
679:
contributed to the financing of the reconstruction of the cathedral. Today, the heritage, cultural and economic exploitation of woad is still topical. Amiens is indeed the leader of the
European cooperation project "beyond the blue - Woad: heritage and creation".
1146:
In 1913, the city had 38 clothing manufacturers. The Saint-Leu and Saint-Pierre quarters and the suburb of Hem dominated the textile industry, contrasting with the prosperity of the city centre and uptown by concentrating poverty and substandard housing.
879:
was put into service. Some old ditches, adjacent to the city walls, were used for the passage of railway routes. This progress changed the geography of the city, which now turned away from the Somme, like the city hall which moved its entrance from the
1542:
in mid-March 1968, at a symposium on education, Amiens students followed suit from the events in Paris by marching in protest on 6 and 7 May. Factory and the railway workers in the city joined them a few days later on 17 May. The next day, the
1052:
in 1913 and its 100,000 spectators. The city had great intellectual activity with several influential scholarly societies, a varied press and a renowned theatre. The traditional, more aristocratic and popular festivals were many.
267:
Between 1860 and 1880, 20,000 axeheads were thus collected. Saint-Acheul, whose fame became international, attracted many French and foreign specialists and collectors. This success gave rise to a lucrative trade of fake flints.
1256:
1579:
The city suffered the loss of many jobs as manufacturing plants in the region closed during the late 1970s and 1980s. Despite the hardships, the city made an effort to renovate the degraded area of St-Leu during this time.
1179:
coal, bread, etc.), leading to several strikes, twenty-five alone in 1917. Facing regular bombings, the municipality implemented measures for the protection of historical monuments, such as the cathedral, as early as 1915.
637:
In 1218, lightning destroyed the archives of the bishopric and chapter, and destroyed the cathedral which had been rebuilt after the invasion of the
Normans. In 1264, Amiens was chosen as the seat of arbitrations when King
1371:. However, the German losses were high: Nearly 200 tanks. Despite the later fighting, the cathedral and a few neighbourhoods were spared, including those Henriville and Saint-Leu. It had been defended by a battalion, the
240:, according to the term of the time, were collected in the old alluvium of the Somme at the level of the suburb of Saint-Acheul, east of the city. This discovery fascinated the greatest international experts of the time,
1367:
of German armour in numeric superiority, committed from 6 to 8 June, overcame the Franco-British lock, the city definitely fell on 8 June and the
Wehrmacht continued its breakthrough in the direction of its next target,
1047:
The
Picardy capital was a vibrant city, rich with sports and cultural activities. Evidenced by the international exhibition held in July and August 1906 in the Park of the Hotoie with its 1.3 million visitors or the
2210:
Collectif, « Amiens Ville dâArt et dâHistoire â le guide ». «De la Belle Ăpoque Ă la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale (1900-1918)», Ă©ditions du patrimoine, centre des monuments nationaux, 2007, pp.36-38.
1217:. The attack was intended to release a large part of the railway line between Paris and Amiens. On 8 August 1918, a successful Allied counter stroke, the battle took place and was the opening phase of the
509:, excavations were used to study a portion of the wall erected at the end of the 3rd century in Samarobriva. During the late Roman Empire, the walled city was one of the main rear Roman bases facing the
1135:
746:, disguised as peasants came before the gates of the walls with walnuts and apples. The hungry people of Amiens then opened the gates and the Spaniards entered and took over the city. The six month
940:
1298:
1008:
its past with its plan leaving the imprint of the successive walls. The city extended first south and then north, especially in the Saint-Pierre quarter where many "Jacobins" houses were built.
264:" attesting, according to him, of the great antiquity of mankind. These discoveries marked the beginning of the great period of Saint-Acheul which lasted more than three-quarters of a century.
1832:
1821:
1737:
499:
1279:
1391:, 132 men are commemorated in CWGC burials, 165 are known to have become prisoners of war and many escaped back to Britain and formed 109th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery.
137:'s plans, with a focus on widening the streets to ease traffic congestion. These newer structures were primarily built of brick, concrete and white stone with slate roofs. The architect
1884:
447:
1123:
1528:
1263:
401:
Excavations near the city hall and the Palace of
Justice revealed the foundations of the forum, the thermal baths and amphitheatre built for a population greater than that of either
1711:
1692:
1673:
1645:
1631:
777:
family rose to prominence as one of the wealthiest of Amiens' textile manufacturing families. In 1789 the provinces of France were dismantled and the territory was organised into
1845:
1659:
828:, and became known worldwide thanks to the quality of its textile production. The city walls were demolished, opening up space for large boulevards around the town centre. The
675:
in Picard, a dye plant, made the fortune of merchant woad producers, and the city, in the 12th and 13th centuries. The wealth generated by the proceeds from the sale of this
1075:
1860:
1246:, replaced in 1921. In 1924, the State rejected the request for war damages made by the municipality. A less ambitious reconstruction began in 1925, as evidenced by a few
836:
was created and became a street of power and knowledge, with the erection of the municipal library and the
Picardie Museum, as well as the installation of the prefecture.
707:
in Amiens, by its letters patent, so that not only the city gains but that it does not now encourage the flight of currency from the kingdom, due to the powerful fairs of
2220:
1856:
1724:
964:
1563:
opposed students on 21 May, in front of the
Picardy cinema. During the night of 27â28 May, students tried to take the House of Culture. In the aftermath of President
1345:
832:
quarter in the south of the city was developed around this time, on the plots of the hospices of Amiens, far from the suburbs of Saint-Honore and Saint-Acheul. The
398:, meaning river â a reference to the Somme that flows through Amiens. The town was given the name Ambianum by the Romans, meaning settlement of the Ambiani people.
1401:
On 4 January 1944, the Germans initiated an organised round-up, which resulted in the arrests of 21 Amiens Jews, joined by Jews from the Department. First held in
1150:
With the declaration of war in the summer of 1914, Amiens, which geographical determinism placed to protect the capital, suffered the brunt of the horrors of war.
869:
1232:, the civilian toll was 152 killed and 213 wounded, property damage included 731 buildings completely destroyed and nearly 3,000 damaged, in addition to looting.
952:
909:
1340:
The rebuilding of downtown was not complete from already being heavily hit during the First World War, the city was again stricken by many bombings during the
1567:'s radio address, his supporters in Amiens demonstrated in the streets on 31 May, while recovery was committed the following week. Faure law promulgated, the
991:
1190:. The German 2nd Army pushed back the British 5th Army, who fought a series of defensive actions. Eventually, on 4 April, the Germans succeeded in capturing
167:
1033:
Beginning in 1905, Victor Commont, called "the founding father of modern Prehistoric science," performed important archaeological work in the Picardy area.
829:
107:
1409:
by Convoy no. 66. There was only a single Amiens survivor, from this convoy, at the end of the war: Renée Louria, who recounted her terrible fate in the
758:
subsequently took place. A large Spanish relief force was defeated in September following which the Spanish garrison surrendered. The victory led to the
743:
121:
The town was fought over during both the First and Second World Wars, suffering much damage, and being occupied several times by both sides. The 1918
62:. The town was given the name Ambianum by the Romans, meaning settlement of the Ambiani people. The town has been much fought over, being attacked by
1194:
which overlooked Amiens, only for it to be retaken by an Australian counterattack that night. This was also stopped by the Canadian Cavalry brigade (
2466:
597:
sacked the city 859 and again in 882. During the second sacking, the city's cathedral was burned. During the early part of the 10th century, Count
196:
582:
2538:
1742:
2088:
1934:
1583:
The 1990s saw a great period of rebirth in the city. The St-Leu renovations were completed, the parc Saint-Pierre was redesigned and part the
1059:
1020:
286:
Today, the Saint-Acheul archaeological garden is open to the public and presents a landscape of the former quarries which were classified as
1195:
739:
207:
1523:
A wind of protest which blew over France and the world at the end of the 1960s, also affected Amiens. First, a demonstration opposing the
974:
was created, originally horse-drawn, and then, from 1899, with electric traction. This network operated until its destruction during the
806:
110:
neighbourhood in the south of the city was developed around this time. In 1848, the first railway arrived in Amiens, linking the city to
2047:
774:
1850:
1206:
1170:. It was captured by the German Army on 31 August 1914, but recaptured by the French on 28 September. The proximity of Amiens to the
1167:
928:
1591:
commercial district was developed in the south of the city, and large parts of the city center were converted to pedestrian areas.
1037:
651:
185:, a young science which established itself in the second half of the 19th century. The region of Amiens has enormous potential for
2414:
1798:, which hasn't passed through the station of Amiens since March 1849, the month a direct connection to Longueau was commissioned.
1678:
1650:
1636:
1444:
839:
In 1849, as in all the communes in France, the adult male population could, for the first time, vote through the introduction of
380:, who were issuing coinage, probably from Amiens, in the 1st century BC. It was a large town which controlled the passage of the
133:
that ended the war. It was heavily bombed by the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. The city was rebuilt according to
504:
279:
gathered in large numbers at Saint-Acheul as Acheulean. The Amiens site then became the reference for the main features of the
2224:
1716:
195:
The wealth and importance of the deposits in the suburbs of Saint-Acheul and Montieres, as well as the quality of the work of
2067:
2030:
2008:
805:
In November 1801, British and French delegates began discussing terms of peace at the Amiens Congress. On 25 March 1802, the
1826:
1443:
on the night of the 12 and 13 June. There was much damage in the town itself. Amiens was liberated on 31 August 1944 by the
1664:
452:
1533:
1452:
1268:
2259:
2059:
1316:
Muslim section of the national cemetery of Saint-Acheul. In the foreground grave of a soldier from the 45th Regiment of
1202:. During the fighting, Amiens was bombarded by German artillery and aircraft; more than 2,000 buildings were destroyed.
2286:
1963:
1584:
1158:
272:
1909:
1697:
2144:
1973:
1091:
1044:, signed on 13 October 1906, a constitution of French syndicalism defining its independence from political parties.
1559:
had thrown an explosive device in protest at the Communist permanence of the city on 23 December 1967, members of
1705:
1363:
598:
210:, considered the founder of prehistory, brought an international scientific reputation to the territory. As the
2367:
1731:
1350:
232:
It was at Amiens that, for the first time, was defined one of the most ancient civilisations of humanity: The
216:
1808:
1380:
969:
1603:
was renovated as well and a new cinema complex was built, reorganising the area around the railway station.
1107:
1406:
364:
86:
regained control. During the 18th and 19th century, the textile tradition of Amiens became famous for its
78:, and joined to the Crown of France in 1185. In 1597, Spanish soldiers held the city during the six-month
2579:
1171:
891:
After this time, the city began to grow beyond the river and into the surrounding hills. During the 1870
658:â a one-sided settlement in favour of Henry. This decision almost immediately led to the outbreak of the
627:
2470:
2393:
2307:
2441:
1594:
Since 2006, there has been a comprehensive programme for the restructuring of the station quarter, the
1448:
865:
253:
32:
in northern France, 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of
874:
2565:
2095:
1945:
2545:
1997:
Les Gallo-Romains : vivre, travailler, croire, se distraire - de 54 av. J.-C. Ă 486 ap. J.-C.
106:
the city walls were demolished, opening up space for large boulevards around the town centre. The
1795:
1624:
1360:
1214:
1183:
1174:
and its importance as a rail hub, made it a vital British logistic centre, especially during the
377:
314:
122:
115:
59:
2524:
Antoine Caux, Jean-Christophe Fouquet et Nicolas Lejeune, « 2008, souvenirs de mai »,
362:
The first known settlement is Samarobriva ("Somme bridge"), mentioned for the first time in the
333:. However, a large deposit in the Montieres-Etouvie sector has delivered an extensive Neolithic
1402:
1317:
1222:
1218:
747:
731:
172:
130:
126:
79:
181:
The discovery of important prehistoric sites in Amiens contributed to the birth and growth of
162:
1505:
1376:
825:
810:
778:
659:
103:
91:
40:
1617:
946:
In the 19th century, the railway occupies the site of the ancient walls of Philippe Auguste.
2491:
2328:
2287:"Commonwealth War Graves Commission â ST. PIERRE CEMETERY, AMIENS â Historical Information"
1568:
1494:
1467:
919:
643:
619:
488:
467:
at Amiens the same year, after recovering from an illness. In 367, it was from Amiens that
435:
146:
2467:"The National Collection of Aerial Photography: Sortie 106G/3133 â Longueau railway depot"
2160:
345:
8:
2120:
1560:
1321:
1175:
892:
565:
552:
287:
1571:
was created on 26 October, founded on a campus in the southwestern suburbs of the city.
769:
During the 18th and 19th century, the textile tradition of Amiens became famous for its
1758:
1517:
1191:
840:
786:
751:
727:
647:
639:
623:
280:
257:
211:
99:
90:. In 1789 the provinces of France were dismantled and the territory was organised into
83:
71:
37:
29:
958:
Medal of the city with its blazon, 53 millimetres (2.1 in), signed Dantzell 1862.
626:
was present in Amiens, to support Bishop Geoffroi and the residents against the Count
415:
340:
Renancourt brickworks also updated important remains attributable to the Neolithic or
192:
and, more generally, for knowledge of the history of the first settlements in Europe.
2140:
2063:
2026:
2004:
1969:
1564:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1335:
1187:
1049:
1041:
996:
850:
The first railway through Amiens was built in 1846, with the first station, known as
766:
the following year. Henry took over the city, putting an end to its autonomous rule.
692:
688:
329:
period the territory of Amiens has not been the subject of intensive research as the
201:
75:
2185:
2055:
1763:
1544:
1539:
1486:
1471:
1356:
1341:
1241:
975:
861:
852:
818:
814:
763:
700:
667:
631:
510:
468:
463:
391:
241:
222:
142:
111:
1600:
1394:
In 1942, the first reconstruction plans were underway by German officials, and by
1166:
At the start of the war, in August 1914, Amiens had been the Advance Base for the
792:
2584:
1548:
1440:
1432:
1289:
1229:
759:
684:
556:
533:
44:
24:
414:
conquest (1st and 2nd centuries). The occupation of the 1st century discovered (
2132:
1482:
1455:
1025:
655:
587:
492:
138:
2025:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 313â315.
2573:
1416:
On 18 February 1944, British aircraft bombed the prison in Amiens as part of
1236:
484:
443:
410:
369:
249:
245:
1431:
of 6 June 1944, Allied aircraft concentrated on disabling communications in
1372:
1497:. Meanwhile, Dufau focussed on the market square and the cathedral square.
1395:
1388:
1384:
1210:
1141:
Tram in front of the Corn Exchange, in the early years of the 20th century.
536:, at the time still a Roman soldier, shared his cloak with a naked beggar.
341:
275:, who named the great periods of prehistory in France, decided to name the
134:
738:
On 11 March 1597, the Spanish attacked by surprise. The soldiers of Count
723:
622:) moved up in the field of municipal liberties. On Palm Sunday 1115, King
1910:"Jardin archéologique de Saint-Acheul, Amiens, Ville d'Art et d'Histoire"
1524:
1424:
and political prisoners being held there. In all, 258 prisoners escaped.
899:
755:
522:
382:
330:
310:
226:
2245:
Benoßt Delespierre, Lorsqu'Amiens accueillait son "village sénégalais",
1030:
installed his first ready-to-wear store in this iconic shopping street.
491:. In 383, in contrast, Amiens, like all towns in the area, was taken by
225:, the Somme Valley made reference to prehistory and to the study of the
1782:
357:
334:
306:
276:
186:
182:
118:, when the Somme was invaded by Prussian forces, Amiens was occupied.
2513:
L'Architecture moderne en France. Du chaos Ă la croissance, 1940-1966
514:
402:
326:
233:
63:
47:. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census.
2442:"Operation Jericho â A Rescue Mission Which Turned Into A Bloodbath"
446:
moved to Amiens to organise a maritime defence system, known as the
2308:"Australians on the Western Front â France 1918: Defence of Amiens"
2023:
Römische Kaisertabelle: GrundzĂŒge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie
1436:
1247:
696:
603:
548:
305:
In 2006, when housing was under construction, excavations revealed
261:
1501:
1481:
was furnished by the architect Alexandre Courtois, the architect
1199:
844:
824:
During the 19th century, Amiens began to feel the effects of the
782:
770:
708:
634:
institution. The city was joined to the Crown of France in 1185.
607:
594:
540:
526:
458:
406:
373:
189:
95:
87:
67:
55:
2046:
Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.),
895:, Somme was invaded by Prussian forces and Amiens was occupied.
2060:
10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2105
1552:
1439:
to the south east of Amiens was attacked by 200 bombers of the
1162:
A general view of Amiens in May 1918, during Operation Michael.
986:
712:
676:
571:
544:
498:
In 2006, during the construction of buildings in the Cathedral
480:
472:
372:. Some forty years later, it was the central settlement of the
16:
1509:
1368:
857:
615:
518:
476:
33:
1420:. The raid was intended to aid the escape of members of the
1555:
workers occupied their factory from 20 May for five weeks.
1513:
704:
611:
387:
344:, evidenced by the boat-shaped double axe exhibited at the
2394:"7th Batt[a]lion Royal Sussex Regiment: May 1940"
2139:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257â8.
1686:
Staff of the 1st Brigade of Spahis, before August 1939 -
551:
was elected in Amiens by his comrades in arms. The saint
1689:
Staff of the 3rd Group of Cavalry, before August 1939 -
1304:
Ruins of Deberny House (opposite the Palais de Justice).
1965:
Placenames of the world: origins and ... â Google Books
532:
By tradition, it was at the gates of Amiens that Saint
394:. The Ambiani derived their name from the Gaulish word
2121:
http://www.picardie.fr/en/applis/frise_en/frise_en.swf
683:
In 1435 the city was among the possessions granted to
409:. After Nero's death, it was a centre of equipment of
102:, with Amiens as the departmental capital. During the
2284:
1527:was organised on 21 October 1967. Then, while the
513:. The prosperity of the city made it a target for
2329:"History of War â Rickard, J (5 September 2007),
1587:moved into new buildings in the city centre. The
2571:
2439:
934:A view of the cathedral from the belfry in 1895.
654:. The arbitrations led to Louis deciding on the
495:, proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain.
54:("Somme bridge"), the central settlement of the
1885:"Le jardin archéologique Saint-Acheul à Amiens"
1129:A concert at the Montplaisir bandstand in 1908.
2492:"IWM Collections â 30TH CORPS CAPTURES AMIENS"
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
1040:held an historic congress which developed the
754:with the assistance of English troops sent by
337:with yellow flint of excellent craftsmanship.
2045:
999:at the entrance of the Noyon primary school,
2415:"La rafle du 4 janvier 1944 commémorée hier"
1182:Amiens was one of the key objectives of the
1019:, competed with small trade. In 1902, Henri
987:From the Belle Epoque to the First World War
293:In 2007, archaeological excavations, at the
2331:Battle of Amiens, 8 August-3 September 1918
2105:
1611:Units which have been stationed at Amiens:
807:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
789:, with Amiens as the departmental capital.
309:sites on positions of ancient banks of the
256:, who flocked to the site. In August 1859,
1015:, which opened their doors in 1895 on the
981:
70:. In 1113 the city was recognized by King
2370:THE WAR IN FRANCE AND FLANDERS, 1939â1940
2131:
2021:Kienast, Dietmar (2017) . "Valentinian".
1213:led the offensive which would become the
1196:Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)
1157:
990:
817:at the town hall, putting an end to the
791:
722:
581:
161:
2223:. Uk.somme-tourisme.com. Archived from
2052:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1999:. Paris, Ed. Errance, 2006, Collection
1538:hosted the National Education Minister
1262:Cathedral protected from shell damage.
1186:which was launched on 27 March 1918 as
785:became the newly created department of
665:The blue of Amiens produced from woad (
529:, who attacked the city several times.
98:became the newly created department of
2572:
2566:Timeline of Amiens § Bibliography
2469:. Aerial.rcahms.gov.uk. Archived from
1235:A reconstruction plan was arranged by
843:. The city was hit by an outbreak of
23:
2310:. Ww1westernfront.gov.au. 1918-09-07
2089:"Rapport d'activité 2006 de l'Inrap"
1961:
860:. A second line opened from 1847 to
856:: It allowed the city to connect to
570:'Honorius') was the seventh
2391:
2260:"Le Grand Prix fĂȘte son centenaire"
2161:"The Peace of Vervins (2 May 1598)"
2020:
1822:4th Regiment of the Moroccan Spahis
1738:8th Regiment of Command and Support
1344:, in 1940, particularly during the
1329:
718:
695:. It was re-acquired again by King
457:. Valentinian I proclaimed his son
13:
2440:Nikola Budanovic (30 March 2016).
2355:Amiens pendant la guerre 1914-1918
1574:
1500:On 2 June 1960, the new region of
1461:
1153:
673:Pastel des teinturiers et de waide
650:and his rebellious barons, led by
642:settled the conflict between King
14:
2596:
2039:
734:(Anonymous, Museum of Versailles)
703:. Louis XI authorised two annual
448:Tractus Armoricanus et Nervicanus
421:
2190:Centre International Jules Verne
1747:, until its dissolution in 1993.
1606:
1309:
1297:
1278:
1264:Archives municipales de Toulouse
1255:
1134:
1122:
1106:
1090:
1074:
1058:
951:
939:
927:
908:
2559:
2531:
2518:
2505:
2484:
2459:
2433:
2407:
2385:
2360:
2347:
2321:
2300:
2278:
2252:
2239:
2213:
2204:
2188:[Jules Verne, A Life].
2178:
2153:
2125:
1838:
1833:6e régiment de spahis algériens
1814:
1801:
1788:
1734:, until its dissolution in 1993
1712:8th Battalion of Foot Chasseurs
1706:72nd Infantry Regiment (France)
1693:51st Infantry Regiment (France)
1674:3rd Motorised Infantry Division
800:
125:, was the opening phase of the
50:The first known settlement was
2081:
2014:
1989:
1955:
1927:
1902:
1877:
1776:
1435:, and the railway junction at
796:Amiens' 18th-century City Hall
577:
157:
1:
2094:. p. 103. Archived from
1944:. p. 102. Archived from
1870:
1288:: Houses in ruins during the
898:Early science fiction author
630:who refused to recognise the
574:of the city and died in 600.
300:
152:
2515:, Ă©d. Picard, 1999, p.28-31.
1785:going from 9600 to 5500 BCE.
1359:, Amiens was reached by the
1221:, which led directly to the
1198:) at Villers-Bretonneux and
963:In 1891, the network of the
365:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
351:
320:
129:, which led directly to the
7:
2221:"Le Tourisme dans la Somme"
2054:, Oxford University Press,
1752:
1207:British Expeditionary Force
1168:British Expeditionary Force
699:in 1477 after the death of
45:Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie
36:. It is the capital of the
10:
2601:
2563:
1861:7th group of armoured cars
1465:
1383:infantry battalion of the
1355:in early June. During the
1333:
740:Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo
355:
208:Jacques Boucher de Perthes
166:The Saint-Acheul axehead (
2374:. Ibiblio.org. 1940-05-20
2285:Reading Room Manchester.
1935:"Rapport d'activité 2006"
1809:LongueauâBoulogne railway
1725:2nd Legion of Gendarmerie
586:Saint Louis mediating by
145:train station and nearby
66:tribes, and later by the
1769:
1405:, most were deported to
965:former tramway of Amiens
543:rose to power among the
539:During the 5th century,
378:principal tribes of Gaul
60:principal tribes of Gaul
2539:"Amiens Gare la Vallée"
1184:German spring offensive
982:20th and 21st centuries
870:Amiens locomotive depot
2528:no.487 of 28 May 2008.
2186:"Jules Verne, Une Vie"
1445:11th Armoured Division
1403:Drancy internment camp
1389:men with the battalion
1318:Senegalese Tirailleurs
1286:Rue François-Delavigne
1223:Armistice with Germany
1219:Hundred Days Offensive
1163:
1083:Rue des Trois-Cailloux
1067:Rue des Trois-Cailloux
1017:Rue des Trois-Cailloux
1004:
886:Rue des Trois-Cailloux
868:; then, in 1874, the
797:
735:
591:
560:
431:Samarobriva Ambianorum
178:
131:Armistice with Germany
127:Hundred Days Offensive
1962:Room, Adrian (2006).
1732:8th Infantry Division
1708:, before 1906-1913 -
1646:4th Infantry Division
1641:, before 1913-1928 -
1632:3rd Infantry Division
1627:, before 1906-1913 -
1585:University of Picardy
1489:railway station, the
1377:Royal Sussex Regiment
1225:which ended the war.
1209:of Field-Marshal Sir
1161:
994:
826:Industrial Revolution
811:First French Republic
795:
726:
599:Herbert de Vermandois
585:
356:Further information:
165:
104:Industrial Revolution
21:French pronunciation:
2368:"Major L. F. Ellis,
1846:7th Cavalry Regiment
1807:This is the current
1794:This is the current
1660:3rd Cavalry Division
1569:University of Amiens
1504:was formed from the
1468:Tour Perret (Amiens)
1050:Grand Prix of France
920:Jules-Claude Ziegler
834:Rue de la RĂ©publique
489:Barbarian Conspiracy
483:to restore order in
436:Tabula Peutingeriana
273:Gabriel de Mortillet
2372:, HMSO 1954 (p.80)"
1889:amiens-tourisme.com
1796:ParisâLille railway
1618:2nd Military Region
1547:railwaymen blocked
1364:1st Panzer Division
1322:Battle of the Somme
1176:Battle of the Somme
1085:, some years later.
893:Franco-Prussian War
628:Enguerrand de Coucy
553:Honoratus of Amiens
517:tribes such as the
511:Barbarian Invasions
2580:History of Picardy
2446:War History Online
2419:Le Courrier picard
2335:. Historyofwar.org
2264:Le Courrier picard
2247:Le Courrier picard
1759:Timeline of Amiens
1453:Lieutenant-General
1407:Auschwitz-Birkenau
1228:At the end of the
1192:Villers-Bretonneux
1164:
1013:Nouvelles Galeries
1005:
841:universal suffrage
798:
736:
640:Louis IX of France
592:
288:Historic Monuments
281:lower Palaeolithic
179:
114:. During the 1870
2353:Albert Chatelle,
2137:Simon de Montfort
2069:978-0-19-866277-8
2032:978-3-534-26724-8
2009:978-2-87772-331-2
1589:Vallée des Vignes
1565:Charles de Gaulle
1493:, and the nearby
1429:Normandy landings
1422:French Resistance
1418:Operation Jericho
1336:Operation Jericho
1188:Operation Michael
1042:Charter of Amiens
997:Charter of Amiens
884:, to the current
693:Congress of Arras
652:Simon de Montfort
569:
433:) appears on the
346:Musée de Picardie
260:discovered nine "
2592:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2544:. Archived from
2543:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2421:. 6 January 2014
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2256:
2250:
2249:of 7 April 2013.
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2012:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1881:
1864:
1854:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1764:History of Paris
1746:
1720:
1701:
1682:
1669:, before 1913 -
1668:
1655:, before 1913 -
1654:
1640:
1540:Alain Peyrefitte
1537:
1529:House of Culture
1491:Place de la Gare
1357:Battle of France
1354:
1346:Battle of Amiens
1342:Second World War
1330:Second World War
1320:who fell at the
1313:
1301:
1282:
1272:
1259:
1245:
1215:Battle of Amiens
1138:
1126:
1110:
1099:Rue des Tanneurs
1094:
1078:
1062:
1029:
976:Battle of France
973:
955:
943:
931:
916:La Paix d'Amiens
912:
878:
862:Boulogne-sur-Mer
821:against France.
819:Second Coalition
815:Treaty of Amiens
764:Peace of Vervins
719:Early Modern era
701:Charles the Bold
668:Isatis tinctoria
564:
508:
469:Count Theodosius
456:
392:Boulogne-sur-Mer
242:Joseph Prestwich
220:
205:
176:
123:Battle of Amiens
116:Battle of Amiens
112:Boulogne-sur-Mer
28:) is a city and
27:
25:[a.mjÉÌ]
22:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2165:henriiv.culture
2159:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2133:Maddicott, John
2130:
2126:
2119:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2019:
2015:
1995:GĂ©rard Coulon,
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1914:culture.gouv.fr
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1714:
1695:
1676:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1609:
1577:
1575:Since the 1970s
1531:
1474:
1466:Main articles:
1464:
1462:Post-war period
1441:Royal Air Force
1433:occupied France
1411:Courrier Picard
1348:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1293:
1290:First World War
1283:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1239:
1230:First World War
1205:In August, the
1156:
1154:First World War
1142:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1063:
1023:
989:
984:
967:
959:
956:
947:
944:
935:
932:
923:
913:
872:
866:Gare Saint-Roch
803:
760:Edict of Nantes
748:siege of Amiens
732:Siege of Amiens
721:
685:Philip the Good
671:) known as the
580:
534:Martin of Tours
502:
450:
424:
416:La TĂšne culture
360:
354:
323:
303:
238:haches taillées
214:
199:
170:
160:
155:
80:Siege of Amiens
20:
12:
11:
5:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:on 2007-10-17.
2530:
2517:
2511:Joseph Abram,
2504:
2483:
2458:
2432:
2406:
2392:Osborne, Dan.
2384:
2359:
2346:
2320:
2299:
2277:
2266:. 12 July 2013
2251:
2238:
2212:
2203:
2177:
2152:
2145:
2124:
2104:
2101:on 2012-10-17.
2080:
2068:
2038:
2031:
2013:
1988:
1974:
1954:
1951:on 2012-10-17.
1926:
1901:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1709:
1703:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1670:
1656:
1642:
1628:
1625:2nd Army Corps
1621:
1620:before 1913 -
1613:
1608:
1605:
1596:Gare la Vallée
1576:
1573:
1483:Auguste Perret
1479:Place Gambetta
1463:
1460:
1456:Brian Horrocks
1334:Main article:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1261:
1254:
1155:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1057:
995:Plaque of the
988:
985:
983:
980:
961:
960:
957:
950:
948:
945:
938:
936:
933:
926:
924:
914:
907:
802:
799:
720:
717:
656:Mise of Amiens
588:Georges Rouget
579:
576:
493:Magnus Maximus
487:following the
423:
422:Late antiquity
420:
353:
350:
322:
319:
302:
299:
197:Victor Commont
168:FĂ©lix RĂ©gnault
159:
156:
154:
151:
139:Auguste Perret
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2597:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2526:JDA MĂ©tropole
2521:
2514:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2473:on 2014-01-10
2472:
2468:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2288:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2227:on 2008-11-18
2226:
2222:
2216:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2146:0-521-37493-6
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1977:
1975:9780786422487
1971:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:Staff of the
1729:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:, August 1939
1699:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1672:Staff of the
1671:
1666:
1661:
1658:Staff of the
1657:
1652:
1647:
1644:Staff of the
1643:
1638:
1633:
1630:Staff of the
1629:
1626:
1623:Staff of the
1622:
1619:
1616:Staff of the
1615:
1614:
1612:
1607:Military life
1604:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:Gare d'Amiens
1485:designed the
1484:
1480:
1473:
1472:Gare d'Amiens
1469:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:commanded by
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:Prior to the
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1413:in May 1945.
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:7th Battalion
1370:
1365:
1362:
1361:German Army's
1358:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1237:Louis Duthoit
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:Western Front
1169:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1115:Rue Saint-Leu
1109:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:In 1906, the
1034:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1002:
998:
993:
979:
977:
971:
966:
954:
949:
942:
937:
930:
925:
921:
917:
911:
906:
905:
904:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
883:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
848:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
729:
725:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
678:
674:
670:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Saint-Quentin
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
589:
584:
575:
573:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
506:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
485:Roman Britain
482:
478:
474:
471:defeated the
470:
466:
465:
460:
454:
449:
445:
444:Valentinian I
440:
438:
437:
432:
428:
419:
417:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
376:, one of the
375:
371:
370:Julius Caesar
367:
366:
359:
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
295:Rue du ManĂšge
291:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
269:
265:
263:
259:
258:Albert Gaudry
255:
251:
250:Charles Lyell
247:
246:Hugh Falconer
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
218:
213:
212:VĂ©zĂšre Valley
209:
203:
198:
193:
191:
188:
184:
174:
169:
164:
150:
148:
144:
143:Gare d'Amiens
141:designed the
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:, one of the
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
39:
35:
31:
26:
18:
2560:Bibliography
2546:the original
2533:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2496:. Retrieved
2494:. Iwm.org.uk
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2418:
2409:
2398:. Retrieved
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2369:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2330:
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2302:
2291:. Retrieved
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2263:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:the original
2215:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2189:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2136:
2127:
2096:the original
2083:
2073:, retrieved
2051:
2041:
2022:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1964:
1957:
1946:the original
1941:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1844:Composed of
1840:
1820:Composed of
1816:
1803:
1790:
1778:
1610:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1557:
1522:
1499:
1490:
1478:
1475:
1426:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1396:Pierre Dufau
1393:
1385:British Army
1339:
1285:
1234:
1227:
1211:Douglas Haig
1204:
1181:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1114:
1098:
1082:
1066:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:Rue Rigollot
1000:
962:
915:
897:
890:
885:
882:Place au fil
881:
853:Gare du Nord
851:
849:
838:
833:
823:
804:
801:19th century
768:
737:
682:
672:
666:
664:
636:
593:
538:
531:
497:
462:
441:
434:
430:
426:
425:
400:
395:
381:
363:
361:
342:Chalcolithic
339:
324:
304:
294:
292:
285:
270:
266:
237:
231:
194:
180:
135:Pierre Dufau
120:
51:
49:
15:
2396:. Bbc.co.uk
2192:(in French)
1855:and of the
1849: [
1831:and of the
1825: [
1741: [
1715: [
1696: [
1677: [
1663: [
1649: [
1635: [
1601:Tour Perret
1532: [
1525:Vietnam War
1506:departments
1495:Tour Perret
1381:Territorial
1349: [
1267: [
1240: [
1024: [
968: [
900:Jules Verne
873: [
813:signed the
779:departments
756:Elizabeth I
660:Barons' War
578:Middle Ages
523:Burgundians
503: [
451: [
386:connecting
383:Via Agrippa
331:Paleolithic
277:stone tools
262:carved axes
236:. In 1853,
227:Paleolithic
215: [
200: [
171: [
158:Paleolithic
147:Tour Perret
92:departments
52:Samarobriva
2574:Categories
2564:See also:
2498:2013-03-01
2477:2013-03-01
2425:5 February
2400:2013-03-01
2378:2013-03-01
2314:2013-03-01
2293:2013-03-01
2289:. Cwgc.org
2075:2020-10-25
2001:Hespérides
1871:References
1783:Mesolithic
1599:roof. The
1447:, part of
830:Henriville
781:. Much of
427:Samarobriu
358:Roman Gaul
307:Mesolithic
301:Mesolithic
254:John Evans
187:Quaternary
183:prehistory
177:collection
153:Prehistory
108:Henriville
94:. Much of
41:department
2451:4 October
2196:4 October
2048:"Gratian"
1683:, 1928 -
1387:. Of 581
1250:façades.
978:in 1940.
847:in 1866.
644:Henry III
515:barbarian
411:Britannia
403:Londinium
352:Antiquity
327:Neolithic
321:Neolithic
290:in 1947.
271:In 1872,
234:Acheulean
82:, before
64:barbarian
2231:14 March
2135:(1994).
1981:14 March
1753:See also
1561:Occident
1545:Longueau
1449:30 Corps
1437:Longueau
1248:Art Deco
1069:in 1907.
809:and the
775:Cosserat
762:and the
752:Henry IV
728:Henry IV
697:Louis XI
689:Burgundy
632:communal
624:Louis VI
604:Beauvais
549:Merovech
464:augustus
442:In 367,
335:industry
313:and the
223:Dordogne
221:and the
84:Henry IV
72:Louis VI
2339:1 March
2270:12 July
2011:, p.21.
1502:Picardy
1200:Moreuil
922:(1853).
864:, with
845:cholera
783:Picardy
771:velours
744:Fuentes
730:at the
709:Antwerp
691:by the
648:England
608:Cambrai
595:Normans
590:(1820).
568:
541:Chlodio
527:Vandals
525:or the
461:his co-
459:Gratian
407:Lutetia
374:Ambiani
190:geology
96:Picardy
88:velours
68:Normans
56:Ambiani
30:commune
2585:Amiens
2170:3 June
2143:
2066:
2029:
2007:
1972:
1919:15 May
1894:15 May
1727:, 1906
1721:, 1906
1553:Ferodo
1549:points
1021:Devred
773:. The
713:Bruges
572:bishop
561:Honoré
557:French
547:, and
545:Franks
521:, the
481:Saxons
479:, and
473:Franks
76:France
17:Amiens
2549:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2092:(PDF)
1949:(PDF)
1942:Inrap
1938:(PDF)
1853:]
1829:]
1770:Notes
1745:]
1719:]
1700:]
1681:]
1667:]
1653:]
1639:]
1536:]
1518:Somme
1510:Aisne
1369:Paris
1353:]
1271:]
1244:]
1028:]
972:]
877:]
858:Paris
787:Somme
705:fairs
616:Noyon
519:Alans
507:]
477:Scots
455:]
315:Selle
311:Somme
219:]
204:]
175:]
100:Somme
38:Somme
34:Lille
2453:2018
2427:2014
2341:2013
2272:2013
2233:2011
2198:2018
2172:2016
2141:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1983:2011
1970:ISBN
1921:2013
1896:2013
1859:and
1516:and
1514:Oise
1470:and
1379:, a
1113:The
1097:The
1081:The
1065:The
1011:The
711:and
612:Laon
566:lit.
396:ambe
388:Lyon
325:The
252:and
206:and
2056:doi
1857:6th
1508:of
1038:CGT
918:by
750:by
742:of
687:of
677:dye
646:of
500:ZAC
418:).
405:or
390:to
368:of
74:of
43:in
2576::
2444:.
2417:.
2262:.
2163:.
2107:^
2062:,
2050:,
2003:,
1968:.
1940:.
1912:.
1887:.
1851:fr
1827:fr
1743:fr
1717:fr
1698:fr
1679:fr
1665:fr
1651:fr
1637:fr
1551:,
1534:fr
1520:.
1512:,
1458:.
1398:.
1375:,
1351:fr
1269:fr
1242:fr
1026:fr
970:fr
888:.
875:fr
715:.
662:.
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
563:,
559::
505:fr
475:,
453:fr
439:.
348:.
317:.
283:.
248:,
244:,
229:.
217:fr
202:fr
173:fr
149:.
2501:.
2480:.
2455:.
2429:.
2403:.
2381:.
2357:.
2343:.
2333:"
2317:.
2296:.
2274:.
2235:.
2200:.
2174:.
2149:.
2058::
2035:.
1985:.
1923:.
1898:.
1863:.
1835:.
1811:.
1324:.
1292:.
1273:.
1117:.
1101:.
1003:.
602:(
555:(
429:(
19:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.