Knowledge

1601:‘Is there any truth, however, in Acts’ repeated references to a sharing of goods or is this simply an idealizing feature invented by the author? For a start it is not clear whether he envisages property being sold and the proceeds distributed to the needy (so in 2:45; 4:34–5, 37) or whether the property is retained but the use of it is shared with other members of the community (cf. 2:44, ‘all things in common’). Yet even this uncertainty is most readily intelligible if at least one of these variants is traditional; if anything is to be attributed to the author’s idealizing tendency it is the motif of ‘all things in common’, but, as we saw, the mention in 12:12 of the house of Mary, John Mark’s mother, points to a concrete example of something not sold, but held in common. If Barnabas possessed a field (4:37), on the other hand, then this is not likely to have been so immediately useful to the Jerusalem community, particularly if it was in his native Cyprus; yet it has been suggested that it was near Jerusalem (and may first have been sold when Barnabas was despatched to, or left for, Antioch—Acts 11:22).55 Some would certainly regard the whole picture of this sharing, in whatever form, as the product of the author’s imagination, but it is to be noted, not only that what he imagines is not wholly clear, but also that there are contemporary parallels which suggest that such a sharing is by no means unthinkable.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, pp. 31–33 (2004). 1547:‘Again, if communal meals had played an important part in Jesus’ ministry and had indeed served then as a demonstration of the inclusive nature of God’s kingly rule, then it is only to be expected that such meals would continue to form a prominent part of the life of his followers (Acts 2:42, 46), even if they and their symbolic and theological importance were a theme particularly dear to ‘Luke’s’ heart.47 It is equally probable that such meals took place, indeed had to take place, in private houses or in a private house (2:46) and that this community was therefore dependent, as the Pauline churches would be at a later stage, upon the generosity of at least one member or sympathizer who had a house in Jerusalem which could be placed at the disposal of the group. At the same time it might seem unnecessary to deny another feature of the account in Acts, namely that the first followers of Jesus also attended the worship of the Temple (2:46; 3:1; 5:21, 25, 42), even if they also used the opportunity of their visits to the shrine to spread their message among their fellow-worshippers. For without question they would have felt themselves to be still part of Israel.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 30 (2004). 19: 1556:"Despite what is in other respects the negative result of the historical analysis of the tradition in Acts 3–4:31, the question remains whether Luke's general knowledge of this period of the earliest community is of historical value. We should probably answer this in the affirmative, because his description of the conflict between the earliest community and the priestly nobility rests on correct historical assumptions. For the missionary activity of the earliest community in Jerusalem not long after the crucifixion of Jesus may have alarmed Sadducean circles... so that they might at least have prompted considerations about action against the Jesus community.", Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, pp. 168–169 (2004). 1574:‘At the same time it might seem unnecessary to deny another feature of the account in Acts, namely that the first followers of Jesus also attended the worship of the Temple (2:46; 3:1; 5:21, 25, 42), even if they also used the opportunity of their visits to the shrine to spread their message among their fellow-worshippers. For without question they would have felt themselves to be still part of Israel.48 The earliest community was entirely a Jewish one; even if Acts 2:5 reflects an earlier tradition which spoke of an ethnically mixed audience at Pentecost,49 it is clear that for the author of Acts only Jewish hearers come in question at this stage and on this point he was in all probability correct.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 30 (2004). 1619:‘A quarrel arose because the widows of the ‘Hellenists’ were neglected in the daily distribution of aid. This is depicted as an internal squabble which had to be settled within the Christian community and that implies that the earliest Christian community already had its own poor-relief system. Some have doubted that and therefore regard this account as anachronistic.10 Yet it is to be noted that it hangs together with the account of the pooling of resources mentioned earlier in Acts: the church had the means to offer aid and, indeed, if it did not use what was offered to it in some such way, it is difficult to see how it would otherwise have used such funds.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 44 (2004). 1055:"Hengel classifies Acts as a "historical monograph," as accurate as the work of any other ancient historian. Cadbury thinks the author is closest to being a historian, but writes on a popular level. Others compare the author to the ancient historian Thucydides, particularly in the matter of composed speeches that strive for verisimilitude. L. Donelson characterizes the author as a cult historian who travels from place to place gathering traditions, setting down the origin of the sect. Pervo observes that even scholars such as Haenchen who rate the author as highly unreliable nevertheless classify him as a historian.", Setzer, "Jewish responses to early Christians: history and polemics, 30–150 C.E." (1994). Fortress Press. 1118:'It seems probable that Luke and Josephus wrote independently of one another; for each could certainly have had access to sources and information, which he then employed according to his own perspectives. A characteristic conglomerate of details, which in part agree, in part reflect great similarity, but also in part, appear dissimilar and to stem from different provenances, accords with this analysis.', Schreckenberg & Schubert, 'Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christian Literature', Compendia Rerum Iudicarum Ad Novum Testamentum, volume 2, p. 51 (1992). Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. 1288:"British scholarship has been relatively positive about Acts' historicity, from Lightfoot and Ramsay to W.L. Knox and Bruce. German scholarship has, for the most part, evaluated negatively the historical worth of Acts, from Baur and his school to Dibelius, Conzelmann, and Haenchen. North American scholars show a range of opinion. Mattill and Gasque align with the British approach to Acts. Cadbury and Lake take a moderate line and to some degree sidestep the question of accurate historicity.", Setzer, "Jewish responses to early Christians: history and polemics, 30–150 C.E.", p. 94 (1994). Fortress Press. 1430:'Contrary to a widespread anti-Lukan scholasticism which is often relatively ignorant of ancient historiography, I regard Acts as a work that was composed soon after the Third Gospel by Luke 'the beloved physician' (Col. 4:14), who accompanied Paul on his travels from the journey with the collection to Jerusalem onwards. In other words, as at least in part an eye-witness account for the late period of the apostle, about which we no longer have any information from the letters, it is a first-hand source.', Hengel & Schwemer, 'Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: the unknown years', p. 7 (1997). 1912:"There is an increasing trend among scholars toward considering the Jerusalem Council as historical event. An overwhelming majority identifies the reference to the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 with Paul's account in Gal. 2.1–10, and this accord is not just limited to the historicity of the gathering alone but extends also to the authenticity of the arguments deriving from the Jerusalem church itself.", Philip, "The Origins of Pauline Pneumatology: the Eschatological Bestowal of the Spirit", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2, Reihe, p. 205 (2005). Mohr Siebeck. 1716:"The reference to the presence in Caesarea of a centurion of the 'Italian' cohort is, however, historically suspect. If a cohors Italica civium Romanorum is meant, i.e. a cohort of Roman auxiliaries consisting chiefly of Roman citizens from Italy, then such a unit may have been in Syria shortly before 69 (cf. Hemer, Book, 164), but was one to be found in Caesarea in the time just before Herod Agrippa I's death (cf. Haenchen, Acts, 346 n. 2 and 360); Schurer, HIstory 1, 366 n. 54)?", Wedderburn, "A History of the First Christians", p. 217 (2004). Continuum Publishing Group. 1439:‘So Luke-Acts looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem, which is still relatively recent, and moreover is admirably well informed about Jewish circumstances in Palestine, in this respect comparable only to its contemporary Josephus. As Matthew and John attest, that was no longer the case around 15–25 years later; one need only compare the historical errors of the former Platonic philosopher Justin from Neapolis in Samaria, who was born around 100 CE.’, Hengel & Schwemer, 'Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: the unknown years', pp. 7–8 (1997). 1903:"Sahlin rejects the historicity of Acts completely (Der Messias und das Gottesvolk ). Haenchen’s view is that the Apostolic Council “is an imaginary construction answering to no historical reality” (The Acts of the Apostles , p. 463). Dibelius’ view (Studies in the Acts of the Apostles , pp. 93–101) is that Luke’s treatment was literary-theological and can make no claim to historical worth.", Mounce, "Apostolic Council", in Bromiley (ed.) "The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", volume 1, p. 200 (rev. ed. 2001). Wm. B. Eerdmans. 1412:‘According to this verse Jesus seems to appear only to the apostles (for Luke, the Twelve), while the parallel in 13:31* says he appeared to all who went with him on the journey from Galilee to Jerusalem. The contradiction is not a serious one, however, nor is there any real difference between the forty days mentioned in this text and the ἡμέρας πλείους, “many days,” of 13:31*.’, Conzelmann, Limber (trans.), Epp, & Matthews (eds.), ‘Acts of the Apostles: A commentary on the Acts of the Apostles’, Hermeneia, p. 5 (1987). 1921:"The present writer accepts its basic historicity, i.e. that there was an event at Jerusalem concerning the matter of the entry of the Gentiles into the Christian community, but would be circumspect about going much further than that. For a robust defence of its historicity, see Bauckham, "James", and the relevant literature cited there.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 1502:‘Although doubting that the specification "Pentecost" belongs to the tradition, Lüdemann supposes, on the basis of references to glossolalia in Paul's letters and the ecstatic prophecy of Philip's daughters (Acts 21:9), that "we may certainly regard a happening of the kind described by the tradition behind vv.1–4 as very possible."’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 166 (2004) 1751:(Dessau, ILS 9168); but we have no direct evidence of the identity of the military units in Judaea between A.D. 6 and 41. from A.D. 41 to 44, when Agrippa I reigned over Judaea (see on 12:1), one important corps consisted of troops of Caesarea and Sebaste, Kaisareis kai Sebasthnoi (Jos. Ant. 19.356, 361, 364f.), who did not take kindly to the command of a Jewish king.", Bruce, "The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary", p. 252 (1990). Eerdmans. 1738: 2541: 169:, is often considered to have developed after the Western and Alexandrian types. While differing from both of the other types, the Byzantine type has more similarity to the Alexandrian than to the Western type. The extant manuscripts of this type date from the 5th century or later; however, papyrus fragments show that this text-type may date as early as the Alexandrian or Western text-types. The Byzantine text-type served as the basis for the 16th century 1484:‘A local tradition about the meeting place can still be detected. The upper room is the place for prayer and conversation (20:8*; cf. Dan 6:11*), and for seclusion (Mart. Pol. 7.1). The list of names agrees with Luke 6:13–16*.’, Conzelmann, Limber (trans.), Epp, & Matthews (eds.), ‘Acts of the Apostles: A commentary on the Acts of the Apostles’, Hermeneia, pp. 8–9 (1987); he nevertheless believes the waiting for the spirit is a fiction by Luke. 1145:'After examining the texts myself, I must conclude with the majority of scholars that it is impossible to establish the dependence of Luke-Acts on the Antiquitates. What is clear is that Luke-Acts and Josephus shared some common traditions about the recent history of Palestine.', Sterling, 'Historiography and Self-Definition: Josephus, Luke-Acts, and Apologetic Historiography', Supplements to Novum Testamentum, pp. 365–366 (1992). Brill. 455:, Lüdemann considers the Pentecost gathering as very possible, and the apostolic instruction to be historically credible. Wedderburn acknowledges the possibility of a ‘mass ecstatic experience’, and notes it is difficult to explain why early Christians later adopted this Jewish festival if there had not been an original Pentecost event as described in Acts. He also holds the description of the early community in Acts 2 to be reliable. 1511:‘"The instruction by the apostles is also to be accepted as historical, since in the early period of the Jerusalem community the apostles had a leading role. So Paul can speak of those who were apostles before him (in Jerusalem!, Gal. 1.17)" (40.)’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 166 (2004). 1073:'Clearly Luke makes significant use of the LXX in both the gospels and Acts. In addition it is often alleged that he made use of the writings of Josephus and the letters of Paul. The use of the LXX is not debatable, but the influence of Josephus and Paul has been and is subjected to considerable debate.', Tyson, 'Marcion and Luke-Acts: a defining struggle', p. 14 (2006).University of California Press. 1894:"However, numerous scholars have challenged the historicity of the Jerusalem Council as related by Acts, Paul's presence there in the manner that Luke described, the issue of idol-food being thrust on Paul's Gentile mission, and the historical reliability of Acts in general.", Fotopolous, "Food Offered to Idols in Roman Corinth: a socio-rhetorical reconsideration", pp. 181–182 (2003). Mohr Siebeck. 1154:'When we consider both the differences and the agreement in many details of the information in the two accounts, it is surely better to suppose the existence of a common source on which Luke and Josephus independently drew.', Klauck & McNeil, 'Magic and Paganism in Early Christianity: the world of the Acts of the Apostles', p. 43 (2003). Continuum International Publishing Group. 615:, is considered by some scholars to be contradictory to the Galatians account. The historicity of Luke's account has been challenged, and was rejected completely by some scholars in the mid to late 20th century. However, more recent scholarship inclines towards treating the Jerusalem Council and its rulings as a historical event, though this is sometimes expressed with caution. 1403:‘Whatever one believes about the resurrection of Jesus,5 it is undeniable that his followers came to believe that he had been raised by God from the dead, that the one who had apparently died an ignominious death, forsaken and even accursed by his God, had subsequently been vindicated by that same God., ’ Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 17 (2004). 1109:'Sterling concludes that, while it is impossible to establish a literary dependence of Luke-Acts on the writings of Josephus, it is reasonable to affirm that both authors not only had access to similar historical traditions but also shared the same historiographical techniques and perspectives.', Verheyden, 'The Unity of Luke-Acts', p. 678 (1990). Peeters Publishing. 1457:‘"One is... inclined to challenge the historicity of the election of Matthias... This does not mean, though, that the Jerusalem Christians Matthias and Joseph were not historical figures" (ibid., 37).’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 166 (2004) 1797:"Others date the incident either before Herod's reign (so Bruce, History, 261, following Acts' sequence) or more likely after it, unless one supposes that this officer had been seconded to Caesarea without the rest of his unit (cf. also Hengel, 'Geography', 203-4 n. 111).", Wedderburn, "A History of the First Christians", p. 217 (2004). Continuum Publishing Group. 448:, Lüdemann is skeptical with regard to the appointment of Matthias, but not with regard to his historical existence. Wedderburn rejects the theory that denies the historicity of the disciples, Conzelmann considers the upper room meeting a historical event Luke knew from tradition, and Hengel considers ‘the Field of Blood’ to be an authentic historical name. 1421:'That makes it all the more striking that Acts says nothing of Paul the letter-writer. In my view this presupposes a relatively early date for Acts, when there was still a vivid memory of Paul the missionary, but the letter-writer was not known in the same way.', Hengel & Schwemer, 'Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: the unknown years', p. 3 (1997). 1565:‘The presence of such idealizing features does not mean, however, that these accounts are worthless or offer no information about the earliest Christian community in Jerusalem.46 Many features of them are too intrinsically probable to be lightly dismissed as the invention of the author.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 30 (2004). 1394:‘"The disciple Iscariot is without doubt a historical person... made a decisive contribution to delivering Jesus into the hands of the Jewish authorities" (ibid., 35–36).’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 165 (2004) 1136:'Arguments for the dependence of passages in Acts on Josephus (especially the reference to Theudas in Acts v. 37) are equally unconvincing. The fact is, as Schurer has said: "Either Luke had not read Josephus, or he had forgotten all about what he had read"', Geldenhuys, 'Commentary on the Gospel of Luke', p. 31 (1950).Tyndale Press. 1127:'The relationship between Luke and Josephus has produced an abundant literature, which has attempted to show the literary dependence of one on the other. I do not believe that any such dependence can be proved.', Marguerat, 'The First Christian Historian: writing the "Acts of the Apostles"', p. 79 (2002). Cambridge University Press. 1867:"Paul's account of the Jerusalem Council in Galatians 2 and the account of it recorded in Acts have been considered by some scholars as being in open contradiction.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 1091:'After examining the texts myself, I must conclude with the majority of scholars that it is impossible to establish the dependence of Luke-Acts on the Antiquitates.', Sterling, 'Historiography and Self-Definition: Josephus, Luke-Acts, and Apologetic Historiography', Supplements to Novum Testamentum, pp. 365–366 (1992). Brill. 1367:‘"There were in fact appearances of the heavenly Jesus in Jerusalem (after those in Galilee)" (ibid., 29–30)”’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 164 (2004); he attributes the appearances to hallucination. 1610:‘Behind this account lies a piece of tradition which Luke must have had in written form; note the manner in which the “Hellenists” and “Hebrews” are introduced.’, Conzelmann, Limber (trans.), Epp, & Matthews (eds.), ‘Acts of the Apostles: A commentary on the Acts of the Apostles’, Hermeneia, p. 44 (1987). 1538:‘Many features of them are too intrinsically probable to be lightly dismissed as the invention of the author. It is, for instance, highly probable that the earliest community was taught by the apostles (2:42)—at least by them among others.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 30 (2004). 416: 102: 1858:"In spite of the presence of discrepancies between these two accounts, most scholars agree that they do in fact refer to the same event.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 1848: 487: 533: 128: 76:. Acts is considered a historical narrative and second volume to Luke while Paul's letters are considered as epistolary on doctrine and ethics mainly. Scholars generally prefer Paul's account over that in Acts. However, Roman historians have generally taken the basic historicity of Acts as granted. 1276: 588: 1737: 462: 1628:‘The tradition of the presence in Jerusalem of the groups named in v. 9 has a good deal to be said for it historically...', Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 171 (2004). 458: 1385:‘The existence of women disciples as members of the earliest Jerusalem community is also a historical fact" (ibid., 31).’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 164 (2004) 1592:‘Luke's ideal, stained-glass depiction in Acts 2–5 thus has a very real background, in which events followed one another rapidly and certainly were much more turbulent than Acts portrays them.’, Hengel & Schwemer, 'Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: the unknown years', p. 29 (1997). 1493:'The Aramaic designation Akeldamakc for 'field of blood' has been correctly handed down in Acts 1:19; this is a place name which is also known by Matthew 27:8', Hengel, ‘The Geography of Palestine in Acts’, in Bauckham (ed.), ‘The Book of Acts in its Palestinian Setting’, p. 47 (1995). 488: 435: 137: 1448:‘The term 'a sabbath day's journey', which appears only here in the New Testament, presupposes an amazingly intimate knowledge — for a Greek — of Jewish customs.’, Hengel, ‘Between Jesus and Paul: studies in the earliest history of Christianity’, p. 107 (1983). 1583:‘There is a historical occasion behind the description of the story of Pentecost in Acts and Peter's preaching, even if Luke has depicted them with relative freedom.’, Hengel & Schwemer, 'Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: the unknown years', p. 28 (1997). 1529:‘At any rate, as Weiser and Jervell point out,39 it needs to be explained why early Christians adopted Pentecost as one of their festivals, assuming that the Acts account was not reason enough.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 27 (2004). 1885:"The historicity of Luke's account in Acts 15 has been questioned on a number of grounds.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 1064:‘This theory was maintained by F. C. Burkitt (The Gospel History and its Transmission, 1911, pp. 105–110), following the arguments of Krenkel’s Josephus und Lucas (1894).’, Guthrie, ‘New Testament Introduction’, p. 363 (4th rev. ed. 1996). Tyndale Press. 1376:‘"The names of the disciples of Jesus are for the most part certainly historical.’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 164 (2004) 1100:'Most scholars today deny any dependence one way or the other, and we think this judgment is correct.', Heyler, 'Exploring Jewish literature of the Second Temple Period: A Guide for New Testament Students', p. 362 (2002). InterVarsity Press. 1876:"There is a very strong case against the historicity of Luke's account of the Apostolic Council", Esler, "Community and Gospel in Luke-Acts: The Social and Political Motivations of Lucan Theology", p. 97 (1989). Cambridge University Press. 1466:‘Yet is such a theory not an act of desperation?21 Is it not in every way simpler to accept that the Twelve existed during Jesus’ lifetime and that Judas was one of them?’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 22 (2004). 1247:"In the period approximately 1895–1915 there was a far reaching, multi-facted, high-level debate over the historicity of Acts.", Hemer & Gempf, "The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History", p.3 (1990). Mohr Siebeck. 197: 1082:‘Neither position has much of a following today, because of the significant differences between the two works in their accounts of the same events.’, Mason, ‘Josephus and the New Testament’, p. 185 (1992). Baker Publishing Group. 589: 1475:‘The presence of some names in the list is, in view of their relative obscurity, most easily explained by their having indeed been members of this group.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 22 (2004). 158: 569:, 41–44, no Roman troops were stationed in his territory. Wedderburn likewise finds the narrative "historically suspect", and in view of the lack of inscriptional and literary evidence corroborating Acts, historian 408: 125:) as a historical source. The majority of scholars reject both this claim and the claim that Josephus borrowed from Acts, arguing instead that Luke and Josephus drew on common traditions and historical sources. 1676:: "Bibliography: Josephus, Ant. xx. 5, § 1; Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. II. ii.; Schmidt, in Herzog-Plitt, Real-Encyc. xv. 553–557; Klein, in Schenkel, Bibel-Lexikon, v. 510–513; Schürer, Gesch. i. 566, and note 6." 213: 1788: 1831: 1520:‘It is also possible that at some point of time, though not necessarily on this day, some mass ecstatic experience took place.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 26 (2004). 647: 162: 57:. Historical reliability is not dependent on a source being inerrant or void of agendas since there are sources that are considered generally reliable despite having such traits (e.g. 1277: 202:, considered Acts to be remarkably reliable as a historical document. Attitudes towards the historicity of Acts have ranged widely across scholarship in different countries. 181:. Today, the Byzantine text-type is the subject of renewed interest as the possible original form of the text from which the Western and Alexandrian text-types were derived. 444:. Hengel believes Acts was written early by Luke as a partial eyewitness, praising Luke's knowledge of Palestine, and of Jewish customs in Acts 1:12. With regard to 1260: 730: 177:, the first Greek-language printed edition of the New Testament. The Textus Receptus, in turn, served as the basis for the New Testament in the English-language 3372: 3377: 1810: 690:. Richard Pervo believes that this demonstrates that Luke used Josephus as a source and mistakenly thought that the sicarii were followers of The Egyptian. 799: 280: 719:. Josephus and Luke-Acts are thought to be approximately contemporaneous, around AD 90, and Eusebius wrote some two and a quarter centuries later. 639:). Some believe this is incongruous with the portrait of James as a Jew, who would presumably have spoken Aramaic rather than Greek. For instance, 103: 2577: 1016: 3211: 722: 686:, Josephus talks about Jewish nationalist rebels called sicarii directly prior to talking about the Egyptian leading some followers to the 2074: 1974: 18: 2012: 2777: 64: 1256:"It is difficult to acquit Harnack here of an exaggerated hypercriticism. He constructed a lengthy list of inaccuracies (Harnack, 3206: 483: 38: 2271: 2101: 1346: 1182: 999: 972: 945: 918: 888: 744: 2903: 2873: 2357: 2454: 205: 2432: 2301: 2206: 1784: 538: 2570: 829: 573: 1163: 3440: 3430: 2288: 2228: 1232: 1207: 863: 782: 2597: 1673: 496: 723: 2928: 2772: 2352: 1323: 363: 3435: 2563: 1042: 667: 624: 437: 410: 399: 389: 357: 334: 330: 240: 636: 550: 510: 445: 353: 225: 68: 3179: 654: 562: 484: 476: 441: 2317: 631:, the leader of the Christian Jews in Jerusalem, gives a speech where he quotes scriptures from the Greek 420: 3425: 3189: 3158: 2997: 2888: 2858: 298: 1819:"Certainly after Titus' Jewish war the Flavian emperors revamped the Judaean army, and at the same time 2444: 2364: 2216: 2211: 1300: 1020: 598: 385: 193: 3002: 2222: 2094: 713: 2893: 2813: 2459: 2293: 2261: 190: 54: 432: 3216: 3062: 2938: 2883: 2838: 2797: 2384: 2183: 2138: 1637: 754: 704: 699: 628: 581: 554: 398: 314: 199: 121: 108: 1337: 3402: 2427: 2055: 1707: 2409: 1849: 962: 218: 3112: 3042: 2943: 2061: 2038: 991: 989: 935: 908: 393: 147: 3067: 3047: 2853: 2843: 2787: 2586: 2544: 2525: 2342: 2283: 2278: 2087: 2007: 604: 33: 1014: 8: 3194: 2973: 2833: 2782: 2327: 2168: 964: 526: 388: 349: 166: 95: 119: 3052: 3012: 2762: 2494: 2347: 2129: 1747:"There is inscriptional evidence for the presence in Syria in A.D. 69 of the auxiliary 1730: 671: 522: 517:(d. ~50ad), in which he refers to two first century movements. One of these was led by 371: 288: 254: 178: 50: 3394: 2978: 2504: 2178: 2153: 2124: 1646: 1342: 1319: 1228: 1203: 1178: 995: 968: 941: 914: 884: 859: 825: 778: 739: 585: 558: 505: 493: 489: 194: 139: 1301: 3307: 3027: 2968: 2963: 2953: 2908: 2828: 2792: 2439: 2399: 2394: 2337: 817: 405: 326: 155: 42: 421: 189: 3302: 2983: 2958: 2449: 2016: 687: 425: 322: 258: 170: 151: 3032: 3007: 2923: 2918: 2499: 2487: 2133: 1311: 727: 644: 303: 250: 246: 3419: 3184: 3174: 3122: 3102: 3077: 3057: 2823: 2602: 2404: 640: 566: 530: 429: 375: 90: 69: 3087: 2389: 2173: 2158: 2148: 2054: 1272: 1338: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3297: 3292: 3127: 3092: 3037: 2514: 2379: 2369: 2110: 612: 480: 293: 143: 65: 534: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3153: 2555: 2190: 1947:, Cook Communications Ministries, Colorado Springs Colorado, 2004, 102. 1358: 904: 648: 632: 3232: 3132: 3107: 3017: 2993: 2767: 2519: 2482: 2332: 2233: 2163: 749: 341: 318: 276: 272: 220: 208: 73: 46: 23: 1040: 3137: 3022: 2933: 2913: 2868: 2374: 709: 570: 514: 381: 268: 58: 1202:. New Testament Tools, Studies and Documents. Vol. 9. Brill. 3117: 3097: 2988: 2878: 2848: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2322: 937: 675: 655: 608: 518: 236: 174: 1200: 2898: 2863: 2818: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2509: 535: 452: 367: 129: 2079: 2026:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1999. 576: 3082: 3072: 2948: 2594: 773: 2075: 1225: 881: 777:(1 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 12–18. 661: 466: 463: 264: 98:, who was believed to be a follower of Paul. The author of 94: 643: 404: 1823: 693: 1725:"As for the Italian cohort, Speidel claims that it is a 471: 22: 1985: 513: 2031: 1806:"One of these infantry cohorts may well have been the 545: 1177:. New York: Die Deutsche Bibliothek. pp. 32–33. 678:' (literally: 'dagger-men') into the desert. In both 557: 263: 824:(2 ed.). Mayfield Publishing Companylocation=. 592: 2003:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press 1970. 1296: 1294: 1223:Robinson, Maurice A.; Pierpont, William G. (2005). 960: 611:, generally considered the same event described in 772: 209:Passages consistent with the historical background 1274:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 85, 89. 348:) is correctly used for the governors of the two 235:is the correct title for the chief magistrate in 3417: 1808:cohors II Italica civium romanorum voluntariorum 1764:x, 1, speirh Italikh, generally identified with 1291: 1222: 1017:"A Historical Introduction to the New Testament" 933: 822:Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Introduction 1934:, Fortress Press, Minneapolis, 2009, p. 375-376 775:Can we trust the Bible on the Historical Jesus? 618: 529:of the year 6 and Theudas under the procurator 856:The Acts of the Apostles through the centuries 2571: 2095: 954: 910:The New Testament in Its Literary Environment 854:Hornik, Heidi J.; Parsons, Mikeal C. (2017). 853: 584:is attested no earlier than AD 69, historian 940:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–. 927: 849: 847: 845: 843: 841: 1768:which was probably in Syria by 69 – Gabba, 1314:"Pauline Chronology" in Stephen Westerholm 987: 165:A third class of manuscripts, known as the 2578: 2564: 2102: 2088: 2052: 1335:Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum, 858:(1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 37:, the principal historical source for the 2036:J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", 2009:The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles. 1945:The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary 1329: 1305: 981: 838: 2585: 662:Acts 21:38: The sicarii and the Egyptian 499: 467:Passages of disputed historical accuracy 17: 3207:Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles 2199: 1227:(1 ed.). Chilton Book Publishers. 1197: 1172: 913:. James Clarke & Co. pp. 77–. 724:correspondence between Pliny and Trajan 599:Council of Jerusalem § Historicity 3418: 1269: 878: 816: 694:Other sources for early Church history 2559: 2083: 994:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 45–. 934:Daniel Marguerat (5 September 2002). 810: 745:Historical reliability of the Gospels 472:Acts 2:41 and 4:4 – Peter's addresses 132: 2065:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 903: 2069:Objections against the authenticity 1987:(Polebridge Press, 2006), p. 161-66 791: 698:Two early sources that mention the 553:speaks of a Roman Centurion called 546:Acts 10:1: Roman troops in Caesarea 302:and fifth-century Christian author 13: 1993: 1749:cohors II Italica civium Romanorum 1175:The Book of Acts as Church History 883:. InterVarsity Press. p. 18. 578:cohors II Italica civium Romanorum 506:Theudas § The Theudas problem 14: 3452: 2053:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2046: 1687:A History of the First Christians 593:Acts 15: The Council of Jerusalem 114: 2540: 2539: 2019:London: The Tyndale Press, 1942. 797: 565:claims that during the reign of 521:. Afterwards another was led by 2109: 2033:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1989. 1977: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1937: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1834: 1813: 1800: 1791: 1754: 1741: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1679: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1316:The Blackwell Companion to Paul 1282: 1263: 1250: 1241: 1216: 1191: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1130: 1121: 1112: 1103: 1094: 1085: 1076: 1067: 1058: 1049: 1034: 1008: 967:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 216–. 670:, a Roman asks Paul if he was ' 525:. Josephus placed Judas at the 275:) is independently attested by 53:as part of the debate over the 2001:Luke: Historian and Theologian 897: 872: 804:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 766: 708:by the Roman-Jewish historian 364:Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus 184: 79: 32:historical reliability of the 1: 1965:Jewish Antiquities 20.169–171 1043:Currents in Biblical Research 760: 3180:Acts of the Apostles (genre) 2056:"Acts of the Apostles"  1776:XI, 6117); c.f. P.-W., s.v. 1674:Jewish Encyclopedia: Theudas 961:Clare K. Rothschild (2004). 619:Acts 15:16–18: James' speech 84: 7: 3159:Synagogue of the Libertines 1198:Colwell, Ernest C. (1969). 879:Licona, Michael R. (2010). 798:Cain, Seymour; et al. 733: 580:, a unit whose presence in 231:According to inscriptions, 10: 3457: 2445:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 596: 503: 386:Temple Warning inscription 366:'s tenure as proconsul of 308:History Against the Pagans 107:to be in the tradition of 3386: 3225: 3167: 3146: 2806: 2755: 2593: 2535: 2475: 2455:Massacre of the Innocents 2418: 2310: 2254: 2247: 2223:Lectio difficilior potior 2117: 2024:Ancient Christian Gospels 1780:, 304. Jackson and Lake, 726:(AD 112). Even Christian 651:) utilized the passage." 313:Acts correctly refers to 3441:Historicity of the Bible 3431:1st-century Christianity 3003:Mary mother of John Mark 1844:and, possibly also, the 1766:cohors II Italica c. R., 1689:, Continuum, 2004, p.14. 1270:Ramsay, William (1915). 1173:Nicklas, Tobias (2003). 603:The description of the ' 424:, Alexander Wedderburn, 191:Ferdinand Christian Baur 55:historicity of the Bible 2798:Book burning at Ephesus 2184:Comparative linguistics 1727:cohors civium Romanorum 755:Authorship of Luke-Acts 705:Antiquities of the Jews 700:origins of Christianity 684:Antiquities of the Jews 200:William Mitchell Ramsay 150:(as represented by the 142:(as represented by the 122:Antiquities of the Jews 109:Hellenic historiography 3403:The Visual Bible: Acts 3202:Historical reliability 2207:Contextual credibility 1735:cohors II Italica c.R. 1733:actually identifies a 658:as the people of God. 27: 2839:Ananias (High Priest) 2433:Sources and parallels 2062:Catholic Encyclopedia 2039:Evangelical Quarterly 1685:A. J. M. Wedderburn, 800:"Biblical literature" 674:' who led a band of ' 500:Acts 5:33–39: Theudas 394:Court of the Gentiles 253:are correctly called 247:Marcus Antonius Felix 148:Alexandrian text-type 41:, is of interest for 21: 3436:Acts of the Apostles 3378:Mihanović's fragment 3217:Gamaliel's principle 2788:Council of Jerusalem 2587:Acts of the Apostles 2526:Vaticinium ex eventu 2267:Acts of the Apostles 2229:Multiple attestation 1999:I. Howard Marshall. 1956:Jewish War 2.259–263 988:Todd Penner (2004). 370:is confirmed by the 350:senatorial provinces 34:Acts of the Apostles 3373:Gršković's fragment 3195:Luke the Evangelist 2169:Cognitive philology 2067:See section titled 1932:Acts – a commentary 1930:Pervo, Richard I., 527:Census of Quirinius 167:Byzantine text-type 96:Luke the Evangelist 3426:Biblical criticism 3387:In popular culture 3093:Simon the Sorcerer 2998:cousin of Barnabas 2834:Ananias (Damascus) 2783:Peter's liberation 2773:Conversion of Paul 2495:Hadith terminology 2130:Biblical criticism 2015:2012-05-31 at the 1698:Contra Celsum 1.57 523:Judas the Galilean 372:Delphi Inscription 289:The Twelve Caesars 133:Textual traditions 51:Early Christianity 28: 3413: 3412: 3398:(1985 miniseries) 2553: 2552: 2505:Religious studies 2471: 2470: 2460:Geography of the 2323:Bardiya / Smerdis 2243: 2242: 2179:Textual criticism 2154:Demythologization 1943:Evans, Craig A., 1821:cohors II Italica 1772:25-6 (=ILS 9168; 1347:978-0-8054-4365-3 1184:978-3-11-017717-6 1001:978-0-567-02620-0 974:978-3-16-148203-8 947:978-1-139-43630-4 920:978-0-227-67910-4 890:978-0-8308-2719-0 740:Historical method 605:Apostolic Council 586:E. Mary Smallwood 494:George Whitefield 492:'s account about 490:Benjamin Franklin 195:Adolf von Harnack 140:Western text-type 43:biblical scholars 26:, 4th century AD) 3448: 3308:Codex Mutinensis 3212:Textual variants 2964:Judas of Galilee 2954:Joseph Barsabbas 2909:Ethiopian eunuch 2793:Areopagus sermon 2580: 2573: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2520:Myth § Mythology 2440:Founding of Rome 2333:Caligula's horse 2252: 2251: 2197: 2196: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2066: 2058: 2029:Colin J. Hemer. 2022:Helmut Koester. 1988: 1983:Pervo, Richard, 1981: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1838: 1832: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1758: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1333: 1327: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1267: 1261: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1019:. Archived from 1012: 1006: 1005: 985: 979: 978: 958: 952: 951: 931: 925: 924: 901: 895: 894: 876: 870: 869: 851: 836: 835: 814: 808: 807: 795: 789: 788: 770: 179:King James Bible 156:Codex Sinaiticus 3456: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3382: 3303:Codex Laudianus 3221: 3163: 3142: 2959:Judas Barsabbas 2844:Ananias (Judea) 2802: 2751: 2600: 2589: 2584: 2554: 2549: 2531: 2467: 2450:Kurukshetra War 2420: 2414: 2306: 2239: 2195: 2113: 2108: 2049: 2042:63 (1991), 3–44 2017:Wayback Machine 1996: 1994:Further reading 1991: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1839: 1835: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1742: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1334: 1330: 1318:(May 16, 2011) 1310: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1268: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1002: 986: 982: 975: 959: 955: 948: 932: 928: 921: 902: 898: 891: 877: 873: 866: 852: 839: 832: 818:Harris, Stephen 815: 811: 796: 792: 785: 771: 767: 763: 736: 696: 688:Mount of Olives 680:The Jewish Wars 664: 621: 601: 595: 563:Robert M. Grant 548: 508: 502: 485:Robert M. Grant 474: 469: 426:Hans Conzelmann 352:named in Acts ( 323:Claudius Lysias 211: 187: 171:Textus Receptus 152:Codex Vaticanus 135: 117: 87: 82: 12: 11: 5: 3454: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2939:James the Just 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2778:Peter's vision 2775: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2500:Historiography 2497: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2488:Pseudepigrapha 2479: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2424: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2291: 2289:Book of Mormon 2286: 2284:Book of Joshua 2281: 2279:Book of Esther 2276: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2134:Hadith studies 2127: 2125:Bayes' theorem 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2048: 2047:External links 2045: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2004: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1936: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1833: 1812: 1799: 1790: 1786:cohors Italica 1753: 1740: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1678: 1666: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1328: 1312:Rainer Riesner 1304: 1290: 1281: 1262: 1249: 1240: 1233: 1215: 1208: 1190: 1183: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1048: 1033: 1007: 1000: 980: 973: 953: 946: 926: 919: 896: 889: 871: 864: 837: 831:978-0874846966 830: 809: 790: 783: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 752: 747: 742: 735: 732: 728:pseudepigrapha 715:Church History 695: 692: 663: 660: 620: 617: 597:Main article: 594: 591: 547: 544: 504:Main article: 501: 498: 473: 470: 468: 465: 414: 413: 402: 396: 379: 361: 338: 311: 304:Paulus Orosius 261: 251:Porcius Festus 244: 229: 210: 207: 186: 183: 173:, produced by 134: 131: 116: 115:Use of sources 113: 86: 83: 81: 78: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3453: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3175:Apostolic Age 3173: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3078:Seven Deacons 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2745: 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1517: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1253: 1244: 1236: 1234:0-7598-0077-4 1230: 1226: 1219: 1211: 1209:9789004015555 1205: 1201: 1194: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1160: 1151: 1142: 1133: 1124: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1052: 1046:4 365 – 396. 1045: 1044: 1037: 1023:on 2010-06-21 1022: 1018: 1011: 1003: 997: 993: 992: 984: 976: 970: 966: 965: 957: 949: 943: 939: 938: 930: 922: 916: 912: 911: 906: 900: 892: 886: 882: 875: 867: 865:9781118597873 861: 857: 850: 848: 846: 844: 842: 833: 827: 823: 819: 813: 805: 801: 794: 786: 784:9780664265854 780: 776: 769: 765: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 731: 729: 725: 720: 718: 716: 711: 707: 706: 701: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 659: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 641:Richard Pervo 638: 634: 630: 626: 625:Acts 15:16–18 616: 614: 610: 606: 600: 590: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 567:Herod Agrippa 564: 561:about 37 AD. 560: 556: 552: 543: 541: 537: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 497: 495: 491: 486: 482: 478: 464: 460: 456: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 433: 431: 430:Martin Hengel 427: 423: 422:Gerd Lüdemann 418: 412: 411:Acts 21:31–37 407: 403: 401: 400:Acts 19:29–41 397: 395: 391: 390:Acts 21:27–36 387: 383: 380: 377: 376:Acts 18:12-17 373: 369: 365: 362: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 309: 305: 301: 300: 299:Roman History 295: 291: 290: 285: 283: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 245: 242: 238: 234: 230: 227: 223: 222: 217: 216: 215: 206: 203: 201: 196: 192: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 130: 126: 124: 123: 112: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 92: 77: 75: 71: 70:Second Temple 67: 62: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 39:Apostolic Age 36: 35: 25: 20: 16: 3401: 3393: 3201: 3088:Simeon Niger 2524: 2461: 2410:William Tell 2390:Prester John 2295: 2266: 2232: 2231: / 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