647:
518:), potentially leading to massive hemoptysis. Another uncommon form of histoplasmosis is a slowly progressing condition known as granulomatous mediastinitis, in which the lymph nodes in the mediastinal cavity between the lungs become inflamed and ultimately necrotic; the swollen nodes or draining fluid may ultimately affect the bronchi, the superior vena cava, the esophagus or the pericardium. A particularly dangerous condition is mediastinal fibrosis, in which a subset of individuals with granulomatous mediastinitis develop an uncontrolled fibrotic reaction that may press on the lungs or the bronchi, or may cause right heart failure. There are a number of other rare pulmonary manifestations of histoplasmosis.
33:
716:
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761:
667:
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67:
490:. Exposure of aboriginal Canadians occurs remarkably far north in Quebec, but has not been reported in similar boreal biogeoclimatic zones in many other parts of Canada. Recently and remarkably, a cluster of four indigenously acquired cases of histoplasmosis was shown to be associated with a golf course in suburban
577:
Histoplasmosis outbreaks are typically associated with cleaning guano accumulations or clearing guano-covered vegetation, or with exploration of bat caves. In addition, however, outbreaks may be associated with wind-blown dust liberated by construction projects in endemic areas: a classic outbreak is
557:
appears to be strongly associated with the droppings of certain bird species as well as bats. A mixture of these droppings and certain soil types is particularly conducive to proliferation. In highly endemic areas there is a strong association with soil under and around chicken houses, and with areas
316:
produces two types of conidia, globose macroconidia, 8–15 μm, with distinctive tuberculate or finger-like cell wall ornamentation, and ovoid microconidia, 2–4 μm, which appear smooth or finely roughened. Whether either of these conidial types is the principal infectious particle is unclear.
507:
or in heavily exposed individuals. Erythematous skin conditions arising from antigen reactions may complicate the disease, as may myalgias, arthralgias, and rarely, arthritic conditions. Emphysema sufferers may contract chronic cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis as a disease complication; eventually
372:
can be roughly divided into core areas, where the fungus occurs widely in soil or on vegetation contaminated by bird droppings or equivalent organic inputs, and peripheral areas, where the fungus occurs relatively rarely in association with soil, but is still found abundantly in heavy accumulations
299:
has two mating types, "+" and "–". The great majority of North
American isolates belongs to a single genetic type, but a study of multiple genes suggests a recombining, sexual population. A recent analysis has suggested that the prevalent North American genetic type and a less common type should be
598:
appears particularly likely to cause clinical disease in young children, persons working in sites contaminated by conducive bird or bat droppings, persons exposed to construction dust raised from contaminated sites, immunocompromised patients, and emphysema sufferers. Elimination of the agent from
502:
Histoplasmosis is usually a subclinical infection that does not come to the attention of the person involved. The organism tends to remain alive in the scattered pulmonary calcifications; therefore, some cases are detected by emergence of serious infection when a patient becomes immunocompromised,
478:, after 7 local residents had died of histoplasmosis in 1957. Based on numerous small regional studies, histoplasmin skin test reactors form ca. 10–50 % of the population in much of southern Ontario and in Quebec’s St. Lawrence Valley, ca. 5% in southern Manitoba and some northerly parts of
304:
isolates obtained in
Central and South America and other parts of the world. These entities are temporarily designated NAm1 (the rare type, which includes a famous experimental isolate designated "the Downs strain") and NAm2 (the common type). As yet, no well-established clinical or geographic
570:-free appear to be lower in nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter and moisture than contaminated roosting areas. The guano of gulls and other colonially nesting water-associated birds is rarely connected to histoplasmosis. Bat dwellings, including caves, attics and hollow trees, are classic
521:
Histoplasmosis, like blastomycosis, may disseminate haematogenously to infect internal organs and tissues, but it does so in a very low proportion of cases, and half or more of these dissemination cases involve immunocompromisation. Unlike blastomycosis, histoplasmosis is a recognized
959:
Kasuga, T; White, TJ; Koenig, G; McEwen, J; Restrepo, A; Castañeda, E; Da Silva Lacaz, C; Heins-Vaccari, EM; De
Freitas, RS; Zancopé-Oliveira, RM; Qin, Z; Negroni, R; Carter, DA; Mikami, Y; Tamura, M; Taylor, ML; Miller, GF; Poonwan, N; Taylor, JW (2003).
469:
area in central
Montreal, especially the north and east sides of Mt. Royal Park, showed exposure rates between 20 and 50% in schoolchildren and locally lifetime-resident university students. A particularly high rate of 79.3% exposure was shown in
1055:
Chamany, S; Mirza, SA; Fleming, JW; Howell, JF; Lenhart, SW; Mortimer, VD; Phelan, MA; Lindsley, MD; Iqbal, NJ; Wheat, LJ; Brandt, ME; Warnock, DW; Hajjeh, RA (2004). "A large histoplasmosis outbreak among high school students in
Indiana, 2001".
460:
in Canada is not as well documented as in the US. The St. Lawrence Valley is probably the best known endemic region based both on case reports and on a number of skin test reaction studies that were done between 1945 and 1970. The
317:
They form on individual short stalks and readily become airborne when the colony is disturbed. Ascomata of the sexual state are 80–250 μm, and are very similar in appearance and anatomy to those described above for
503:
perhaps decades later. Frank cases are most often seen as acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, a disease that resembles acute pneumonia but is usually self-limited. It is most often seen in children newly exposed to
534:+ cell counts <150 cells/μL in highly endemic areas. The incidence of this condition dropped significantly after introduction of current anti-HIV therapies. Other conditions very uncommonly associated with
589:
is greatly complicated by the difficulty of isolating the fungus directly from nature. Again, the mouse passage procedure originally devised by Emmons must be used. A direct PCR technique for detection of
646:
1442:
Anderson, Heather; Honish, Lance; Taylor, Geoff; Johnson, Marcia; Tovstiuk, Chrystyna; Fanning, Anne; Tyrrell, Gregory; Rennie, Robert; Jaipaul, Joy; Sand, Crystal; Probert, Steven (2006).
851:
Untereiner, W.A.; Scott, J.A.; Naveau, F.A.; Bachewich, J. (2002). "Phylogeny of
Ajellomyces, Polytolypa and Spiromastix (Onygenaceae) inferred from rDNA sequence and non-molecular data".
1608:
Waldman, RJ; England, AC; Tauxe, R; Kline, T; Weeks, RJ; Ajello, L; Kaufman, L; Wentworth, B; Fraser, DW (1983). "A winter outbreak of acute histoplasmosis in northern
Michigan".
373:
of bat or bird guano in enclosed spaces such as caves, buildings, and hollow trees. The principal core area for this species includes the valleys of the
Mississippi, Ohio, and
1388:
Guy, R; Panisset, M; Frappier, A (1949). "Histoplasmin sensitivity; a brief study of the incidence of hypersensitivity to histoplasmin in an Indian tribe of northern Quebec".
324:
The budding yeast cells formed in infected tissues are small (about 2–4 μm) and are characteristically seen forming in clusters within phagocytic cells, including
349:" and occurs chiefly in the "Central and Eastern United States" followed by "Central and South America, and other areas of the world" It is most prevalent in the
870:
Untereiner, WA; Scott, JA; Naveau, FA; Sigler, L; Bachewich, J; Angus, A (2004). "The
Ajellomycetaceae, a new family of vertebrate-associated Onygenales".
465:
area is a particularly well documented endemic focus, not just in the agricultural regions surrounding the city but also within the city itself. The
1954:
1993:
1902:
681:
715:
831:
1148:
Guy, R; Roy, O (1949). "Histoplasmin sensitivity; preliminary observations in a group of school children in the
Province of Quebec".
806:
1928:
409:, skin testing with the histoplasmin antigen preparation shows that 80–90% of the resident population have an antibody reaction to
734:
666:
2059:
913:
Karimi, K; Wheat, LJ; Connolly, P; Cloud, G; Hajjeh, R; Wheat, E; Alves, K; Lacaz Cd Cda, S; Keath, E (1 December 2002).
425:
are peripheral areas for histoplasmosis, but have scattered counties where 5–19% of lifetime residents show exposure to
1592:
1039:
284:. It is dimorphic and switches from a mould-like (filamentous) growth form in the natural habitat to a small, budding
1792:
2049:
1893:
915:"Differences in histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States and Brazil"
700:
558:
where soil or vegetation has become heavily contaminated with faecal material deposited by flocking birds such as
1998:
1740:
Reid, TM; Schafer, MP (1999). "Direct detection of Histoplasma capsulatum in soil suspensions by two-stage PCR".
1980:
1178:
Leznoff, A; Frank, H; Taussig, A; Brandt, JL (1969). "The focal distribution of histoplasmosis in Montreal".
276:
611:
serendipitously identified a protozoan-like microorganism in an autopsy specimen while trying to understand
1545:
Hajjeh, RA (1995). "Disseminated histoplasmosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus".
1415:
Schaefer, O (1966). "Pulmonary miliary calcification and histoplasmin sensitivity in Canadian eskimos".
66:
578:
one associated with intense construction activity, including subway construction, in Montreal in 1963.
308:
In its asexual form, the fungus grows as a colonial microfungus strongly similar in macromorphology to
523:
2054:
2008:
1920:
254:
483:
2064:
1784:
1776:
1959:
1855:
1208:
MacEachern, EJ; McDonald, JC (1971). "Histoplasmin sensitivity in McGill University students".
365:
1645:"Histoplasmosis in Montreal during the fall of 1963, with observations on erythema multiforme"
608:
354:
238:
234:
218:
214:
161:
2021:
1558:
973:
330:
262:, can readily be produced in culture, though it has not been directly observed in nature.
32:
8:
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471:
446:
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Stobierski, MG; Hospedales, CJ; Hall, WN; Robinson-Dunn, B; Hoch, D; Sheill, DA (1996).
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contaminated soils typically involves the use of toxic fumigants with limited success.
434:
61:
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837:
Fungal Diseases > Global fungal diseases > Preventing Deaths from Histoplasmosis
530:
infection; disseminated histoplasmosis affects approximately 5% of AIDS patients with
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190:
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222:
1985:
413:, probably indicating prior subclinical infection. Northern U.S. states such as
345:
is "distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with
209:
is "distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with
1915:
1279:
Rostocka, M; Hiltz, JE (1966). "Histoplasmin skin sensitivity in Nova Scotia".
1101:"Outbreak of histoplasmosis among employees in a paper factory--Michigan, 1993"
200:
108:
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and other macrophages, as well as monocytes. An African phylogenetic species,
2038:
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346:
271:
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1349:"Geographical distribution of histoplasmosis and histoplasmin sensitivity"
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Medical mycology: the pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes
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in the USA, as well as a wide span of adjacent areas extending from
1967:
1872:
1686:"Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from soil in Washington, D.C."
1643:
Leznoff, A; Frank, H; Telner, P; Rosensweig, J; Brandt, JL (1964).
931:
914:
559:
527:
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418:
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811:
CDC Yellow Book: CDC Health Information for International Travel
585:, a good understanding of the precise ecological affinities of
479:
378:
88:
962:"Phylogeography of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum"
850:
321:. The ascospores are similarly minute, averaging 1.5 μm.
402:
285:
229:, and other areas of the world". It is most prevalent in the
1642:
1441:
869:
390:
1177:
1054:
531:
1607:
912:
494:. Examination suggested that local soil was the source.
312:. A microscopic examination shows a marked distinction:
300:
considered separate phylogenetic species, distinct from
958:
305:
distinction is seen between these two genetic groups.
826:
824:
822:
820:
615:, which was prevalent during the construction of the
756:
1387:
1498:"Histoplasmosis: a Clinical and Laboratory Update"
1237:
1207:
817:
258:. It is potentially sexual, and its sexual state,
1777:"Soil decontamination and other control measures"
1203:
1201:
1029:
631:) and had a refractive halo mimicking a capsule (
2036:
1238:Haggar, R.A; Brown, E.L.; Toplack, N.J. (1957).
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
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334:, often forms larger yeast cells to 15 μm.
1783:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Febiger. pp.
1491:
1489:
1487:
1198:
1173:
1171:
1030:Kwon-Chung, K. June; Bennett, Joan E. (1992).
48:, showing organisms surrounded by halos, in a
1578:
1576:
1444:"Histoplasmosis Cluster, Golf Course, Canada"
1278:
1233:
1231:
1092:
1008:
863:
844:
252:is an ascomycetous fungus closely related to
1587:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
1484:
1435:
1408:
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954:
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950:
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199:. It can cause pulmonary and disseminated
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1353:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1340:
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1305:
1255:
1240:"Histoplasmosis in South Western Ontario"
1124:
947:
930:
906:
280:in the recently recognized fungal family
1733:
1495:
1414:
1381:
1299:
1141:
1058:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
508:the cavity formed may be occupied by an
433:county, St. Lawrence county (across the
244:
1807:
804:
2037:
1842:Citing public domain text from the CDC
1683:
1582:
1544:
1308:"Case report. Histoplasmosis in a dog"
1147:
497:
288:form in the warm-blooded animal host.
1854:
1853:
405:in the south. In some areas, such as
2009:1deeb611-e1a7-43dd-af2c-e23cee0ecbdf
1810:"Etymologia: Histoplasma capsulatum"
1649:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1559:10.1093/clinids/21.supplement_1.s108
1244:Canadian Medical Association Journal
638:
237:River valleys. It was discovered by
1034:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
830:
13:
1622:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113517
1070:10.1097/01.inf.0000141738.60845.da
919:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
623:because it invaded the cytoplasm (
14:
2076:
1417:Canadian Journal of Public Health
1390:Canadian Journal of Public Health
1281:Canadian Journal of Public Health
1210:Canadian Journal of Public Health
1180:Canadian Journal of Public Health
1150:Canadian Journal of Public Health
526:-defining illness in people with
1775:Ajello, L.; Weeks, R.J. (1983).
1610:American Journal of Epidemiology
1105:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
986:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01995.x
759:
733:
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699:
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1801:
1779:. In DiSalvo, Arthur F. (ed.).
1117:10.1128/JCM.34.5.1220-1223.1996
690:(bright red, small, circular).
566:. Bird roosting areas that are
1347:Mochi, A; Edwards, PQ (1952).
660:, showing narrow budding yeast
619:. He named this microorganism
1:
1742:Molecular and Cellular Probes
1583:Rippon, John Willard (1988).
1502:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
789:
277:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
213:" and occurs chiefly in the "
193:. Its sexual form is called
1814:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1547:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1448:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1306:Hoff, B.; Fogle, B. (1970).
627:) of histiocyte-like cells (
602:
594:in soil has been published.
453:) shows exposures over 20%.
7:
1312:Canadian Veterinary Journal
752:
675:. Methenamine silver stain.
10:
2083:
2060:Fungal pathogens of humans
1862:
167:
160:
62:Scientific classification
60:
39:
30:
23:
1808:Mahajan, Monika (2021).
1496:Kauffman, C. A. (2007).
805:Chiller, Tom M. (2016),
550:Ecology and epidemiology
255:Blastomyces dermatitidis
2050:Fungi described in 1906
338:Geographic distribution
1894:Histoplasma capsulatum
1864:Histoplasma capsulatum
1827:10.3201/eid2703.et2703
1754:10.1006/mcpr.1999.0247
1460:10.3201/eid1201.051083
654:Histoplasma capsulatum
621:Histoplasma capsulatum
555:Histoplasma capsulatum
343:Histoplasma capsulatum
260:Ajellomyces capsulatus
250:Histoplasma capsulatum
207:Histoplasma capsulatum
196:Ajellomyces capsulatus
186:Histoplasma capsulatum
171:Histoplasma capsulatum
42:Histoplasma capsulatum
25:Histoplasma capsulatum
1689:Public Health Reports
1684:Emmons, C.W. (1961).
728:. PAS diastase stain.
709:. PAS diastase stain.
609:Samuel Taylor Darling
484:Abitibi-Témiscamingue
245:Growth and morphology
239:Samuel Taylor Darling
219:Eastern United States
1781:Occupational mycoses
1553:(Suppl 1): S108–10.
1514:10.1128/CMR.00027-06
456:The distribution of
978:2003MolEc..12.3383K
853:Studies in Mycology
498:Spectrum of disease
472:St. Thomas, Ontario
1695:(591–596): 591–5.
652:Histopathology of
435:St. Lawrence River
153:H. capsulatum
40:Histopathology of
2032:
2031:
2017:Open Tree of Life
1856:Taxon identifiers
1655:(22): 1154–1160.
966:Molecular Ecology
925:(11): 1655–1660.
639:Additional images
492:Edmonton, Alberta
486:), and ca. 1% in
182:
181:
16:Species of fungus
2072:
2055:Fungi and humans
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1032:Medical mycology
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807:"Histoplasmosis"
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743:in a granuloma.
737:
718:
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684:
669:
649:
635:), a misnomer.
393:in the north to
282:Ajellomycetaceae
191:dimorphic fungus
189:is a species of
173:
129:Ajellomycetaceae
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476:London, Ontario
451:Ontario, Canada
421:, New York and
357:river valleys.
340:
319:B. dermatitidis
310:B. dermatitidis
293:B. dermatitidis
268:B. dermatitidis
247:
221:" followed by "
178:
175:
169:
156:
64:
52:of epithelioid
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1748:(4): 269–273.
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1594:978-0721624440
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1508:(1): 115–132.
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1064:(10): 909–14.
1047:
1041:978-0812114638
1040:
1007:
946:
932:10.1086/345724
905:
878:(4): 812–821.
862:
843:
816:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
779:
771:
770:
754:
751:
750:
749:
739:
732:
730:
720:
713:
711:
705:
698:
696:
686:
679:
677:
671:
664:
662:
651:
644:
640:
637:
604:
601:
551:
548:
499:
496:
375:Potomac Rivers
339:
336:
272:South American
246:
243:
201:histoplasmosis
180:
179:
177:Darling (1906)
176:
165:
164:
158:
157:
150:
148:
144:
143:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
109:Eurotiomycetes
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1794:9780812108859
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
951:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
858:
854:
847:
839:
838:
833:
827:
825:
823:
821:
812:
808:
801:
799:
794:
785:
784:
780:
778:
777:
773:
772:
768:
757:
746:
742:
736:
731:
727:
723:
717:
712:
708:
702:
697:
693:
689:
683:
678:
674:
673:H. capsulatum
668:
663:
659:
655:
648:
643:
642:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
597:
596:H. capsulatum
593:
592:H. capsulatum
588:
587:H. capsulatum
584:
583:blastomycosis
579:
575:
573:
572:H. capsulatum
569:
565:
561:
556:
547:
545:
541:
537:
536:H. capsulatum
533:
529:
525:
519:
517:
514:fungus ball (
513:
512:
506:
505:H. capsulatum
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
464:
459:
458:H. capsulatum
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:H. capsulatum
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:H. capsulatum
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
370:H. capsulatum
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
347:river valleys
344:
335:
333:
332:
327:
322:
320:
315:
314:H. capsulatum
311:
306:
303:
302:H. capsulatum
298:
297:H. capsulatum
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
265:
264:H. capsulatum
261:
257:
256:
251:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:South America
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:river valleys
208:
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
174:
172:
166:
163:
162:Binomial name
159:
155:
154:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:H&E stain
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1863:
1841:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1780:
1770:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1616:(1): 68–75.
1613:
1609:
1603:
1584:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1505:
1501:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1247:
1243:
1213:
1209:
1186:(8): 321–5.
1183:
1179:
1156:(2): 68–71.
1153:
1149:
1143:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1031:
969:
965:
922:
918:
908:
875:
871:
865:
856:
852:
846:
836:
810:
783:Coccidioides
781:
774:
767:Fungi portal
740:
721:
706:
692:PAS diastase
687:
672:
653:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:Panama Canal
606:
595:
591:
586:
580:
576:
571:
567:
554:
553:
540:endocarditis
535:
520:
516:aspergilloma
509:
504:
501:
457:
455:
426:
410:
369:
359:
342:
341:
329:
323:
318:
313:
309:
307:
301:
296:
292:
290:
275:
267:
266:groups with
263:
259:
253:
249:
248:
206:
205:
195:
194:
185:
184:
183:
170:
168:
152:
151:
139:
41:
24:
18:
1942:iNaturalist
1888:Wikispecies
776:Blastomyces
741:Histoplasma
722:Histoplasma
707:Histoplasma
688:Histoplasma
568:Histoplasma
544:peritonitis
511:Aspergillus
488:Nova Scotia
474:, south of
467:Mount Royal
407:Kansas City
395:Mississippi
355:Mississippi
331:H. duboisii
326:histiocytes
235:Mississippi
140:Histoplasma
54:histiocytes
2045:Onygenales
2039:Categories
1820:(3): 969.
790:References
633:capsulatum
574:habitats.
564:blackbirds
447:Brockville
119:Onygenales
99:Ascomycota
95:Division:
872:Mycologia
745:GMS stain
726:granuloma
658:GMS stain
607:In 1905,
603:Etymology
560:starlings
437:from the
415:Minnesota
399:Louisiana
368:zones of
274:pathogen
241:in 1906.
147:Species:
85:Kingdom:
79:Eukaryota
50:granuloma
1968:MycoBank
1960:10949221
1916:Fungorum
1908:60018808
1903:AusFungi
1873:Wikidata
1762:10441199
1727:13696714
1671:14226089
1532:17223625
1478:16494738
1402:18133141
1375:14935779
1266:13472567
1162:18113223
1086:23475233
1078:15602189
1002:13060796
994:14629354
941:12447743
900:21148901
859:: 25–35.
834:(2014),
753:See also
581:As with
538:include
463:Montreal
449:area of
439:Cornwall
431:New York
419:Michigan
383:Illinois
362:enzootic
270:and the
125:Family:
75:Domain:
1934:3469218
1879:Q143747
1837:7920646
1785:229–238
1718:1929641
1709:4591218
1662:1928451
1630:6823954
1567:8547497
1523:1797635
1469:3291405
1429:5977447
1366:2554039
1334:5464271
1325:1695089
1293:5981243
1257:1824134
1222:5137623
1192:5806145
1135:8727906
974:Bibcode
892:3762114
613:malaria
482:(e.g.,
443:Preston
423:Vermont
387:Indiana
366:endemic
223:Central
215:Central
135:Genus:
115:Order:
105:Class:
2022:197566
2006:NZOR:
1973:102749
1947:351006
1921:102749
1834:
1791:
1760:
1725:
1715:
1707:
1669:
1659:
1628:
1591:
1565:
1530:
1520:
1476:
1466:
1427:
1400:
1373:
1363:
1332:
1322:
1291:
1264:
1254:
1220:
1190:
1160:
1133:
1126:228985
1123:
1084:
1076:
1038:
1000:
992:
939:
898:
890:
625:plasma
480:Quebec
429:. One
401:, and
389:, and
379:Kansas
1955:IRMNG
1705:JSTOR
1082:S2CID
998:S2CID
888:JSTOR
724:in a
694:stain
629:Histo
403:Texas
291:Like
286:yeast
89:Fungi
1999:5037
1994:NCBI
1929:GBIF
1789:ISBN
1758:PMID
1723:PMID
1667:PMID
1626:PMID
1589:ISBN
1563:PMID
1528:PMID
1474:PMID
1425:PMID
1398:PMID
1371:PMID
1330:PMID
1289:PMID
1262:PMID
1218:PMID
1188:PMID
1158:PMID
1131:PMID
1074:PMID
1036:ISBN
990:PMID
937:PMID
896:PMID
562:and
542:and
524:AIDS
391:Ohio
364:and
360:The
353:and
351:Ohio
233:and
231:Ohio
225:and
217:and
1981:NBN
1832:PMC
1822:doi
1750:doi
1713:PMC
1697:doi
1657:PMC
1618:doi
1614:117
1555:doi
1518:PMC
1510:doi
1464:PMC
1456:doi
1361:PMC
1320:PMC
1252:PMC
1121:PMC
1113:doi
1066:doi
982:doi
927:doi
923:186
880:doi
832:CDC
532:CD4
528:HIV
2041::
2019::
1996::
1983::
1970::
1957::
1944::
1931::
1918::
1905::
1890::
1875::
1840:.
1830:.
1818:27
1816:.
1812:.
1787:.
1756:.
1746:13
1744:.
1721:.
1711:.
1703:.
1693:76
1691:.
1665:.
1653:91
1651:.
1647:.
1624:.
1612:.
1575:^
1561:.
1551:21
1549:.
1526:.
1516:.
1506:20
1504:.
1500:.
1486:^
1472:.
1462:.
1452:12
1450:.
1446:.
1421:57
1419:.
1394:40
1392:.
1369:.
1355:.
1351:.
1328:.
1316:11
1314:.
1310:.
1285:57
1283:.
1260:.
1248:77
1246:.
1242:.
1230:^
1214:62
1212:.
1200:^
1184:60
1182:.
1170:^
1154:40
1152:.
1129:.
1119:.
1109:34
1107:.
1103:.
1080:.
1072:.
1062:23
1060:.
1010:^
996:.
988:.
980:.
970:12
968:.
964:.
949:^
935:.
921:.
917:.
894:.
886:.
876:96
874:.
857:47
855:.
819:^
809:,
797:^
656:,
546:.
445:–
441:–
417:,
397:,
385:,
381:,
295:,
203:.
56:.
44:,
1824::
1797:.
1764:.
1752::
1729:.
1699::
1673:.
1632:.
1620::
1597:.
1569:.
1557::
1534:.
1512::
1480:.
1458::
1431:.
1404:.
1377:.
1357:5
1336:.
1295:.
1268:.
1224:.
1194:.
1164:.
1137:.
1115::
1088:.
1068::
1044:.
1004:.
984::
976::
943:.
929::
902:.
882::
840:.
813:.
747:.
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