41:
26:
294:
The ecoregion hosts a broad range of plant communities, based on its complex topography, differing soils, and variations in rainfall from the drier west to the more humid east. Its location on the south slope of the
Himalaya allows the intermingling of plants and animals from the
286:, and most of this rainfall is expended in the eastern Himalayas. Therefore, the western Himalayas are drier, a trend reflected in the timberline that declines from 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in the east to about 3,500 m (11,500 ft) in the west.
254:
Range. It forms a critical link in the chain of interconnected
Himalayan ecosystems, where altitudinal connectivity between the habitat types is important for ecosystem function. The soil is composed of
837:
1690:
733:
1685:
329:) forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, subtropical broadleaf wet hill forests, northern tropical semi-evergreen forests, and northern tropical wet evergreen forests.
490:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.).
2334:
832:
2030:
1758:
550:
Wikramanayake, E.D., Dinerstein, E., Robinson, J.G., Karanth, K.U., Rabinowitz, A., Olson, D., Mathew, T., Hedao, P., Connor, M., Hemley, G., Bolze, D. (1999)
1943:
858:
755:
551:
1697:
1633:
644:
750:
2269:
1763:
462:
Chitwan-Parsa-Valmiki TCU covers a 3,549 km (1,370 sq mi) huge block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests;
231:
73:
1739:
825:
1610:
1297:
278:
Rainfall varies from east to west, but annual rainfall can be as much as 2,000 mm (79 in). The
Himalayas capture moisture from the
408:
Eight protected areas extend into this ecoregion covering 2,710 km (1,050 sq mi), which is about 7% of the ecoregion's area:
1702:
863:
2163:
1261:
760:
1948:
1707:
1256:
1605:
770:
106:
740:
1773:
1578:
1426:
1421:
802:
797:
765:
1931:
1129:
792:
723:
553:
Where can tigers live in the future? A framework for identifying high-priority areas for the conservation of tigers in the wild
2025:
1734:
1409:
1292:
1186:
787:
631:
622:
507:
2284:
2037:
1768:
1924:
1282:
101:
96:
1914:
1266:
267:
263:
91:
1668:
1097:
1092:
679:
573:
565:
111:
2329:
2059:
1874:
1595:
1102:
820:
728:
718:
697:
2324:
2304:
1976:
1894:
1859:
1628:
1322:
1953:
1678:
1600:
499:
314:
2279:
1746:
1062:
775:
2294:
2289:
2274:
1371:
2319:
2101:
868:
447:
443:
2339:
2314:
2047:
1936:
1879:
1124:
670:
615:
439:
2299:
2020:
1919:
1884:
1673:
1143:
982:
366:
362:
2309:
1518:
1379:
1067:
346:
2144:
2134:
2015:
2003:
1963:
1869:
1719:
892:
873:
853:
413:
246:
The ecoregion covers an area of 38,200 km (14,700 sq mi) and is bisected by the
532:
2223:
2198:
2193:
1653:
1196:
1052:
878:
692:
494:
The Atlas of Global
Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference
428:
417:
385:
203:
31:
2139:
2096:
1998:
1889:
1658:
1475:
608:
424:
8:
2149:
1536:
1206:
745:
432:
377:
370:
350:
303:
56:
2213:
2086:
2081:
1333:
1028:
780:
492:
338:
247:
2129:
2124:
2091:
2042:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1493:
1483:
1176:
1033:
569:
561:
503:
393:
389:
381:
374:
354:
61:
2119:
2111:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1541:
1531:
1488:
924:
702:
489:
234:
at an altitude of between 500 and 1,000 m (1,600 and 3,300 ft) along the
589:
238:, and includes several forest types traversing an east to west moisture gradient.
2076:
2068:
2008:
1783:
1663:
1526:
1508:
1351:
1341:
1171:
1072:
977:
954:
929:
687:
380:
is distributed in a small range and limited to the broadleaf forest north of the
1551:
1503:
1346:
1016:
989:
934:
2263:
1546:
1356:
1181:
1006:
994:
949:
944:
283:
223:
259:
deposited over the ages by the rivers that drain this young mountain range.
1844:
1751:
1556:
1361:
1229:
1021:
959:
939:
455:
342:
2218:
1839:
1834:
1389:
1082:
999:
655:
635:
1394:
909:
600:
358:
300:
296:
211:
25:
2238:
2228:
2208:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1399:
539:
Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment
2233:
2183:
2178:
2173:
1793:
1458:
914:
661:
649:
558:
Riding the Tiger. Tiger
Conservation in human-dominated landscapes.
397:
322:
308:
256:
251:
235:
40:
2203:
2188:
1498:
1384:
1191:
319:
279:
250:, which has gouged the world's deepest river valley through the
2243:
1849:
1214:
919:
215:
156:
384:. The bird fauna is very rich with more than 340 species. The
2248:
1453:
1219:
227:
219:
207:
166:
161:
68:
465:
Bardia-Banke TCU covers 1,518 km (586 sq mi).
458:
conservation units (TCU) extend across adjacent ecoregions:
1224:
1011:
556:. In: Seidensticker, J., Christie, S., Jackson, P. (eds.)
266:. Above 1,000 m (3,300 ft), it yields to the
262:
At lower elevations, the ecoregion is flanked by the
491:
2335:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
2261:
560:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. hardback
74:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1740:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
230:. It represents the east–west-directed band of
206:that extends from the middle hills of central
1298:Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
616:
337:Several mammals native to the ecoregion are
318:, northern dry mixed deciduous forests, dry
312:scrub, subtropical dry evergreen forests of
1262:Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
1257:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
623:
609:
531:Rawat, G. S., Wikramanayake, E. D. (2002)
590:"Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests"
107:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
630:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
2270:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
1288:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
534:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
485:
483:
481:
479:
200:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
145:38,200 km (14,700 sq mi)
19:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
2262:
604:
516:
476:
1283:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
102:Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
97:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
13:
1267:Himalayan subtropical pine forests
403:
268:Himalayan subtropical pine forests
264:Terai-Duar savannas and grasslands
92:Himalayan subtropical pine forests
14:
2351:
1992:Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro
1293:Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands
1098:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
1093:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
582:
112:Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
1759:Monuments of National Importance
306:. The main forest types include
39:
24:
1774:Tourist attractions in Dehradun
537:In: Wikramanayake, E. D. (ed.)
45:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
2031:Institutes of higher education
544:
500:University of California Press
315:Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
1:
1063:Ceded and Conquered Provinces
771:Provincial Armed Constabulary
469:
371:particoloured flying squirrel
1698:Parliamentary constituencies
1634:Community Development Blocks
1130:Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh
241:
232:subtropical broadleaf forest
7:
2285:Ecoregions of the Himalayas
766:Fire and Emergency Services
386:chestnut-breasted partridge
10:
2356:
448:Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary
444:Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary
392:; the globally threatened
273:
2162:
2110:
2067:
2058:
2048:Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman
1962:
1907:
1858:
1782:
1764:State Protected Monuments
1727:
1718:
1646:
1621:
1588:
1577:
1517:
1474:
1467:
1446:
1439:
1408:
1370:
1332:
1321:
1314:
1275:
1249:
1242:
1205:
1164:
1155:
1142:
1115:
1081:
1051:
1042:
968:
900:
891:
846:
813:
803:Provincial Forest Service
798:Provincial Police Service
788:Public Service Commission
711:
678:
669:
642:
440:Royal Manas National Park
188:
180:
175:
149:
141:
136:
128:
120:
79:
67:
55:
50:
38:
23:
18:
838:Leader of the Opposition
793:Provincial Civil Service
400:species are found here.
332:
289:
2330:Subtropical rainforests
1686:Assembly constituencies
1068:North-Western Provinces
761:Disaster Response Force
282:that sweep in from the
2325:Indomalayan ecoregions
2305:Flora of East Himalaya
2038:Awards and decorations
2026:School Education Board
1611:Municipal Corporations
920:Khasa Janapada kingdom
596:. World Wildlife Fund.
594:Terrestrial Ecoregions
414:Sohagi Barwa Sanctuary
394:white-winged wood duck
1691:Former constituencies
1669:2016 political crisis
1654:Coolie-Begar movement
429:Chitwan National Park
418:Valmiki National Park
236:Outer Himalayan Range
32:Chitwan National Park
2280:Ecoregions of Bhutan
1932:Association football
1925:Women's cricket team
1125:Rampur Tiraha firing
821:Legislative Assembly
729:Council of Ministers
659:(summer); judicial:
425:Bardia National Park
304:biogeographic realms
2295:Ecoregions of Nepal
2290:Ecoregions of India
1937:Men's football team
1735:World Heritage Site
1703:Rajya Sabha members
433:Parsa National Park
351:smooth-coated otter
2275:Ecoregions of Asia
1920:Men's cricket team
1875:Govind Pashu Vihar
1659:Statehood movement
1606:Urban Local Bodies
1029:Anglo-Nepalese War
910:Uttarakuru kingdom
454:Two high-priority
367:Irrawaddy squirrel
248:Kali Gandaki River
218:and also into the
2320:Himalayan forests
2257:
2256:
2158:
2157:
2102:Udham Singh Nagar
2043:Uttarakhand Ratna
1987:Char Dham Railway
1982:Char Dham Highway
1903:
1902:
1895:Valley of Flowers
1708:Lok Sabha members
1642:
1641:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1435:
1434:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1238:
1237:
1177:Garhwal Himalayas
1138:
1137:
1111:
1110:
1034:Treaty of Sugauli
887:
886:
781:Police Department
776:Forest Department
509:978-0-520-26256-0
382:Brahmaputra River
196:
195:
2347:
2340:Forests of Nepal
2315:Forests of India
2065:
2064:
1828:Kedarnath Temple
1816:Badrinath Temple
1804:Yamunotri Temple
1725:
1724:
1586:
1585:
1472:
1471:
1444:
1443:
1427:Scheduled Tribes
1422:Scheduled Castes
1414:Scheduled Tribes
1410:Scheduled Castes
1330:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1247:
1246:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1103:United Provinces
1049:
1048:
925:Himalaya kingdom
898:
897:
676:
675:
625:
618:
611:
602:
601:
597:
576:
548:
542:
529:
514:
513:
497:
487:
341:, including the
43:
28:
16:
15:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2300:Flora of Bhutan
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2165:
2154:
2106:
2054:
2009:Kumaoni cuisine
1965:
1958:
1949:Olympic Stadium
1944:Cricket Stadium
1899:
1861:
1854:
1785:
1778:
1714:
1679:Local elections
1664:Chipko movement
1638:
1617:
1580:
1561:
1513:
1463:
1431:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1366:
1324:
1302:
1271:
1234:
1201:
1172:Great Himalayas
1157:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1117:
1107:
1084:
1077:
1073:Agra Presidency
1054:
1044:
1038:
995:Katyuri dynasty
978:Garhwal Kingdom
970:
964:
955:Kuninda Kingdom
930:Parvata kingdom
915:Paurava kingdom
902:
883:
842:
809:
741:Chief Secretary
707:
665:
647:: legislative:
638:
629:
588:
585:
580:
579:
549:
545:
530:
517:
510:
488:
477:
472:
406:
404:Protected areas
355:clouded leopard
347:Indian elephant
335:
292:
276:
244:
171:
116:
88:
87:
46:
34:
12:
11:
5:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Flora of Nepal
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
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2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1954:Sports College
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
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1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
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1820:
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1818:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:Ramsar Wetland
1744:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
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1656:
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1625:
1623:
1619:
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1614:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1579:Administrative
1575:
1574:
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1567:
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1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
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1456:
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1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1372:Tibeto-Burmans
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
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1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:
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1259:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Mountain peaks
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1017:Gorkha Kingdom
1014:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
990:Kumaon Kingdom
987:
986:
985:
983:Panwar dynasty
974:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
935:Kirata kingdom
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
906:
904:
895:
889:
888:
885:
884:
882:
881:
876:
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848:
844:
843:
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835:
830:
829:
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795:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
753:
748:
743:
738:
737:
736:
726:
724:Chief Minister
721:
715:
713:
709:
708:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
684:
682:
673:
667:
666:
645:State capitals
643:
640:
639:
628:
627:
620:
613:
605:
599:
598:
584:
583:External links
581:
578:
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543:
541:. Island Press
515:
508:
474:
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471:
468:
467:
466:
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452:
451:
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405:
402:
363:Sumatran serow
334:
331:
327:Shorea robusta
291:
288:
275:
272:
243:
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194:
193:
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186:
185:
182:
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170:
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147:
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133:
130:
129:Mammal species
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109:
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99:
94:
85:
84:
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81:
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48:
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44:
36:
35:
30:Sal forest in
29:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2352:
2341:
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2318:
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2250:
2247:
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2240:
2237:
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2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
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2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Tehri Garhwal
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Pauri Garhwal
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
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378:golden langur
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33:
27:
22:
17:
1845:Panch Prayag
1752:Asan Barrage
1315:Demographics
1287:
1230:Ganges Basin
1116:Contemporary
1022:Shah dynasty
960:Gupta Empire
940:Nanda Empire
660:
654:
648:
593:
568:, paperback
557:
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493:
453:
407:
343:Bengal tiger
336:
326:
313:
307:
293:
277:
261:
245:
199:
197:
181:Habitat loss
176:Conservation
121:Bird species
2219:Pithoragarh
2140:Rudraprayag
2097:Pithoragarh
1880:Jim Corbett
1840:Panch Kedar
1835:Sapta Badri
1334:Indo-Aryans
1118:Uttarakhand
1045:Uttarakhand
869:Bar Council
814:Legislature
756:Departments
656:Bhararisain
636:Uttarakhand
438:in Bhutan:
297:Indomalayan
62:Indomalayan
2264:Categories
2150:Uttarkashi
1973:Transport
1885:Nanda Devi
1537:Chaudangsi
1476:Indo-Aryan
1243:Ecoregions
1156:Geological
874:Lok Adalat
854:High Court
671:Government
653:(winter);
470:References
423:in Nepal:
412:in India:
339:threatened
301:Palearctic
222:States of
212:Darjeeling
2239:Mussoorie
2229:New Tehri
2209:Rishikesh
2087:Champawat
2082:Bageshwar
2060:Districts
2021:Education
1823:Kedarnath
1811:Badrinath
1799:Yamunotri
1728:Monuments
1674:Elections
1596:Districts
1581:divisions
1440:Languages
1400:Banrawats
1352:Jaunsaris
1342:Garhwalis
1250:Highlands
1165:Mountains
1144:Geography
879:Lokayukta
847:Judiciary
712:Executive
396:and five
252:Himalayan
242:Geography
204:ecoregion
189:Protected
150:Countries
137:Geography
2234:Nainital
2224:Srinagar
2214:Ramnagar
2199:Rudrapur
2194:Kashipur
2184:Haldwani
2179:Haridwar
2174:Dehradun
2130:Haridwar
2125:Dehradun
2092:Nainital
1977:Airports
1870:Gangotri
1860:National
1794:Gangotri
1784:Chardham
1647:Politics
1629:Parganas
1494:Jaunsari
1484:Garhwali
1459:Sanskrit
1447:Official
1380:Bhotiyas
1347:Kumaonis
1276:Lowlands
1158:features
1043:Colonial
971:kingdoms
969:Medieval
903:kingdoms
751:Agencies
734:Cabinets
719:Governor
662:Nainital
650:Dehradun
398:hornbill
309:Dodonaea
280:monsoons
257:alluvium
210:through
2204:Kotdwar
2189:Roorkee
2120:Chamoli
2112:Garhwal
2016:Economy
2004:Cuisine
1915:Cricket
1786:circuit
1769:Temples
1720:Tourism
1601:Tehsils
1542:Darmiya
1532:Byangsi
1499:Bangani
1489:Kumaoni
1385:Shaukas
1192:Bugyals
1148:ecology
1053:Company
901:Ancient
893:History
833:Speaker
826:History
746:Gazette
680:Symbols
390:endemic
375:endemic
320:Siwalik
274:Climate
184:81.553%
80:Borders
51:Ecology
2244:Almora
2166:cities
2077:Almora
2069:Kumaon
1966:topics
1908:Sports
1890:Rajaji
1850:Gomukh
1527:Rongpo
1468:Spoken
1362:Tharus
1357:Buksas
1325:groups
1323:Ethnic
1215:Bhabar
1207:Plains
864:Judges
693:Emblem
572:
564:
506:
373:. The
369:, and
220:Indian
216:Bhutan
202:is an
157:Bhutan
2249:Pauri
2164:Major
1999:Music
1964:Other
1862:parks
1622:Rural
1589:Urban
1552:Rawat
1509:Tharu
1504:Buksa
1454:Hindi
1390:Rajis
1220:Terai
1197:Lakes
1083:Crown
703:Motto
632:State
456:tiger
333:Fauna
290:Flora
228:Bihar
214:into
208:Nepal
192:6.77%
167:Nepal
162:India
69:Biome
57:Realm
1547:Raji
1395:Jads
1225:Doab
1085:rule
1055:rule
698:Song
570:ISBN
562:ISBN
504:ISBN
446:and
416:and
359:gaur
299:and
226:and
198:The
142:Area
86:List
1557:Jad
1412:and
1146:and
688:Day
634:of
388:is
323:sal
132:148
124:343
2266::
592:.
518:^
502:.
498:.
478:^
442:,
431:,
427:,
365:,
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
345:,
270:.
624:e
617:t
610:v
512:.
450:.
435:;
420:;
325:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
