181:); it cannot account for negative deviations from Raoult's law that result from effects such as solvation or the formation of electron donor–acceptor complexes. Like any simple predictive theory, it can inspire overconfidence; it is best used for screening with data used to verify the predictions.
144:
suggested the square root of the cohesive energy density as a numerical value indicating solvency behavior. This later became known as the "Hildebrand solubility parameter". Materials with similar solubility parameters will be able to interact with each other, resulting in
525:
has a solubility parameter of 13.7 cal cm, and ethanol is likely to be the best solvent of those tabulated. However, the latter is polar, and thus we should be very cautions about using just the
Hildebrand solubility parameter to make predictions.
207:
Given the non-exact nature of the use of δ, it is often sufficient to say that the number in MPa is about twice the number in cal cm. Where the units are not given, for example, in older books, it is usually safe to assume the non-SI unit.
161:
Its principal utility is that it provides simple predictions of phase equilibrium based on a single parameter that is readily obtained for most materials. These predictions are often useful for nonpolar and slightly polar
115:
140:
in the condensed phase. In order for a material to dissolve, these same interactions need to be overcome, as the molecules are separated from each other and surrounded by the solvent. In 1936
170:) systems without hydrogen bonding. It has found particular use in predicting solubility and swelling of polymers by solvents. More complicated three-dimensional solubility parameters, such as
521:. (However, PE only dissolves at temperatures well above 100 °C.) Poly(styrene) has a solubility parameter of 9.1 cal cm, and thus ethyl acetate is likely to be a good solvent.
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The principal limitation of the solubility parameter approach is that it applies only to associated solutions ("like dissolves like" or, technically speaking, positive deviations from
569:
54:
676:
Kwok A. Y.; Qiao G. G.; Solomon D. H. (2004). "Synthetic hydrogels 3. Solvent effects on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) networks".
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Critical compilation of scales of solvent parameters. part I. pure, non-hydrogen bond donor solvents – technical report
20:(δ) provides a numerical estimate of the degree of interaction between materials and can be a good indication of
735:. Pure Appl. Chem. 71(4), 645–718 (IUPAC document with large table (1b) of Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ
540:
484:
171:
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1 cal cm = (523/125 J) (10 m) = (4.184 J) (0.01 m) = 2.045483 10 J m = 2.045483 (10 J/m)= 2.045483 MPa.
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634:"A simple solvent selection method accelerated solvent extraction of additives from polymers"
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Handbook of
Polymer Liquid Interaction Parameters and Other Solubility Parameters
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has a solubility parameter of 7.9 cal cm. Good solvents are likely to be
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110:{\displaystyle \delta ={\sqrt {\frac {\Delta H_{v}-RT}{V_{m}}}}.}
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708:
Handbook of
Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters
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The conventional units for the solubility parameter are (
28:. Materials with similar values of δ are likely to be
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24:, particularly for nonpolar materials such as many
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128:from their neighbours to infinite separation (an
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124:needed to completely remove a unit volume of
120:The cohesive energy density is the amount of
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40:The Hildebrand solubility parameter is the
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174:, have been proposed for polar molecules.
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570:"Part 2. Hildebrand Solubility Parameter"
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632:Vandenburg, H.; et al. (1999).
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731:Abboud J.-L. M., Notario R. (1999)
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602:"Examples of Solubility Parameters"
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201:. 1 calorie is equal to 4.184 J.
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136:of the compound divided by its
18:Hildebrand solubility parameter
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690:10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.104
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35:
541:Hansen solubility parameters
172:Hansen solubility parameters
7:
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211:
197:are J m, equivalent to the
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710:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
473:(Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate
715:Barton, A. F. M. (1990).
706:Barton, A. F. M. (1991).
460:Poly(methyl methacrylate)
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193:per cm), or cal cm. The
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132:). This is equal to the
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422:Polyurethane (PU/PUR)
397:Poly(phenylene oxide)
142:Joel Henry Hildebrand
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157:Uses and limitations
134:heat of vaporization
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650:1999Ana...124.1707V
568:John Burke (1984).
758:1936 introductions
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753:Polymer chemistry
684:(12): 4017–4027.
644:(11): 1707–1710.
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372:Poly(propylene)
296:Dichloromethane
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257:Diethyl Ether
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719:. CRC Press.
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701:Bibliography
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605:. Retrieved
578:. Retrieved
574:the original
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206:
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179:Raoult's law
176:
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138:molar volume
119:
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17:
15:
638:The Analyst
503:29.9, 33.0
151:miscibility
42:square root
747:Categories
607:2007-11-20
580:2013-12-04
547:References
485:poly(HEMA)
322:2-propanol
283:Chloroform
219:Substance
36:Definition
22:solubility
523:Nylon 6,6
447:Nylon 6,6
231:n-Pentane
147:solvation
130:ideal gas
126:molecules
82:−
69:Δ
59:δ
530:See also
244:n-hexane
212:Examples
195:SI units
191:calories
30:miscible
26:polymers
678:Polymer
646:Bibcode
536:Solvent
335:Ethanol
309:Acetone
166:< 2
519:hexane
491:26.93
479:25–26
339:12.92
199:pascal
168:debyes
122:energy
552:Notes
467:19.0
451:13.7
441:20.5
438:10.1
416:19.5
401:9.15
389:9.13
379:16.6
342:26.5
329:23.8
326:11.6
316:19.9
313:9.77
303:20.2
300:9.93
290:18.7
287:9.21
277:18.2
264:15.4
261:7.62
251:14.9
248:7.24
238:14.4
185:Units
517:and
464:9.3
426:8.9
413:9.5
376:8.2
364:7.9
352:6.2
348:PTFE
274:9.1
235:7.0
16:The
686:doi
654:doi
642:124
454:28
434:PET
409:PVC
225:δ
222:δ
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739:))
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162:(
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97:m
93:V
88:T
85:R
77:v
73:H
62:=
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