7456:
6755:
4999:
7451:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\mathcal {L}}_{\text{Y}}=&-\lambda _{u}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{0}-i\phi ^{3}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {u}}_{\text{L}}^{i}u_{\text{R}}^{j}+\lambda _{u}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{1}-i\phi ^{2}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {d}}_{\text{L}}^{i}u_{\text{R}}^{j}\\&-\lambda _{d}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{0}+i\phi ^{3}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {d}}_{\text{L}}^{i}d_{\text{R}}^{j}-\lambda _{d}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{1}+i\phi ^{2}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {u}}_{\text{L}}^{i}d_{\text{R}}^{j}\\&-\lambda _{e}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{0}+i\phi ^{3}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {e}}_{\text{L}}^{i}e_{\text{R}}^{j}-\lambda _{e}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{1}+i\phi ^{2}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {\nu }}_{\text{L}}^{i}e_{\text{R}}^{j}+{\textrm {h.c.}}\ ,\end{aligned}}}
3106:, and had not been misled by experimental error or a chance result. They were also sure, from initial observations, that the new particle was some kind of boson. The behaviours and properties of the particle, so far as examined since July 2012, also seemed quite close to the behaviours expected of a Higgs boson. Even so, it could still have been a Higgs boson or some other unknown boson, since future tests could show behaviours that do not match a Higgs boson, so as of December 2012 CERN still only stated that the new particle was "consistent with" the Higgs boson, and scientists did not yet positively say it was the Higgs boson. Despite this, in late 2012, widespread media reports announced (incorrectly) that a Higgs boson had been confirmed during the year.
4483:) are used at the LHC. In the extreme energies of these collisions, the desired esoteric particles will occasionally be produced and this can be detected and studied; any absence or difference from theoretical expectations can also be used to improve the theory. The relevant particle theory (in this case the Standard Model) will determine the necessary kinds of collisions and detectors. The Standard Model predicts that Higgs bosons could be formed in a number of ways, although the probability of producing a Higgs boson in any collision is always expected to be very small – for example, only one Higgs boson per 10 billion collisions in the Large Hadron Collider. The most common expected processes for Higgs boson production are:
623:
3674:
4813:. Lee was a significant populariser of the theory in its early days, and habitually attached the name "Higgs" as a "convenient shorthand" for its components from 1972, and in at least one instance from as early as 1966. Although Lee clarified in his footnotes that "'Higgs' is an abbreviation for Higgs, Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Brout, Englert", his use of the term (and perhaps also Steven Weinberg's mistaken cite of Higgs' paper as the first in his seminal 1967 paper ) meant that by around 1975–1976 others had also begun to use the name "Higgs" exclusively as a shorthand. In 2012, physicist
20851:
79:
4537: – the two can merge to form a virtual W or Z boson which, if it carries sufficient energy, can then emit a Higgs boson. This process was the dominant production mode at the LEP, where an electron and a positron collided to form a virtual Z boson, and it was the second largest contribution for Higgs production at the Tevatron. At the LHC this process is only the third largest, because the LHC collides protons with protons, making a quark-antiquark collision less likely than at the Tevatron. Higgs Strahlung is also known as
3795:
3764:. Because there is no potential energy cost to moving around the complex plane's "circular valley" responsible for spontaneous symmetry breaking, the resulting quantum excitation is pure kinetic energy, and therefore a massless boson ("Goldstone boson"), which in turn implies a new long range force. But no new long range forces or massless particles were detected either. So whatever was giving these particles their mass had to not "break" gauge invariance as the basis for other parts of the theories where it worked well,
2047:
4423:
4222:, and information and particles still do not propagate faster than light. Tachyon condensation drives a physical system that has reached a local limit – and might naively be expected to produce physical tachyons – to an alternate stable state where no physical tachyons exist. Once a tachyonic field such as the Higgs field reaches the minimum of the potential, its quanta are not tachyons any more but rather are ordinary particles such as the Higgs boson.
2215:
11830:
behind the collapse of the symmetry that led to the Big Bang, which created the universe. When the forces first began to separate from their primordial sameness—taking on the distinct characters they have today—they released energy in the same way as water releases energy when it turns to ice. Except in this case, the freezing packed enough energy to blow up the universe. ... However it happened, the moral is clear: Only when the perfection shatters can everything else be born.
4412:
2673:) of a Higgs boson, this indicates that a Higgs boson may have been created. In practice, many processes may produce similar decay signatures. Fortunately, the Standard Model precisely predicts the likelihood of each of these, and each known process, occurring. So, if the detector detects more decay signatures consistently matching a Higgs boson than would otherwise be expected if Higgs bosons did not exist, then this would be strong evidence that the Higgs boson exists.
1404:, triggering the Higgs mechanism. It, therefore, would cause the W and Z gauge bosons of the weak force to be massive at all temperatures below an extremely high value. When the weak force bosons acquire mass, this affects the distance they can freely travel, which becomes very small, also matching experimental findings. Furthermore, it was later realised that the same field would also explain, in a different way, why other fundamental constituents of matter (including
2918:
2912:
4436:
5305:
4665:. The W bosons can subsequently decay either into a quark and an antiquark or into a charged lepton and a neutrino. The decays of W bosons into quarks are difficult to distinguish from the background, and the decays into leptons cannot be fully reconstructed (because neutrinos are impossible to detect in particle collision experiments). A cleaner signal is given by decay into a pair of Z-bosons (which happens about 2.6% of the time for a Higgs with a mass of
1595:
21106:
5166:
theory and the
Standard Model itself, and also the experimentalists at CERN and other institutions who made possible the proof of the Higgs field and boson in reality. The Nobel prize has a limit of three persons to share an award, and some possible winners are already prize holders for other work, or are deceased (the prize is only awarded to persons in their lifetime). Existing prizes for works relating to the Higgs field, boson, or mechanism include:
4447:
4236:
2342:
20700:
4026:
3629:(5.9 σ). This was described by CERN as being "of paramount importance to establishing the coupling of the Higgs boson to leptons and represents an important step towards measuring its couplings to third generation fermions, the very heavy copies of the electrons and quarks, whose role in nature is a profound mystery". Published results as of 19 March 2018 at 13 TeV for ATLAS and CMS had their measurements of the Higgs mass at
4569:
3934:
massless gauge bosons, and a short ranged force implies massive gauge bosons, suggesting that a result of this interaction is that the field's gauge bosons acquired mass, or a similar and equivalent effect). The features of a field required to do this were also quite well defined – it would have to be a charged scalar field, with at least two components, and complex in order to support a symmetry able to rotate these into each other.
2209:
3305:
546:. (All fundamental particles known at the time should be massless at very high energies, but fully explaining how some particles gain mass at lower energies had been extremely difficult.) If these ideas were correct, a particle known as a scalar boson should also exist (with certain properties). This particle was called the Higgs boson and could be used to test whether the Higgs field was the correct explanation.
3096:, and in general no significant deviations to date from the results expected of a Standard Model Higgs boson. However some kinds of extensions to the Standard Model would also show very similar results; so commentators noted that based on other particles that are still being understood long after their discovery, it may take years to be sure, and decades to fully understand the particle that has been found.
21118:
1240:. But evidence suggested these did not exist either. This meant either gauge invariance was an incorrect approach, or something unknown was giving the weak force's W and Z bosons their mass, and doing it in a way that did not create Goldstone bosons. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, physicists were at a loss as to how to resolve these issues, or how to create a comprehensive theory for particle physics.
3071:
matched the predictions by the
Standard Model within the experimental uncertainties. However, the experimental uncertainties currently still left room for alternative explanations, meaning an announcement of the discovery of a Higgs boson would have been premature. To allow more opportunity for data collection, the LHC's proposed 2012 shutdown and 2013–14 upgrade were postponed by seven weeks into 2013.
12103:
4620:
5844:
2864:(CMS). There had also already been a number of promising event excesses that had "evaporated" and proven to be nothing but random fluctuations. However, from around May 2011, both experiments had seen among their results, the slow emergence of a small yet consistent excess of gamma and 4-lepton decay signatures and several other particle decays, all hinting at a new particle at a mass around
4752:
Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism, and these are still used at times. Fuelled in part by the issue of recognition and a potential shared Nobel Prize, the most appropriate name was still occasionally a topic of debate until 2013. Higgs himself preferred to call the particle either by an acronym of all those involved, or "the scalar boson", or "the so-called Higgs particle".
2469:, which showed that if calculating within the radiation gauge, Goldstone's theorem and Gilbert's objection would become inapplicable. Higgs later described Gilbert's objection as prompting his own paper. Properties of the model were further considered by Guralnik in 1965, by Higgs in 1966, by Kibble in 1967, and further by GHK in 1967. The original three 1964 papers demonstrated that when a
7805:
8343:. As a result, the more massive a single virtual particle is, the greater its energy, and therefore the shorter the distance it can travel. A particle's mass therefore, determines the maximum distance at which it can interact with other particles and on any force it mediates. By the same token, the reverse is also true: Massless and near-massless particles can carry long distance forces.
4600:
4698:. Much rarer is the decay into a pair of photons mediated by a loop of W bosons or heavy quarks, which happens only twice for every thousand decays. However, this process is very relevant for experimental searches for the Higgs boson, because the energy and momentum of the photons can be measured very precisely, giving an accurate reconstruction of the mass of the decaying particle.
3033:. Using the combined analysis of two interaction types (known as 'channels'), both experiments independently reached a local significance of 5 sigma – implying that the probability of getting at least as strong a result by chance alone is less than one in three million. When additional channels were taken into account, the CMS significance was reduced to 4.9 sigma.
4691:) is also possible, but requires intermediate loop of virtual heavy quarks (top or bottom) or massive gauge bosons. The most common such process is the decay into a pair of gluons through a loop of virtual heavy quarks. This process, which is the reverse of the gluon fusion process mentioned above, happens approximately 8.6% of the time for a Higgs boson with a mass of
3930:
transformation of a condensate usually rotates the phase. But in these circumstances, it instead fixes a preferred choice of phase. However, it turns out that fixing the choice of gauge so that the condensate has the same phase everywhere also causes the electromagnetic field to gain an extra term. This extra term causes the electromagnetic field to become short range.
1802:, and the Standard Model will at some point be extended or superseded. The Higgs discovery, as well as the many measured collisions occurring at the LHC, provide physicists a sensitive tool to search their data for any evidence that the Standard Model seems to fail, and could provide considerable evidence guiding researchers into future theoretical developments.
1795:. As more precise measurements of its properties are made, more advanced extensions may be suggested or excluded. As experimental means to measure the field's behaviours and interactions are developed, this fundamental field may be better understood. If the Higgs field had not been discovered, the Standard Model would have needed to be modified or superseded.
5233:, spokespersons of the ATLAS Collaboration and Michel Della Negra, Tejinder Singh Virdee, Guido Tonelli, and Joseph Incandela spokespersons, past and present, of the CMS collaboration, "For leadership role in the scientific endeavour that led to the discovery of the new Higgs-like particle by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN's Large Hadron Collider".
8503:). If a more stable vacuum state were able to arise, then existing particles and forces would no longer arise as they presently do. Different particles or forces would arise from (and be shaped by) whatever new quantum states arose. The world we know depends upon these particles and forces, so if this happened, everything around us, from
3008:, who proposed the particle, was to be attending the seminar, and that "five leading physicists" had been invited – generally believed to signify the five living 1964 authors – with Higgs, Englert, Guralnik, Hagen attending and Kibble confirming his invitation (Brout having died in 2011).
5621:
7598:
9469:
it, such as massless photons. There will be other people (in Miller's example the
British prime minister) who would find their progress being continually slowed by the swarm of admirers crowding around, paralleling the interaction for particles that do interact with the field and by doing so, acquire a finite mass.
6487:
4725:, where this process should dominate. The observation is at sigma 3.2 (1 in 1000) significance. This decay path is important because it facilitates measuring the on- and off-shelf mass of the Higgs boson (allowing indirect measurement of decay time), and the decay into two charged particles allows exploration of
2690:(sigma) different from that expected if there was no new particle. More collision data allows better confirmation of the physical properties of any new particle observed, and allows physicists to decide whether it is indeed a Higgs boson as described by the Standard Model or some other hypothetical new particle.
523:, gives a rest mass to all massive elementary particles of the Standard Model, including the Higgs boson itself. The existence of the Higgs field became the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and for several decades was considered "the central problem in particle physics".
9342:
also plays a role in such theories. The connection is technically, when a condensate breaks a symmetry, then the state reached by acting with a symmetry generator on the condensate has the same energy as before. This means that some kinds of oscillation will not involve change of energy. Oscillations
5126:
The Higgs field's effect on particles was famously described by physicist David Miller as akin to a room full of political party workers spread evenly throughout a room: The crowd gravitates to and slows down famous people but does not slow down others. He also drew attention to well-known effects in
4198:
with imaginary mass have come to play an important role in modern physics. Under no circumstances do any excitations ever propagate faster than light in such theories – the presence or absence of a tachyonic mass has no effect whatsoever on the maximum velocity of signals (there is no
3036:
The two teams had been working 'blinded' from each other from around late 2011 or early 2012, meaning they did not discuss their results with each other, providing additional certainty that any common finding was genuine validation of a particle. This level of evidence, confirmed independently by two
2897:
region (described as "tantalising hints" of around 2–3 sigma) were public knowledge with "a lot of interest". It was therefore widely anticipated around the end of 2011, that the LHC would provide sufficient data to either exclude or confirm the finding of a Higgs boson by the end of 2012, when their
12828:
Sidney
Coleman published in Science magazine in 1979 a citation search he did documenting that essentially no one paid any attention to Weinberg's Nobel Prize winning paper until the work of 't Hooft (as explicated by Ben Lee). In 1971 interest in Weinberg's paper exploded. I had a parallel personal
9468:
In Miller's analogy, the Higgs field is compared to political party workers spread evenly throughout a room. There will be some people (in Miller's example an anonymous person) who pass through the crowd with ease, paralleling the interaction between the field and particles that do not interact with
4627:
One way that the Higgs can decay is by splitting into a fermion–antifermion pair. As general rule, the Higgs is more likely to decay into heavy fermions than light fermions, because the mass of a fermion is proportional to the strength of its interaction with the Higgs. By this logic the most common
3975:
The key method to distinguish between these different models involves study of the particles' interactions ("coupling") and exact decay processes ("branching ratios"), which can be measured and tested experimentally in particle collisions. In the Type-I 2HDM model one Higgs doublet couples to up and
3929:
is capable of defining a gauge, in gauge based field theories. To do this, the field must be charged. A charged scalar field must also be complex (or described another way, it contains at least two components, and a symmetry capable of rotating each into the other(s)). In naïve gauge theory, a gauge
2878:
was becoming "too large to ignore" (although still far from conclusive), and the team leaders at both ATLAS and CMS each privately suspected they might have found the Higgs. On 28 November 2011, at an internal meeting of the two team leaders and the director general of CERN, the latest analyses
2629:
boson was not seen as important; only Higgs directly addressed it.) In the paper by GHK the boson is massless and decoupled from the massive states. In reviews dated 2009 and 2011, Guralnik states that in the GHK model the boson is massless only in a lowest-order approximation, but it is not subject
17812:
The issue is whether physicists will be confounded by this puzzle or whether, in contrast to the unhappy
Babylonians, we will continue to build the tower and, as Einstein put it, "know the mind of God". "And the Lord said, Behold the people are un-confounding my confounding. And the Lord sighed and
4090:
should not have excessive fine-tunings or unduly delicate cancellations, and should allow masses of particles such as the Higgs boson to be calculable. The problem is in some ways unique to spin-0 particles (such as the Higgs boson), which can give rise to issues related to quantum corrections that
3933:
Once attention was drawn to this theory within particle physics, the parallels were clear. A change of the usually long range electromagnetic field to become short ranged, within a gauge invariant theory, was exactly the needed effect sought for the weak force bosons (because a long range force has
3877:
with the Higgs field (and with other particles capable of interacting with the Higgs field) instead of becoming new massless particles. The intractable problems of both underlying theories "neutralise" each other, and the residual outcome is that elementary particles acquire a consistent mass based
3040:
On 31 July 2012, the ATLAS collaboration presented additional data analysis on the "observation of a new particle", including data from a third channel, which improved the significance to 5.9 sigma (1 in 588 million chance of obtaining at least as strong evidence by random background effects alone)
2634:
in the model and to give a complete analysis of the general Higgs mechanism. All three reached similar conclusions, despite their very different approaches: Higgs' paper essentially used classical techniques, Englert and Brout's involved calculating vacuum polarisation in perturbation theory around
2575:
commented that "while no one doubted the correctness of these arguments, no one quite believed that nature was diabolically clever enough to take advantage of them", adding that the theory had so far produced accurate answers that accorded with experiment, but it was unknown whether the theory was
1443:
For many decades, scientists had no way to determine whether the Higgs field existed because the technology needed for its detection did not exist at that time. If the Higgs field did exist, then it would be unlike any other known fundamental field, but it also was possible that these key ideas, or
11829:
he Higgs' influence (or the influence of something like it) could reach much further. For example, something like the Higgs—if not exactly the Higgs itself—may be behind many other unexplained "broken symmetries" in the universe as well ... In fact, something very much like the Higgs may have been
4580:
Quantum mechanics predicts that if it is possible for a particle to decay into a set of lighter particles, then it will eventually do so. This is also true for the Higgs boson. The likelihood with which this happens depends on a variety of factors including: the difference in mass, the strength of
2779:
had been cancelled in 1993 and never completed. The
Tevatron was only able to exclude further ranges for the Higgs mass, and was shut down on 30 September 2011 because it no longer could keep up with the LHC. The final analysis of the data excluded the possibility of a Higgs boson with a mass
2167:
of the universe has also come under scientific study. As observed, the present vacuum energy density is extremely close to zero, but the energy densities predicted from the Higgs field, supersymmetry, and other current theories are typically many orders of magnitude larger. It is unclear how these
1769:
Evidence of the Higgs field and its properties has been extremely significant for many reasons. The importance of the Higgs boson largely is that it is able to be examined using existing knowledge and experimental technology, as a way to confirm and study the entire Higgs field theory. Conversely,
1184:
In these kinds of theories, the gauge is an item whose value we can change. The fact that some changes leave the results we measure unchanged means it is a gauge invariant theory, and symmetries are the specific kinds of changes to the gauge which have the effect of leaving measurements unchanged.
4860:
that was championed by
Lederman since its 1983 inception and shut down in 1993. The book sought in part to promote awareness of the significance and need for such a project in the face of its possible loss of funding. Lederman, a leading researcher in the field, writes that he wanted to title his
2676:
Because Higgs boson production in a particle collision is likely to be very rare (1 in 10 billion at the LHC), and many other possible collision events can have similar decay signatures, the data of hundreds of trillions of collisions needs to be analysed and must "show the same picture" before a
2541:
in his 2004 Nobel speech. – now the most cited in particle physics – and even in 1970 according to
Politzer, Glashow's teaching of the weak interaction contained no mention of Weinberg's, Salam's, or Glashow's own work. In practice, Politzer states, almost everyone
1435:
There was not yet any direct evidence that the Higgs field existed, but even without direct proof, the accuracy of its predictions led scientists to believe the theory might be true. By the 1980s, the question of whether the Higgs field existed, and therefore whether the entire
Standard Model was
12413:
Gilbert ... wrote a response to saying 'No, you cannot do that in a relativistic theory. You cannot have a preferred unit time-like vector like that.' This is where I came in, because the next month was when I responded to
Gilbert's paper by saying 'Yes, you can have such a thing' but only in a
11633:'s Joseph Lykken: "he parameters for our universe, including the Higgs suggest that we're just at the edge of stability, in a "metastable" state. Physicists have been contemplating such a possibility for more than 30 years. Back in 1982, physicists Michael Turner and Frank Wilczek wrote in
8373:
By the 1960s, many had already started to see gauge theories as failing to explain particle physics, because theorists had been unable to solve the mass problem or even explain how gauge theory could provide a solution. So the idea that the Standard Model – which relied on a Higgs field, not yet
4936:
This boson is so central to the state of physics today, so crucial to our final understanding of the structure of matter, yet so elusive, that I have given it a nickname: the God Particle. Why God Particle? Two reasons. One, the publisher wouldn't let us call it the Goddamn Particle, though that
3003:
announced an upcoming seminar covering tentative findings for 2012, and shortly afterwards (from around 1 July 2012 according to an analysis of the spreading rumour in social media) rumours began to spread in the media that this would include a major announcement, but it was unclear whether this
9009:
ATLAS and CMS only just co-discovered this particle in July ... We will not know after today whether it is a Higgs at all, whether it is a Standard Model Higgs or not, or whether any particular speculative idea ... is now excluded ... Knowledge about nature does not come easy. We
5165:
had been expected, and the very wide basis of people entitled to consideration. These include a range of theoreticians who made the Higgs mechanism theory possible, the theoreticians of the 1964 PRL papers (including Higgs himself), the theoreticians who derived from these a working electroweak
4755:
A considerable amount has been written on how Higgs' name came to be exclusively used. Two main explanations are offered. The first is that Higgs undertook a step which was either unique, clearer or more explicit in his paper in formally predicting and examining the particle. Of the PRL papers'
3070:
particle was a Higgs boson. On one hand, observations remained consistent with the observed particle being the Standard Model Higgs boson, and the particle decayed into at least some of the predicted channels. Moreover, the production rates and branching ratios for the observed channels broadly
1548:
bosons, and, therefore, the weak force's extremely short range. As of 2018, in-depth research shows the particle continuing to behave in line with predictions for the Standard Model Higgs boson. More studies are needed to verify with higher precision that the discovered particle has all of the
17379:
Lederman, one of the principal spokesmen for the SSC, was an accomplished high-energy experimentalist who had made Nobel Prize-winning contributions to the development of the Standard Model during the 1960s (although the prize itself did not come until 1988). He was a fixture at congressional
13665:
the statistical significance is not large enough to say anything conclusive. As of today what we see is consistent either with a background fluctuation or with the presence of the boson. Refined analyses and additional data delivered in 2012 by this magnificent machine will definitely give an
9458:
Global financial partnerships could be the only way to salvage such a project. Some feel that Congress delivered a fatal blow. "We have to keep the momentum and optimism and start thinking about international collaboration," said Leon M. Lederman, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist who was the
3948:
The Minimal Standard Model as described above is the simplest known model for the Higgs mechanism with just one Higgs field. However, an extended Higgs sector with additional Higgs particle doublets or triplets is also possible, and many extensions of the Standard Model have this feature. The
4330:
It is also possible, although experimentally difficult, to estimate the mass of the Higgs boson indirectly: In the Standard Model, the Higgs boson has a number of indirect effects; most notably, Higgs loops result in tiny corrections to masses of the W and Z bosons. Precision measurements of
4322:
to emerge at the TeV-scale, based on unsatisfactory properties of the Standard Model. The highest possible mass scale allowed for the Higgs boson (or some other electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism) is 1.4 TeV; beyond this point, the Standard Model becomes inconsistent without such a
3616:
The LHC's experimental work since restarting in 2015 has included probing the Higgs field and boson to a greater level of detail, and confirming whether less common predictions were correct. In particular, exploration since 2015 has provided strong evidence of the predicted direct decay into
2425:
in 1938), and the concept that such a mechanism could offer a possible solution for the "mass problem" was originally suggested in 1962 by Philip Anderson, who had previously written papers on broken symmetry and its outcomes in superconductivity. Anderson concluded in his 1963 paper on the
4709:
decay. This can happen in three ways; Higgs to virtual photon to ℓℓγ in which the virtual photon (γ*) has very small but nonzero mass, Higgs to Z boson to ℓℓγ, or Higgs to two leptons, one of which emits a final-state photon leading to ℓℓγ. ATLAS searched for evidence of the first of these
4751:
The name most strongly associated with the particle and field is the Higgs boson and Higgs field. For some time the particle was known by a combination of its PRL author names (including at times Anderson), for example the Brout–Englert–Higgs particle, the Anderson–Higgs particle, or the
6629:
4955:
Lederman asks whether the Higgs boson was added just to perplex and confound those seeking knowledge of the universe, and whether physicists will be confounded by it as recounted in that story, or ultimately surmount the challenge and understand "how beautiful is the universe made".
5014:
There has been considerable public discussion of analogies and explanations for the Higgs particle and how the field creates mass, including coverage of explanatory attempts in their own right and a competition in 1993 for the best popular explanation by then-UK Minister for Science
2125:
function could be very close to zero at the Planck scale, with "intriguing" implications, including theories of gravity and Higgs-based inflation. A future electron–positron collider would be able to provide the precise measurements of the top quark needed for such calculations.
5246:
for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron
11673:'s Joseph Lykken: "The bubble forms through an unlikely quantum fluctuation, at a random time and place," Lykken tells us. "So in principle it could happen tomorrow, but then most likely in a very distant galaxy, so we are still safe for billions of years before it gets to us."
4110:, which suggests that it may not be possible to create a consistent quantum field theory involving elementary scalar particles. Triviality constraints can be used to restrict or predict parameters such as the Higgs boson mass. This can also lead to a predictable Higgs mass in
2635:
an assumed symmetry-breaking vacuum state, and GHK used operator formalism and conservation laws to explore in depth the ways in which Goldstone's theorem may be worked around. Some versions of the theory predicted more than one kind of Higgs fields and bosons, and alternative
1977:, director general of CERN when the Higgs boson was discovered, this existence proof of a scalar field is almost as important as the Higgs's role in determining the mass of other particles. It suggests that other hypothetical scalar fields suggested by other theories, from the
9530:
Dittmaier; Mariotti; Passarino; Tanaka; Alekhin; Alwall; Bagnaschi; Banfi; et al. (LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group) (2012). Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 2. Differential Distributions (Report). CERN Report 2 (Tables A.1–A.20). Vol. 1201. p. 3084.
8401:'As a layman, I would say, I think we have it', said Rolf-Dieter Heuer, director general of CERN at Wednesday's seminar announcing the results of the search for the Higgs boson. But when pressed by journalists afterwards on what exactly 'it' was, things got more complicated.
2597:
for this work. (A controversy also arose the same year, because in the event of a Nobel Prize only up to three scientists could be recognised, with six being credited for the papers.) Two of the three PRL papers (by Higgs and by GHK) contained equations for the hypothetical
5496:
5089:
In "naive" gauge theories, gauge bosons and other fundamental particles are all massless – also a symmetrical situation. In the presence of the Higgs field this symmetry is broken. The result is that particles of different types will have different masses.
4203:). Instead of faster-than-light particles, the imaginary mass creates an instability: Any configuration in which one or more field excitations are tachyonic must spontaneously decay, and the resulting configuration contains no physical tachyons. This process is known as
2685:
of two independent particle detectors each indicate that there is less than a one-in-a-million chance that the observed decay signatures are due to just background random Standard Model events – i.e., that the observed number of events is more than five
2104:
of this kind, then it would imply – more than likely in many billions of years – that the universe's forces, particles, and structures could cease to exist as we know them (and be replaced by different ones), if a true vacuum happened to
11844:
4558:
The final process that is commonly considered is by far the least likely (by two orders of magnitude). This process involves two colliding gluons, which each decay into a heavy quark–antiquark pair. A quark and antiquark from each pair can then combine to form a Higgs
4657:
Another possibility is for the Higgs to split into a pair of massive gauge bosons. The most likely possibility is for the Higgs to decay into a pair of W bosons (the light blue line in the plot), which happens about 21.5% of the time for a Higgs boson with a mass of
10633:
Even in the most specialized circles, the new particle discovered in July is not yet being called the "Higgs boson". Physicists still hesitate to call it that before they have determined that its properties fit with those the Higgs theory predicts the Higgs boson
3074:
In November 2012, in a conference in Kyoto researchers said evidence gathered since July was falling into line with the basic Standard Model more than its alternatives, with a range of results for several interactions matching that theory's predictions. Physicist
1471:), but these are extremely difficult to produce and detect due to the energy required to produce them and their very rare production even if the energy is sufficient. It was, therefore, several decades before the first evidence of the Higgs boson could be found.
17422:
The possibility that the next big machine would create the Higgs became a carrot to dangle in front of funding agencies and politicians. A prominent American physicist, Leon lederman , advertised the Higgs as The God Particle in the title of a book published in
3289:
at the higher energy of 13 TeV, searches for multiple Higgs particles (as predicted in some theories) and tests targeting other versions of particle theory continued. These higher energy results must continue to give results consistent with Higgs theories.
8515:, would be reconstituted into new fundamental particles and forces and structures. The universe would potentially lose all of its present structures and become inhabited by new ones (depending upon the exact states involved) based upon the same quantum fields.
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which I think might offend some people". The nickname has been satirised in mainstream media as well. Science writer Ian Sample stated in his 2010 book on the search that the nickname is "universally hate" by physicists and perhaps the "worst derided" in the
3135:
CMS and ATLAS have compared a number of options for the spin-parity of this particle, and these all prefer no spin and even parity . This, coupled with the measured interactions of the new particle with other particles, strongly indicates that it is a Higgs
8210:, the observed preconditions and their outcomes are indistinguishable from the interaction of what appears to effectively be a single particle (which usually is given another, slightly different name; for example one of the combinations of the theoretical
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5839:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{H}}=\left|\left(\partial _{\mu }-igW_{\mu \,a}{\tfrac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{a}-i{\tfrac {1}{2}}g'B_{\mu }\right)\phi \right|^{2}+\mu _{\text{H}}^{2}\phi ^{\dagger }\phi -\lambda \left(\phi ^{\dagger }\phi \right)^{2}\ ,}
5146:" are also well known, but can be somewhat misleading since they may be understood (incorrectly) as saying that the Higgs field simply resists some particles' motion but not others' – a simple resistive effect could also conflict with
7800:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{m}}=-m_{\text{u}}^{i}{\overline {u}}_{\text{L}}^{i}u_{\text{R}}^{i}-m_{\text{d}}^{i}{\overline {d}}_{\text{L}}^{i}d_{\text{R}}^{i}-m_{\text{e}}^{i}{\overline {e}}_{\text{L}}^{i}e_{\text{R}}^{i}+{\textrm {h.c.}},}
1451:, called the "Higgs boson", should also exist. Proving the existence of the Higgs boson would prove whether the Higgs field existed, and therefore finally prove whether the Standard Model's explanation was correct. Therefore, there was an extensive
4789:
However, in Higgs' view, Brout and Englert did not explicitly mention the boson since its existence is plainly obvious in their work, while according to Guralnik the GHK paper was a complete analysis of the entire symmetry breaking mechanism whose
4347:. These indirect constraints rely on the assumption that the Standard Model is correct. It may still be possible to discover a Higgs boson above these masses, if it is accompanied by other particles beyond those accommodated by the Standard Model.
2373:, where the strong interactions get rid of the massless "gluon" states at long distances. By the very early sixties, people had begun to understand another source of massless particles: spontaneous symmetry breaking of a continuous symmetry. What
1185:
Symmetries of this kind are powerful tools for a deep understanding of the fundamental forces and particles of our physical world. Gauge invariance is therefore an important property within particle physics theory. They are closely connected to
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discovered the top quark in 1995, and we are still learning about its properties today ... we will still be learning important things about the Higgs during the coming few decades. We've no choice but to be patient. — M. Strassler (2012)
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By March 2013, the existence of the Higgs boson was confirmed, and therefore, the concept of some type of Higgs field throughout space is strongly supported. The presence of the field, now confirmed by experimental investigation, explains
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Against this, once the model was developed around 1972, no better theory existed, and its predictions and solutions were so accurate, that it became the preferred theory anyway. It then became crucial to science, to know whether it was
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At first, these seminal papers on spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries were largely ignored, because it was widely believed that the (non-Abelian gauge) theories in question were a dead-end, and in particular that they could not be
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representation and the same weak hypercharge, then assuming these gauge charges are conserved in the vacuum, none of the spin-half particles could ever swap helicity. Therefore, in the absence of some other cause, all fermions must be
8494:
If the Standard Model is valid, then the particles and forces we observe in our universe exist as they do, because of underlying quantum fields. Quantum fields can have states of differing stability, including 'stable', 'unstable' and
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was announced; physicists suspected that it was the Higgs boson. Since then, the particle has been shown to behave, interact, and decay in many of the ways predicted for Higgs particles by the Standard Model, as well as having even
4335:
and masses of the W and Z bosons, can be used to calculate constraints on the mass of the Higgs. As of July 2011, the precision electroweak measurements tell us that the mass of the Higgs boson is likely to be less than about
15074:
Aad, G.; et al. (ATLAS & CMS Collaborations) (2016). "Measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates and constraints on its couplings from a combined ATLAS and CMS analysis of the LHC pp collision data at
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bosons could "begin" with mass as an inbuilt property except by abandoning gauge invariance. If gauge invariance were to be retained, then these particles had to be acquiring their mass by some other mechanism or interaction.
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of the kind needed to "break" electroweak symmetry and give particles their correct mass. This field, which became known as the "Higgs Field", was hypothesized to exist throughout space, and to break some symmetry laws of the
1372:. This non-zero value could in theory break electroweak symmetry. It was the first proposal capable of showing how the weak force gauge bosons could have mass despite their governing symmetry, within a gauge invariant theory.
2546:, who combined the work of Veltman and 't Hooft with insights by others, and popularised the completed theory. In this way, from 1971, interest and acceptance "exploded" and the ideas were quickly absorbed in the mainstream.
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Since it interacts with all the massive elementary particles of the SM, the Higgs boson has many different processes through which it can decay. Each of these possible processes has its own probability, expressed as the
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Lee ... apparently used the term 'Higgs boson' as early as 1966 ... but what may have made the term stick is a seminal paper Steven Weinberg ... published in 1967 ... Weinberg acknowledged the mix-up in an essay in the
1193:. Quantum field theory and the Standard Model are both gauge invariant theories – meaning they focus on properties of our universe, demonstrating this property of gauge invariance and the symmetries which are involved.
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particle (consistent with this required finding for a Higgs boson), "evaporation" or lack of increased significance for previous hints of non-Standard Model findings, expected Standard Model interactions with
2018:"). Some theories suggest that a fundamental scalar field might be responsible for this phenomenon; the Higgs field is such a field, and its existence has led to papers analysing whether it could also be the
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Lederman, who considers himself an unofficial propagandist for the super collider, said the SSC could reverse the physics brain drain in which bright young physicists have left America to work in Europe and
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global collaboration of more than 170 computing centres in 36 countries ... to store, distribute and analyse the ~25 Petabytes (25 million Gigabytes) of data annually generated by the Large Hadron
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Lederman begins with a review of the long human search for knowledge, and explains that his tongue-in-cheek title draws an analogy between the impact of the Higgs field on the fundamental symmetries at the
4063:(in this case, to unitarise longitudinal vector boson scattering). Reconciling these points appears to require explaining why there is an almost-perfect cancellation resulting in the visible mass of ~
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Another possibility when two (anti-)fermions collide is that the two exchange a virtual W or Z boson, which emits a Higgs boson. The colliding fermions do not need to be the same type. So, for example, an
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quarks. Since the coupling of particles to the Higgs boson is proportional to their mass, this process is more likely for heavy particles. In practice it is enough to consider the contributions of virtual
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fundamentally correct. By 1986 and again in the 1990s it became possible to write that understanding and proving the Higgs sector of the Standard Model was "the central problem today in particle physics".
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in 2013 for their theoretical predictions. Although Higgs's name has come to be associated with this theory, several researchers between about 1960 and 1972 independently developed different parts of it.
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4247:. The reason given is: With the Higgs boson now empirically confirmed, the paragraphs on the mass should be rephrased to make it clear that they are about what could be predicted before that observation.
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Since experiments have shown that the weak force acts over only a very short range, this implies that massive gauge bosons must exist, and indeed, their masses have since been confirmed by measurement.
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are negligible; and laws related to conductivity, gases, and classical physics (as opposed to quantum mechanics) may apply only within certain ranges of size, temperature, pressure, or other conditions.
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The Higgs boson is often referred to as the "God particle" in popular media outside the scientific community. The nickname comes from the title of the 1993 book on the Higgs boson and particle physics,
3121:. In early March 2013, CERN Research Director Sergio Bertolucci stated that confirming spin-0 was the major remaining requirement to determine whether the particle is at least some kind of Higgs boson.
2279:. At the beginning of the 1960s a number of these particles had been discovered or proposed, along with theories suggesting how they relate to each other, some of which had already been reformulated as
5388:
3910:). This strange observation implies that somehow, the electromagnetic field becomes short ranged during this phenomenon. Successful theories arose to explain this during the 1950s, first for fermions (
3980:") or just gauge bosons ("fermiophobic"), but not both. In the Type-II 2HDM model, one Higgs doublet only couples to up-type quarks, the other only couples to down-type quarks. The heavily researched
2749:(LEP) at CERN in the 1990s. At the end of its service in 2000, LEP had found no conclusive evidence for the Higgs. This implied that if the Higgs boson were to exist it would have to be heavier than
10502:
3841:. It can have this effect because of its unusual "Mexican hat" shaped potential whose lowest "point" is not at its "centre". In simple terms, unlike all other known fields, the Higgs field requires
5104:– charged objects are pulled around and neutral objects can sail through unaffected. So you can think of the Higgs search as an attempt to make waves in the Higgs field to prove it's really there.
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A solution to all of these overlapping problems came from the discovery of a previously unnoticed borderline case hidden in the mathematics of Goldstone's theorem, that under certain conditions it
2426:
Yang–Mills theory, that "considering the superconducting analog ... hese two types of bosons seem capable of canceling each other out ... leaving finite mass bosons"), and in March 1964,
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The CDF Collaboration; The D0 Collaboration; The Tevatron New Physics, Higgs Working Group (2012). "Updated combination of CDF and D0 searches for Standard Model Higgs boson production with up to
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controlling their interactions, implying that they should be "massless". It also resolves several other long-standing puzzles, such as the reason for the extremely short distance travelled by the
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is absent from the other two papers, and a massive particle may exist in some solutions. Higgs' paper also provided an "especially sharp" statement of the challenge and its solution according to
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4078:, it appears that either there is some underlying connection or reason for these observations which is unknown and not described by the Standard Model, or some unexplained and extremely precise
2569:, and with great precision, the mass and other properties of some of these. Many of those involved eventually won Nobel Prizes or other renowned awards. A 1974 paper and comprehensive review in
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are theories which have a useful feature, i.e.: some kinds of changes to the value of certain items do not make any difference to the outcomes or the measurements we make. For example: changing
8589:
observable have covariant structures. ... in gauge theories one might arrange things so that one had a symmetry breakdown because of the noninvariance of the vacuum; but, because the Goldstone
4832:
4821:(over an alternative proposal "Higglet", by Weinberg), endorsed the "Higgs boson" name, stating "History is complicated, and wherever you draw the line, there will be somebody just below it."
3748:
are observed to have mass, but a boson mass term contains terms which clearly depend on the choice of gauge, and therefore these masses too cannot be gauge invariant. Therefore, it seems that
2533: – was eventually "enormously profound and influential", but even with all key elements of the eventual theory published there was still almost no wider interest. For example,
1440:. The existence of the Higgs field became the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and for several decades was considered "the central problem in particle physics".
1333:. All three groups reached similar conclusions and for all cases, not just some limited cases. They showed that the conditions for electroweak symmetry would be "broken" if an unusual type of
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presents an explanation of what the Higgs mechanism is, and what it means to "give mass to particles." He also explains what's at stake for the future of physics and cosmology. 30 July 2012.
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offered as a prediction that a massive particle would exist and calculated some of its properties; he was therefore "the first to postulate the existence of a massive particle" according to
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The ground state of the Higgs field (the bottom of the potential) is degenerate with different ground states related to each other by a SU(2) gauge transformation. It is always possible to
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for elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses
3625:(3.6 σ) – described as an "important milestone" in understanding its short lifetime and other rare decays – and also to confirm decay into pairs of
2771:
in 1995 – had been upgraded for this purpose. There was no guarantee that the Tevatron would be able to find the Higgs, but it was the only supercollider that was operational since the
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In July 2017, CERN confirmed that all measurements still agree with the predictions of the Standard Model, and called the discovered particle simply "the Higgs boson". As of 2019, the
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spontaneous symmetry breaking, the massless Nambu–Goldstone mode can combine with the massless gauge field modes to produce a physical massive vector field . This is what happens in
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The Higgs boson is essentially a ripple in a field said to have emerged at the birth of the universe and to span the cosmos to this day ... The particle is crucial however: It is the
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2886:, and initial preparations commenced in case of a successful finding. While this information was not known publicly at the time, the narrowing of the possible Higgs range to around
19617:– A pedagogic introduction to electroweak symmetry breaking with step by step derivations of many key relations, by Robert D. Klauber, 15 January 2018 (archived at Wayback Machine)
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13781:(2015). "Measurements of Higgs boson production and couplings in the four-lepton channel in pp collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector".
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with unchanged energy imply that excitations (particles) associated with the oscillation are massless. Therefore the outcome is that new massless particles should exist, known as
8145:
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13713:"Precise determination of the mass of the Higgs boson and tests of compatibility of its couplings with the standard model predictions using proton collisions at 7 and 8 TeV"
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For the first time scientists have been able to analyse the dynamics of social media on a global scale before, during and after the announcement of a major scientific discovery.
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Perhaps, he speculated, total perfection would have been unacceptable to God. And so, just as God shattered the perfection of Babel, 'God made the laws only nearly symmetrical'
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when they always act simultaneously, and their combined effect cannot be separated using observables: Although the mathematical description of the process may have two parts,
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10673:'We've never seen an elementary particle with spin zero', said Tony Weidberg, a particle physicist at the University of Oxford who is also involved in the CERN experiments.
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Just before LEP's shut down, some events that hinted at a Higgs were observed, but it was not judged significant enough to extend its run and delay construction of the LHC.
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and at this point it becomes possible to choose a gauge such as the 'radiation' gauge which is not invariant over time, so that these problems can be avoided. According to
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In the paper by Higgs the boson is massive, and in a closing sentence Higgs writes that "an essential feature" of the theory "is the prediction of incomplete multiplets of
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from us, and others being many billions of light years distant, so the effect of such an event would be unlikely to arise here for billions of years after first occurring.
4070:, and it is not clear how to do this. Because the weak force is about 10 times stronger than gravity, and (linked to this) the Higgs boson's mass is so much less than the
2701:
in order to ensure enough collisions were seen for conclusions to be drawn. Finally, advanced computing facilities were needed to process the vast amount of data (25
1076:
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Guralnik, Gerald (2011). "The Beginnings of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Particle Physics. Proceedings of the DPF-2011 Conference, Providence, RI, 8–13 August 2011".
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In July 2018, the ATLAS and CMS experiments reported observing the Higgs boson decay into a pair of bottom quarks, which makes up approximately 60% of all of its decays.
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and is often used as an illustration in physics lectures. So it's not an embarrassingly grandiose name, it is memorable, and has some physics connection too." The name
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13837:(2014). "Measurement of Higgs boson production in the diphoton decay channel in pp collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector".
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in Switzerland, was designed specifically to be able to either confirm or exclude the existence of the Higgs boson. Built in a 27 km tunnel under the ground near
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quoting Lee's ICHEP 1972 presentation at Fermilab: "... which is known as the Higgs mechanism ..." and "Lee's locution" – his footnoted explanation of this shorthand.
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6482:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m_{\text{W}}&={\tfrac {1}{2}}v\left|\,g\,\right|\ ,\\m_{\text{Z}}&={\tfrac {1}{2}}v{\sqrt {g^{2}+{g'}^{2}\ }}\ ,\end{aligned}}}
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to be measured, rather than a value to be calculated. This is seen as theoretically unsatisfactory, particularly as quantum corrections (related to interactions with
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573:, Switzerland. The new particle was subsequently confirmed to match the expected properties of a Higgs boson. Physicists from two of the three teams, Peter Higgs and
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experience: I took a one-year course on weak interactions from Shelly Glashow in 1970, and he never even mentioned the Weinberg–Salam model or his own contributions.
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Some particles interact with the Higgs field while others don't. Those particles that feel the Higgs field act as if they have mass. Something similar happens in an
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down quarks, while the second doublet does not couple to quarks. This model has two interesting limits, in which the lightest Higgs couples to just fermions ("gauge-
12146: – Talk given by Peter Higgs at King's College, London, expanding on a paper originally presented in 2001. The original 2001 paper may be found in:
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remain, giving rise to mass terms for the fermions. Rotating the quark and lepton fields to the basis where the matrices of Yukawa couplings are diagonal, one gets
4801:
The alternative explanation is that the name was popularised in the 1970s due to its use as a convenient shorthand or because of a mistake in citing. Many accounts
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nine days after its inaugural tests, caused by a faulty electrical connection that damaged over 50 superconducting magnets and contaminated the vacuum system.
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showed that Goldstone's theorem could be avoided this way in at least some non-relativistic cases, and speculated it might be possible in truly relativistic cases.
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quarks (the heaviest quarks). This process is the dominant contribution at the LHC and Tevatron being about ten times more likely than any of the other processes.
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1299:, solving both problems at once. Similar behaviour was already theorised in superconductivity. In 1964, this was shown to be theoretically possible by physicists
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The example is based on the production rate at the LHC operating at 7 TeV. The total cross-section for producing a Higgs boson at the LHC is about 10
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4207:, and is now believed to be the explanation for how the Higgs mechanism itself arises in nature, and therefore the reason behind electroweak symmetry breaking.
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Analysis of collisions up to July 2017 do not show deviations from the Standard Model, with experimental precisions better than results at lower energies.
2606:, the Higgs boson. Higgs' subsequent 1966 paper showed the decay mechanism of the boson; only a massive boson can decay and the decays can prove the mechanism.
2152:
caused the universe to be a kind of featureless symmetry of undifferentiated, extremely high energy. In this kind of speculation, the single unified field of a
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of the first-order correction to the Higgs mass. In the Standard Model the effects of these corrections are potentially enormous, giving rise to the so-called
3857:
which in turn gives rise to the Higgs mechanism and triggers the acquisition of mass by those particles interacting with the field. This effect occurs because
2513:
proved renormalisation of Yang–Mills was possible in two papers covering massless, and then massive, fields. Their contribution, and the work of others on the
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the interactions, etc. Most of these factors are fixed by the Standard Model, except for the mass of the Higgs boson itself. For a Higgs boson with a mass of
2473:
is combined with an additional charged scalar field that spontaneously breaks the symmetry, the gauge bosons may consistently acquire a finite mass. In 1967,
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Although these ideas did not gain much initial support or attention, by 1972 they had been developed into a comprehensive theory and proved capable of giving
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4167:. The quantum of the remaining neutral component corresponds to (and is theoretically realised as) the massive Higgs boson. This component can interact with
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it has massless particles which don't correspond to anything we see. One way of getting rid of this problem is now fairly well understood, the phenomenon of
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indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably for science fiction fans, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in nature.
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he bad news is that its mass suggests the universe will end in a fast-spreading bubble of doom. The good news? It'll probably be tens of billions of years.
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The bubble's effects would be expected to propagate across the universe at the speed of light from wherever it occurred. However space is vast – with even
16663:
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Branco, G. C.; Ferreira, P.M.; Lavoura, L.; Rebelo, M.N.; Sher, Marc; Silva, João P. (July 2012). "Theory and phenomenology of two-Higgs-doublet models".
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While media use of this term may have contributed to wider awareness and interest, many scientists feel the name is inappropriate since it is sensational
3308:
Coupling strength to Higgs boson in (top) and ratio to the standard model prediction (bottom) derived from cross section and branching ratio data. In the
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Following the 1963 and early 1964 papers, three groups of researchers independently developed these theories more completely, in what became known as the
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Guralnik, Gerald (2009). "The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles".
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4049:) should apparently cause the Higgs particle to have a mass immensely higher than that observed, but at the same time the Standard Model requires a mass
2831:(14 TeV total) in future. Theory suggested if the Higgs boson existed, collisions at these energy levels should be able to reveal it. As one of the
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It now links thousands of computers and storage systems in over 170 centres across 41 countries. ... The WLCG is the world's largest computing grid
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4616:; the fraction of the total number decays that follows that process. The SM predicts these branching ratios as a function of the Higgs mass (see plot).
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1256:, a process where a symmetric system becomes asymmetric, could occur under certain conditions. Symmetry breaking is when some variable that previously
13520:
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G.S. Guralnik (2009). "The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles".
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4908:, and the apparent chaos of structures, particles, forces and interactions that resulted and shaped our present universe, with the biblical story of
14111:
8321:. At high energy levels this does not happen, and the gauge bosons of the weak force would be expected to become massless above those energy levels.
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1578:
Other analogies based on the resistance of macro objects moving through media (such as people moving through crowds, or some objects moving through
1362:
energy for the field to have a non-zero value than a zero value, unlike all other known fields, therefore, the Higgs field has a non-zero value (or
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is identified as (or modelled upon) the Higgs field, and it is through successive symmetry breakings of the Higgs field, or some similar field, at
1463:
Although the Higgs field would exist everywhere, proving its existence was far from easy. In principle, it can be proved to exist by detecting its
1069:
14602:
11546:
Salvio, Alberto (9 April 2015). "A simple, motivated completion of the Standard Model below the Planck scale: Axions and right-handed neutrinos".
10105:
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CMS Collaboration (2017). "Constraints on anomalous Higgs boson couplings using production and decay information in the four-lepton final state".
4552:
may exchange a Z boson with an anti-down quark. This process is the second most important for the production of Higgs particle at the LHC and LEP.
3011:
On 4 July 2012 both of the CERN experiments announced they had independently made the same discovery: CMS of a previously unknown boson with mass
1586:) are commonly used but misleading, since the Higgs field does not actually resist particles, and the effect of mass is not caused by resistance.
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Philip Anderson (not one of the PRL authors) on symmetry breaking in superconductivity and its migration into particle physics and the PRL papers
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The Higgs boson is commonly misunderstood as responsible for mass, rather than the Higgs field, and as relating to most mass in the universe.
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scalar, or other "new" physics, and they have received treatments suggesting that Higgs inflation models are still of interest theoretically.
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14838:'It's going to take another few years' after the collider is restarted to confirm definitively that the newfound particle is the Higgs boson.
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Although the notion of imaginary mass might seem troubling, it is only the field, and not the mass itself, that is quantised. Therefore, the
19627: – an introduction of 47 pages covering the development, history and mathematics of Higgs theories from around 1950 to 1974.
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In terms usually reserved for athletic achievements, news reports described the finding as a monumental milestone in the history of science.
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The SSC, proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy in 1983, is a mind-bending project ... this gigantic laboratory ... this titanic project
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might be a more appropriate title, given its villainous nature and the expense it is causing. And two, there is a connection, of sorts, to
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Heinemeyer, S.; Mariotti, C.; Passarino, G.; Tanaka, R.; Andersen, J. R.; Artoisenet, P.; Bagnaschi, E. A.; Banfi, A.; Becher, T. (2013).
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6624:{\textstyle \cos \theta _{\text{W}}={\frac {m_{\text{W}}}{\ m_{\text{Z}}\ }}={\frac {\left|\,g\,\right|}{\ {\sqrt {g^{2}+{g'}^{2}\ }}\ }}}
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Buttazzo, Dario; Degrassi, Giuseppe; Giardino, Pier Paolo; Giudice, Gian F.; Sala, Filippo; Salvio, Alberto; Strumia, Alessandro (2013).
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Alekhin, S.; Djouadi, A.; Moch, S. (13 August 2012). "The top quark and Higgs boson masses and the stability of the electroweak vacuum".
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There was considerable discussion prior to late 2013 of how to allocate the credit if the Higgs boson is proven, made more pointed as a
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were discussed outside their teams for the first time, suggesting both ATLAS and CMS might be converging on a possible shared result at
17989:. www.lhc-closer.es (a collaboration website of LHCb physicist Xabier Vidal and High School Teachers and CERN educator Ramon Manzano).
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Why do particle physicists care so much about the Higgs particle? Well, actually, they don't. What they really care about is the Higgs
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Particle physicist Adam Falkowski states that the essential qualities of a Higgs boson are that it is a spin-0 (scalar) particle which
3118:
2661:. Occasionally, although rarely, a Higgs boson will be created fleetingly as part of the collision byproducts. Because the Higgs boson
1749:. The remaining electrically neutral component either manifests as a Higgs boson, or may couple separately to other particles known as
1733:'s Yukawa coupling terms into mass terms.) When this happens, three components of the Higgs field are "absorbed" by the SU(2) and U(1)
18421:
18388:
18220:
16258:
Peskin, Michael E.; Wells, James D. (2001). "How can a heavy Higgs boson be consistent with the precision electroweak measurements?".
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to any constraint and acquires mass at higher orders, and adds that the GHK paper was the only one to show that there are no massless
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19323:
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13059:
11307:
10543:
5222:
19398:
19112:
17753:
15895:
Kutasov, David; Marino, Marcos & Moore, Gregory W. (2000). "Some exact results on tachyon condensation in string field theory".
14684:
6275:. It has units of mass, and is the only free parameter of the Standard Model that is not a dimensionless number. Quadratic terms in
4786:
bosons. In this way, Higgs' contribution also provided experimentalists with a crucial "concrete target" needed to test the theory.
2330:
within some theories, also appeared to rule out many obvious solutions, since it appeared to show that zero-mass particles known as
2082:
are known more precisely, and the Standard Model provides an accurate description of particle physics up to extreme energies of the
21504:
21367:
20865:
20611:
17559:
14480:
10523:
The Higgs field: So important it merited an entire experimental facility, the Large Hadron Collider, dedicated to understanding it.
5491:{\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left({\begin{array}{c}\phi ^{1}+i\phi ^{2}\\\phi ^{0}+i\phi ^{3}\end{array}}\right)\ ,}
4998:
3943:
712:
17813:
said, Go to, let us go down, and there give them the God Particle so that they may see how beautiful is the universe I have made."
16842:
16735:
14890:
Collaboration) (February 2013). "Study of the mass and spin-parity of the Higgs boson candidate via its decays to Z boson pairs".
13542:
10321:
8615:
2669:) and from the data the decay process is reconstructed. If the observed decay products match a possible decay process (known as a
2093:
seems to be extremely close to the boundary for stability, but a definitive answer requires much more precise measurements of the
1954:
The Higgs field is the only scalar (spin-0) field to be detected; all the other fundamental fields in the Standard Model are spin-
20729:
15726:
15642:
Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J.; Terning, John (2004). "Gauge theories on an interval: Unitarity without a Higgs".
14064:
9892:
8500:
4891:, was reported to be displeased and stated in a 2008 interview that he found it "embarrassing" because it was "the kind of misuse
3768:
had to not require or predict unexpected massless particles or long-range forces which did not actually seem to exist in nature.
2413:. Initially, the mathematical theory behind spontaneous symmetry breaking was conceived and published within particle physics by
639:
18993:
18454:
18335:
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13678:
4506:
binding the hadron together collide. The easiest way to produce a Higgs particle is if the two gluons combine to form a loop of
1680:
1599:
1563:
have been used to describe the Higgs field and boson, including analogies with well-known symmetry-breaking effects such as the
1118:, is used for gravity.) In the Standard Model, the particles and forces in nature (aside from gravity) arise from properties of
500:
21207:
21149:
16430:
16318:
Baglio, Julien; Djouadi, Abdelhak (2010). "Predictions for Higgs production at the Tevatron and the associated uncertainties".
3113:
stated that based on data analysis to date, an answer could be possible 'towards' mid-2013, and the deputy chair of physics at
18113:
15579:
Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J. (2004). "Towards a realistic model of Higgsless electroweak symmetry breaking".
15364:
15325:
14624:
9769:
8023:, a 2013 American documentary film following various LHC experiments and concluding with the identification of the Higgs boson
4318:). It should be the only particle in the Standard Model that remains massive even at high energies. Many theorists expect new
3195:
Even parity tentatively confirmed. The spin-0 negative parity hypothesis is excluded with a confidence level exceeding 99.9%.
2794:. In addition, there was a small (but not significant) excess of events possibly indicating a Higgs boson with a mass between
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19013:
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14338:(2012). "Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC".
13038:
12949:
12163:
11853:
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10966:
10485:
10439:
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denotes the hermitian conjugate of all the preceding terms. In the symmetry breaking ground state, only the terms containing
4459:
If Higgs particle theories are valid, then a Higgs particle can be produced much like other particles that are studied, in a
3981:
1919:
17179:
17140:
17102:
17033:
16984:
13356:
3965:("SUSY") also predicts relations between the Higgs-boson masses and the masses of the gauge bosons, and could accommodate a
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13573:
12990:
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In the Standard Model, there exists the possibility that the underlying state of our universe – known as the "vacuum" – is
17888:
16954:
4900:, but that (according to Lederman) the publisher rejected all titles mentioning "Higgs" as unimaginative and too unknown.
3736:
with a mass term would violate gauge symmetry and therefore cannot be gauge invariant. (This can be seen by examining the
3099:
These findings meant that as of January 2013, scientists were very sure they had found an unknown particle of mass ~
2890:
and the repeated observation of small but consistent event excesses across multiple channels at both ATLAS and CMS in the
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19653:
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Data collection at the LHC finally commenced in March 2010. By December 2011 the two main particle detectors at the LHC,
2465:(GHK) in November 1964. Higgs also wrote a short, but important, response published in September 1964 to an objection by
1229:) would have "zero mass" (in the specialized terminology of particle physics, "mass" refers specifically to a particle's
17431:
the ink was not dry on Lederman's book before the US Congress decided to write off the billions of dollars already spent
17427:
Lederman was involved in a campaign to persuade the US government to continue funding the Superconducting Super Collider
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18090:
17778:
Physicist Leon Lederman compares the way the Higgs operates to the biblical story of Babel all spoke the same language
17359:
17317:
12807:
9356:
People initially thought of tachyons as particles travelling faster than the speed of light ... But we now know that a
3004:
would be a stronger signal or a formal discovery. Speculation escalated to a "fevered" pitch when reports emerged that
2705:
per year as of 2012) produced by the collisions. For the announcement of 4 July 2012, a new collider known as the
2665:
very quickly, particle detectors cannot detect it directly. Instead the detectors register all the decay products (the
1942:
transferred to fundamental particles when they interact ("couple") with the Higgs field, which had contained that mass
1221:) had consistently failed. As a result of these failures, gauge theories began to fall into disrepute. The problem was
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11014:
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8749:
4370:. However it can be measured indirectly, based upon comparing masses measured from quantum phenomena occurring in the
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643:
640:
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20890:
20509:
19452:"Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC".
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12770:
11371:
Ellis, J.; Espinosa, J.R.; Giudice, G.F.; Hoecker, A.; Riotto, A. (2009). "The Probable Fate of the Standard Model".
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9347:. Because zero mass gauge bosons always mediate long range interactions, a new long range force should exist as well.
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7938:
6069:
5268:
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Studying the angles at which decay products fly apart. Negative parity was also disfavoured if spin-0 was confirmed.
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632:
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63:
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for a fermion in terms of left and right handed components; we find none of the spin-half particles could ever flip
650:
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that "without warning, a bubble of true vacuum could nucleate somewhere in the universe and move outwards ..."
11524:
7464:
4502: – as is the case in the LHC and Tevatron – then it is most likely that two of the
3878:
on how strongly they interact with the Higgs field. It is the simplest known process capable of giving mass to the
3760:
Additionally, solutions based on spontaneous symmetry breaking appeared to fail, seemingly an inevitable result of
3245:, γ γ, τ τ, W W and Z Z observed. All observed signal strengths are consistent with the Standard Model prediction.
2697:
was needed, because Higgs bosons might not be seen in lower-energy experiments. The collider needed to have a high
2322:(1954), which held great promise for unified theories, also seemed to predict known massive particles as massless.
1902:), nor is the Higgs field responsible for the mass of all particles. For example, approximately 99% of the mass of
648:
633:
17857:
12893:
12615:
12577:
11783:
11424:
Masina, Isabella (12 February 2013). "Higgs boson and top quark masses as tests of electroweak vacuum stability".
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3170:
Examining decay patterns. Spin-1 had been ruled out at the time of initial discovery by the observed decay to two
2677:
conclusion about the existence of the Higgs boson can be reached. To conclude that a new particle has been found,
1552:
The nature and properties of this field are now being investigated further, using more data collected at the LHC.
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2001, a spacetime odyssey: proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics
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found in a study that "essentially no-one paid any attention" to Weinberg's paper prior to 1971 and discussed by
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of particle physics. Weinberg was the first to observe that this would also provide mass terms for the fermions.
2198:
2173:
1487:
1437:
649:
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Like God, says Lederman, the Higgs differentiated the perfect sameness, confusing everyone (physicists included)
15426:
13215:
12155:
2001 A Spacetime Odyssey: Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics
9216:{\displaystyle -m{\bar {\psi }}\psi \,=\,-m\left({\bar {\psi }}_{L}\psi _{R}+{\bar {\psi }}_{R}\psi _{L}\right)}
5184:
for contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles
4932:
It's a hard-won simplicity remarkably accurate. But it is also incomplete and, in fact, internally inconsistent
4650:–antibottom quark pair, which happens 57.7% of the time. The second most common fermion decay at that mass is a
4623:
Higgs boson decays into heavy vector boson pairs (a), fermion–antifermion pairs (b) and photon pairs or Zγ (c,d)
2078:. This was sometimes misreported as the Higgs boson "ending" the universe. If the masses of the Higgs boson and
21031:
16659:
14302:
13452:
4849:
4463:. This involves accelerating a large number of particles to extremely high energies and extremely close to the
4219:
4082:
of parameters – however at present neither of these explanations is proven. This is known as a
3114:
2776:
2698:
1337:
existed throughout the universe, and indeed, there would be no Goldstone bosons and some existing bosons would
630:
18050:
17921:
17671:
16917:
15135:
Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 3. Higgs Properties: Report of the LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group
13420:
13176:
11816:
11328:
Earth will likely be long gone before any Higgs boson particles set off an apocalyptic assault on the universe
10571:
9317:
terms do not appear. We see that the mass-generating interaction is achieved by constant flipping of particle
6020:
3427:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {{\kappa }_{V}}}{m}_{V}/{\rm {vev}}\quad (={\sqrt {{\kappa }_{V}{g}_{V}/2{\rm {vev}}}})}
1177:
in vacuum seems to give the identical result, whatever the location in time and space, and whatever the local
627:
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21479:
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20870:
19037:
The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the hunt for the Higgs boson leads us to the edge of a new world
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13512:
11845:
The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the Hunt for the Higgs Boson Leads Us to the Edge of a New World
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3925:
field. Initially, the condensate value does not have any preferred direction, implying it is scalar, but its
3678:
2410:
1899:
1811:
1291:
that would result from symmetry breaking might instead, in some circumstances, be "absorbed" by the massless
1253:
686:
508:
17581:
15013:
Chatrchyan, S.; Khachatryan, V.; et al. (CMS collaboration) (2013). "Higgs-like particle in a mirror".
8412:: 'are the CERN scientists just being too cautious? What would be enough evidence to call it a Higgs boson?'
8156:
In Higgs-based theories, the Higgs boson itself should be an exception, being massive even at high energies.
3286:
3037:
separate teams and experiments, meets the formal level of proof required to announce a confirmed discovery.
2832:
1725:(including otherwise empty space). This nonzero value in turn breaks the weak isospin SU(2) symmetry of the
1495:
1284:, and suggested it could also be part of the answer to the problem of gauge invariance in particle physics.
1038:
21424:
21081:
20606:
16989:
16103:
12426:
Guralnik, G.S. (2011). "Gauge invariance and the Goldstone theorem – 1965 Feldafing talk".
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9862:
9042:
7997:
4350:
The LHC cannot directly measure the Higgs boson's lifetime, due to its extreme brevity. It is predicted as
4092:
3922:
3854:
1158:
1123:
923:
631:
19143:
Announcement on 4 July 2012, of the discovery of a particle which is suspected will be a Higgs Boson.
17766:
Consider the early universe–a state of pure, perfect nothingness; a formless fog of undifferentiated stuff
17743:
12737:
Ellis, John; Gaillard, Mary K.; Nanopoulos, Dimitri V. (2012). "A historical profile of the Higgs boson".
11806:
10727:
8116:
3984:(MSSM) includes a Type-II 2HDM Higgs sector, so it could be disproven by evidence of a Type-I 2HDM Higgs.
42:
21474:
21235:
17207:
16801:
14119:
3741:
1943:
628:
17:
19221:
14851:
14143:"God Particle Finally Discovered? Higgs Boson News At Cern Will Even Feature Scientist It's Named After"
14085:"God Particle Finally Discovered? Higgs Boson News At Cern Will Even Feature Scientist It's Named After"
12397:
12130:
5131:
where an electron's effective mass can be much greater than usual in the presence of a crystal lattice.
5038: – is a useful analogy for the Higgs field's symmetry breaking and mass-causing effect.
4865:
Lederman's editor decided that the title was too controversial and convinced him to change the title to
2717: – over seven times any previous collider – and over 300 trillion (
21489:
21433:
14960:
Collaboration) (7 October 2013). "Evidence for the spin-0 nature of the Higgs boson using ATLAS data".
14803:
Rolf Heuer, director of , said he is confident that "towards the middle of the year, we will be there."
14594:
10089:
8170:
3911:
3613:
has continued to produce findings that confirm the 2013 understanding of the Higgs field and particle.
2823:
originally inhabited by LEP, it was designed to collide two beams of protons, initially at energies of
2648:
2406:
2007:
1827:
1695:
1491:
1452:
1447:
The hypothesised Higgs theory made several key predictions. One crucial prediction was that a matching
1201:
Quantum field theories based on gauge invariance had been used with great success in understanding the
550:
17808:.: "Something we cannot yet detect and which, one might say, has been put there to test and confuse us
16794:
13245:
8936:
8557:
is clearly not covariant, which means that if we wish to maintain transversality of the photon in all
4774:
both comment that the paper by GHK was also completed after Higgs and Brout–Englert were submitted to
3673:
2086:, then it is possible to calculate whether the vacuum is stable or merely long-lived. A Higgs mass of
1636:
by ATLAS (2023). It is the only particle that remains massive even at very high energies. It has zero
1344:
The field required for this to happen (which was purely hypothetical at the time) became known as the
635:
21036:
20682:
18875:
18021:
17986:
16608:"Mass appeal: As physicists close in on the Higgs boson, they should resist calls to change its name"
14723:
12697:
12393:
10787:
D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (15 January 2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice".
10348:
8243:
8169:
to hold true only if certain assumptions hold true, or when certain conditions are met. For example,
8075:
3737:
3147:
The following are examples of tests used to confirm that the discovered particle is the Higgs boson:
2963:
Diphoton channel: Boson subsequently decays into two gamma ray photons by virtual interaction with a
2571:
2550:
2427:
2003:
1730:
1380:
1352:, one of the researchers) and the mechanism by which it led to symmetry breaking became known as the
1300:
38:
19184:"Chasing the Higgs Boson: How 2 teams of rivals at CERN searched for physics' most elusive particle"
16567:
14272:
11683:
Bezrukov, F.; Shaposhnikov, M. (24 January 2008). "The Standard Model Higgs boson as the inflaton".
4020:
626:
21464:
21165:
21041:
20094:
17638:
16945:
16107:
15948:
Aharonov, Y.; Komar, A.; Susskind, L. (1969). "Superluminal Behavior, Causality, and Instability".
14221:(2012). "Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC".
12428:
10958:
8683:
6153:
5994:
5063:, a symmetrical situation. In some substances such as glass, water or air, this symmetry is broken
4928:
we have the standard model, which reduces all of reality to a dozen or so particles and four forces
4075:
3838:
3573:
2358:
2315:
2074:. In this scenario, the universe as we know it could effectively be destroyed by collapsing into a
1718:
1364:
1277:
1003:
933:
18357:
15169:"A detailed map of Higgs boson interactions by the ATLAS experiment ten years after the discovery"
14886:
Chatrchyan, S.; Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A.M.; Tumasyan, A.; Adam, W.; Aguilo, E.; et al. (
14503:
8339:. The movement and interactions of these particles with each other are limited by the energy–time
4632:–antitop quark pair. However, such a decay would only be possible if the Higgs were heavier than ~
1998:
There has been considerable scientific research on possible links between the Higgs field and the
644:
21509:
21494:
21288:
21223:
21110:
20955:
20823:
20813:
20650:
20285:
19912:
19646:
19417:
19005:
18918:
18884:
18624:
Gell-Mann, M. (1956). "The interpretation of the new particles as displaced charged multiplets".
18305:
18275:
16846:
15581:
14508:
Of Particular Significance: Conversations about science with theoretical physicist Matt Strassler
13271:
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8512:
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5264:
4837:
4775:
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neutral Higgs bosons h and H, a CP-odd neutral Higgs boson A, and two charged Higgs particles H.
3950:
3729:
3721:
2586:
2292:
1815:
1726:
1401:
1218:
1099:
704:
634:
591:
516:
365:
19537:
18087:"A quasi-political explanation of the Higgs boson; for Mr. Waldegrave, UK Science Minister"
16843:"Nobelist Steven Weinberg praises professor Carl Hagen and collaborators for Higgs Boson theory"
10761:
8906:
5257:
3849:. Below a certain extremely high energy level the existence of this non-zero vacuum expectation
21442:
21392:
20828:
20801:
20585:
19922:
18841:
16562:
11909:
Guralnik, G. S. (2011). "The Beginnings of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Particle Physics".
9339:
8879:
8797:
8535:
8527:
8003:
7568:
6735:{\displaystyle m_{\text{H}}={\sqrt {2\mu _{\text{H}}^{2}\ }}\equiv {\sqrt {2\lambda v^{2}\ }}.}
6128:
5338:
5311:
5290:" is named (although physicists have described Bose's connection to the discovery as tenuous).
5162:
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4422:
4375:
4371:
4332:
4136:
3902:
The proposed Higgs mechanism arose as a result of theories proposed to explain observations in
3761:
3713:
3512:
3117:
stated in February 2013 that a "definitive" answer might require "another few years" after the
2657:, two beams of particles are accelerated to very high energies and allowed to collide within a
2374:
2370:
2323:
2035:
2034:, but may be viable if combined with additional features such as large non-minimal coupling, a
1982:
1273:
953:
838:
778:
708:
647:
578:
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19209:
The story of the Higgs theory by the authors of the PRL papers and others closely associated:
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6305:
6278:
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3869:, thereby producing the expected mass terms. When symmetry breaks under these conditions, the
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independently showed how a Higgs mechanism could be used to break the electroweak symmetry of
1236:
Further, many promising solutions seemed to require the existence of extra particles known as
21076:
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20917:
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14887:
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13708:
12153:
12149:
11019:
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The range of a force is inversely proportional to the mass of the particles transmitting it.
8242:
The success of the Higgs-based electroweak theory and Standard Model is illustrated by their
6638:
5374:
In the Standard Model, the Higgs field is a four-component scalar field that forms a complex
5147:
4875:
and misleads readers; the particle also has nothing to do with any God, leaves open numerous
4853:
4079:
3988:
3689:, the overall "rules" remain symmetrical, but the "Mexican hat" potential comes into effect:
3610:
3579:
3181:
Spin-0 confirmed. The spin-2 hypothesis is excluded with a confidence level exceeding 99.9%.
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Particle physicist and mathematician Peter Woit summarised the state of research at the time:
2319:
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1798:
Related to this, a belief generally exists among physicists that there is likely to be "new"
1721:(value) than a zero value. Therefore in today's universe the Higgs field has a nonzero value
1549:
properties predicted or whether, as described by some theories, multiple Higgs bosons exist.
1503:
1416:
1379:
that accurately described particles known at the time, and which, with exceptional accuracy,
1202:
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645:
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562:
558:
199:
96:
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Spontaneous symmetry breaking, gauge theories, the Higgs mechanism and all that (Bernstein,
19559:"Spontaneous Breakdown of Strong Interaction Symmetry and the Absence of Massless Particles"
14956:
Aad, G.; Abajyan, T.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Abdel Khalek, S.; Abdinov, O.; et al. (
13482:
10950:
10687:"Higgs boson discovery confirmed after physicists review Large Hadron Collider data at CERN"
4672:), if each of the bosons subsequently decays into a pair of easy-to-detect charged leptons (
4382:. Using this technique, the lifetime of the Higgs boson was tentatively measured in 2021 as
1475:, detectors, and computers capable of looking for Higgs bosons took more than 30 years
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21305:
21026:
20965:
20960:
20934:
20781:
19573:
19518:
19499:"Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC".
19471:
19383:"Heretical Ideas that Provided the Cornerstone for the Standard Model of Particle Physics".
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inevitably becomes broken since eventually the ball must at random roll one way or another.
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2153:
1107:
1095:
738:
678:
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636:
17774:
What shattered this primordial perfection? One likely culprit is the so-called Higgs field
10865:
D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice".
7976: – Physical theory with fields invariant under the action of local "gauge" Lie groups
7873:{\displaystyle m_{\text{u,d,e}}^{i}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2\ }}}\lambda _{\text{u,d,e}}^{i}v}
4411:
3897:
2898:
2012 collision data (with slightly higher 8 TeV collision energy) had been examined.
2827:
per beam (7 TeV total), or almost 3.6 times that of the Tevatron, and upgradeable to
1938:
inside the baryons. In Higgs-based theories, the property of "mass" is a manifestation of
1528:, two fundamental attributes of a Higgs boson. This also means it is the first elementary
78:
8:
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21359:
20993:
20687:
19670:
19154:
17554:
17485:
16809:
16731:
16407:
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CMS Collaboration (24 August 2018). "Observation of Higgs boson decay to bottom quarks".
13400:
10951:
10691:
10317:
9928:
9642:
9441:
Ellis, Gaillard, & Nanopoulos (1976) "A phenomenological profile of the Higgs boson".
8315:
Electroweak symmetry is broken by the Higgs field in its lowest energy state, called its
8038:
5283:
5128:
5027:
4791:
4324:
4293:
The Standard Model does not predict the mass of the Higgs boson. If that mass is between
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energy to have a non-zero value than a zero value, so it ends up having a non-zero value
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3549:
3253:(i.e., strength of interaction with Standard Model particles proportional to their mass)
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13999:
13891:"Press Conference: Update on the search for the Higgs boson at CERN on 4 July 2012"
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11214:
11163:
11150:
Coleman, S.; de Luccia, F. (1980). "Gravitational effects on and of vacuum decay".
11120:
11077:
10888:
10812:
10406:
10368:
9831:
9717:
9546:
5934:
5241:
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boson" as the best submission: "The bottom of a champagne bottle is in the shape of the
4249:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1013:
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19545: : Michigan, 21–25 May 2001, (pp. 86–88), ed. Michael J. Duff, James T. Liu,
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In the Standard Model, the mass term arising from the Dirac Lagrangian for any fermion
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collides with an anti-fermion – e.g., a quark with an anti-quark or an
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2015:
1935:
1907:
1849:
1653:
1541:
1506:, in an attempt to create Higgs bosons and other particles for observation and study.
1448:
1308:
1222:
1151:
1148:"It is only slightly overstating the case to say that physics is the study of symmetry"
1127:
1115:
948:
863:
477:
84:
19096:
10047:
Proceedings of the II Mexican School of Particles and Fields, Cuernavaca-Morelos, 1986
8414:: As there could be many different kinds of Higgs bosons, there's no straight answer.
3685:
the ball settles in the centre, and the result is symmetrical. At lower energy levels
21177:
20907:
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14197:
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13686:
13421:"Interim Summary Report on the Analysis of the 19 September 2008 Incident at the LHC"
13352:
13344:
13162:
13034:
12871:
12718:
12467:
12371:
12159:
11849:
11811:
11585:
11463:
11271:
Frampton, P.H. (1977). "Consequences of Vacuum Instability in Quantum Field Theory".
11175:
10962:
10904:
10828:
10789:
10481:
10474:
10435:
10136:
10095:
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1974:
1895:
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and other structures to form, as well as for nuclear reactions in stars, such as the
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998:
928:
893:
823:
818:
783:
758:
734:
730:
492:
21134:
19585:
19362:
19170:
18806:"Dynamical model of elementary particles based on an analogy with superconductivity"
16415:
15934:
15881:
14999:
14172:
Adrian Cho (13 July 2012). "Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search".
13098:
11779:
11722:
11520:
11410:
11093:
9680:
4607:
of the different decay modes of the Higgs particle depends on the value of its mass.
1295:. If so, perhaps the Goldstone bosons would not exist, and the W and Z bosons could
21411:
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20759:
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18673:
18643:
18626:
18604:
18561:
18123:
17959:
16901:
16623:
16572:
16507:
16491:
16462:"A portrait of the Higgs boson by the CMS experiment ten years after the discovery"
16403:
16376:
Teixeira-Dias (LEP Higgs working group), P. (2008). "Higgs boson searches at LEP".
16345:
16297:
16285:
16192:
16003:
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12077:
12008:
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11886:
11771:
11767:
11714:
11710:
11649:"If Higgs boson calculations are right, a catastrophic 'bubble' could end universe"
11577:
11573:
11508:
11451:
11402:
11398:
11288:
11253:
11218:
11187:
11167:
11136:
11124:
11085:
11081:
10892:
10852:
10816:
10410:
10372:
10355:(March 1964). "Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles?".
10128:
9847:
9839:
9835:
9725:
9721:
9672:
9668:
9550:
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5518:
5226:
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5003:
4971:
4762:
4507:
4344:
4046:
3794:
3724:
models in 1961, there were great difficulties in developing gauge theories for the
3705:
3697:
3187:
3084:
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2843:
2506:
2490:
2311:
2157:
1939:
1641:
1568:
1545:
1521:
1186:
983:
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878:
853:
813:
670:
614:
554:
465:
453:
437:
409:
399:
104:
19128:
18487:
17345:"Good-bye to the SSC: On the life and death of the superconducting super collider"
16905:
15612:
15557:
12945:
12867:
2517: – including "substantial" theoretical work by Russian physicists
2441:
model, independently and almost simultaneously, by three groups of physicists: by
553:, a subatomic particle with the expected properties was discovered in 2012 by the
21469:
21314:
21008:
20875:
20645:
20570:
20554:
20494:
19904:
19829:
19819:
19809:
19721:
19389:
19239:
Higgs, Peter (24 November 2010). "My Life As a Boson: The Story of "the Higgs"".
19166:
18981:
18952:
18879:
18846:
18810:
18678:"Spontaneous symmetry breaking, gauge theories, the Higgs mechanism and all that"
18253:
17893:
17786:
17244:
17163:
17124:
17086:
17017:
15983:
15757:
14806: – Interview by AP, at the World Economic Forum, 26 January 2013.
14751:
14193:
14071:
13305:
12526:
12487:
12392:(Report). Talk given by Peter Higgs at King's College, London, 24 November 2010.
12350:
12302:
12294:
10848:
10352:
10231:
9421:
9416:
9412:
9344:
8599:
contains an accessible and comprehensive background and review of this area, see
8461:
8044:
7927:
6063:
5179:
5171:
4975:
4938:
4913:
4810:
4604:
4402:
4283:
4215:
4172:
4160:
4156:
4128:
4030:
4004:
3991:
the role of the Higgs field is played by strongly bound pairs of fermions called
3907:
3870:
3866:
3788:
3784:
3717:
3663:
2989:
Experimental analysis of these channels reached a significance of more than five
2926:
2636:
2631:
2584:
The three papers written in 1964 were each recognised as milestone papers during
2543:
2482:
2474:
2462:
2454:
2431:
2335:
2331:
2234:
2230:
2194:
1876:
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1354:
1338:
1334:
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1304:
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913:
903:
898:
888:
848:
843:
803:
690:
543:
539:
520:
469:
449:
336:
188:
180:
19101:
17445:
16349:
15110:
14112:"Higgs on way, theories thicken – Wait for news on God particle"
13154:
12665:
12638:
12348:
Higgs, Peter (1964). "Broken symmetries, massless particles, and gauge fields".
11512:
11257:
8821:
is a constant independent of position), we find the Yukawa term has a component
5278:
Following reported observation of the Higgs-like particle in July 2012, several
5010:
are not all affected to the same degree by the dispersive material of the prism.
1512:
1043:
220:
21259:
21046:
20745:
20704:
20618:
20575:
20311:
20099:
19872:
19794:
19789:
19711:
19435:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Jim Al-Khalili, David Wark & Roger Cashmore (
19188:
19074:
19055:
18997:
18939:
18913:
18905:
18797:
17676:
16576:
16495:
16289:
15675:
15202:
14818:"Will our universe end in a 'big slurp'? Higgs-like particle suggests it might"
13868:
13812:
12841:
12333:
12306:
12274:
12247:
12226:
12199:
11606:"Will our universe end in a 'big slurp'? Higgs-like particle suggests it might"
11455:
10896:
10820:
10376:
9694:
CMS collaboration (2018). "Observation of Higgs boson decay to bottom quarks".
9321:. Since the spin-half particles have no right/left helicity pair with the same
8166:
8091:
8019:
7982:
6493:
6205:{\displaystyle \left\langle \phi ^{0}\right\rangle ={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2\,}}}v}
5988:
5135:
5101:
5060:
4909:
4706:
4476:
4464:
4307:), then the Standard Model can be valid at energy scales all the way up to the
4271:
4211:
4164:
4148:
3906:. A superconductor does not allow penetration by external magnetic fields (the
3883:
3803:
3745:
3701:
3690:
3222:
3200:
3165:
3089:
3076:
2978:
2964:
2730:
2558:
2538:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2502:
2494:
2466:
2414:
1923:
1888:
1788:
1742:
1671:, with two neutral and two electrically charged components that form a complex
1657:
1637:
1572:
1525:
1384:
1324:
1292:
1249:
1226:
1174:
1170:
1103:
968:
938:
883:
873:
858:
768:
674:
610:
481:
461:
433:
359:
316:
259:
207:
117:
19393:
19354:
19311:
19286:
19260:
19150:
19136:
16196:
13574:"CMS search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in LHC data from 2010 and 2011"
13090:
13031:
The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe
12459:
12081:
12013:
11986:
11967:
11940:
10841:
8074:
Note that such events also occur due to other processes. Detection involves a
8006:, an extension of the SM where the Higgs boson is made of smaller constituents
6261:{\displaystyle v={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda \,}}}\left|\mu _{\text{H}}\right|}
2291:. However, attempts to produce quantum field models for two of the four known
2214:
2030:. Such theories are highly tentative and face significant problems related to
21484:
21458:
21231:
21199:
21016:
20975:
20662:
20514:
20481:
20273:
20243:
20175:
20034:
19814:
19741:
19726:
19412:
18882:(1964). "Does spontaneous breakdown of symmetry imply zero-mass particles?".
18492:
18192:
17618:
16503:
16007:
15969:
15894:
15819:
Warped Passages: Unraveling the mysteries of the universe's hidden dimensions
15210:
12897:
12891:
12605:
12547:
12509:
12482:
11292:
11222:
11171:
10548:
10203:
10011:
8496:
5205:(2010) – Hagen, Englert, Guralnik, Higgs, Brout, and Kibble,
5202:
4845:
4814:
4163:, which act as the longitudinal third-polarisation components of the massive
4155:. It consists of four components: Two neutral ones and two charged component
4096:
3962:
3926:
3093:
2836:
2594:
2284:
2276:
2226:
2164:
2163:
The relationship (if any) between the Higgs field and the presently observed
2145:
2071:
2055:
2002: – a hypothetical field suggested as the explanation for the
1464:
1233:). But experiments showed the W and Z gauge bosons had non-zero (rest) mass.
1166:
1131:
1119:
988:
943:
908:
763:
596:
491:
with two neutral and two electrically charged components that form a complex
441:
231:
19432:
18867:
18832:
18805:
18704:
18086:
17309:
12684:. Eighth Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, SV: Almquvist and Wiksell. p. 367.
11890:
10414:
7985: – Elementary particles; gauge bosons that mediate the weak interaction
5275:(the most cited paper in particle physics, as of 2012) "milestone Letters".
5198:
for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics
4848:. Lederman wrote it in the context of failing US government support for the
2621:
comments that 1960s gauge theorists were focused on the problem of massless
1614:
whose mass must be found experimentally. Its mass has been determined to be
20998:
20929:
20838:
20796:
20786:
20640:
20190:
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19882:
19824:
19746:
19701:
19060:
18055:
17926:
17829:
17643:
17518:
17165:
The God Particle: The discovery and modeling of the ultimate prime particle
16913:
16763:
16637:
16521:
15620:
15480:
15422:
15228:
15052:
14929:
14565:"CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson"
14201:
14025:
13917:"CERN to give update on Higgs search as curtain raiser to ICHEP conference"
13764:
12875:
12195:
11991:
11945:
11869:
Goldstone, J.; Salam, Abdus; Weinberg, Steven (1962). "Broken Symmetries".
10612:
10576:
10167:
9733:
8903:
are constants, this looks exactly like the mass term for a fermion of mass
8539:
8408:: 'If we don't know the new particle is a Higgs, what do we know about it?'
8317:
8032:
6056:
5530:
5379:
5279:
5253:
5193:
5110:
4966:
4730:
4701:
In 2021 the extremely rare Dalitz decay was tentatively observed, into two
4651:
4647:
4516:
4308:
4287:
4275:
4267:
3958:
3891:
3858:
3834:
3622:
3226:
3141:
3080:
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2610:
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that eventually would become known as the Higgs field and its hypothetical
2593:
50th anniversary celebration. Their six authors were also awarded the 2010
2526:
2470:
2446:
2396:
2246:
2139:
2100:
If measurements of the Higgs boson suggest that our universe lies within a
2046:
1927:
1710:
1690:
1676:
1668:
1649:
1611:
1529:
1424:
1420:
1217:(and its combination with the electromagnetic force, known together as the
1206:
1190:
1048:
1018:
993:
963:
833:
808:
793:
682:
512:
496:
488:
473:
457:
374:
349:
267:
168:
16535:
Liu, G.Z.; Cheng, G. (2002). "Extension of the Anderson-Higgs mechanism".
15143:
14782:
13211:
12986:
11987:"History of Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble Mechanism (history)"
10199:"The Higgs boson: Why scientists hate that you call it the 'God particle'"
9554:
8982:, while the total cross-section for a proton–proton collision is 110
8374:
proved to exist – could be fundamentally incorrect, was not unreasonable.
8246:
of the mass of two particles later detected: the W boson (predicted mass:
5525:
Note: This article uses the scaling convention where the electric charge,
4863:
The Goddamn Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question?
3987:
In other models the Higgs scalar is a composite particle. For example, in
3704:, partly due to its success in other areas of fundamental physics such as
2835:
ever built, its operational readiness was delayed for 14 months by a
2389:, a subject about which Anderson was (and is) one of the leading experts.
2338:, physicists had "no understanding" how these problems could be overcome.
1225:
for these two forces incorrectly predicted the weak force's gauge bosons (
21251:
20912:
20806:
20769:
20655:
20423:
20326:
20321:
20238:
20233:
20163:
20117:
20074:
20039:
19998:
19854:
19716:
18985:
18947:
17082:
16549:
13327:
13123:
Baglio, Julien; Djouadi, Abdelhak (2011). "Higgs production at the lHC".
12298:
9581:
8963:
8574:
8482:
8303:
8221:
8095:
8009:
5908:
5237:
5230:
5175:
5119:
5066:
4884:
4767:
4573:
4359:
4279:
4071:
3992:
3879:
3005:
2850:, had narrowed down the mass range where the Higgs could exist to around
2618:
2566:
2530:
2478:
2458:
2450:
2346:
2272:
2253:
2238:
1823:
1734:
1509:
On 4 July 2012, the discovery of a new particle with a mass between
1349:
1135:
1023:
1008:
958:
918:
868:
531:
184:
176:
19220:. Talk given at King's College, London, 24 November 2010. Archived from
5304:
5023:
3260:
couples to mass (W and Z bosons); proving spin-0 alone is insufficient.
2271:
whose interactions are mediated by exchange particles –
1594:
21403:
21400:
20397:
20291:
20281:
20263:
20153:
20054:
19989:
19706:
19631:
19206:"behind the scenes" style article on the Higgs' search at ATLAS and CMS
18989:
18647:
18609:
18582:
18566:
18539:
16375:
16272:
15909:
15856:
15658:
15595:
13947:"Scientists analyse global Twitter gossip around Higgs boson discovery"
12560:
12524:
Kibble, Tom (1967). "Symmetry Breaking in Non-Abelian Gauge Theories".
12064:
11737:
11478:
8582:
8050:
7930: – Mechanism that explains the generation of mass for gauge bosons
5282:
outlets reported on the supposed neglect of credit to Indian physicist
5216:
5056:
4970:
in 2009 resulted in their science correspondent choosing the name "the
4771:
4499:
4100:
3915:
3898:
Simple explanation of the theory, from its origins in superconductivity
3626:
3234:
2917:
2911:
2106:
1833:
1819:
1746:
1700:
1660:
into other particles almost immediately via several possible pathways.
1381:
predicted several other particles discovered during the following years
1214:
1033:
798:
287:
17447:
The God Particle: If the universe is the answer, what is the question?
17019:
The God Particle: If the universe is the answer, what is the question?
16845:. Department of Physics and Astronomy (Press release). Rochester, NY:
16228:
15755:(1988). "Triviality Pursuit: Can Elementary Scalar Particles Exist?".
15701:"The Hierarchy Problem: why the Higgs has a snowball's chance in hell"
14535:"Higgs particle looks like a bog Standard Model boson, say scientists"
14007:
11179:
8534:, a condition that took time to become questioned. But the process of
8406:'We have discovered a boson; now we have to find out what boson it is'
4867:
The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question?
4833:
The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?
4178:
Mathematically, the Higgs field has imaginary mass and is therefore a
3921:
In these theories, superconductivity is interpreted as arising from a
3861:
components of the Higgs field are "absorbed" by the massive bosons as
3813:
which is responsible for this effect, called the Higgs field (symbol:
2377:
realized and worked out in the summer of 1962 was that, when you have
2341:
1830:, electroweak symmetry breaking is believed to have happened at about
21420:
21270:
21215:
20539:
20529:
20499:
20392:
20358:
20351:
20228:
20218:
20213:
20185:
19953:
19736:
18012:
17276:"This is [the] world's largest super collider that never was"
15695:
15693:
15380:
15326:"ATLAS observes elusive Higgs boson decay to a pair of bottom quarks"
15133:
14885:
11306:
Klotz, Irene (18 February 2013). Adams, David; Eastham, Todd (eds.).
11128:
10476:
The God Particle: If the universe is the answer, what is the question
10230:
Evans, Robert (7 April 2008). Lynn, Jonathan; Fussell, Chloe (eds.).
9318:
8983:
8299:
4872:
4629:
4512:
4200:
4060:
4042:
3996:
2968:
2956:, which couples strongly to the Higgs field to produce a Higgs boson.
2953:
2768:
2562:
2400:
2094:
2079:
2051:
1729:
everywhere. (Technically the non-zero expectation value converts the
19375:
19124:, documentary film about the search for the Higgs Boson at Fermilab.
19089:
17825:"Higgs competition: Crack open the bubbly, the God particle is dead"
16840:
16628:
16607:
10118:
Cited by Peter Higgs in his talk "My Life as a Boson", 2001, ref#25.
9081:
invariant under the electroweak symmetry, as can be seen by writing
4378:
production pathways, derived from Dalitz decay via a virtual photon
2745:
The first extensive search for the Higgs boson was conducted at the
1949:
1602:" of the Higgs field is responsible for some particles gaining mass.
21379:
21322:
21091:
20635:
20463:
20418:
20402:
20363:
20336:
20049:
20044:
20024:
19994:
19984:
19979:
19799:
19774:
19769:
19696:
16478:
15455:
15397:
15243:"Highlights from the 2019 Moriond conference (electroweak physics)"
15185:
15093:
12050:
Ruegg, Henri; Ruiz-Altaba, Martí (2004). "The Stueckelberg Field".
11670:
11630:
11560:
11236:
Frampton, P.H. (1976). "Vacuum Instability and Higgs Scalar Mass".
10879:
10803:
9822:
9708:
9663:
8979:
8593:
proof breaks down, the zero mass Goldstone mesons need not appear.
5143:
4905:
4841:
4673:
4549:
4534:
4530:
4187:
4168:
4159:. Both of the charged components and one of the neutral fields are
4025:
4010:
3079:
highlighted "considerable" evidence that the new particle is not a
3063:
Following the 2012 discovery, it was still unconfirmed whether the
2764:
2760:
2702:
2334:
would also have to exist that simply were "not seen". According to
2208:
2149:
2063:
2027:
2011:
1999:
1978:
1970:
1839:
1805:
1706:
1583:
1405:
19597: – example of a 1966 Russian paper on the subject.
19513:
19466:
19337:
18950:(1964). "Broken symmetries, massless particles and gauge fields".
16390:
16332:
16179:
16146:
15690:
15540:
15027:
14974:
14904:
14354:
14237:
13990:
13851:
13795:
13729:
13391:
13137:
13073:
12743:
12442:
11915:
11754:
11697:
11495:
11438:
11385:
11068:
10393:
Anderson, P. (April 1963). "Plasmons, gauge invariance and mass".
9537:
4778:, and that Higgs alone had drawn attention to a predicted massive
4568:
3509:
not confirmed as 2022 but there is evidence)) respectively, where
2160:
that the presently known forces and fields of the universe arise.
2144:
More speculatively, the Higgs field has also been proposed as the
2054:
masses, which could indicate whether our universe is stable, or a
20764:
20714:
20544:
20534:
20504:
20458:
20453:
20428:
20346:
20331:
20258:
20253:
20158:
20143:
20089:
20064:
20029:
19958:
19940:
19679:
18426:
17889:"Higgs boson explained: How the 'God particle' gives things mass"
17057:"Stephen Hawking says 'god particle' could wipe out the universe"
15131:
12695:
Glashow, S.L. (1961). "Partial-symmetries of weak interactions".
11201:
Stone, M. (1976). "Lifetime and decay of excited vacuum states".
10236:
8465:
8225:
7562:
6745:
The quarks and the leptons interact with the Higgs field through
5293:
5031:
4888:
4526:
4183:
4099:, conformal solutions and solutions via extra dimensions such as
3954:
3887:
3833:), which has the unusual property of a non-zero amplitude in its
3733:
3700:
is an important property of modern particle theories such as the
3618:
3304:
3215:
Particularly significant, we should observe decays into pairs of
2982:
2733:(as of 2012), comprising over 170 computing facilities in a
2603:
2041:
1915:
1884:
1750:
1564:
1162:
1111:
294:
274:
254:(tentatively measured at 3.2 sigma (1 in 1000) significance)
134:
17987:"The Higgs particle: an analogy for Physics classroom (section)"
16965:. Oxford University Press. p. 372 – via Google Books.
15269:"All together now: adding more pieces to the Higgs boson puzzle"
12682:
Elementary Particle Physics: Relativistic Groups and Analyticity
11308:"Universe has finite lifespan, Higgs boson calculations suggest"
9529:
4086:. More broadly, the hierarchy problem amounts to the worry that
3058:
2283:
in which the objects of study are not particles and forces, but
20524:
20519:
20148:
20135:
20126:
19948:
19862:
19761:
19287:"Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble mechanism (history)"
19271:"Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism (history)"
16136:
Lykken, Joseph D. (27 June 2009). "Beyond the Standard Model".
15796:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Westview Press. pp. 1–3.
14756:
13024:
13022:
13020:
13018:
13016:
13014:
13012:
13010:
13008:
11476:
11107:
Turner, M.S.; Wilczek, F. (1982). "Is our vacuum metastable?".
10241:
8508:
8428:
6632:
5287:
5052:
5007:
4702:
4688:
4495:
4491:
4468:
4007:
and the electroweak symmetry is broken using extra dimensions.
3977:
3263:
Couplings to mass strongly evidenced ("At 95% confidence level
3217:
3213:
Higgs boson. Are these all being seen, and at the right rates?
3126:
2949:
2820:
2264:
1911:
1903:
1894:
It is worth noting that the Higgs field does not "create" mass
1683:. This shape means that below extremely high energies of about
1679:
SU(2) symmetry. Unlike any other known quantum field, it has a
1589:
1110:
that predicts almost all known particles and forces aside from
599:. The name has been criticised by physicists, including Higgs.
570:
456:
theory. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive
312:
308:
301:
103:(dashed yellow lines and green towers). The lower event in the
100:
88:
19120:
17514:"Father of the god particle: Portrait of Peter Higgs unveiled"
17380:
hearings on the collider, an unbridled advocate of its merits.
16138:
Proceedings of the 2009 European School of High-Energy Physics
14749:
The discovery of the Higgs boson was announced in articles in
9444:
Bjorken (1977) "Weak interaction theory and neutral currents".
9428:
5022:
An educational collaboration involving an LHC physicist and a
4619:
2948:. The dominant production mechanism at this mass involves two
2129:
1436:
correct, had come to be regarded as one of the most important
319:) (tentatively observed at sigma 3.2 (1 in 1000) significance)
20549:
20489:
20341:
20200:
20079:
20019:
19974:
19867:
19845:
19688:
19146:
18051:"How will we know when the Higgs particle has been detected?"
16759:"Higgs boson's many great minds cause a Nobel prize headache"
16173:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 844. Springer. §1.2.2.
14074:, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
13971:
10043:
9326:
9322:
8585:, and one can readily show that the S-matrix elements, which
8410:: We know it is some kind of boson, says Vivek Sharma of CMS
8295:
5139:
4818:
4684:
4503:
3783:
any new massless particles or forces, and having "sensible" (
2929:
showing the cleanest channels associated with the low-mass (~
1931:
1880:
1867:. The Higgs field is responsible for this symmetry breaking.
1579:
1409:
1358:. A key feature of the necessary field is that it would take
527:
281:
17922:"Higgs boson: How would you explain it to a seven-year-old?"
13972:
De Domenico, M.; Lima, A.; Mougel, P.; Musolesi, M. (2013).
13005:
10973:, who provides many references in support of this statement.
8673:{\displaystyle V(\phi )=\mu ^{2}\phi ^{2}+\lambda \phi ^{4}}
2148:, which at the extreme energies of the first moments of the
1741:") to become the longitudinal components of the now-massive
20316:
20248:
20208:
19784:
19779:
19140:
17789:
wondered why the universe we live in was so obviously askew
16232:
15525:
14855:
14685:"The year of the Higgs, and other tiny advances in science"
14273:"Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV"
13237:
13180:
11370:
10735:
10616:
9866:
9773:
8432:
7517:
are left-handed and right-handed quarks and leptons of the
4817:, who was credited for naming the elementary particle, the
4677:
4480:
4041:
The Standard Model leaves the mass of the Higgs boson as a
3092:, absence of "significant new implications" for or against
3000:
2816:
2710:
2487:
unified model for the weak and electromagnetic interactions
1860:
1560:
1499:
566:
322:
108:
16880:
16878:
10985:"Is there a link between the Higgs boson and dark energy?"
10012:
Falkowski, Adam (writing as 'Jester') (27 February 2013).
5991:(a complete set of generators of the SU(2) symmetry), and
5308:
The potential for the Higgs field, plotted as function of
4654:–antitau pair, which happens only about 6.3% of the time.
4599:
3493:
for the vector bosons V (=Z,W) and for the fermions F ( =
1395:
To allow symmetry breaking, the Standard Model includes a
1141:
21190:
19538:
Particle Data Group: Review of searches for Higgs Bosons.
17436:
16066:"Explanatory figures for the Higgs boson exclusion plots"
16038:
15727:"The Hierarchy Problem | Of Particular Significance"
14767:
12158:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: World Scientific. pp. 86–88.
9770:"New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson"
8435:, since they are known to be composites of pairs of spin-
5071:. The result is that light of different wavelengths have
4993:
4472:
4088:
a future theory of fundamental particles and interactions
2714:
2549:
The resulting electroweak theory and Standard Model have
1864:
585:
In the media, the Higgs boson has often been called the "
484:
into other particles almost immediately upon generation.
92:
19413:"True Tales from the Road: The Higgs Boson Re-Explained"
19116:, documentary film about the search for the Higgs Boson.
18521:
18519:
18517:
18515:
17088:
Higgs: The invention and discovery of the 'God particle'
16978:
16976:
15073:
14955:
14783:"CERN chief: Higgs boson quest could wrap up by midyear"
12483:"Spontaneous symmetry breakdown without massless bosons"
12104:
List of Anderson 1958–1959 papers referencing 'symmetry'
11149:
10864:
10786:
10678:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10531:
8186:
In theoretical particle physics, one says that particle
3048:, and CMS improved the significance to 5-sigma and mass
2639:
were considered until the discovery of the Higgs boson.
1444:
even the entire Standard Model, were somehow incorrect.
19405:
19392:
SPG Mitteilungen March 2013, No. 39, (p. 14), and
18221:"Physicists Anxiously Await New Data on 'God Particle'"
16875:
16841:
U.R. Phys. & Astro. press office (8 October 2007).
16094:
15641:
15578:
15166:
13649:"ATLAS and CMS experiments present Higgs search status"
12844:(14 December 1979). "The 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics".
12736:
12414:
gauge theory with a gauge field coupled to the current.
11479:"Investigating the near-criticality of the Higgs boson"
11106:
10953:
Concepts of Mass in Contemporary Physics and Philosophy
10285:
From P.W. Anderson (1972) "More is different", Science.
8499:' states (the latter remain stable unless sufficiently
7978:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
4639:, twice the mass of the top quark. For a Higgs mass of
4576:
of the Higgs particle depends on the value of its mass.
2901:
2579:
2097:
of the top quark. New physics can change this picture.
18249:"Top 5 Common Misconceptions About the Higgs Particle"
17744:"One thing is perfectly clear: Nothingness is perfect"
17582:"Key scientist sure "God particle" will be found soon"
17543:
17541:
17310:"Super competition for superconducting super collider"
17208:"No resurrection in sight for moribund super collider"
16095:
Carena, M.; Grojean, C.; Kado, M.; Sharma, V. (2013).
15986:(1967). "Possibility of faster-than-light particles".
14040:"Higgs boson particle results could be a quantum leap"
13651:(Press release). CERN Press Office. 13 December 2011.
13543:"ATLAS experiment presents latest Higgs search status"
12946:"J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics"
12129:. London: King's College. pp. 4–5. Archived from
11868:
11807:"One Thing Is Perfectly Clear: Nothingness Is Perfect"
10957:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
10232:"Key scientist sure "God particle" will be found soon"
10083:
10081:
10079:
9893:"Getting to know the Higgs particle: New discoveries!"
9386:
9005:
9003:
9001:
8029: – Possible outcome of renormalization in physics
7836:
6502:
6418:
6361:
6226:
6185:
5715:
5687:
5415:
5286:
after whose work in the 1920s the class of particles "
3775:
theoretically be possible for a symmetry to be broken
3681:
illustrated": – At high energy levels
21164:
19601:
The Department of Energy Explains ... the Higgs Boson
19102:
Hunting the Higgs Boson at C.M.S. Experiment, at CERN
18512:
18017:"Finally – a Higgs boson story anyone can understand"
17301:
16973:
16602:
16600:
16598:
16596:
16594:
16459:
16058:
15947:
15012:
14951:
14949:
14947:
12200:"Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons"
11941:"Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble Mechanism"
10544:"It's a boson! But we need to know if it's the Higgs"
10528:
10087:
9277:
9231:
9109:
9087:
9045:
9025:
8939:
8909:
8882:
8827:
8800:
8752:
8719:
8713:
has a minimum not at zero but at some non-zero value
8686:
8618:
8119:
7886:
7816:
7601:
7571:
7531:
7467:
6758:
6664:
6641:
6338:
6308:
6281:
6218:
6162:
6131:
6072:
6023:
5997:
5966:
5937:
5917:
5886:
5855:
5624:
5391:
5341:
5314:
4646:
the SM predicts that the most common decay is into a
3819:
3582:
3552:
3515:
3440:
3318:
1383:. During the 1970s these theories rapidly became the
18916:(1964). "Broken symmetries and massless particles".
18422:"India: Enough about Higgs, let's discuss the boson"
13643:
13641:
12561:
Guralnik, G.S.; Hagen, C.R.; Kibble, T.W.B. (1967).
11682:
10762:"CMS precisely measures the mass of the Higgs boson"
10644:
10642:
10503:"The known particles – if the Higgs field were zero"
9803:
9801:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9447:
Wienberg (received, 1975) "Mass of the Higgs boson".
8055:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
8014:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
5203:
J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics
5122:, the evidence required to show the theory is right.
4852:, a partially constructed titanic competitor to the
3949:
non-minimal Higgs sector favoured by theory are the
3206:
The Standard Model predicts the decay patterns of a
3131:
On 14 March 2013 CERN confirmed the following:
2767: – the collider that discovered the
2725:) LHC proton–proton collisions were analysed by the
2713:
with a planned eventual collision energy of 14
2595:
J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics
2437:
These approaches were quickly developed into a full
1656:
to (interacts with) mass. It is also very unstable,
1455:, as a way to prove the Higgs field itself existed.
1169:
by +100 volts does not cause any change to the
480:
to (interacts with) mass. It is also very unstable,
18980:
18114:"Ten things you may not know about the Higgs boson"
17538:
15381:"Observation of Higgs boson decay to bottom quarks"
15357:"Observation of Higgs boson decay to bottom quarks"
15323:
14881:
14879:
14877:
14655:"Higgs boson confirmed; CERN discovery passes test"
14334:
13833:
13777:
13683:
WLCG – Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
13242:
WLCG – Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
13206:
13204:
13202:
12293:
11738:"Higgs Inflation at NNLO after the Boson Discovery"
11342:"Higgs boson will destroy the universe, eventually"
10431:
The Physical Universe: An introduction to astronomy
10076:
10039:
10037:
10035:
9649:decays and VH production with the ATLAS detector".
9641:
9490:"ATLAS sets record precision on Higgs boson's mass"
8998:
8974:
8972:
8041: – Special case of the abelian Higgs mechanism
5096:Matt Strassler uses electric fields as an analogy:
4782:boson, while all others had focused on the massive
4127:In the Standard Model, the Higgs field is a scalar
3787:) results mathematically. This became known as the
3178:leaving spin-0 and spin-2 as remaining candidates.
2775:(LHC) was still under construction and the planned
1782:
1280:, observed that symmetry breaking played a role in
62:"God Particle" redirects here. For other uses, see
19394:Talk at Brown University about the 1964 PRL papers
18735:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
18728:
18080:
18078:
17444:
16614:(editorial). 483, 374 (7390): 374. 21 March 2012.
16591:
14944:
14526:
13565:
12248:"Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons"
11053:
10842:Demystifying the Higgs Boson with Leonard Susskind
10473:
10156:
10154:
10152:
9617:"ATLAS finds evidence of a rare Higgs boson decay"
9611:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9309:
9263:
9215:
9093:
9069:
9031:
8954:
8925:
8895:
8864:
8813:
8786:
8738:
8705:
8672:
8139:
7904:
7872:
7799:
7584:
7553:
7509:
7450:
6734:
6647:
6623:
6481:
6321:
6294:
6260:
6204:
6144:
6117:
6047:
6009:
5979:
5948:
5923:
5899:
5872:
5838:
5490:
5354:
5327:
5219:(2004) – Englert, Brout, and Higgs
4982:was suggested as well, in an opinion piece in the
3825:
3597:
3564:
3538:
3485:
3426:
3140:This also makes the particle the first elementary
2977:The four-lepton "golden channel": Boson emits two
1494:, and the construction of one of the world's most
1430:
1196:
19153: – Higgs Boson Explained by CERN Physicist,
19090:Popular science, mass media, and general coverage
18796:
18727:Peskin, Michael E.; Schroeder, Daniel V. (1995).
17574:
15751:
15440:
15378:
15354:
14397:
14395:
14393:
14391:
14389:
14217:
13707:
13638:
13052:
13050:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12791:
12307:"Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles"
12117:
12115:
12113:
11980:
11978:
10639:
10494:
10343:
10341:
10339:
10316:. Dr. Peter Woit (Senior Lecturer in Mathematics
9807:
9792:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9693:
6655:. The mass of the Higgs boson itself is given by
5223:Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
4912:in which the primordial single language of early
3744:as required for mass, so they must be massless.)
3668:
3203:(outcomes of particle decaying) are as predicted
2871:. By around November 2011, the anomalous data at
2066:and LHC data still allows for both possibilities.
1950:Scalar fields and extension of the Standard Model
1538:why some fundamental particles have (a rest) mass
21456:
18844:(1963). "Plasmons, gauge invariance, and mass".
18479:
17622:(interview). 13 September 2008. pp. 44–45.
17505:
17201:
17199:
17197:
14874:
14774:
14467:
14465:
14065:CERN prepares to deliver Higgs particle findings
13827:
13607:
13605:
13603:
13601:
13599:
13535:
13199:
12939:
12937:
12152:. In Michael J. Duff & James T. Liu (eds.).
12049:
11904:
11902:
11900:
10606:
10604:
10602:
10388:
10386:
10032:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9950:
9401:"A-B-E-G-H-H-K-'tH" mechanism (by Peter Higgs).
8969:
8787:{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}=\phi -\phi _{0}}
8523:
8521:
7958: – Mathematics of a particle physics model
6329:arise, which give masses to the W and Z bosons:
4225:
4122:
4011:Further theoretical issues and hierarchy problem
3486:{\displaystyle {\kappa }_{F}{m}_{V}/{\rm {vev}}}
1806:Symmetry breaking of the electroweak interaction
19444:
19161:HowStuffWorks: What exactly is the Higgs Boson?
18749:
18726:
18537:
18525:
18153:. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013
18075:
17478:
17126:The Higgs Boson: Searching for the God Particle
16020:
15513:
15501:
15317:
13771:
12887:
12885:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11928:
11926:
11143:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11043:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10714:
10273:
10149:
9863:"What should we know about the Higgs particle?"
9600:
9508:
8865:{\displaystyle g\phi _{0}{\bar {\psi }}\psi ~.}
8746:By expressing the action in terms of the field
8306:, all later proven to exist as the theory said.
7912:denote the eigenvalues of the Yukawa matrices.
6118:{\displaystyle \phi ^{1}=\phi ^{2}=\phi ^{3}=0}
2625:bosons, and the implied existence of a massive
1209:, but by around 1960, all attempts to create a
625:
20881:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
19556:
18389:"For Nobel, they can thank the 'god particle'"
17395:Magic Universe: A grand tour of modern science
17015:
16855:— Rochester's Hagen Sakurai Prize announcement
16025:
14386:
13212:"Hunt for Higgs boson hits key decision point"
13047:
12788:
12757:
12425:
12150:"My Life as a Boson: The Story of 'The Higgs'"
12110:
11975:
11270:
11235:
10471:
10434:. University Science Books. pp. 107–108.
10336:
9767:
9748:
9101:in terms of left and right handed components:
8238:
8236:
8234:
7956:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
7554:{\displaystyle \lambda _{\text{u,d,e}}^{i\,j}}
5300:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
5294:Technical aspects and mathematical formulation
2042:Nature of the universe, and its possible fates
21150:
20730:
19647:
19607:
19553:, containing Higgs' story of the Higgs Boson.
19034:
18994:"Broken symmetries and the Goldstone theorem"
18446:
17194:
16678:
16317:
16313:
16311:
16309:
16307:
14780:
14462:
14440:"LHC 2012 proton run extended by seven weeks"
14330:
14328:
13596:
13238:"Welcome to the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid"
13122:
13056:
12934:
12694:
12606:"Letters from the Past – A PRL Retrospective"
12563:"Broken symmetries and the Goldstone theorem"
11897:
11100:
10728:"LHC experiments delve deeper into precision"
10599:
10383:
10007:
10005:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9947:
9398:"Higgs–Kibble" mechanism (by Abdus Salam) and
8518:
8335:In the Standard Model, forces are carried by
8000: – Description of the behavior of bosons
7510:{\displaystyle (d,u,e,\nu )_{\text{L,R}}^{i}}
4705:(electrons or muons) and a photon (ℓℓγ), via
4327:is violated in certain scattering processes.
4151:, and in certain configurations must undergo
3059:New particle tested as a possible Higgs boson
1496:expensive and complex experimental facilities
1070:
18413:
17955:"Higgs boson metaphors as clear as molasses"
17385:
17161:
16713:
16711:
16371:
16369:
16367:
16034:"At long last, the Higgs particle ... maybe"
13118:
13116:
13114:
13112:
13110:
13108:
12943:American Physical Society –
12882:
12732:
12730:
12728:
12636:
12190:
11923:
11841:
11305:
11040:
10711:
9918:
9916:
9914:
9383:from the LEP-2 direct search is allowed for.
4964:A renaming competition by British newspaper
4374:production pathways and in the, much rarer,
3127:Confirmation of existence and current status
3109:In January 2013, CERN director-general
2740:
1870:
1590:Overview of Higgs boson and field properties
18583:"Charge independence theory of V-particles"
17709:. Virgin Books. pp. 148–149, 278–279.
16257:
15976:
15842:Sen, Ashoke (May 2002). "Rolling tachyon".
15295:"Long-sought decay of Higgs boson observed"
14266:
14264:
14213:
14211:
14032:
13475:
13426:. CERN. 15 October 2008. EDMS 973073.
13405:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
12341:
12021:
11835:
11539:
10651:"New data boosts case for Higgs boson find"
10563:
9576:
9574:
9572:
9310:{\displaystyle {\bar {\psi }}_{R}\psi _{R}}
9264:{\displaystyle {\bar {\psi }}_{L}\psi _{L}}
8577:. This is no catastrophe, since the photon
8361:static forces and virtual-particle exchange
8324:
8290:). Other accurate predictions included the
8231:
8078:excess of such events at specific energies.
7905:{\displaystyle \lambda _{\text{u,d,e}}^{i}}
6268:. The measured value of this parameter is ~
4746:
4300:(consistent with empirical observations of
2130:Vacuum energy and the cosmological constant
1415:Unlike all other known fields, such as the
59:Elementary particle involved with rest mass
23:
21157:
21143:
20737:
20723:
19654:
19640:
19498:
19053:
17205:
16788:
16786:
16304:
14625:"Higgs boson discovery has been confirmed"
14325:
14295:
14171:
14165:
14109:
13303:
12241:
12239:
12237:
10467:
10465:
10463:
10192:
10190:
9996:
8086:
8084:
4588:the SM predicts a mean life time of about
4445:
4434:
4421:
4410:
3270:is within 15% of the standard model value
2916:
2910:
2395:The Higgs mechanism is a process by which
1287:Specifically, Anderson suggested that the
1270:it's now "broken" and no longer a symmetry
1077:
1063:
77:
24:
19512:
19465:
19374:
19336:
19324:International Journal of Modern Physics A
19310:
19241:International Journal of Modern Physics A
19073:
18831:
18768:
18672:
18623:
18608:
18580:
18565:
18147:"What's the matter with the Higgs boson?"
17886:
17129:. Scientific American / Macmillan. 2012.
17054:
16708:
16627:
16566:
16548:
16511:
16477:
16389:
16364:
16331:
16271:
16178:
16145:
15941:
15908:
15855:
15745:
15729:. Profmattstrassler.com. 16 August 2011.
15657:
15594:
15539:
15454:
15396:
15218:
15184:
15092:
15026:
14973:
14903:
14557:
14501:
14353:
14236:
14140:
14015:
13989:
13850:
13794:
13754:
13728:
13701:
13390:
13326:
13297:
13136:
13105:
13072:
13060:International Journal of Modern Physics A
12928:
12916:
12742:
12725:
12679:
12664:
12508:
12441:
12332:
12273:
12225:
12063:
12052:International Journal of Modern Physics A
12012:
11966:
11914:
11753:
11696:
11559:
11494:
11437:
11384:
11200:
11067:
10920:"Why would I care about the Higgs boson?"
10878:
10802:
10613:"Higgs: The beginning of the exploration"
10610:
10569:
10500:
10294:
10261:
10094:(1st ed.). Basic Books. p. 11.
9960:
9911:
9821:
9707:
9662:
9536:
9135:
9131:
8612:A field with the "Mexican hat" potential
8596:
8543:
7545:
7339:
7234:
7122:
7017:
6905:
6800:
6568:
6564:
6384:
6380:
6235:
6194:
5864:
5680:
5156:
4393:, at sigma 3.2 (1 in 1000) significance.
3953:(2HDM), which predict the existence of a
1859:. This symmetry breaking is required for
1842:, when the universe was at a temperature
1770:proof that the Higgs field and boson did
1467:, which manifest as Higgs particles (the
1114:with great accuracy. (A separate theory,
507:(including otherwise empty space), which
19661:
19368:
19320:
18874:
18840:
18453:Bal, Hartosh Singh (19 September 2012).
18144:
17669:
17442:
17336:
16982:
16686:"Frequently asked questions: The Higgs!"
16653:
16651:
16649:
16647:
16534:
15982:
15888:
15810:
15785:
14303:"Latest Results from ATLAS Higgs Search"
14261:
14208:
13489:(Press release). CERN. 5 December 2008.
13459:(Press release). CERN. 16 October 2008.
13453:"CERN releases analysis of LHC incident"
12805:
12289:
12287:
12285:
11908:
11599:
11597:
11595:
10684:
10472:Lederman, Leon M.; Teresi, Dick (1993).
10392:
10347:
10127:
10044:José Luis Lucio; Arnulfo Zepeda (1987).
9860:
9619:(Press release). CERN. 8 February 2021.
9569:
9434:Examples of early papers using the term
6059:breaks the SU(2) symmetry (see figure).
6048:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{H}}^{2}>0}
5303:
5256:had died in 2011 and the Nobel Prize is
4997:
4918:fragmented into many disparate languages
4683:Decay into massless gauge bosons (i.e.,
4618:
4598:
4567:
4467:, then allowing them to smash together.
4024:
3944:Alternatives to the Standard Model Higgs
3798:Summary of interactions between certain
3793:
3672:
3303:
3282:Higher energy results remain consistent
2340:
2045:
1818:to manifest in part as the short-ranged
1774:exist would have also been significant.
1593:
1438:unanswered questions in particle physics
32:This is an accepted version of this page
19557:Migdal, A. A.; Polyakov, A. M. (1966).
19181:
18912:
18750:Tipler, Paul; Llewellyn, Ralph (2003).
18731:An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
18485:
18386:
18218:
17547:
17081:
16783:
16428:
15816:
15301:(Press release). CERN. 28 August 2018.
15167:The ATLAS Collaboration (4 July 2022).
14849:
14719:"Confirmed: The Higgs boson does exist"
14437:
13611:
12840:
12760:"From Weak Interactions to Gravitation"
12680:Salam, A. (1968). Svartholm, N. (ed.).
12234:
11646:
11339:
10982:
10460:
10307:
10305:
10303:
10187:
9895:(Press release). Institute of Physics.
8081:
7561:are matrices of Yukawa couplings where
5267:' 50-year review (2008) recognised the
5030: – responsible for the
4021:Hierarchy problem § The Higgs mass
2833:most complicated scientific instruments
2542:learned of the theory due to physicist
1575:, and ripples on the surface of water.
1458:
1189:and are described mathematically using
1142:Gauge invariant theories and symmetries
1106:– a widely accepted framework based on
14:
21457:
20125:
19284:
19268:
18419:
18336:"Special Breakthrough Prize Laureates"
18246:
18185:
18111:
18084:
18048:
17952:
17919:
17855:
17822:
17706:Massive: The hunt for the God particle
17702:
17626:from the original on 13 September 2008
17526:from the original on 12 September 2014
17511:
17451:. Dell Publishing. chapter 2, page 2.
17391:
17342:
17307:
16792:
16756:
16657:
16135:
16076:from the original on 16 September 2017
16031:
15791:
15324:Atlas Collaboration (28 August 2018).
15271:. ATLAS collaboration. 18 March 2019.
14852:"A question of spin for the new boson"
14532:
14270:
14153:from the original on 11 September 2013
13571:
12970:
12931:, pp. 9, 36 (footnote), 43–44, 47
12600:
12598:
12523:
11984:
11938:
11735:
11545:
11423:
10948:
10541:
10160:
10016:(blog). Résonaances particle physics.
9922:
5019:and articles in newspapers worldwide.
5002:Photograph of light passing through a
4994:Educational explanations and analogies
4603:The Standard Model prediction for the
4572:The Standard Model prediction for the
4093:number of solutions have been proposed
3299:
3159:Current status (As of July 2017)
2642:
1423:, and has a non-zero average value in
1173:it produces. Similarly, measuring the
21138:
20718:
19635:
19238:
19212:
18946:
18540:"Charge independence for V-particles"
18467:from the original on 29 December 2019
18188:"Exploding the myths about the Higgs"
17684:from the original on 12 November 2020
17594:from the original on 23 February 2021
17550:"How the 'God particle' got its name"
17055:Dickerson, Kelly (8 September 2014).
17016:Lederman, Leon; Teresi, Dick (2006).
16952:
16864:
16666:from the original on 17 December 2012
16644:
16460:The CMS Collaboration (4 July 2022).
16378:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
16221:
16168:
16117:from the original on 10 December 2017
15305:from the original on 22 November 2018
14828:from the original on 21 February 2013
14815:
14793:from the original on 21 February 2013
14605:from the original on 12 February 2013
14575:from the original on 21 November 2017
14412:. Particle Data Group. 12 July 2012.
14313:from the original on 23 November 2016
14116:The Telegraph – India
14087:. Huffingtonpost.co.uk. 3 July 2012.
13927:from the original on 12 November 2016
13923:(Press release). CERN. 22 June 2012.
13655:from the original on 13 December 2012
13553:from the original on 23 November 2016
13493:from the original on 12 November 2016
13463:from the original on 12 November 2016
13028:
12973:"Physicists get political over Higgs"
12952:from the original on 12 February 2010
12480:
12384:
12347:
12282:
12245:
12147:
12121:
11659:from the original on 21 February 2013
11616:from the original on 21 February 2013
11603:
11592:
11318:from the original on 20 February 2013
10768:from the original on 23 December 2021
10742:from the original on 22 November 2018
10324:from the original on 23 November 2012
10229:
10211:from the original on 23 February 2015
10196:
9459:architect of the super collider plan.
9070:{\displaystyle -m{\bar {\psi }}\psi }
8035: – Boson with spin equal to zero
7941: – Non-mathematical introduction
7810:where the masses of the fermions are
5108:A similar explanation was offered by
4809:credit the "Higgs" name to physicist
4194:) are a purely hypothetical concept,
4091:do not affect particles with spin. A
3982:Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
3937:
3657:
2072:long-lived, but not completely stable
2026:expansion of the universe during the
1810:Below an extremely high temperature,
21117:
19410:
18771:Introduction to Elementary Particles
18219:Overbye, Dennis (11 December 2011).
18145:Goldberg, David (17 November 2010).
18063:from the original on 26 January 2016
18011:
17967:from the original on 4 February 2013
17934:from the original on 22 October 2014
17837:from the original on 12 January 2015
17741:
17723:from the original on 25 January 2022
17651:from the original on 1 December 2016
17481:"Higgs boson: The particle of faith"
17479:Alister McGrath (15 December 2011).
17412:from the original on 25 January 2022
17320:from the original on 1 November 2013
17286:from the original on 18 January 2013
17273:
17220:from the original on 6 November 2013
17063:from the original on 28 January 2015
16997:from the original on 21 January 2013
16771:from the original on 17 October 2013
16738:from the original on 19 October 2013
16717:
16441:from the original on 1 November 2013
15835:
15429:from the original on 25 January 2022
15379:CMS Collaboration (24 August 2018).
14731:from the original on 25 January 2022
14635:from the original on 25 October 2013
14571:(Press release). CERN. 4 July 2012.
14545:from the original on 26 January 2016
14502:Strassler, Matt (14 November 2012).
13974:"The Anatomy of a Scientific Gossip"
13957:from the original on 29 October 2013
13362:from the original on 27 January 2017
13282:from the original on 7 November 2017
12993:from the original on 25 January 2022
12618:from the original on 10 January 2010
12184:
12172:from the original on 25 January 2022
11819:from the original on 25 January 2022
11804:
11786:from the original on 26 January 2016
10648:
10584:from the original on 31 October 2012
10311:
10300:
10108:from the original on 25 January 2022
10088:Gunion; Dawson; Kane; Haber (1990).
10064:from the original on 25 January 2022
9973:from the original on 12 October 2013
9935:from the original on 12 October 2013
9899:from the original on 13 January 2022
9873:from the original on 13 January 2022
9780:from the original on 20 October 2015
9623:from the original on 19 January 2022
9588:from the original on 2 December 2021
9584:(Press release). CMS Collaboration.
8268:), and the Z boson (predicted mass:
8140:{\displaystyle \tau =\hbar /\Gamma }
8061:
8047: – Field with an imaginary mass
5615:The Higgs part of the Lagrangian is
5051:In vacuum, light of all colours (or
5006:: the rainbow effect arises because
4879:, and does not explain the ultimate
4736:
4331:electroweak parameters, such as the
4229:
4135:meaning it does not transform under
2936:) Higgs boson candidate observed by
2902:Discovery of candidate boson at CERN
2693:To find the Higgs boson, a powerful
2580:Summary and impact of the PRL papers
2407:explicitly breaking gauge invariance
2229:for their work; from left to right:
2050:Diagram showing the Higgs boson and
1920:quantum chromodynamic binding energy
1243:
19451:
19165:
18773:(2nd revised ed.). WILEY-VCH.
18452:
18247:Yeager, Ashley (13 November 2012).
18186:Brooks, Michael (31 October 2012).
17756:from the original on 5 October 2015
17614:"The man behind the 'God particle'"
17606:
17206:Aschenbach, Joy (5 December 1993).
16884:
15841:
15817:Randall, Lisa (19 September 2006).
15367:from the original on 30 August 2018
15336:from the original on 28 August 2018
15138:. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs.
14403:"Higgs bosons: theory and searches"
13584:from the original on 7 January 2012
13433:from the original on 20 August 2013
13033:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12806:Politzer, David (8 December 2004).
12595:
11647:Peralta, Eyder (19 February 2013).
11527:from the original on 28 August 2014
10917:
10663:from the original on 4 January 2018
10427:
9369:This upper limit would increase to
8600:
7920:
4856:with planned collision energies of
3237:(ττ), among the possible outcomes.
3050:125.3 ± 0.4 (stat) ± 0.5 (sys) GeV/
3043:126.0 ± 0.4 (stat) ± 0.4 (sys) GeV/
1777:
1486:to develop. The importance of this
1130:. Forces in the Standard Model are
503:" leads it to take a nonzero value
107:experiment shows a decay into four
56:
20744:
19054:Jakobs, Karl; Seez, Chris (2015).
18789:
18538:Nakano, T.; Nishijima, N. (1953).
18200:from the original on 13 April 2016
18093:from the original on 15 March 2010
18030:from the original on 23 March 2013
17901:from the original on 20 April 2013
17887:Wolchover, Natalie (3 July 2012).
17360:California Institute of Technology
17182:from the original on 29 April 2016
16795:"40 years of the Higgs boson"
15707:from the original on 29 March 2013
15275:from the original on 16 April 2019
15249:from the original on 21 April 2019
14479:. 15 November 2012. Archived from
14473:"Higgs boson behaving as expected"
14091:from the original on 11 March 2013
13572:Taylor, Lucas (13 December 2011).
13272:"The Worldwide LHC Computing Grid"
13187:from the original on 26 March 2020
12818:from the original on 21 March 2013
12758:Martin Veltman (8 December 1999).
11340:Hoffman, Mark (19 February 2013).
10983:Dvorsky, George (12 August 2013).
10623:from the original on 19 April 2019
10611:Del Rosso, A. (19 November 2012).
10513:from the original on 17 March 2021
8134:
7967:mass terms and the Higgs mechanism
7605:
6766:
5911:of the SU(2) and U(1) symmetries,
5654:
5628:
4959:
4274:. The Higgs boson is also its own
3809:The Standard Model hypothesises a
3478:
3475:
3472:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3360:
3357:
3354:
2489:, (itself an extension of work by
2109:. It also suggests that the Higgs
1887:(through Yukawa coupling) and the
1314:
621:
99:experiment shows a decay into two
83:Candidate Higgs boson events from
57:
21521:
19084:
18401:from the original on 30 June 2017
18368:from the original on 11 June 2017
18316:from the original on 16 June 2017
18306:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999"
18286:from the original on 17 June 2017
18276:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979"
17672:"5 questions for the Higgs boson"
17548:Chivers, Tom (13 December 2011).
17240:"A supercompetition for Illinois"
16239:from the original on 3 April 2008
16046:from the original on 10 July 2012
15733:from the original on 7 March 2013
15355:CMS Collaboration (August 2018).
14862:from the original on 8 March 2013
14781:John Heilprin (27 January 2013).
14699:from the original on 5 March 2014
14514:from the original on 8 March 2021
14419:from the original on 8 March 2021
13897:from the original on 21 July 2012
13626:from the original on 5 March 2013
13248:from the original on 25 July 2018
12385:Higgs, Peter (24 November 2010).
12122:Higgs, Peter (24 November 2010).
12029:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008"
11736:Salvio, Alberto (9 August 2013).
11352:from the original on 11 June 2019
11028:from the original on 1 March 2018
10995:from the original on 1 March 2018
10448:from the original on 29 June 2016
10175:from the original on 25 July 2018
10020:from the original on 29 June 2017
9961:Strassler, M. (12 October 2012).
9861:Goulette, Marc (15 August 2012).
9496:from the original on 22 July 2023
8165:In physics, it is possible for a
8126:
7939:Introduction to quantum mechanics
6492:with their ratio determining the
5269:1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
5258:not ordinarily given posthumously
5138:effects, including analogies of "
4756:authors, only the paper by Higgs
4320:physics beyond the Standard Model
4003:). In yet other models, there is
3865:, and couple to the fermions via
2191:1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
1800:physics beyond the Standard Model
1606:In the Standard Model, the Higgs
1555:
1331:1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
1089:
743:Physics beyond the Standard Model
64:The God Particle (disambiguation)
21116:
21105:
21104:
20849:
20698:
20591:Timeline of particle discoveries
19411:Cham, Jorge (19 February 2014).
19182:Overbye, Dennis (5 March 2013).
18617:
18574:
18531:
18500:from the original on 9 July 2012
18380:
18350:
18328:
18298:
18268:
18240:
18212:
18179:
18138:
18112:Jepsen, Kathryn (1 March 2012).
18105:
18042:
18005:
17993:from the original on 5 July 2012
17979:
17946:
17913:
17880:
17868:from the original on 8 July 2012
17849:
17816:
17798:
17735:
17696:
17663:
17472:
17398:. OUP Oxford. pp. 369–370.
17369:from the original on 11 May 2013
17274:Diaz, Jesus (15 December 2012).
17267:
17252:from the original on 15 May 2013
17232:
17155:
17143:from the original on 9 June 2016
17117:
17105:from the original on 20 May 2016
17075:
17048:
17036:from the original on 13 May 2016
17009:
16983:Weinberg, Steven (10 May 2012).
16858:
16834:
16750:
16696:from the original on 5 July 2012
16528:
16453:
16422:
16251:
16162:
16129:
16088:
16014:
15719:
15703:. Quantum Diaries. 1 July 2012.
15635:
15572:
15519:
15507:
15495:
15348:
15287:
15261:
15235:
15160:
15125:
15067:
15006:
14843:
14816:Boyle, Alan (16 February 2013).
14809:
14743:
14711:
14677:
14665:from the original on 9 July 2013
14647:
14617:
14587:
14533:Sample, Ian (14 November 2012).
14495:
14450:from the original on 26 May 2018
14431:
14283:from the original on 5 July 2012
14134:
14103:
14077:
14058:
14046:from the original on 4 July 2012
13939:
13909:
13893:. Indico.cern.ch. 22 June 2012.
13883:
13671:
13523:from the original on 26 May 2018
13505:
13445:
13413:
13374:
13304:Yao, W.-M.; et al. (2006).
13276:The Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
13264:
13230:
13218:from the original on 18 May 2020
13169:
12964:
12922:
12910:
12834:
12751:
11604:Boyle, Alan (19 February 2013).
11015:"What universe is this, anyway?"
10930:from the original on 9 July 2012
10501:Strassler, M. (8 October 2011).
10312:Woit, Peter (13 November 2010).
10050:. World Scientific. p. 29.
9768:O'Luanaigh, C. (14 March 2013).
9462:
9452:
9406:
9363:
9350:
9333:
9013:
8989:
8955:{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}}
8549:the "radiation gauge" condition
8113:. The mean lifetime is given by
8098:of a Higgs boson with a mass of
5236:Nobel Prize in Physics (2013) –
5188:Nobel Prize in Physics (1999) –
5170:Nobel Prize in Physics (1979) –
4877:questions in fundamental physics
4234:
3995:. Other models feature pairs of
3882:while remaining compatible with
3779:disrupting gauge invariance and
3605:the absolute coupling strength).
2763:in the United States, where the
2747:Large Electron–Positron Collider
2213:
2207:
1783:Validation of the Standard Model
1102:of our universe in terms of the
536:along with five other scientists
328:Various other decays (predicted)
21505:Subatomic particles with spin 0
19381:, and Guralnik, Gerald (2013).
19171:"Higgs Boson with Sean Carroll"
19097:Higgs Boson observation at CERN
18588:Progress of Theoretical Physics
18545:Progress of Theoretical Physics
18486:Alikhan, Anvar (16 July 2012).
17670:Borowitz, Andy (13 July 2012).
16819:from the original on 1 May 2014
16229:"LEP Electroweak Working Group"
14850:Gillies, James (6 March 2013).
14438:Gillies, James (23 July 2012).
13717:The European Physical Journal C
12971:Merali, Zeeya (4 August 2010).
12688:
12673:
12630:
12554:
12517:
12474:
12419:
12378:
12096:
12043:
11862:
11805:Cole, K.C. (14 December 2000).
11798:
11729:
11676:
11640:
11470:
11417:
11364:
11333:
11299:
11264:
11229:
11194:
11007:
10976:
10942:
10911:
10858:
10835:
10780:
10754:
10421:
10288:
10279:
10267:
10255:
10223:
10163:"Anything but the God particle"
10121:
9885:
9854:
9395:The "Anderson–Higgs" mechanism,
8606:
8488:
8471:
8454:
8421:
8387:
8367:
8309:
8180:
8159:
8150:
7934:History of quantum field theory
5209:(for the 1964 papers described
3752:of the standard model fermions
3365:
3022:and ATLAS of a boson with mass
2654:
2199:History of quantum field theory
2184:
1985:, could perhaps exist as well.
1973:or spin-1 bosons. According to
1891:(through the Higgs mechanism).
1764:
1197:Gauge boson (rest) mass problem
602:
21032:Causal dynamical triangulation
19531:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021
19484:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020
18488:"The spark in a crowded field"
18387:Overbye, D. (8 October 2013).
17856:Gordon, Fraser (5 July 2012).
17639:"Father of the 'God particle'"
16941:(See also original article in
16804:Summer Institute Conferences.
16658:Becker, Kate (29 March 2012).
16429:Asquith, Lily (22 June 2012).
16408:10.1088/1742-6596/110/4/042030
16320:Journal of High Energy Physics
15473:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.121801
15415:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.121801
15081:Journal of High Energy Physics
15045:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.081803
14992:10.1016/j.physletb.2013.08.026
14922:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.081803
14372:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020
14255:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021
14141:Thornhill, Ted (3 July 2013).
13747:10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3351-7
13125:Journal of High Energy Physics
11772:10.1016/j.physletb.2013.10.042
11715:10.1016/j.physletb.2007.11.072
11578:10.1016/j.physletb.2015.03.015
11403:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.07.054
11086:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.024
10685:Heilprin, J. (14 March 2013).
10570:Siegfried, T. (20 July 2012).
10314:"The Anderson–Higgs Mechanism"
10197:Evans, R. (14 December 2011).
10014:"When shall we call it Higgs?"
9923:Onyisi, P. (23 October 2012).
9840:10.1016/j.physletb.2017.10.021
9726:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.121801
9687:
9673:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.09.013
9635:
9482:
9285:
9239:
9186:
9154:
9122:
9058:
8946:
8847:
8759:
8628:
8622:
8530:only applies to gauges having
8427:The statement excludes spin-0
8068:
7962:Standard Model fields overview
7493:
7468:
6066:such that in the ground state
4850:Superconducting Super Collider
4490:If the collided particles are
3914:, 1950), and then for bosons (
3669:Theoretical need for the Higgs
3421:
3366:
3115:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2777:Superconducting Super Collider
2008:the first fraction of a second
1875:The Higgs field is pivotal in
1822:, which is carried by massive
1787:The Higgs boson validates the
1390:
1262:it was originally a "symmetry"
544:some particles to acquire mass
13:
1:
20871:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
19615:Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
18420:Daigle, Katy (10 July 2012).
18358:"2013 Nobel Prize in Physics"
18049:Sample, Ian (28 April 2011).
17920:Oliver, Laura (4 July 2012).
17742:Cole, K. (14 December 2000).
17308:Abbott, Charles (June 1987).
17022:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
16906:10.1126/science.337.6100.1287
16885:Cho, A. (14 September 2012).
16724:: Anderson on Anderson-Higgs"
16718:Woit, Peter (13 April 2013).
16662:. Physics (blog). NOVA. PBS.
16097:Status of Higgs boson physics
16072:(Press release). CERN. 2011.
15927:10.1088/1126-6708/2000/10/045
15874:10.1088/1126-6708/2002/04/048
15613:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.101802
15558:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.02.002
14271:Taylor, Lucas (4 July 2012).
13214:. NBC News. 6 December 2012.
12868:10.1126/science.206.4424.1290
12769:. p. 391. Archived from
10918:Rao, Achintya (2 July 2012).
10320:and Ph.D. particle physics).
9476:
8706:{\displaystyle \mu ^{2}<0}
8012: – particle physics plot
7952: – Branch of mathematics
7945:Noncommutative standard model
6010:{\displaystyle \lambda >0}
4396:
4226:Properties of the Higgs boson
4123:Properties of the Higgs field
4117:
2993:(sigma) in both experiments.
2952:from each proton fusing to a
2411:spontaneous symmetry breaking
2275: – acting as
1900:law of conservation of energy
1812:electroweak symmetry breaking
1478:
1307:, at least for some limited (
1268:affect the measured results (
1260:affect the measured results (
1254:spontaneous symmetry breaking
687:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
538:in three teams, proposed the
21360:CRISPR genome-editing method
20607:History of subatomic physics
19445:Significant papers and other
18974:10.1016/0031-9163(64)91136-9
18362:official Nobel Prize website
18310:official Nobel Prize website
18280:official Nobel Prize website
17953:Zimmer, Ben (15 July 2012).
17823:Sample, Ian (12 June 2009).
17558:. London, UK. Archived from
17512:Sample, Ian (3 March 2009).
17296:... this titanic complex ...
16990:The New York Review of Books
16970:which identified the error).
16871:(video) – via YouTube.
16104:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
15779:10.1016/0370-1573(88)90008-7
14194:10.1126/science.337.6091.141
14042:. Times LIVE. 28 June 2012.
13612:Overbye, D. (5 March 2013).
13306:"Review of Particle Physics"
12808:"The Dilemma of Attribution"
12719:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2
12372:10.1016/0031-9163(64)91136-9
12148:Higgs, Peter (25 May 2001).
10480:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
8279:, experimental measurement:
8257:, experimental measurement:
7753:
7698:
7643:
7397:
7292:
7180:
7075:
6963:
6858:
6631:, and leave a massless U(1)
5540:, and the weak hypercharge,
5501:while the field has charge +
5210:
5024:High School Teachers at CERN
4731:charge parity (CP) violation
3894:, known as the Higgs boson.
3144:to be discovered in nature.
2981:, which each decay into two
1988:
7:
19177:. University of Nottingham.
19056:"The Higgs boson discovery"
18526:Peskin & Schroeder 1995
17343:Kevles, Dan (Winter 1995).
17091:. Oxford University Press.
16985:"The crisis of big science"
16757:Sample, Ian (4 July 2012).
16660:"A Higgs by any other name"
16431:"Why does the Higgs decay?"
16032:Flatow, Ira (6 July 2012).
16021:Peskin & Schroeder 1995
15514:Peskin & Schroeder 1995
15504:, pp. 717–719, 787–791
15502:Peskin & Schroeder 1995
12907:(50 year celebration, 2008)
12666:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264
11258:10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.1378
10274:Tipler & Llewellyn 2003
10161:Sample, Ian (29 May 2009).
9865:(blog). Atlas Experiment /
9645:(2018). "Observation of H→b
9392:Other names have included:
8739:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}~.}
8532:manifest Lorentz covariance
8173:only apply at speeds where
8053: – subatomic particles
7915:
6125:. The expectation value of
5980:{\displaystyle \sigma ^{a}}
5873:{\displaystyle W_{\mu \,a}}
4824:
4175:to give them mass as well.
3312:framework the couplings are
2493:), forming what became the
2349:in Stockholm, December 2013
2310:One known problem was that
2307:, were still unsuccessful.
2168:should be reconciled. This
1993:
270:–antibottom pair (observed)
10:
21526:
21434:James Webb Space Telescope
19608:Introductions to the field
19129:Collected Articles at the
19109:by the CERN exploratorium.
19075:10.4249/scholarpedia.32413
18940:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.713
18906:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266
18665:
16577:10.1103/PhysRevB.65.132513
16496:10.1038/s41586-022-04892-x
16290:10.1103/PhysRevD.64.093003
15676:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.055006
15203:10.1038/s41586-022-04893-w
14110:Our Bureau (4 July 2012).
13869:10.1103/PhysRevD.90.112015
13813:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.012006
13549:. CERN. 13 December 2011.
13345:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001
12334:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585
12275:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508
12227:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.321
11456:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.053001
10897:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003
10821:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003
10764:. CMS Collaboration/CERN.
10649:Naik, G. (14 March 2013).
10542:Biever, C. (6 July 2012).
10377:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266
8926:{\displaystyle g\phi _{0}}
8573:) cannot transform like a
8481:being over 2 million
8394:Discovery press conference
5297:
5271:and Weinberg's 1967 paper
4838:Physics Nobel Prize winner
4014:
3941:
3661:
2737:across 36 countries.
2662:
2649:Search for the Higgs boson
2646:
2263:Particle physicists study
2188:
2179:
2133:
1922:, which is the sum of the
1453:search for the Higgs boson
1318:
717:Standard Model mathematics
530:are named after physicist
325:–antimuon pair (predicted)
61:
21414:developed at record speed
21175:
21169:Breakthroughs of the Year
21100:
21059:
21037:Canonical quantum gravity
21007:
20974:
20943:
20900:
20889:
20858:
20847:
20752:
20696:
20599:
20563:
20480:
20441:
20411:
20385:
20381:
20372:
20304:
20272:
20199:
20134:
20116:
20012:
19967:
19939:
19930:
19921:
19903:
19881:
19853:
19844:
19760:
19687:
19678:
19669:
19623:Reviews of Modern Physics
19355:10.1142/S0217751X09045431
19312:10.4249/scholarpedia.8741
19261:10.1142/S0217751X02013046
18769:Griffiths, David (2008).
18685:Reviews of Modern Physics
18171:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
18022:The Philadelphia Inquirer
17858:"Introducing the higgson"
17352:Engineering & Science
16197:10.1007/978-3-642-24040-9
15299:Media and Press relations
14724:The Sydney Morning Herald
14595:"Person of the year 2012"
14569:Media and Press relations
13921:Media and Press relations
13614:"Chasing The Higgs Boson"
13487:Media and Press relations
13457:Media and Press relations
13091:10.1142/S0217751X09045431
12460:10.1142/S0217732311036188
12082:10.1142/S0217751X04019755
12014:10.4249/scholarpedia.8741
11968:10.4249/scholarpedia.6441
10732:Media and Press relations
10135:. Bantam Doubleday Dell.
9582:"Life of the Higgs boson"
9225:i.e., contributions from
8896:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}}
8814:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}}
8076:statistically significant
7585:{\displaystyle \phi ^{0}}
6152:in the ground state (the
6145:{\displaystyle \phi ^{0}}
5355:{\displaystyle \phi ^{3}}
5328:{\displaystyle \phi ^{0}}
5225:(2013) –
4741:
4270:, the Higgs boson has no
4266:Since the Higgs field is
4243:This section needs to be
4106:There are also issues of
3957:of scalar particles: two
3539:{\displaystyle {m}_{V/F}}
3156:How tested / explanation
2741:Search before 4 July 2012
2572:Reviews of Modern Physics
2361:had one huge problem: in
1898:(which would violate the
1871:Particle mass acquisition
1791:through the mechanism of
1717:energy to have a nonzero
1709:, the Higgs field in its
408:
398:
373:
358:
348:
335:
258:
230:
206:
195:
164:
140:
128:
116:
76:
21042:Superfluid vacuum theory
20624:mathematical formulation
20219:Eta and eta prime mesons
19406:Cartoon about the search
19000:; Marshak, R.E. (eds.).
17168:. Universal-Publishers.
16946:New York Review of Books
16936:New York Review of Books
16806:Presentation at SSI 2012
16793:Peskin, M. (July 2012).
16437:. London: The Guardian.
16108:University of California
16106:(Report). Berkeley, CA:
16008:10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089
15970:10.1103/PhysRev.182.1400
15794:The Higgs Hunter's Guide
14504:"Higgs Results at Kyoto"
13483:"LHC to restart in 2009"
13179:. LHC machine outreach.
12548:10.1103/PhysRev.155.1554
12510:10.1103/PhysRev.145.1156
12429:Modern Physics Letters A
11293:10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2922
11223:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3568
11172:10.1103/PhysRevD.21.3305
10091:The Higgs Hunter's Guide
7998:Bose–Einstein statistics
7990:
6322:{\displaystyle B_{\mu }}
6295:{\displaystyle W_{\mu }}
6154:vacuum expectation value
5900:{\displaystyle B_{\mu }}
5574:other Knowledge articles
5368:champagne-bottle profile
5252:Englert's co-researcher
4747:Names used by physicists
4563:
4220:commute (or anticommute)
4131:field –
4076:grand unification energy
3951:two-Higgs-doublet models
3839:vacuum expectation value
3574:vacuum expectation value
2759:The search continued at
2453:in October 1964; and by
2359:non-abelian gauge theory
2305:unify these interactions
2225:, who received the 2010
2172:problem remains a major
2076:more stable vacuum state
1278:condensed matter physics
1159:Gauge invariant theories
1132:transmitted by particles
290:–antitau pair (observed)
39:latest accepted revision
21289:Human genetic variation
21224:Whole genome sequencing
20824:Quantum electrodynamics
20814:Electroweak interaction
20286:Double-charm tetraquark
19418:Piled Higher and Deeper
19388:15 October 2013 at the
19006:Interscience Publishers
18919:Physical Review Letters
18885:Physical Review Letters
18868:10.1103/PhysRev.130.439
18833:10.1103/PhysRev.122.345
18705:10.1103/RevModPhys.46.7
18455:"The Bose in the Boson"
17443:Lederman, Leon (1993).
17314:Illinois Issues Journal
16847:University of Rochester
16350:10.1007/JHEP10(2010)064
16171:Lectures on LHC Physics
15582:Physical Review Letters
15443:Physical Review Letters
15385:Physical Review Letters
15332:(Press release). CERN.
15111:10.1007/JHEP08(2016)045
15015:Physical Review Letters
14892:Physical Review Letters
13278:. CERN. November 2017.
13155:10.1007/JHEP03(2011)055
12644:Physical Review Letters
12611:Physical Review Letters
12312:Physical Review Letters
12253:Physical Review Letters
12205:Physical Review Letters
11985:Kibble, T.W.B. (2009).
11939:Kibble, T.W.B. (2009).
11891:10.1103/PhysRev.127.965
11513:10.1007/JHEP12(2013)089
11238:Physical Review Letters
10656:The Wall Street Journal
10415:10.1103/PhysRev.130.439
10357:Physical Review Letters
9696:Physical Review Letters
8171:Newton's laws of motion
7950:Noncommutative geometry
6648:{\displaystyle \gamma }
5265:Physical Review Letters
5026:educator suggests that
4776:Physical Review Letters
4766:. Physicist and author
4628:decay should be into a
4358:based on the predicted
4218:separated points still
4143:meaning the field (but
4137:Lorentz transformations
3730:electroweak interaction
3722:electroweak unification
3598:{\displaystyle {g}_{V}}
3119:collider's 2015 restart
2587:Physical Review Letters
2357:Yang and Mills work on
2221:The six authors of the
1828:history of the universe
1816:electroweak interaction
1727:electroweak interaction
1419:, the Higgs field is a
1402:electroweak interaction
1219:electroweak interaction
1094:Physicists explain the
705:Electroweak interaction
526:Both the field and the
517:electroweak interaction
424:, sometimes called the
95:. The top event in the
21393:Single-cell sequencing
21297:Cellular reprogramming
20802:Quantum chromodynamics
19035:Carroll, Sean (2013).
18802:Jona-Lasinio, Giovanni
18581:Nishijima, K. (1955).
18342:. 2013. Archived from
18085:Miller, David (1993).
17636:; original interview:
17392:Calder, Nigel (2005).
16730:(blog). New York, NY:
16169:Plehn, Tilman (2012).
13685:. CERN. Archived from
12394:King's College, London
9376:if the lower bound of
9311:
9265:
9217:
9095:
9071:
9033:
8956:
8927:
8897:
8866:
8815:
8788:
8740:
8707:
8674:
8595:
8141:
8004:Composite Higgs models
7906:
7874:
7801:
7586:
7555:
7511:
7452:
6736:
6649:
6625:
6483:
6323:
6296:
6262:
6206:
6146:
6119:
6049:
6011:
5981:
5950:
5925:
5901:
5874:
5840:
5613:
5492:
5371:
5356:
5329:
5157:Recognition and awards
5124:
5106:
5017:Sir William Waldegrave
5011:
4953:
4881:origin of the universe
4770:and physicist-blogger
4714:at low di-lepton mass
4624:
4608:
4577:
4038:
3912:Ginzburg–Landau theory
3827:
3806:
3728:or a possible unified
3714:quantum chromodynamics
3694:
3606:
3599:
3566:
3540:
3487:
3428:
3138:
2729:, the world's largest
2393:
2350:
2314:approaches, including
2067:
1603:
1532:discovered in nature.
709:Quantum chromodynamics
653:
589:" after the 1993 book
579:Nobel Prize in Physics
21208:Accelerating universe
20918:Cosmological constant
20683:Wave–particle duality
20673:Relativistic particle
19810:Electron antineutrino
19595:on 21 September 2018.
19507:(2012): 30–61. 2012.
19213:Higgs, Peter (2010).
18340:breakthroughprize.org
17804:Lederman, p. 22
17162:Jaeckel, Ted (2007).
16953:Close, Frank (2011).
16692:. No. 28. 2012.
15821:. Ecco. p. 286.
15792:Gunion, John (2000).
15144:10.5170/cern-2013-004
15079:= 7 and 8 TeV".
14693:National Public Radio
14661:. 11 September 2012.
14309:. CERN. 4 July 2012.
14070:17 March 2021 at the
13513:"LHC progress report"
13029:Close, Frank (2011).
12987:10.1038/news.2010.390
12901:Letters from the Past
12637:Weinberg, S. (1967).
12576:: 567. Archived from
12481:Higgs, Peter (1966).
12246:Higgs, Peter (1964).
11842:Sean Carroll (2012).
11610:NBC News' Cosmic blog
11020:National Public Radio
10507:ProfMattStrassler.com
9967:ProfMattStrassler.com
9555:10.5170/CERN-2012-002
9312:
9266:
9218:
9096:
9094:{\displaystyle \psi }
9072:
9034:
9032:{\displaystyle \psi }
8957:
8928:
8898:
8867:
8816:
8789:
8741:
8708:
8675:
8547:
8341:uncertainty principle
8224:bosons is called the
8142:
7907:
7875:
7802:
7587:
7556:
7512:
7453:
6737:
6650:
6626:
6484:
6324:
6297:
6263:
6207:
6147:
6120:
6050:
6012:
5982:
5951:
5926:
5902:
5875:
5841:
5523:
5493:
5357:
5330:
5307:
5116:
5098:
5001:
4986:' online publication
4950:Lederman & Teresi
4922:
4854:Large Hadron Collider
4622:
4602:
4571:
4539:associated production
4405:for Higgs production
4295:115 and 180 GeV/
4054:100 to 1000 GeV/
4028:
4005:no Higgs field at all
3972:neutral Higgs boson.
3828:
3826:{\displaystyle \phi }
3797:
3676:
3611:Large Hadron Collider
3600:
3567:
3541:
3488:
3429:
3307:
3133:
2813:Large Hadron Collider
2773:Large Hadron Collider
2707:Large Hadron Collider
2555:weak neutral currents
2553:(among other things)
2515:renormalisation group
2355:
2345:Nobel Prize Laureate
2344:
2328:continuous symmetries
2297:electromagnetic force
2269:fundamental particles
2170:cosmological constant
2165:vacuum energy density
2134:Further information:
2049:
2022:responsible for this
1944:in the form of energy
1918:), is due instead to
1877:generating the masses
1597:
1504:Large Hadron Collider
1431:The "central problem"
1417:electromagnetic field
1387:of particle physics.
1272:). In 1962 physicist
1223:symmetry requirements
1154:, Nobel Prize Physics
1096:fundamental particles
739:Neutrino oscillations
659:of the Standard Model
652:
563:Large Hadron Collider
499:SU(2) symmetry. Its "
487:The Higgs field is a
400:Weak hypercharge
200:Large Hadron Collider
21500:Quantum field theory
21480:Elementary particles
21341:Cancer immunotherapy
21306:Ardipithecus ramidus
21027:Loop quantum gravity
20966:Theory of everything
20961:Grand Unified Theory
20935:Neutrino oscillation
20782:Quantum field theory
19913:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
19663:Particles in physics
19460:(2012): 1–29. 2012.
19285:Kibble, Tom (2009).
19269:Kibble, Tom (2009).
19215:"My Life as a Boson"
19008:. pp. 567–708.
18434:on 23 September 2012
17703:Sample, Ian (2010).
17587:Reuters News Service
16892:. Particle physics.
16865:Hagen, C.R. (2010).
16140:. Bautzen, Germany.
15391:(12). CERN: 121801.
14601:. 19 December 2012.
14510:(personal website).
13314:Journal of Physics G
12639:"A model of leptons"
12614:. 12 February 2014.
12583:on 24 September 2015
12124:"My Life as a Boson"
11848:. Penguin Group US.
11346:Science World Report
10949:Jammer, Max (2000).
10847:1 April 2019 at the
9275:
9229:
9107:
9085:
9043:
9023:
8937:
8907:
8880:
8825:
8798:
8750:
8717:
8684:
8616:
8292:weak neutral current
8175:relativistic effects
8117:
7974:Quantum gauge theory
7884:
7814:
7599:
7569:
7529:
7465:
6756:
6662:
6639:
6500:
6336:
6306:
6279:
6216:
6160:
6129:
6070:
6021:
5995:
5964:
5935:
5915:
5884:
5853:
5622:
5570:different convention
5389:
5339:
5312:
5073:different velocities
4984:Institute of Physics
4805:including Higgs' own
4205:tachyon condensation
4001:top quark condensate
3851:spontaneously breaks
3817:
3580:
3550:
3513:
3438:
3316:
2695:particle accelerator
2683:statistical analysis
2655:produce Higgs bosons
2551:accurately predicted
2419:somewhat anticipated
2409:, as a byproduct of
2154:Grand Unified Theory
2146:energy of the vacuum
1889:W and Z gauge bosons
1757:), causing these to
1488:fundamental question
1459:Search and discovery
1108:quantum field theory
679:Quantum field theory
657:Elementary particles
337:Electric charge
21384:neutron star merger
21372:gravitational waves
21280:Poincaré conjecture
20994:Split supersymmetry
20956:Kaluza–Klein theory
20829:Fermi's interaction
20688:Particle chauvinism
20631:Subatomic particles
19578:1967JETP...24...91M
19566:Soviet Physics JETP
19523:2012PhLB..716...30C
19476:2012PhLB..716....1A
19439:, 18 November 2004)
19347:2009IJMPA..24.2601G
19303:2009SchpJ...4.8741K
19253:2002IJMPA..17S..86H
19202: –
19155:Dr. Daniel Whiteson
19002:Advances in Physics
18982:Guralnik, Gerald S.
18966:1964PhL....12..132H
18932:1964PhRvL..12..713G
18898:1964PhRvL..12..266K
18860:1963PhRv..130..439A
18842:Anderson, Philip W.
18824:1961PhRv..122..345N
18697:1974RvMP...46....7B
18640:1956NCim....4S.848G
18601:1955PThPh..13..285N
18558:1953PThPh..10..581N
18346:on 15 January 2017.
17493:on 15 December 2011
17486:The Daily Telegraph
17248:. 31 October 1986.
17059:. livescience.com.
16993:. footnote 1.
16963:The Infinity Puzzle
16810:Stanford University
16732:Columbia University
16728:Woit's physics blog
16620:2012Natur.483..374.
16559:2002PhRvB..65m2513L
16488:2022Natur.607...60C
16400:2008JPhCS.110d2030T
16342:2010JHEP...10..064B
16282:2001PhRvD..64i3003P
16189:2012LNP...844.....P
16156:2010arXiv1005.1676L
16000:1967PhRv..159.1089F
15962:1969PhRv..182.1400A
15919:2000JHEP...10..045K
15866:2002JHEP...04..048S
15844:J. High Energy Phys
15771:1988PhR...167..241C
15668:2004PhRvD..69e5006C
15605:2004PhRvL..92j1802C
15550:2012PhR...516....1B
15465:2018PhRvL.121l1801S
15407:2018PhRvL.121l1801S
15195:2022Natur.607...52A
15103:2016JHEP...08..045A
15037:2013PhRvL.110h1803C
14984:2013PhLB..726..120A
14914:2013PhRvL.110h1803C
14364:2012PhLB..716....1A
14336:ATLAS collaboration
14247:2012PhLB..716...30C
14186:2012Sci...337..141C
14000:2013NatSR...3E2980D
13953:. 23 January 2013.
13861:2014PhRvD..90k2015A
13835:ATLAS collaboration
13805:2015PhRvD..91a2006A
13779:ATLAS collaboration
13739:2015EPJC...75..212K
13689:on 10 November 2012
13337:2006JPhG...33....1Y
13147:2011JHEP...03..055B
13083:2009IJMPA..24.2601G
12905:A PRL Retrospective
12896:10 January 2010 at
12860:1979Sci...206.1290C
12854:(4424): 1290–1292.
12711:1961NucPh..22..579G
12657:1967PhRvL..19.1264W
12570:Advances in Physics
12540:1967PhRv..155.1554K
12501:1966PhRv..145.1156H
12452:2011MPLA...26.1381G
12364:1964PhL....12..132H
12325:1964PhRvL..13..585G
12266:1964PhRvL..13..508H
12218:1964PhRvL..13..321E
12074:2004IJMPA..19.3265R
12039:on 13 January 2009.
12005:2009SchpJ...4.8741K
11959:2009SchpJ...4.6441K
11883:1962PhRv..127..965G
11764:2013PhLB..727..234S
11707:2008PhLB..659..703B
11629:The article quotes
11570:2015PhLB..743..428S
11505:2013JHEP...12..089B
11448:2013PhRvD..87e3001M
11395:2009PhLB..679..369E
11285:1977PhRvD..15.2922F
11250:1976PhRvL..37.1378F
11215:1976PhRvD..14.3568S
11164:1980PhRvD..21.3305C
11121:1982Natur.298..633T
11078:2012PhLB..716..214A
10889:2016PhRvD..93b5003D
10813:2016PhRvD..93b5003D
10692:The Huffington Post
10428:Shu, F. H. (1982).
10407:1963PhRv..130..439A
10369:1964PhRvL..12..266K
10318:Columbia University
9963:"The Higgs FAQ 2.0"
9929:University of Texas
9832:2017PhLB..775....1S
9718:2018PhRvL.121l1801S
9643:ATLAS collaboration
9547:2012arXiv1201.3084L
9340:Goldstone's theorem
8528:Goldstone's theorem
8505:subatomic particles
8192:"absorbs" particle
8105:is predicted to be
8039:Stueckelberg action
7901:
7866:
7831:
7783:
7768:
7746:
7728:
7713:
7691:
7673:
7658:
7636:
7550:
7506:
7427:
7412:
7344:
7322:
7307:
7239:
7210:
7195:
7127:
7105:
7090:
7022:
6993:
6978:
6910:
6888:
6873:
6805:
6697:
6038:
5780:
5284:Satyendra Nath Bose
5134:Analogies based on
5129:solid state physics
5084:in particle physics
5028:dispersion of light
4792:mathematical rigour
4441:Vector boson fusion
4406:
4323:mechanism, because
3837:; i.e., a non-zero
3762:Goldstone's theorem
3716:). However, before
3565:{\displaystyle vev}
3300:Findings since 2013
2991:standard deviations
2985:(electrons, muons).
2837:magnet quench event
2709:was constructed at
2688:standard deviations
2679:particle physicists
2643:Experimental search
2449:in August 1964; by
2363:perturbation theory
2324:Goldstone's theorem
2227:J. J. Sakurai Prize
2058:. As of 2012, the 2
2056:long-lived 'bubble'
1908:composite particles
1248:In the late 1950s,
1179:gravitational field
577:, were awarded the
561:experiments at the
430:elementary particle
123:Elementary particle
73:
29:Page version status
21475:Electroweak theory
21425:protein structures
21022:Superstring theory
20792:Strong interaction
19227:on 4 November 2013
18714:on 21 January 2013
18648:10.1007/BF02748000
18610:10.1143/PTP.13.285
18567:10.1143/PTP.10.581
18460:The New York Times
18394:The New York Times
18226:The New York Times
17770:'perfect symmetry'
16887:"Why the 'Higgs'?"
16868:Sakurai Prize talk
15516:, pp. 715–716
14695:. 1 January 2013.
14277:CMS Public Website
13978:Scientific Reports
13619:The New York Times
13578:CMS public website
13519:(18). 3 May 2010.
12903: –
12403:on 4 November 2013
12387:My Life as a Boson
12136:on 4 November 2013
12107:, at APS Journals
10924:CMS Public Website
10297:, pp. 372–373
10276:, pp. 603–604
9307:
9261:
9213:
9091:
9067:
9029:
8952:
8923:
8893:
8862:
8811:
8784:
8736:
8703:
8670:
8513:fundamental forces
8479:the nearest galaxy
8357:Compton wavelength
8137:
8027:Quantum triviality
7902:
7887:
7870:
7852:
7850:
7817:
7797:
7769:
7747:
7732:
7714:
7692:
7677:
7659:
7637:
7622:
7582:
7551:
7532:
7507:
7492:
7448:
7446:
7413:
7391:
7326:
7308:
7286:
7221:
7196:
7174:
7109:
7091:
7069:
7004:
6979:
6957:
6892:
6874:
6852:
6787:
6747:Yukawa interaction
6732:
6683:
6645:
6621:
6479:
6477:
6427:
6370:
6319:
6292:
6258:
6238:
6202:
6197:
6142:
6115:
6045:
6024:
6007:
5977:
5958:coupling constants
5949:{\displaystyle g'}
5946:
5921:
5897:
5870:
5836:
5766:
5724:
5696:
5488:
5476:
5372:
5352:
5325:
5273:A model of Leptons
5148:Newton's third law
5012:
4898:history of physics
4727:charge conjugation
4625:
4609:
4578:
4401:
4165:W, W, and Z bosons
4147:the particle) has
4108:quantum triviality
4039:
3938:Alternative models
3923:charged condensate
3863:degrees of freedom
3823:
3807:
3726:weak nuclear force
3710:strong interaction
3695:
3658:Theoretical issues
3607:
3595:
3562:
3536:
3483:
3424:
3287:LHC's 2015 restart
2888:115–130 GeV/2
2727:LHC Computing Grid
2637:"Higgsless" models
2423:Ernst Stueckelberg
2351:
2301:weak nuclear force
2293:fundamental forces
2174:unanswered problem
2068:
2016:inflationary epoch
2004:expansion of space
1936:strong interaction
1926:of quarks and the
1719:vacuum expectation
1681:Sombrero potential
1640:, even (positive)
1625:by CMS (2022) and
1604:
1600:Sombrero potential
1473:Particle colliders
1377:"sensible" results
1365:vacuum expectation
1116:general relativity
654:
595:by Nobel Laureate
501:Sombrero potential
464:, even (positive)
442:quantum excitation
315:(Dalitz decay via
232:Mean lifetime
71:
35:
21490:Phase transitions
21452:
21451:
21412:COVID-19 vaccines
21368:First observation
21236:Molecular circuit
21132:
21131:
21055:
21054:
20930:Strong CP problem
20908:Hierarchy problem
20712:
20711:
20668:Massless particle
20476:
20475:
20472:
20471:
20437:
20436:
20300:
20299:
20112:
20111:
20108:
20107:
20060:Magnetic monopole
20008:
20007:
19899:
19898:
19840:
19839:
19820:Muon antineutrino
19805:Electron neutrino
19551:978-981-238-231-3
19501:Physics Letters B
19454:Physics Letters B
19331:(14): 2601–2627.
19247:(supp01): 86–88.
19122:The Atom Smashers
19046:978-0-14-218030-3
19015:978-0-470-17057-1
18780:978-3-527-40601-2
18761:978-0-7167-4345-3
18754:. W. H. Freeman.
18742:978-0-201-50397-5
18674:Bernstein, Jeremy
18364:(Press release).
18312:(Press release).
18282:(Press release).
18126:on 14 August 2012
18119:Symmetry Magazine
17749:Los Angeles Times
17716:978-1-905264-95-7
17562:on 9 January 2012
17458:978-0-385-31211-0
17405:978-0-19-162235-9
17213:Los Angeles Times
17175:978-1-58112-959-5
17136:978-1-4668-2413-3
17098:978-0-19-165003-1
17029:978-0-547-52462-7
16938:in May 2012.
16853:on 16 April 2008.
16537:Physical Review B
16260:Physical Review D
16206:978-3-642-24039-3
15828:978-0-06-053109-6
15803:978-0-7382-0305-8
15753:D. J. E. Callaway
15645:Physical Review D
15245:. 29 March 2019.
15153:978-92-9083-389-5
14341:Physics Letters B
14224:Physics Letters B
14219:CMS collaboration
14180:(6091): 141–143.
14008:10.1038/srep02980
13839:Physical Review D
13783:Physical Review D
13709:CMS collaboration
13067:(14): 2601–2627.
13040:978-0-19-959350-7
12651:(21): 1264–1266.
12436:(19): 1381–1392.
12192:Englert, François
12165:978-9-8123-8231-3
12058:(20): 3265–3347.
11855:978-1-101-60970-5
11812:Los Angeles Times
11742:Physics Letters B
11685:Physics Letters B
11548:Physics Letters B
11373:Physics Letters B
11279:(10): 2922–2928.
11244:(21): 1378–1380.
11209:(12): 3568–3573.
11158:(12): 3305–3315.
11115:(5875): 633–634.
11056:Physics Letters B
10968:978-0-691-01017-5
10790:Physical Review D
10734:(Press release).
10615:(Press release).
10487:978-0-395-55849-2
10441:978-0-935702-05-7
10101:978-0-2015-0935-9
10057:978-9971-5-0434-2
9925:"Higgs boson FAQ"
9810:Physics Letters B
9772:(Press release).
9651:Physics Letters B
9288:
9242:
9189:
9157:
9125:
9061:
8949:
8858:
8850:
8762:
8732:
8540:gauge to be fixed
8460:For example: The
8337:virtual particles
8062:Explanatory notes
7894:
7859:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7824:
7791:
7776:
7761:
7756:
7739:
7721:
7706:
7701:
7684:
7666:
7651:
7646:
7629:
7613:
7539:
7499:
7440:
7435:
7420:
7405:
7400:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7379:
7350:
7315:
7300:
7295:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7274:
7245:
7203:
7188:
7183:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7162:
7133:
7098:
7083:
7078:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7057:
7028:
6986:
6971:
6966:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6945:
6916:
6881:
6866:
6861:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6840:
6811:
6774:
6727:
6726:
6701:
6700:
6690:
6672:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6577:
6552:
6550:
6545:
6537:
6531:
6516:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6426:
6407:
6392:
6369:
6350:
6251:
6237:
6236:
6196:
6195:
6031:
5956:their respective
5924:{\displaystyle g}
5832:
5773:
5723:
5695:
5636:
5547:, are related by
5484:
5408:
5407:
5094:
5093:
5082:Symmetry breaking
5067:Photons in matter
5061:the same velocity
5045:Symmetry breaking
4796:science historian
4737:Public discussion
4544:Weak boson fusion
4525:If an elementary
4461:particle collider
4457:
4456:
4264:
4263:
4192:faster than light
4153:symmetry breaking
4112:asymptotic safety
4084:hierarchy problem
4047:virtual particles
4035:hierarchy problem
4017:Hierarchy problem
3904:superconductivity
3802:described by the
3679:Symmetry breaking
3621:such as pairs of
3419:
3333:
3297:
3296:
3111:Rolf-Dieter Heuer
2997:
2996:
2892:124–126 GeV/
2859:115–127 GeV/
2852:116–130 GeV/
2735:worldwide network
2681:require that the
2659:particle detector
2387:superconductivity
2320:Yang–Mills theory
2261:
2260:
2158:phase transitions
2136:Zero-point energy
2088:125–127 GeV/
2062:ellipse based on
1975:Rolf-Dieter Heuer
1698:during the first
1561:Various analogies
1511:125 and 127
1282:superconductivity
1244:Symmetry breaking
1187:conservation laws
1087:
1086:
735:Hierarchy problem
731:Strong CP problem
418:
417:
375:Weak isospin
47:23 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
21517:
21445:
21437:
21428:
21415:
21406:
21395:
21387:
21374:
21362:
21354:
21343:
21335:
21326:
21317:
21309:
21299:
21291:
21283:
21274:
21265:
21254:
21246:
21244:RNA interference
21238:
21226:
21218:
21210:
21202:
21194:
21159:
21152:
21145:
21136:
21135:
21120:
21119:
21108:
21107:
20898:
20897:
20853:
20852:
20834:Weak hypercharge
20819:Weak interaction
20760:Particle physics
20739:
20732:
20725:
20716:
20715:
20702:
20678:Virtual particle
20449:Mesonic molecule
20383:
20382:
20379:
20378:
20224:Bottom eta meson
20132:
20131:
20123:
20122:
20095:W′ and Z′ bosons
20085:Sterile neutrino
20070:Majorana fermion
19937:
19936:
19928:
19927:
19851:
19850:
19830:Tau antineutrino
19685:
19684:
19676:
19675:
19656:
19649:
19642:
19633:
19632:
19596:
19594:
19588:. Archived from
19563:
19534:
19516:
19495:
19469:
19429:
19427:
19425:
19380:
19378:
19366:
19340:
19316:
19314:
19282:
19280:
19278:
19264:
19236:
19234:
19232:
19226:
19219:
19201:
19199:
19197:
19178:
19079:
19077:
19050:
19031:
19029:
19027:
19022:on 23 April 2012
19018:. Archived from
18990:Kibble, Tom W.B.
18977:
18943:
18909:
18880:Lee, Benjamin W.
18871:
18837:
18835:
18784:
18765:
18746:
18734:
18723:
18721:
18719:
18713:
18707:. Archived from
18682:
18676:(January 1974).
18660:
18659:
18627:Il Nuovo Cimento
18621:
18615:
18614:
18612:
18578:
18572:
18571:
18569:
18535:
18529:
18523:
18510:
18509:
18507:
18505:
18483:
18477:
18476:
18474:
18472:
18450:
18444:
18443:
18441:
18439:
18430:. Archived from
18417:
18411:
18410:
18408:
18406:
18384:
18378:
18377:
18375:
18373:
18354:
18348:
18347:
18332:
18326:
18325:
18323:
18321:
18302:
18296:
18295:
18293:
18291:
18272:
18266:
18265:
18263:
18261:
18244:
18238:
18237:
18235:
18233:
18216:
18210:
18209:
18207:
18205:
18183:
18177:
18176:
18170:
18162:
18160:
18158:
18142:
18136:
18135:
18133:
18131:
18122:. Archived from
18109:
18103:
18102:
18100:
18098:
18082:
18073:
18072:
18070:
18068:
18046:
18040:
18039:
18037:
18035:
18015:(12 July 2012).
18009:
18003:
18002:
18000:
17998:
17983:
17977:
17976:
17974:
17972:
17960:The Boston Globe
17950:
17944:
17943:
17941:
17939:
17917:
17911:
17910:
17908:
17906:
17884:
17878:
17877:
17875:
17873:
17862:physicsworld.com
17853:
17847:
17846:
17844:
17842:
17820:
17814:
17811:
17802:
17796:
17795:
17792:
17785:
17781:
17777:
17773:
17769:
17763:
17761:
17746:. Science File.
17739:
17733:
17732:
17730:
17728:
17700:
17694:
17693:
17691:
17689:
17667:
17661:
17660:
17658:
17656:
17647:. 30 June 2008.
17635:
17633:
17631:
17610:
17604:
17603:
17601:
17599:
17590:. 7 April 2008.
17578:
17572:
17571:
17569:
17567:
17545:
17536:
17535:
17533:
17531:
17509:
17503:
17502:
17500:
17498:
17489:. Archived from
17476:
17470:
17469:
17467:
17465:
17450:
17440:
17434:
17433:
17430:
17426:
17419:
17417:
17389:
17383:
17382:
17376:
17374:
17368:
17349:
17340:
17334:
17333:
17327:
17325:
17305:
17299:
17298:
17293:
17291:
17271:
17265:
17264:
17259:
17257:
17236:
17230:
17229:
17227:
17225:
17203:
17192:
17191:
17189:
17187:
17159:
17153:
17152:
17150:
17148:
17121:
17115:
17114:
17112:
17110:
17079:
17073:
17072:
17070:
17068:
17052:
17046:
17045:
17043:
17041:
17013:
17007:
17006:
17004:
17002:
16980:
16971:
16966:
16957:see book extract
16940:
16930:
16928:
16922:
16916:. Archived from
16891:
16882:
16873:
16872:
16862:
16856:
16854:
16849:. Archived from
16838:
16832:
16831:
16826:
16824:
16818:
16812:. pp. 3–5.
16799:
16790:
16781:
16780:
16778:
16776:
16754:
16748:
16747:
16745:
16743:
16722:"Not even wrong"
16715:
16706:
16705:
16703:
16701:
16682:
16676:
16675:
16673:
16671:
16655:
16642:
16641:
16631:
16604:
16589:
16588:
16570:
16552:
16550:cond-mat/0106070
16532:
16526:
16525:
16515:
16481:
16457:
16451:
16450:
16448:
16446:
16435:Life and Physics
16426:
16420:
16419:
16393:
16373:
16362:
16361:
16335:
16315:
16302:
16301:
16275:
16255:
16249:
16248:
16246:
16244:
16225:
16219:
16218:
16182:
16166:
16160:
16159:
16149:
16133:
16127:
16126:
16124:
16122:
16116:
16101:
16092:
16086:
16085:
16083:
16081:
16062:
16056:
16055:
16053:
16051:
16029:
16023:
16018:
16012:
16011:
15994:(5): 1089–1105.
15984:Feinberg, Gerald
15980:
15974:
15973:
15956:(5): 1400–1403.
15945:
15939:
15938:
15912:
15892:
15886:
15885:
15859:
15839:
15833:
15832:
15814:
15808:
15807:
15789:
15783:
15782:
15749:
15743:
15742:
15740:
15738:
15723:
15717:
15716:
15714:
15712:
15697:
15688:
15687:
15661:
15639:
15633:
15632:
15598:
15576:
15570:
15569:
15543:
15523:
15517:
15511:
15505:
15499:
15493:
15492:
15458:
15438:
15436:
15434:
15400:
15376:
15374:
15372:
15352:
15346:
15345:
15343:
15341:
15321:
15315:
15314:
15312:
15310:
15291:
15285:
15284:
15282:
15280:
15265:
15259:
15258:
15256:
15254:
15239:
15233:
15232:
15222:
15188:
15164:
15158:
15157:
15129:
15123:
15122:
15096:
15078:
15071:
15065:
15064:
15030:
15010:
15004:
15003:
14977:
14968:(1–3): 120–144.
14953:
14942:
14941:
14907:
14883:
14872:
14871:
14869:
14867:
14847:
14841:
14840:
14835:
14833:
14813:
14807:
14805:
14800:
14798:
14778:
14772:
14747:
14741:
14740:
14738:
14736:
14715:
14709:
14708:
14706:
14704:
14681:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14670:
14651:
14645:
14644:
14642:
14640:
14621:
14615:
14614:
14612:
14610:
14591:
14585:
14584:
14582:
14580:
14561:
14555:
14554:
14552:
14550:
14530:
14524:
14523:
14521:
14519:
14499:
14493:
14492:
14490:
14488:
14469:
14460:
14459:
14457:
14455:
14435:
14429:
14428:
14426:
14424:
14418:
14407:
14399:
14384:
14383:
14357:
14332:
14323:
14322:
14320:
14318:
14299:
14293:
14292:
14290:
14288:
14268:
14259:
14258:
14240:
14215:
14206:
14205:
14169:
14163:
14162:
14160:
14158:
14138:
14132:
14131:
14129:
14127:
14118:. Archived from
14107:
14101:
14100:
14098:
14096:
14081:
14075:
14062:
14056:
14055:
14053:
14051:
14036:
14030:
14029:
14019:
13993:
13969:
13964:
13962:
13943:
13937:
13936:
13934:
13932:
13913:
13907:
13906:
13904:
13902:
13887:
13881:
13880:
13854:
13831:
13825:
13824:
13798:
13775:
13769:
13768:
13758:
13732:
13705:
13699:
13698:
13696:
13694:
13675:
13669:
13668:
13662:
13660:
13645:
13636:
13635:
13633:
13631:
13609:
13594:
13593:
13591:
13589:
13569:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13558:
13539:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13528:
13509:
13503:
13502:
13500:
13498:
13479:
13473:
13472:
13470:
13468:
13449:
13443:
13442:
13440:
13438:
13432:
13425:
13417:
13411:
13410:
13404:
13396:
13394:
13384:
13378:
13372:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13361:
13330:
13328:astro-ph/0601168
13310:
13301:
13295:
13294:
13289:
13287:
13268:
13262:
13261:
13255:
13253:
13234:
13228:
13227:
13225:
13223:
13208:
13197:
13196:
13194:
13192:
13173:
13167:
13166:
13140:
13120:
13103:
13102:
13076:
13054:
13045:
13044:
13026:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12998:
12968:
12962:
12961:
12959:
12957:
12941:
12932:
12926:
12920:
12914:
12908:
12906:
12902:
12889:
12880:
12879:
12838:
12832:
12831:
12825:
12823:
12803:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12781:
12775:
12764:
12755:
12749:
12748:
12746:
12734:
12723:
12722:
12692:
12686:
12685:
12677:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12634:
12628:
12627:
12625:
12623:
12602:
12593:
12592:
12590:
12588:
12582:
12567:
12558:
12552:
12551:
12534:(5): 1554–1561.
12521:
12515:
12514:
12512:
12495:(4): 1156–1163.
12478:
12472:
12471:
12445:
12423:
12417:
12416:
12410:
12408:
12402:
12396:. Archived from
12391:
12382:
12376:
12375:
12345:
12339:
12338:
12336:
12303:Kibble, T. W. B.
12295:Guralnik, Gerald
12291:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12243:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12188:
12182:
12181:
12179:
12177:
12145:
12143:
12141:
12135:
12128:
12119:
12108:
12106:
12100:
12094:
12093:
12067:
12047:
12041:
12040:
12035:. Archived from
12025:
12019:
12018:
12016:
11982:
11973:
11972:
11970:
11936:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11906:
11895:
11894:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11839:
11833:
11832:
11826:
11824:
11802:
11796:
11795:
11793:
11791:
11757:
11748:(1–3): 234–239.
11733:
11727:
11726:
11700:
11680:
11674:
11668:
11666:
11664:
11644:
11638:
11628:
11623:
11621:
11601:
11590:
11589:
11563:
11543:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11532:
11498:
11474:
11468:
11467:
11441:
11421:
11415:
11414:
11388:
11368:
11362:
11361:
11359:
11357:
11337:
11331:
11330:
11325:
11323:
11303:
11297:
11296:
11268:
11262:
11261:
11233:
11227:
11226:
11198:
11192:
11191:
11147:
11141:
11140:
11129:10.1038/298633a0
11104:
11098:
11097:
11071:
11051:
11038:
11037:
11035:
11033:
11024:. 2 April 2014.
11011:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10980:
10974:
10972:
10956:
10946:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10935:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10882:
10862:
10856:
10853:Leonard Susskind
10839:
10833:
10832:
10806:
10784:
10778:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10758:
10752:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10738:. 11 July 2017.
10724:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10699:on 17 March 2013
10695:. Archived from
10682:
10676:
10675:
10670:
10668:
10646:
10637:
10636:
10630:
10628:
10608:
10597:
10596:
10591:
10589:
10572:"Higgs hysteria"
10567:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10539:
10526:
10525:
10520:
10518:
10498:
10492:
10491:
10479:
10469:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10425:
10419:
10418:
10390:
10381:
10380:
10345:
10334:
10333:
10331:
10329:
10309:
10298:
10292:
10286:
10283:
10277:
10271:
10265:
10264:, pp. 49–52
10259:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10194:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10158:
10147:
10146:
10133:The God Particle
10125:
10119:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10085:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10069:
10041:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10009:
9994:
9993:
9987:, because it is
9980:
9978:
9958:
9945:
9944:
9942:
9940:
9920:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9889:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9825:
9805:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9765:
9746:
9745:
9711:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9666:
9648:
9639:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9613:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9578:
9567:
9566:
9540:
9527:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9492:. 21 July 2023.
9486:
9470:
9466:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9432:
9426:
9410:
9404:
9390:
9384:
9382:
9375:
9367:
9361:
9354:
9348:
9345:Goldstone bosons
9337:
9331:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9296:
9295:
9290:
9289:
9281:
9270:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9260:
9259:
9250:
9249:
9244:
9243:
9235:
9222:
9220:
9219:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9197:
9196:
9191:
9190:
9182:
9175:
9174:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9158:
9150:
9127:
9126:
9118:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9092:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9062:
9054:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9017:
9011:
9007:
8996:
8993:
8987:
8976:
8967:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8953:
8951:
8950:
8942:
8932:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8892:
8891:
8875:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8856:
8852:
8851:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8820:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8785:
8783:
8782:
8764:
8763:
8755:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8737:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8712:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8696:
8695:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8653:
8652:
8643:
8642:
8610:
8604:
8597:Bernstein (1974)
8572:
8556:
8554:
8544:Bernstein (1974)
8525:
8516:
8492:
8486:
8475:
8469:
8458:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8425:
8419:
8391:
8385:
8371:
8365:
8328:
8322:
8313:
8307:
8289:
8285:0.0021 GeV/
8284:
8278:
8274:0.0021 GeV/
8273:
8267:
8262:
8256:
8251:
8240:
8229:
8220:
8216:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8202:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8163:
8157:
8154:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8112:
8110:
8104:
8088:
8079:
8072:
8056:
8015:
7979:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7900:
7895:
7892:
7879:
7877:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7860:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7830:
7825:
7822:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7782:
7777:
7774:
7767:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7737:
7727:
7722:
7719:
7712:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7694:
7690:
7685:
7682:
7672:
7667:
7664:
7657:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7639:
7635:
7630:
7627:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7549:
7540:
7537:
7520:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7505:
7500:
7497:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7449:
7447:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7426:
7421:
7418:
7411:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7393:
7390:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7360:
7359:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7334:
7321:
7316:
7313:
7306:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7288:
7285:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7255:
7254:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7229:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7201:
7194:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7176:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7143:
7142:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7117:
7104:
7099:
7096:
7089:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7071:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7038:
7037:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7012:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6984:
6977:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6959:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6926:
6925:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6900:
6887:
6882:
6879:
6872:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6854:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6821:
6820:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6795:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6691:
6688:
6679:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6602:
6589:
6588:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6523:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6443:
6442:
6433:
6428:
6419:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6371:
6362:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6274:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6156:or VEV) is then
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6108:
6107:
6095:
6094:
6082:
6081:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6037:
6032:
6029:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5790:
5789:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5733:
5725:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5697:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5662:
5661:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5584:
5580:
5567:
5562:
5555:
5551:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5519:weak hypercharge
5516:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5457:
5456:
5443:
5442:
5427:
5426:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5382:SU(2) symmetry:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5242:François Englert
5227:Fabiola Gianotti
5085:
5041:
5040:
5036:dispersive prism
5004:dispersive prism
4988:physicsworld.com
4972:champagne bottle
4951:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4894:
4859:
4808:
4804:
4724:
4722:
4713:
4697:
4671:
4664:
4645:
4638:
4605:branching ratios
4595:
4593:
4587:
4449:
4438:
4425:
4414:
4407:
4403:Feynman diagrams
4400:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4381:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4345:confidence level
4342:
4317:
4306:
4299:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4161:Goldstone bosons
4069:
4058:
3971:
3871:Goldstone bosons
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3738:Dirac Lagrangian
3706:electromagnetism
3698:Gauge invariance
3691:"local" symmetry
3650:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3273:
3266:
3244:
3232:
3221:
3212:
3186:Even (Positive)
3177:
3175:
3150:
3149:
3105:
3069:
3054:
3047:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3016:
2999:On 22 June 2012
2935:
2927:Feynman diagrams
2921:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2830:
2826:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2755:
2724:
2722:
2632:Goldstone bosons
2592:
2507:Martinus Veltman
2443:François Englert
2332:Goldstone bosons
2218:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2092:
2061:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1940:potential energy
1930:of the massless
1924:kinetic energies
1858:
1847:
1837:
1778:Particle physics
1755:Yukawa couplings
1704:
1693:
1688:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1518:
1485:
1483:
1482: 1980–2010
1480:
1309:non-relativistic
1289:Goldstone bosons
1252:recognised that
1238:Goldstone bosons
1124:gauge invariance
1079:
1072:
1065:
671:Particle physics
624:
615:particle physics
607:
606:
592:The God Particle
575:François Englert
515:symmetry of the
454:particle physics
440:produced by the
438:particle physics
394:
392:
391:
388:
385:
260:Decays into
253:
252:
250:
242:
240:
226:
218:
216:
160:
159:
158:
151:
150:
81:
74:
70:
21:
21525:
21524:
21520:
21519:
21518:
21516:
21515:
21514:
21465:2012 in science
21455:
21454:
21453:
21448:
21440:
21431:
21418:
21409:
21398:
21390:
21377:
21365:
21357:
21346:
21338:
21329:
21320:
21315:quantum machine
21312:
21302:
21294:
21286:
21277:
21268:
21257:
21249:
21241:
21229:
21221:
21213:
21205:
21200:Dolly the sheep
21197:
21188:
21181:
21171:
21163:
21133:
21128:
21096:
21051:
21009:Quantum gravity
21003:
20970:
20939:
20892:
20885:
20876:Higgs mechanism
20854:
20850:
20845:
20748:
20743:
20713:
20708:
20692:
20646:Nuclear physics
20595:
20559:
20495:Davydov soliton
20468:
20433:
20407:
20368:
20296:
20268:
20195:
20104:
20004:
19963:
19917:
19895:
19877:
19836:
19756:
19665:
19660:
19630:
19610:
19605:
19592:
19561:
19447:
19442:
19423:
19421:
19390:Wayback Machine
19276:
19274:
19230:
19228:
19224:
19217:
19195:
19193:
19157:(16 June 2011).
19107:The Higgs Boson
19092:
19087:
19082:
19047:
19025:
19023:
19016:
19004:. Vol. 2.
18953:Physics Letters
18926:(25): 713–714.
18914:Gilbert, Walter
18892:(10): 266–268.
18847:Physical Review
18811:Physical Review
18798:Nambu, Yoichiro
18792:
18790:Further reading
18787:
18781:
18762:
18743:
18717:
18715:
18711:
18680:
18668:
18663:
18634:(S2): 848–866.
18622:
18618:
18579:
18575:
18536:
18532:
18524:
18513:
18503:
18501:
18484:
18480:
18470:
18468:
18451:
18447:
18437:
18435:
18418:
18414:
18404:
18402:
18385:
18381:
18371:
18369:
18356:
18355:
18351:
18334:
18333:
18329:
18319:
18317:
18304:
18303:
18299:
18289:
18287:
18274:
18273:
18269:
18259:
18257:
18254:Duke University
18245:
18241:
18231:
18229:
18217:
18213:
18203:
18201:
18184:
18180:
18164:
18163:
18156:
18154:
18143:
18139:
18129:
18127:
18110:
18106:
18096:
18094:
18083:
18076:
18066:
18064:
18047:
18043:
18033:
18031:
18010:
18006:
17996:
17994:
17985:
17984:
17980:
17970:
17968:
17951:
17947:
17937:
17935:
17918:
17914:
17904:
17902:
17894:Huffington Post
17885:
17881:
17871:
17869:
17854:
17850:
17840:
17838:
17821:
17817:
17809:
17803:
17799:
17790:
17783:
17779:
17775:
17771:
17767:
17759:
17757:
17740:
17736:
17726:
17724:
17717:
17701:
17697:
17687:
17685:
17668:
17664:
17654:
17652:
17637:
17629:
17627:
17612:
17611:
17607:
17597:
17595:
17580:
17579:
17575:
17565:
17563:
17546:
17539:
17529:
17527:
17510:
17506:
17496:
17494:
17477:
17473:
17463:
17461:
17459:
17441:
17437:
17428:
17424:
17415:
17413:
17406:
17390:
17386:
17372:
17370:
17366:
17347:
17341:
17337:
17323:
17321:
17306:
17302:
17289:
17287:
17272:
17268:
17255:
17253:
17245:Chicago Tribune
17238:
17237:
17233:
17223:
17221:
17204:
17195:
17185:
17183:
17176:
17160:
17156:
17146:
17144:
17137:
17123:
17122:
17118:
17108:
17106:
17099:
17080:
17076:
17066:
17064:
17053:
17049:
17039:
17037:
17030:
17014:
17010:
17000:
16998:
16981:
16974:
16926:
16924:
16920:
16889:
16883:
16876:
16863:
16859:
16839:
16835:
16822:
16820:
16816:
16797:
16791:
16784:
16774:
16772:
16755:
16751:
16741:
16739:
16726:. Mathematics.
16716:
16709:
16699:
16697:
16684:
16683:
16679:
16669:
16667:
16656:
16645:
16629:10.1038/483374a
16606:
16605:
16592:
16568:10.1.1.242.3601
16533:
16529:
16472:(7917): 60–68.
16458:
16454:
16444:
16442:
16427:
16423:
16374:
16365:
16316:
16305:
16256:
16252:
16242:
16240:
16227:
16226:
16222:
16207:
16167:
16163:
16134:
16130:
16120:
16118:
16114:
16110:. p. 192.
16099:
16093:
16089:
16079:
16077:
16064:
16063:
16059:
16049:
16047:
16030:
16026:
16019:
16015:
15988:Physical Review
15981:
15977:
15946:
15942:
15893:
15889:
15840:
15836:
15829:
15815:
15811:
15804:
15790:
15786:
15758:Physics Reports
15750:
15746:
15736:
15734:
15725:
15724:
15720:
15710:
15708:
15699:
15698:
15691:
15640:
15636:
15577:
15573:
15528:Physics Reports
15524:
15520:
15512:
15508:
15500:
15496:
15439:
15432:
15430:
15377:
15370:
15368:
15353:
15349:
15339:
15337:
15322:
15318:
15308:
15306:
15293:
15292:
15288:
15278:
15276:
15267:
15266:
15262:
15252:
15250:
15241:
15240:
15236:
15179:(7917): 52–59.
15165:
15161:
15154:
15130:
15126:
15076:
15072:
15068:
15011:
15007:
14954:
14945:
14884:
14875:
14865:
14863:
14848:
14844:
14831:
14829:
14814:
14810:
14796:
14794:
14779:
14775:
14748:
14744:
14734:
14732:
14727:. 4 July 2012.
14717:
14716:
14712:
14702:
14700:
14683:
14682:
14678:
14668:
14666:
14653:
14652:
14648:
14638:
14636:
14623:
14622:
14618:
14608:
14606:
14593:
14592:
14588:
14578:
14576:
14563:
14562:
14558:
14548:
14546:
14531:
14527:
14517:
14515:
14500:
14496:
14486:
14484:
14471:
14470:
14463:
14453:
14451:
14436:
14432:
14422:
14420:
14416:
14405:
14401:
14400:
14387:
14333:
14326:
14316:
14314:
14301:
14300:
14296:
14286:
14284:
14269:
14262:
14216:
14209:
14170:
14166:
14156:
14154:
14147:Huffington Post
14139:
14135:
14125:
14123:
14108:
14104:
14094:
14092:
14083:
14082:
14078:
14072:Wayback Machine
14063:
14059:
14049:
14047:
14038:
14037:
14033:
13970:
13960:
13958:
13945:
13944:
13940:
13930:
13928:
13915:
13914:
13910:
13900:
13898:
13889:
13888:
13884:
13832:
13828:
13776:
13772:
13706:
13702:
13692:
13690:
13677:
13676:
13672:
13658:
13656:
13647:
13646:
13639:
13629:
13627:
13610:
13597:
13587:
13585:
13570:
13566:
13556:
13554:
13541:
13540:
13536:
13526:
13524:
13511:
13510:
13506:
13496:
13494:
13481:
13480:
13476:
13466:
13464:
13451:
13450:
13446:
13436:
13434:
13430:
13423:
13419:
13418:
13414:
13398:
13397:
13382:
13379:
13375:
13365:
13363:
13359:
13308:
13302:
13298:
13285:
13283:
13270:
13269:
13265:
13251:
13249:
13236:
13235:
13231:
13221:
13219:
13210:
13209:
13200:
13190:
13188:
13175:
13174:
13170:
13121:
13106:
13055:
13048:
13041:
13027:
13006:
12996:
12994:
12969:
12965:
12955:
12953:
12944:
12942:
12935:
12927:
12923:
12915:
12911:
12904:
12900:
12890:
12883:
12842:Coleman, Sidney
12839:
12835:
12821:
12819:
12812:The Nobel Prize
12804:
12789:
12779:
12777:
12776:on 25 July 2018
12773:
12767:The Nobel Prize
12762:
12756:
12752:
12735:
12726:
12698:Nuclear Physics
12693:
12689:
12678:
12674:
12635:
12631:
12621:
12619:
12604:
12603:
12596:
12586:
12584:
12580:
12565:
12559:
12555:
12527:Physical Review
12522:
12518:
12488:Physical Review
12479:
12475:
12424:
12420:
12406:
12404:
12400:
12389:
12383:
12379:
12351:Physics Letters
12346:
12342:
12319:(20): 585–587.
12292:
12283:
12260:(16): 508–509.
12244:
12235:
12189:
12185:
12175:
12173:
12166:
12139:
12137:
12133:
12126:
12120:
12111:
12102:
12101:
12097:
12048:
12044:
12027:
12026:
12022:
11983:
11976:
11937:
11924:
11907:
11898:
11871:Physical Review
11867:
11863:
11856:
11840:
11836:
11822:
11820:
11803:
11799:
11789:
11787:
11734:
11730:
11681:
11677:
11662:
11660:
11645:
11641:
11619:
11617:
11602:
11593:
11544:
11540:
11530:
11528:
11475:
11471:
11422:
11418:
11369:
11365:
11355:
11353:
11338:
11334:
11321:
11319:
11312:Huffington Post
11304:
11300:
11269:
11265:
11234:
11230:
11199:
11195:
11152:Physical Review
11148:
11144:
11105:
11101:
11052:
11041:
11031:
11029:
11013:
11012:
11008:
10998:
10996:
10989:io9.gizmodo.com
10981:
10977:
10969:
10947:
10943:
10933:
10931:
10916:
10912:
10863:
10859:
10849:Wayback Machine
10840:
10836:
10785:
10781:
10771:
10769:
10760:
10759:
10755:
10745:
10743:
10726:
10725:
10712:
10702:
10700:
10683:
10679:
10666:
10664:
10647:
10640:
10626:
10624:
10609:
10600:
10587:
10585:
10568:
10564:
10554:
10552:
10540:
10529:
10516:
10514:
10499:
10495:
10488:
10470:
10461:
10451:
10449:
10442:
10426:
10422:
10395:Physical Review
10391:
10384:
10363:(10): 266–268.
10346:
10337:
10327:
10325:
10310:
10301:
10293:
10289:
10284:
10280:
10272:
10268:
10260:
10256:
10246:
10244:
10228:
10224:
10214:
10212:
10195:
10188:
10178:
10176:
10159:
10150:
10143:
10126:
10122:
10111:
10109:
10102:
10086:
10077:
10067:
10065:
10058:
10042:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10010:
9997:
9976:
9974:
9959:
9948:
9938:
9936:
9921:
9912:
9902:
9900:
9891:
9890:
9886:
9876:
9874:
9859:
9855:
9806:
9793:
9783:
9781:
9766:
9749:
9692:
9688:
9646:
9640:
9636:
9626:
9624:
9615:
9614:
9601:
9591:
9589:
9580:
9579:
9570:
9528:
9509:
9499:
9497:
9488:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9474:
9473:
9467:
9463:
9457:
9453:
9433:
9429:
9417:Korean language
9413:Benjamin W. Lee
9411:
9407:
9391:
9387:
9378:114.4 GeV/
9377:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9355:
9351:
9338:
9334:
9301:
9297:
9291:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9255:
9251:
9245:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9226:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9170:
9166:
9160:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9142:
9117:
9116:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9053:
9052:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9014:
9008:
8999:
8994:
8990:
8977:
8970:
8941:
8940:
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8935:
8934:
8917:
8913:
8908:
8905:
8904:
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8883:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8873:
8842:
8841:
8835:
8831:
8826:
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8822:
8805:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8778:
8774:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8724:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8691:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8664:
8660:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8634:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8607:
8570:
8568:
8552:
8550:
8526:
8519:
8493:
8489:
8476:
8472:
8462:Huffington Post
8459:
8455:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8426:
8422:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8392:
8388:
8372:
8368:
8329:
8325:
8314:
8310:
8282:
8280:
8271:
8269:
8263:0.019 GeV/
8260:
8258:
8252:0.018 GeV/
8249:
8247:
8241:
8232:
8218:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8205:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8164:
8160:
8155:
8151:
8129:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8099:
8089:
8082:
8073:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8045:Tachyonic field
8013:
7993:
7988:
7977:
7928:Higgs mechanism
7923:
7918:
7896:
7891:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7861:
7856:
7835:
7826:
7821:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7788:
7787:
7778:
7773:
7763:
7758:
7748:
7741:
7736:
7723:
7718:
7708:
7703:
7693:
7686:
7681:
7668:
7663:
7653:
7648:
7638:
7631:
7626:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7576:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7541:
7536:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7518:
7501:
7496:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7445:
7444:
7432:
7431:
7422:
7417:
7407:
7402:
7392:
7371:
7367:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7345:
7335:
7330:
7317:
7312:
7302:
7297:
7287:
7266:
7262:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7230:
7225:
7212:
7211:
7205:
7200:
7190:
7185:
7175:
7154:
7150:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7128:
7118:
7113:
7100:
7095:
7085:
7080:
7070:
7049:
7045:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7013:
7008:
6995:
6994:
6988:
6983:
6973:
6968:
6958:
6937:
6933:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6911:
6901:
6896:
6883:
6878:
6868:
6863:
6853:
6832:
6828:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6796:
6791:
6780:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6718:
6714:
6706:
6692:
6687:
6678:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6604:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6584:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6476:
6475:
6458:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6417:
6410:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6379:
6375:
6360:
6353:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6313:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6286:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6269:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6225:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6184:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6103:
6099:
6090:
6086:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6018:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5824:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5770:
5757:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5714:
5702:
5698:
5686:
5676:
5672:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5526:
5521:U(1) symmetry.
5511:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5475:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5398:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5296:
5159:
5083:
5081:
5046:
4996:
4976:Higgs potential
4962:
4960:Other proposals
4952:
4949:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4892:
4857:
4827:
4806:
4802:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4717:
4715:
4712:(H → γ*γ → ℓℓγ)
4711:
4692:
4666:
4659:
4640:
4633:
4614:branching ratio
4591:
4589:
4582:
4566:
4522:Higgs Strahlung
4450:
4439:
4428:Higgs Strahlung
4426:
4415:
4399:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4380:(H → γ*γ → ℓℓγ)
4379:
4365:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4337:
4312:
4301:
4294:
4282:, and has zero
4260:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4212:field operators
4173:Yukawa coupling
4125:
4120:
4064:
4053:
4051:of the order of
4031:Feynman diagram
4023:
4015:Main articles:
4013:
3966:
3946:
3940:
3908:Meissner effect
3900:
3867:Yukawa coupling
3818:
3815:
3814:
3789:Higgs mechanism
3718:Sheldon Glashow
3671:
3666:
3664:Higgs mechanism
3660:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3630:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:the masses and
3526:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3302:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3251:Couples to mass
3242:
3230:
3225:(W W and Z Z),
3216:
3207:
3173:
3171:
3142:scalar particle
3129:
3100:
3064:
3061:
3049:
3042:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3012:
2988:
2930:
2909:
2904:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2828:
2824:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2751:114.4 GeV/
2750:
2743:
2720:
2718:
2667:decay signature
2651:
2645:
2590:
2582:
2511:Gerard 't Hooft
2483:Sheldon Glashow
2475:Steven Weinberg
2455:Gerald Guralnik
2381:gauge symmetry
2375:Philip Anderson
2318:models such as
2312:gauge invariant
2223:1964 PRL papers
2219:
2206:
2201:
2195:Higgs mechanism
2187:
2182:
2142:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2087:
2059:
2044:
2014:(known as the "
1996:
1991:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1873:
1856:
1845:
1843:
1831:
1808:
1793:mass generation
1785:
1780:
1767:
1739:Higgs mechanism
1699:
1686:
1684:
1646:electric charge
1628:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1592:
1573:electric fields
1558:
1530:scalar particle
1510:
1481:
1476:
1461:
1433:
1393:
1355:Higgs mechanism
1327:
1321:Higgs mechanism
1319:Main articles:
1317:
1315:Higgs mechanism
1276:, an expert in
1274:Philip Anderson
1246:
1213:theory for the
1211:gauge invariant
1203:electromagnetic
1199:
1152:Philip Anderson
1144:
1092:
1083:
1054:
1053:
754:
746:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
720:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
694:
693:
691:Higgs mechanism
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
660:
651:
622:
605:
540:Higgs mechanism
534:, who in 1964,
521:Higgs mechanism
470:electric charge
389:
386:
383:
382:
380:
331:
248:
246:
244:
238:
236:
219:
214:
212:
189:T. W. B. Kibble
157:
155:
154:
153:
149:
147:
146:
145:
144:
112:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21523:
21513:
21512:
21510:Force carriers
21507:
21502:
21497:
21495:Standard Model
21492:
21487:
21482:
21477:
21472:
21467:
21450:
21449:
21447:
21446:
21438:
21429:
21416:
21407:
21396:
21388:
21375:
21363:
21355:
21344:
21336:
21327:
21325:clinical trial
21318:
21310:
21300:
21292:
21284:
21275:
21266:
21255:
21247:
21239:
21227:
21219:
21211:
21203:
21195:
21185:
21183:
21173:
21172:
21162:
21161:
21154:
21147:
21139:
21130:
21129:
21127:
21126:
21114:
21101:
21098:
21097:
21095:
21094:
21089:
21084:
21079:
21074:
21069:
21063:
21061:
21057:
21056:
21053:
21052:
21050:
21049:
21047:Twistor theory
21044:
21039:
21034:
21029:
21024:
21019:
21013:
21011:
21005:
21004:
21002:
21001:
20996:
20991:
20986:
20980:
20978:
20972:
20971:
20969:
20968:
20963:
20958:
20953:
20947:
20945:
20941:
20940:
20938:
20937:
20932:
20927:
20926:
20925:
20915:
20910:
20904:
20902:
20895:
20893:Standard Model
20887:
20886:
20884:
20883:
20878:
20873:
20868:
20862:
20860:
20856:
20855:
20848:
20846:
20844:
20843:
20842:
20841:
20836:
20831:
20826:
20821:
20811:
20810:
20809:
20804:
20799:
20789:
20784:
20779:
20778:
20777:
20772:
20767:
20756:
20754:
20750:
20749:
20746:Standard Model
20742:
20741:
20734:
20727:
20719:
20710:
20709:
20705:Physics portal
20697:
20694:
20693:
20691:
20690:
20685:
20680:
20675:
20670:
20665:
20660:
20659:
20658:
20648:
20643:
20638:
20633:
20628:
20627:
20626:
20619:Standard Model
20616:
20615:
20614:
20603:
20601:
20597:
20596:
20594:
20593:
20588:
20586:Quasiparticles
20583:
20578:
20573:
20567:
20565:
20561:
20560:
20558:
20557:
20552:
20547:
20542:
20537:
20532:
20527:
20522:
20517:
20512:
20507:
20502:
20497:
20492:
20486:
20484:
20482:Quasiparticles
20478:
20477:
20474:
20473:
20470:
20469:
20467:
20466:
20461:
20456:
20451:
20445:
20443:
20439:
20438:
20435:
20434:
20432:
20431:
20426:
20421:
20415:
20413:
20409:
20408:
20406:
20405:
20400:
20395:
20389:
20387:
20376:
20370:
20369:
20367:
20366:
20361:
20356:
20355:
20354:
20349:
20344:
20339:
20334:
20329:
20319:
20314:
20308:
20306:
20302:
20301:
20298:
20297:
20295:
20294:
20289:
20278:
20276:
20274:Exotic hadrons
20270:
20269:
20267:
20266:
20261:
20256:
20251:
20246:
20241:
20236:
20231:
20226:
20221:
20216:
20211:
20205:
20203:
20197:
20196:
20194:
20193:
20188:
20183:
20178:
20173:
20168:
20167:
20166:
20161:
20156:
20151:
20140:
20138:
20129:
20120:
20114:
20113:
20110:
20109:
20106:
20105:
20103:
20102:
20100:X and Y bosons
20097:
20092:
20087:
20082:
20077:
20072:
20067:
20062:
20057:
20052:
20047:
20042:
20037:
20032:
20027:
20022:
20016:
20014:
20010:
20009:
20006:
20005:
20003:
20002:
19992:
19987:
19982:
19977:
19971:
19969:
19965:
19964:
19962:
19961:
19956:
19951:
19945:
19943:
19934:
19925:
19919:
19918:
19916:
19915:
19909:
19907:
19901:
19900:
19897:
19896:
19894:
19893:
19887:
19885:
19879:
19878:
19876:
19875:
19873:W and Z bosons
19870:
19865:
19859:
19857:
19848:
19842:
19841:
19838:
19837:
19835:
19834:
19833:
19832:
19827:
19822:
19817:
19812:
19807:
19797:
19792:
19787:
19782:
19777:
19772:
19766:
19764:
19758:
19757:
19755:
19754:
19749:
19744:
19739:
19734:
19729:
19727:Strange (quark
19724:
19719:
19714:
19709:
19704:
19699:
19693:
19691:
19682:
19673:
19667:
19666:
19659:
19658:
19651:
19644:
19636:
19629:
19628:
19618:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19603:
19598:
19554:
19540:
19535:
19496:
19448:
19446:
19443:
19441:
19440:
19430:
19408:
19403:
19402:
19401:
19396:
19318:
19273:. Scholarpedia
19266:
19207:
19204:New York Times
19189:New York Times
19179:
19163:
19158:
19151:Video2 (07:44)
19147:Video1 (07:44)
19144:
19134:
19126:
19118:
19114:Particle Fever
19110:
19104:
19099:
19093:
19091:
19088:
19086:
19085:External links
19083:
19081:
19080:
19051:
19045:
19032:
19014:
18978:
18960:(2): 132–133.
18944:
18910:
18876:Klein, Abraham
18872:
18854:(1): 439–442.
18838:
18818:(1): 345–358.
18793:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18785:
18779:
18766:
18760:
18752:Modern Physics
18747:
18741:
18724:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18661:
18616:
18595:(3): 285–304.
18573:
18530:
18511:
18478:
18445:
18412:
18379:
18349:
18327:
18297:
18267:
18239:
18211:
18178:
18137:
18104:
18074:
18059:. London, UK.
18041:
18004:
17978:
17945:
17930:. London, UK.
17912:
17879:
17848:
17833:. London, UK.
17815:
17797:
17734:
17715:
17695:
17677:The New Yorker
17662:
17605:
17573:
17537:
17522:. London, UK.
17504:
17471:
17457:
17435:
17404:
17384:
17335:
17316:. p. 18.
17300:
17266:
17231:
17193:
17174:
17154:
17135:
17116:
17097:
17074:
17047:
17028:
17008:
16972:
16969:
16968:
16950:
16923:on 4 July 2013
16900:(6100): 1287.
16874:
16857:
16833:
16782:
16767:. London, UK.
16749:
16707:
16677:
16643:
16590:
16543:(13): 132513.
16527:
16452:
16421:
16363:
16303:
16273:hep-ph/0101342
16250:
16220:
16205:
16161:
16128:
16087:
16057:
16024:
16013:
15975:
15940:
15910:hep-th/0009148
15887:
15857:hep-th/0203211
15834:
15827:
15809:
15802:
15784:
15765:(5): 241–320.
15744:
15718:
15689:
15659:hep-ph/0305237
15634:
15596:hep-ph/0308038
15589:(10): 101802.
15571:
15518:
15506:
15494:
15449:(12): 121801.
15347:
15316:
15286:
15260:
15234:
15159:
15152:
15124:
15066:
15005:
14943:
14873:
14842:
14808:
14773:
14742:
14710:
14676:
14646:
14616:
14586:
14556:
14541:. London, UK.
14525:
14494:
14461:
14430:
14385:
14324:
14294:
14260:
14207:
14164:
14133:
14122:on 7 July 2012
14102:
14076:
14057:
14031:
13984:(2013): 2980.
13938:
13908:
13882:
13845:(11): 112015.
13826:
13770:
13700:
13670:
13637:
13595:
13564:
13547:ATLAS homepage
13534:
13504:
13474:
13444:
13412:
13373:
13296:
13263:
13229:
13198:
13168:
13104:
13046:
13039:
13004:
12963:
12933:
12929:Bernstein 1974
12921:
12917:Bernstein 1974
12909:
12881:
12833:
12787:
12750:
12724:
12705:(4): 579–588.
12687:
12672:
12629:
12594:
12553:
12516:
12473:
12418:
12377:
12358:(2): 132–133.
12340:
12281:
12233:
12212:(9): 321–323.
12183:
12164:
12109:
12095:
12065:hep-th/0304245
12042:
12033:Nobelprize.org
12020:
11974:
11922:
11896:
11877:(3): 965–970.
11861:
11854:
11834:
11797:
11728:
11691:(3): 703–706.
11675:
11669:Article cites
11639:
11591:
11538:
11469:
11416:
11379:(4): 369–375.
11363:
11332:
11298:
11263:
11228:
11193:
11142:
11099:
11062:(1): 214–219.
11039:
11006:
10975:
10967:
10941:
10910:
10857:
10834:
10779:
10753:
10710:
10677:
10638:
10598:
10562:
10527:
10493:
10486:
10459:
10440:
10420:
10401:(1): 439–442.
10382:
10335:
10299:
10295:Griffiths 2008
10287:
10278:
10266:
10262:Griffiths 2008
10254:
10222:
10186:
10148:
10141:
10129:Lederman, L.M.
10120:
10100:
10075:
10056:
10031:
9995:
9990:
9986:
9946:
9910:
9884:
9853:
9816:(2017): 1–24.
9791:
9747:
9702:(12): 121801.
9686:
9634:
9599:
9568:
9507:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9461:
9451:
9449:
9448:
9445:
9442:
9427:
9415:also uses the
9405:
9403:
9402:
9399:
9396:
9385:
9362:
9349:
9332:
9304:
9300:
9294:
9287:
9284:
9258:
9254:
9248:
9241:
9238:
9224:
9223:
9211:
9205:
9201:
9195:
9188:
9185:
9178:
9173:
9169:
9163:
9156:
9153:
9145:
9141:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9124:
9121:
9115:
9112:
9090:
9066:
9060:
9057:
9051:
9048:
9028:
9012:
8997:
8988:
8968:
8948:
8945:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8890:
8886:
8861:
8855:
8849:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8808:
8804:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8761:
8758:
8735:
8727:
8723:
8702:
8699:
8694:
8690:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8651:
8647:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8627:
8624:
8621:
8605:
8601:external links
8566:
8559:Lorentz frames
8517:
8487:
8470:
8453:
8431:, such as the
8420:
8418:
8417:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8399:
8386:
8378:
8377:
8366:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8346:
8334:
8333:
8323:
8308:
8230:
8213:
8179:
8158:
8149:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8122:
8092:Standard Model
8080:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8030:
8024:
8020:Particle Fever
8016:
8007:
8001:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7983:W and Z bosons
7980:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7953:
7947:
7942:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7922:
7921:Standard Model
7919:
7917:
7914:
7899:
7890:
7869:
7864:
7855:
7844:
7840:
7834:
7829:
7820:
7808:
7807:
7796:
7786:
7781:
7772:
7766:
7755:
7752:
7744:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7717:
7711:
7700:
7697:
7689:
7680:
7676:
7671:
7662:
7656:
7645:
7642:
7634:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7607:
7579:
7575:
7548:
7544:
7535:
7504:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7459:
7458:
7443:
7430:
7425:
7416:
7410:
7399:
7396:
7384:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7358:
7354:
7342:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7320:
7311:
7305:
7294:
7291:
7279:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7237:
7233:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7208:
7199:
7193:
7182:
7179:
7167:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7125:
7121:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7094:
7088:
7077:
7074:
7062:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7036:
7032:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6991:
6982:
6976:
6965:
6962:
6950:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6924:
6920:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6877:
6871:
6860:
6857:
6845:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6819:
6815:
6803:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6743:
6742:
6731:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6705:
6695:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6668:
6644:
6607:
6601:
6598:
6592:
6587:
6583:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6541:
6527:
6521:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6494:Weinberg angle
6490:
6489:
6474:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6446:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6316:
6312:
6289:
6285:
6256:
6247:
6243:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6139:
6135:
6114:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6055:, so that the
6044:
6041:
6036:
6027:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5989:Pauli matrices
5974:
5970:
5944:
5941:
5920:
5894:
5890:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5847:
5846:
5835:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5729:
5722:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5630:
5607:
5585:
5563:
5556:
5544:
5537:
5499:
5498:
5487:
5480:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5394:
5370:at the ground.
5349:
5345:
5322:
5318:
5295:
5292:
5250:
5249:
5234:
5220:
5214:
5200:
5186:
5158:
5155:
5102:electric field
5092:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5076:
5049:
4995:
4992:
4961:
4958:
4947:
4944:
4920:and cultures.
4826:
4823:
4798:David Kaiser.
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4707:virtual photon
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4545:
4542:
4523:
4520:
4488:
4465:speed of light
4455:
4454:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4398:
4395:
4333:Fermi constant
4262:
4261:
4242:
4240:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4149:imaginary mass
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4012:
4009:
3942:Main article:
3939:
3936:
3899:
3896:
3884:gauge theories
3855:gauge symmetry
3822:
3804:Standard Model
3785:renormalisable
3746:W and Z bosons
3702:Standard Model
3670:
3667:
3662:Main article:
3659:
3656:
3651:respectively.
3646:0.21 GeV/
3635:0.28 GeV/
3592:
3587:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3330:
3325:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3223:W and Z bosons
3204:
3201:Decay channels
3197:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3128:
3125:
3090:W and Z bosons
3077:Matt Strassler
3060:
3057:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2972:
2957:
2954:Top-quark Loop
2923:
2922:
2903:
2900:
2742:
2739:
2731:computing grid
2647:Main article:
2644:
2641:
2581:
2578:
2539:David Politzer
2523:Andrei Slavnov
2519:Ludvig Faddeev
2505:. In 1971–72,
2495:Standard Model
2415:Yoichiro Nambu
2326:, relating to
2303:– and then to
2285:quantum fields
2281:field theories
2277:force carriers
2259:
2258:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2131:
2128:
2120:
2043:
2040:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1951:
1948:
1934:mediating the
1896:out of nothing
1872:
1869:
1854:
1807:
1804:
1789:Standard Model
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1743:W and Z bosons
1631:0.11 GeV/
1620:0.15 GeV/
1591:
1588:
1557:
1556:Interpretation
1554:
1540:, despite the
1492:40-year search
1460:
1457:
1432:
1429:
1392:
1389:
1385:Standard Model
1325:Standard Model
1316:
1313:
1293:W and Z bosons
1250:Yoichiro Nambu
1245:
1242:
1198:
1195:
1175:speed of light
1171:magnetic field
1156:
1155:
1143:
1140:
1120:quantum fields
1104:Standard Model
1091:
1090:Standard Model
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
675:Standard Model
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
655:
618:
617:
611:Standard Model
604:
601:
551:40-year search
434:Standard Model
426:Higgs particle
416:
415:
412:
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
377:
371:
370:
362:
356:
355:
352:
346:
345:
339:
333:
332:
330:
329:
326:
320:
317:virtual photon
305:
298:
291:
285:
278:
271:
264:
262:
256:
255:
234:
228:
227:
210:
204:
203:
197:
193:
192:
181:G. S. Guralnik
166:
162:
161:
156:
148:
142:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
82:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21522:
21511:
21508:
21506:
21503:
21501:
21498:
21496:
21493:
21491:
21488:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21476:
21473:
21471:
21468:
21466:
21463:
21462:
21460:
21444:
21439:
21435:
21430:
21426:
21422:
21417:
21413:
21408:
21405:
21402:
21397:
21394:
21389:
21385:
21381:
21376:
21373:
21369:
21364:
21361:
21356:
21353:
21352:comet mission
21351:
21345:
21342:
21337:
21333:
21328:
21324:
21319:
21316:
21311:
21308:
21307:
21301:
21298:
21293:
21290:
21285:
21281:
21276:
21272:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21256:
21253:
21248:
21245:
21240:
21237:
21233:
21228:
21225:
21220:
21217:
21212:
21209:
21204:
21201:
21196:
21193:understanding
21192:
21187:
21186:
21184:
21180:
21179:
21174:
21170:
21168:
21160:
21155:
21153:
21148:
21146:
21141:
21140:
21137:
21125:
21124:
21115:
21113:
21112:
21103:
21102:
21099:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21064:
21062:
21058:
21048:
21045:
21043:
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21017:String theory
21015:
21014:
21012:
21010:
21006:
21000:
20997:
20995:
20992:
20990:
20987:
20985:
20982:
20981:
20979:
20977:
20976:Supersymmetry
20973:
20967:
20964:
20962:
20959:
20957:
20954:
20952:
20949:
20948:
20946:
20942:
20936:
20933:
20931:
20928:
20924:
20921:
20920:
20919:
20916:
20914:
20911:
20909:
20906:
20905:
20903:
20899:
20896:
20894:
20888:
20882:
20879:
20877:
20874:
20872:
20869:
20867:
20864:
20863:
20861:
20857:
20840:
20837:
20835:
20832:
20830:
20827:
20825:
20822:
20820:
20817:
20816:
20815:
20812:
20808:
20805:
20803:
20800:
20798:
20795:
20794:
20793:
20790:
20788:
20785:
20783:
20780:
20776:
20773:
20771:
20768:
20766:
20763:
20762:
20761:
20758:
20757:
20755:
20751:
20747:
20740:
20735:
20733:
20728:
20726:
20721:
20720:
20717:
20707:
20706:
20701:
20695:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20679:
20676:
20674:
20671:
20669:
20666:
20664:
20663:Exotic matter
20661:
20657:
20654:
20653:
20652:
20651:Eightfold way
20649:
20647:
20644:
20642:
20641:Antiparticles
20639:
20637:
20634:
20632:
20629:
20625:
20622:
20621:
20620:
20617:
20613:
20610:
20609:
20608:
20605:
20604:
20602:
20598:
20592:
20589:
20587:
20584:
20582:
20579:
20577:
20574:
20572:
20569:
20568:
20566:
20562:
20556:
20553:
20551:
20548:
20546:
20543:
20541:
20538:
20536:
20533:
20531:
20528:
20526:
20523:
20521:
20518:
20516:
20513:
20511:
20508:
20506:
20503:
20501:
20498:
20496:
20493:
20491:
20488:
20487:
20485:
20483:
20479:
20465:
20462:
20460:
20457:
20455:
20452:
20450:
20447:
20446:
20444:
20440:
20430:
20427:
20425:
20422:
20420:
20417:
20416:
20414:
20410:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20394:
20391:
20390:
20388:
20384:
20380:
20377:
20375:
20371:
20365:
20362:
20360:
20357:
20353:
20350:
20348:
20345:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20333:
20330:
20328:
20325:
20324:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20315:
20313:
20312:Atomic nuclei
20310:
20309:
20307:
20303:
20293:
20290:
20287:
20283:
20280:
20279:
20277:
20275:
20271:
20265:
20262:
20260:
20257:
20255:
20252:
20250:
20247:
20245:
20244:Upsilon meson
20242:
20240:
20237:
20235:
20232:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20217:
20215:
20212:
20210:
20207:
20206:
20204:
20202:
20198:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20184:
20182:
20179:
20177:
20176:Lambda baryon
20174:
20172:
20169:
20165:
20162:
20160:
20157:
20155:
20152:
20150:
20147:
20146:
20145:
20142:
20141:
20139:
20137:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20124:
20121:
20119:
20115:
20101:
20098:
20096:
20093:
20091:
20088:
20086:
20083:
20081:
20078:
20076:
20073:
20071:
20068:
20066:
20063:
20061:
20058:
20056:
20053:
20051:
20048:
20046:
20043:
20041:
20038:
20036:
20035:Dual graviton
20033:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20017:
20015:
20011:
20000:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19988:
19986:
19983:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19972:
19970:
19966:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19946:
19944:
19942:
19938:
19935:
19933:
19932:Superpartners
19929:
19926:
19924:
19920:
19914:
19911:
19910:
19908:
19906:
19902:
19892:
19889:
19888:
19886:
19884:
19880:
19874:
19871:
19869:
19866:
19864:
19861:
19860:
19858:
19856:
19852:
19849:
19847:
19843:
19831:
19828:
19826:
19823:
19821:
19818:
19816:
19815:Muon neutrino
19813:
19811:
19808:
19806:
19803:
19802:
19801:
19798:
19796:
19793:
19791:
19788:
19786:
19783:
19781:
19778:
19776:
19773:
19771:
19768:
19767:
19765:
19763:
19759:
19753:
19750:
19748:
19747:Bottom (quark
19745:
19743:
19740:
19738:
19735:
19733:
19730:
19728:
19725:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19694:
19692:
19690:
19686:
19683:
19681:
19677:
19674:
19672:
19668:
19664:
19657:
19652:
19650:
19645:
19643:
19638:
19637:
19634:
19626:
19624:
19619:
19616:
19613:
19612:
19602:
19599:
19591:
19587:
19583:
19579:
19575:
19571:
19567:
19560:
19555:
19552:
19548:
19544:
19541:
19539:
19536:
19532:
19528:
19524:
19520:
19515:
19510:
19506:
19502:
19497:
19493:
19489:
19485:
19481:
19477:
19473:
19468:
19463:
19459:
19455:
19450:
19449:
19438:
19434:
19431:
19420:
19419:
19414:
19409:
19407:
19404:
19400:
19397:
19395:
19391:
19387:
19384:
19377:
19372:
19364:
19360:
19356:
19352:
19348:
19344:
19339:
19334:
19330:
19326:
19325:
19319:
19313:
19308:
19304:
19300:
19296:
19292:
19288:
19272:
19267:
19262:
19258:
19254:
19250:
19246:
19242:
19223:
19216:
19211:
19210:
19208:
19205:
19192:
19191:Science pages
19190:
19185:
19180:
19176:
19175:Sixty Symbols
19172:
19168:
19167:Carroll, Sean
19164:
19162:
19159:
19156:
19152:
19148:
19145:
19142:
19138:
19137:Video (04:38)
19135:
19133:
19132:
19127:
19125:
19123:
19119:
19117:
19115:
19111:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19094:
19076:
19071:
19067:
19063:
19062:
19057:
19052:
19048:
19042:
19038:
19033:
19021:
19017:
19011:
19007:
19003:
18999:
18995:
18991:
18987:
18983:
18979:
18975:
18971:
18967:
18963:
18959:
18955:
18954:
18949:
18945:
18941:
18937:
18933:
18929:
18925:
18921:
18920:
18915:
18911:
18907:
18903:
18899:
18895:
18891:
18887:
18886:
18881:
18877:
18873:
18869:
18865:
18861:
18857:
18853:
18849:
18848:
18843:
18839:
18834:
18829:
18825:
18821:
18817:
18813:
18812:
18807:
18803:
18799:
18795:
18794:
18782:
18776:
18772:
18767:
18763:
18757:
18753:
18748:
18744:
18738:
18733:
18732:
18725:
18710:
18706:
18702:
18698:
18694:
18690:
18686:
18679:
18675:
18671:
18670:
18657:
18653:
18649:
18645:
18641:
18637:
18633:
18629:
18628:
18620:
18611:
18606:
18602:
18598:
18594:
18590:
18589:
18584:
18577:
18568:
18563:
18559:
18555:
18551:
18547:
18546:
18541:
18534:
18527:
18522:
18520:
18518:
18516:
18499:
18495:
18494:
18493:Outlook India
18489:
18482:
18466:
18462:
18461:
18456:
18449:
18433:
18429:
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18423:
18416:
18400:
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18353:
18345:
18341:
18337:
18331:
18315:
18311:
18307:
18301:
18285:
18281:
18277:
18271:
18256:
18255:
18250:
18243:
18228:
18227:
18222:
18215:
18199:
18195:
18194:
18193:New Scientist
18189:
18182:
18174:
18168:
18152:
18148:
18141:
18125:
18121:
18120:
18115:
18108:
18092:
18088:
18081:
18079:
18062:
18058:
18057:
18052:
18045:
18029:
18025:
18023:
18018:
18014:
18008:
17992:
17988:
17982:
17966:
17962:
17961:
17956:
17949:
17933:
17929:
17928:
17923:
17916:
17900:
17896:
17895:
17890:
17883:
17867:
17863:
17859:
17852:
17836:
17832:
17831:
17826:
17819:
17807:
17801:
17794:
17788:
17755:
17751:
17750:
17745:
17738:
17722:
17718:
17712:
17708:
17707:
17699:
17683:
17679:
17678:
17673:
17666:
17650:
17646:
17645:
17640:
17625:
17621:
17620:
17619:New Scientist
17615:
17609:
17593:
17589:
17588:
17583:
17577:
17561:
17557:
17556:
17555:The Telegraph
17551:
17544:
17542:
17525:
17521:
17520:
17515:
17508:
17492:
17488:
17487:
17482:
17475:
17460:
17454:
17449:
17448:
17439:
17432:
17411:
17407:
17401:
17397:
17396:
17388:
17381:
17365:
17361:
17357:
17353:
17346:
17339:
17332:
17319:
17315:
17311:
17304:
17297:
17285:
17281:
17277:
17270:
17263:
17251:
17247:
17246:
17241:
17235:
17219:
17215:
17214:
17209:
17202:
17200:
17198:
17181:
17177:
17171:
17167:
17166:
17158:
17142:
17138:
17132:
17128:
17127:
17120:
17104:
17100:
17094:
17090:
17089:
17084:
17078:
17062:
17058:
17051:
17035:
17031:
17025:
17021:
17020:
17012:
16996:
16992:
16991:
16986:
16979:
16977:
16964:
16960:
16958:
16951:
16948:
16947:
16943:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16919:
16915:
16911:
16907:
16903:
16899:
16895:
16888:
16881:
16879:
16870:
16869:
16861:
16852:
16848:
16844:
16837:
16830:
16815:
16811:
16807:
16803:
16796:
16789:
16787:
16770:
16766:
16765:
16760:
16753:
16737:
16733:
16729:
16725:
16723:
16714:
16712:
16695:
16691:
16690:CERN Bulletin
16687:
16681:
16665:
16661:
16654:
16652:
16650:
16648:
16639:
16635:
16630:
16625:
16621:
16617:
16613:
16609:
16603:
16601:
16599:
16597:
16595:
16586:
16582:
16578:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16560:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16542:
16538:
16531:
16523:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16505:
16501:
16497:
16493:
16489:
16485:
16480:
16475:
16471:
16467:
16463:
16456:
16440:
16436:
16432:
16425:
16417:
16413:
16409:
16405:
16401:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16384:(4): 042030.
16383:
16379:
16372:
16370:
16368:
16359:
16355:
16351:
16347:
16343:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16325:
16321:
16314:
16312:
16310:
16308:
16299:
16295:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16266:(9): 093003.
16265:
16261:
16254:
16238:
16234:
16230:
16224:
16216:
16212:
16208:
16202:
16198:
16194:
16190:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16172:
16165:
16157:
16153:
16148:
16143:
16139:
16132:
16113:
16109:
16105:
16098:
16091:
16075:
16071:
16067:
16061:
16045:
16041:
16040:
16035:
16028:
16022:
16017:
16009:
16005:
16001:
15997:
15993:
15989:
15985:
15979:
15971:
15967:
15963:
15959:
15955:
15951:
15944:
15936:
15932:
15928:
15924:
15920:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15902:
15898:
15891:
15883:
15879:
15875:
15871:
15867:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15849:
15845:
15838:
15830:
15824:
15820:
15813:
15805:
15799:
15795:
15788:
15780:
15776:
15772:
15768:
15764:
15760:
15759:
15754:
15748:
15732:
15728:
15722:
15706:
15702:
15696:
15694:
15685:
15681:
15677:
15673:
15669:
15665:
15660:
15655:
15652:(5): 055006.
15651:
15647:
15646:
15638:
15630:
15626:
15622:
15618:
15614:
15610:
15606:
15602:
15597:
15592:
15588:
15584:
15583:
15575:
15567:
15563:
15559:
15555:
15551:
15547:
15542:
15537:
15533:
15529:
15522:
15515:
15510:
15503:
15498:
15490:
15486:
15482:
15478:
15474:
15470:
15466:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15448:
15444:
15428:
15424:
15420:
15416:
15412:
15408:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15390:
15386:
15382:
15366:
15362:
15358:
15351:
15335:
15331:
15327:
15320:
15304:
15300:
15296:
15290:
15274:
15270:
15264:
15248:
15244:
15238:
15230:
15226:
15221:
15216:
15212:
15208:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15192:
15187:
15182:
15178:
15174:
15170:
15163:
15155:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15137:
15136:
15128:
15120:
15116:
15112:
15108:
15104:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15086:
15082:
15070:
15062:
15058:
15054:
15050:
15046:
15042:
15038:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15021:(8): 081803.
15020:
15016:
15009:
15001:
14997:
14993:
14989:
14985:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14967:
14963:
14962:Phys. Lett. B
14959:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14939:
14935:
14931:
14927:
14923:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14898:(8): 081803.
14897:
14893:
14889:
14882:
14880:
14878:
14861:
14857:
14853:
14846:
14839:
14827:
14823:
14819:
14812:
14804:
14792:
14788:
14784:
14777:
14771:, and others.
14770:
14769:
14764:
14763:
14758:
14754:
14753:
14746:
14730:
14726:
14725:
14720:
14714:
14698:
14694:
14690:
14686:
14680:
14664:
14660:
14656:
14650:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14620:
14604:
14600:
14596:
14590:
14574:
14570:
14566:
14560:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14529:
14513:
14509:
14505:
14498:
14483:on 1 May 2014
14482:
14478:
14474:
14468:
14466:
14449:
14445:
14444:CERN Bulletin
14441:
14434:
14415:
14411:
14404:
14398:
14396:
14394:
14392:
14390:
14381:
14377:
14373:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14347:
14343:
14342:
14337:
14331:
14329:
14312:
14308:
14304:
14298:
14282:
14278:
14274:
14267:
14265:
14256:
14252:
14248:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14230:
14226:
14225:
14220:
14214:
14212:
14203:
14199:
14195:
14191:
14187:
14183:
14179:
14175:
14168:
14152:
14148:
14144:
14137:
14121:
14117:
14113:
14106:
14090:
14086:
14080:
14073:
14069:
14066:
14061:
14045:
14041:
14035:
14027:
14023:
14018:
14013:
14009:
14005:
14001:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13983:
13979:
13975:
13968:
13956:
13952:
13948:
13942:
13926:
13922:
13918:
13912:
13896:
13892:
13886:
13878:
13874:
13870:
13866:
13862:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13844:
13840:
13836:
13830:
13822:
13818:
13814:
13810:
13806:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13789:(1): 012006.
13788:
13784:
13780:
13774:
13766:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13722:
13718:
13714:
13710:
13704:
13688:
13684:
13680:
13674:
13667:
13654:
13650:
13644:
13642:
13625:
13621:
13620:
13615:
13608:
13606:
13604:
13602:
13600:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13568:
13552:
13548:
13544:
13538:
13522:
13518:
13517:CERN Bulletin
13514:
13508:
13492:
13488:
13484:
13478:
13462:
13458:
13454:
13448:
13429:
13422:
13416:
13408:
13402:
13393:
13388:
13377:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13342:
13338:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13321:(1): 1–1232.
13320:
13316:
13315:
13307:
13300:
13293:
13281:
13277:
13273:
13267:
13260:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13233:
13217:
13213:
13207:
13205:
13203:
13186:
13182:
13178:
13172:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13130:
13126:
13119:
13117:
13115:
13113:
13111:
13109:
13100:
13096:
13092:
13088:
13084:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13066:
13062:
13061:
13053:
13051:
13042:
13036:
13032:
13025:
13023:
13021:
13019:
13017:
13015:
13013:
13011:
13009:
12992:
12988:
12984:
12980:
12979:
12974:
12967:
12951:
12947:
12940:
12938:
12930:
12925:
12918:
12913:
12899:
12898:archive.today
12895:
12892:
12888:
12886:
12877:
12873:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12853:
12849:
12848:
12843:
12837:
12830:
12817:
12813:
12809:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12794:
12792:
12772:
12768:
12761:
12754:
12745:
12740:
12733:
12731:
12729:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12699:
12691:
12683:
12676:
12667:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12646:
12645:
12640:
12633:
12617:
12613:
12612:
12607:
12601:
12599:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12564:
12557:
12549:
12545:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12528:
12520:
12511:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12490:
12489:
12484:
12477:
12469:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12435:
12431:
12430:
12422:
12415:
12399:
12395:
12388:
12381:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12361:
12357:
12353:
12352:
12344:
12335:
12330:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12314:
12313:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12296:
12290:
12288:
12286:
12276:
12271:
12267:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12254:
12249:
12242:
12240:
12238:
12228:
12223:
12219:
12215:
12211:
12207:
12206:
12201:
12197:
12196:Brout, Robert
12193:
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12171:
12167:
12161:
12157:
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12132:
12125:
12118:
12116:
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12105:
12099:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12046:
12038:
12034:
12030:
12024:
12015:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11998:
11994:
11993:
11988:
11981:
11979:
11969:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11947:
11942:
11935:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11927:
11917:
11912:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11872:
11865:
11857:
11851:
11847:
11846:
11838:
11831:
11818:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11801:
11785:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11765:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11732:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11679:
11672:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11643:
11636:
11632:
11627:
11615:
11611:
11607:
11600:
11598:
11596:
11587:
11583:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11553:
11549:
11542:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11488:
11484:
11480:
11473:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11420:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11367:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11336:
11329:
11317:
11313:
11309:
11302:
11294:
11290:
11286:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11267:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11232:
11224:
11220:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11197:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11173:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11146:
11138:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11103:
11095:
11091:
11087:
11083:
11079:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11050:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11027:
11023:
11021:
11016:
11010:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10979:
10970:
10964:
10960:
10955:
10954:
10945:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10914:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10873:(2): 025003.
10872:
10868:
10861:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10843:
10838:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10797:(2): 025003.
10796:
10792:
10791:
10783:
10767:
10763:
10757:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10723:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10715:
10698:
10694:
10693:
10688:
10681:
10674:
10662:
10658:
10657:
10652:
10645:
10643:
10635:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10595:
10583:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10566:
10551:
10550:
10549:New Scientist
10545:
10538:
10536:
10534:
10532:
10524:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10497:
10489:
10483:
10478:
10477:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10447:
10443:
10437:
10433:
10432:
10424:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10389:
10387:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10344:
10342:
10340:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10308:
10306:
10304:
10296:
10291:
10282:
10275:
10270:
10263:
10258:
10243:
10239:
10238:
10233:
10226:
10210:
10206:
10205:
10204:National Post
10200:
10193:
10191:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10164:
10157:
10155:
10153:
10144:
10142:0-385-31211-3
10138:
10134:
10130:
10124:
10107:
10103:
10097:
10093:
10092:
10084:
10082:
10080:
10063:
10059:
10053:
10049:
10048:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10019:
10015:
10008:
10006:
10004:
10002:
10000:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9934:
9931:ATLAS group.
9930:
9926:
9919:
9917:
9915:
9898:
9894:
9888:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9857:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9804:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9754:
9752:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9690:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9644:
9638:
9622:
9618:
9612:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9587:
9583:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9495:
9491:
9485:
9481:
9465:
9455:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9436:"Higgs boson"
9431:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9414:
9409:
9400:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9389:
9381:
9374:
9371:185 GeV/
9366:
9359:
9353:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9302:
9298:
9292:
9282:
9256:
9252:
9246:
9236:
9209:
9203:
9199:
9193:
9183:
9176:
9171:
9167:
9161:
9151:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9119:
9113:
9110:
9103:
9102:
9088:
9080:
9064:
9055:
9049:
9046:
9026:
9016:
9006:
9004:
9002:
8992:
8985:
8981:
8975:
8973:
8965:
8943:
8933:. The field
8918:
8914:
8910:
8888:
8884:
8859:
8853:
8844:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8806:
8802:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8756:
8733:
8725:
8721:
8700:
8697:
8692:
8688:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8625:
8619:
8609:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8564:
8560:
8546:, p. 8:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8524:
8522:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8480:
8474:
8468:, and others.
8467:
8463:
8457:
8434:
8430:
8424:
8416:
8415:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8396:, July 2012:
8395:
8390:
8383:
8376:
8375:
8370:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8288:
8277:
8266:
8255:
8245:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8227:
8223:
8183:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8153:
8130:
8123:
8120:
8103:
8100:125 GeV/
8097:
8093:
8087:
8085:
8077:
8071:
8067:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8011:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7984:
7981:
7975:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7913:
7897:
7888:
7867:
7862:
7853:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7827:
7818:
7794:
7784:
7779:
7770:
7764:
7750:
7742:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7715:
7709:
7695:
7687:
7678:
7674:
7669:
7660:
7654:
7640:
7632:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7577:
7573:
7564:
7546:
7542:
7533:
7524:
7502:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7441:
7428:
7423:
7414:
7408:
7394:
7382:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7356:
7352:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7318:
7309:
7303:
7289:
7277:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7251:
7247:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7216:
7206:
7197:
7191:
7177:
7165:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7139:
7135:
7123:
7119:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7092:
7086:
7072:
7060:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7034:
7030:
7018:
7014:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6999:
6989:
6980:
6974:
6960:
6948:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6922:
6918:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6884:
6875:
6869:
6855:
6843:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6817:
6813:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6782:
6777:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6729:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6703:
6693:
6684:
6680:
6675:
6666:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6642:
6634:
6605:
6599:
6596:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6554:
6539:
6525:
6519:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6495:
6472:
6459:
6453:
6450:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6401:
6393:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6344:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6314:
6310:
6287:
6283:
6273:
6270:246 GeV/
6254:
6245:
6241:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6155:
6137:
6133:
6112:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6065:
6060:
6058:
6042:
6039:
6034:
6025:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5990:
5972:
5968:
5959:
5942:
5939:
5918:
5910:
5892:
5888:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5833:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5720:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5689:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5575:
5572:used in most
5571:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5485:
5478:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5411:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5392:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5347:
5343:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5263:Additionally
5261:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5130:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5103:
5097:
5088:
5086:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5062:
5059:) travels at
5058:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4957:
4946:
4945:older one ...
4942:
4940:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4846:Leon Lederman
4843:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:Frank Wilczek
4812:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4693:125 GeV/
4690:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4667:125 GeV/
4663:
4660:125 GeV/
4655:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4641:125 GeV/
4637:
4634:346 GeV/
4631:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4586:
4583:125 GeV/
4575:
4570:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4377:
4373:
4361:
4348:
4346:
4341:
4338:161 GeV/
4334:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4305:
4302:125 GeV/
4298:
4291:
4289:
4288:colour charge
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4258:
4246:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:violation of
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4182:field. While
4181:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:supersymmetry
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4065:125 GeV/
4062:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3967:125 GeV/
3964:
3963:Supersymmetry
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3820:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3720:extended the
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3638:
3628:
3624:
3623:bottom quarks
3620:
3614:
3612:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3466:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3348:
3342:
3337:
3328:
3323:
3311:
3306:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:bottom quarks
3224:
3219:
3211:
3208:125 GeV/
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3101:125 GeV/
3097:
3095:
3094:supersymmetry
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3065:125 GeV/
3056:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:0.6 GeV/
3020:
3017:0.6 GeV/
3009:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2931:125 GeV/
2928:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2884:
2881:125 GeV/
2876:
2873:125 GeV/
2869:
2866:125 GeV/
2862:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2803:140 GeV/
2799:
2796:115 GeV/
2792:
2789:180 GeV/
2785:
2782:147 GeV/
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2671:decay channel
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:vector bosons
2612:
2607:
2605:
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2428:Abraham Klein
2424:
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2417:in 1960 (and
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2397:vector bosons
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2111:self-coupling
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1207:strong forces
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1188:
1182:
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1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:electromagnet
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797:
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597:Leon Lederman
594:
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572:
568:
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547:
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541:
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522:
519:and, via the
518:
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506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:colour charge
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:, one of the
447:
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401:
397:
378:
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372:
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363:
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350:Colour charge
347:
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296:
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111:(red tracks).
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102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
80:
75:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
21404:made visible
21349:
21331:
21313:2010: First
21304:
21260:
21232:Nanocircuits
21176:
21166:
21121:
21109:
20999:Supergravity
20859:Constituents
20839:Weak isospin
20797:Color charge
20787:Gauge theory
20774:
20703:
20374:Hypothetical
20322:Exotic atoms
20191:Omega baryon
20181:Sigma baryon
20171:Delta baryon
19923:Hypothetical
19905:Ghost fields
19891:Higgs boson
19890:
19825:Tau neutrino
19717:Charm (quark
19622:
19590:the original
19569:
19565:
19504:
19500:
19457:
19453:
19436:
19422:. Retrieved
19416:
19328:
19322:
19294:
19291:Scholarpedia
19290:
19275:. Retrieved
19244:
19240:
19229:. Retrieved
19222:the original
19203:
19194:. Retrieved
19187:
19174:
19130:
19121:
19113:
19068:(9): 32413.
19065:
19061:Scholarpedia
19059:
19036:
19024:. Retrieved
19020:the original
19001:
18957:
18951:
18948:Higgs, Peter
18923:
18917:
18889:
18883:
18851:
18845:
18815:
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18770:
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18716:. Retrieved
18709:the original
18688:
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18625:
18619:
18592:
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18576:
18549:
18543:
18533:
18528:, Chapter 20
18502:. Retrieved
18491:
18481:
18471:21 September
18469:. Retrieved
18458:
18448:
18436:. Retrieved
18432:the original
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18065:. Retrieved
18056:The Guardian
18054:
18044:
18032:. Retrieved
18024:(philly.com)
18020:
18007:
17995:. Retrieved
17981:
17969:. Retrieved
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17948:
17936:. Retrieved
17927:The Guardian
17925:
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17903:. Retrieved
17892:
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17830:The Guardian
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17675:
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17644:The Guardian
17642:
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17560:the original
17553:
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17519:The Guardian
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17491:the original
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17125:
17119:
17107:. Retrieved
17087:
17083:Baggott, Jim
17077:
17065:. Retrieved
17050:
17038:. Retrieved
17018:
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15721:
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15574:
15534:(1): 1–102.
15531:
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14315:. Retrieved
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14231:(1): 30–61.
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13659:14 September
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13456:
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13437:28 September
13435:. Retrieved
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13383:10.0 fb
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13177:"Collisions"
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12398:the original
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12310:
12299:Hagen, C. R.
12257:
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12098:
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11992:Scholarpedia
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11821:. Retrieved
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11661:. Retrieved
11655:. NPR News.
11652:
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11625:
11618:. Retrieved
11609:
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11541:
11529:. Retrieved
11486:
11482:
11472:
11432:(5): 53001.
11429:
11426:Phys. Rev. D
11425:
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11372:
11366:
11354:. Retrieved
11345:
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11320:. Retrieved
11311:
11301:
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11273:Phys. Rev. D
11272:
11266:
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11206:
11203:Phys. Rev. D
11202:
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11059:
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11030:. Retrieved
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10932:. Retrieved
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10782:
10770:. Retrieved
10756:
10744:. Retrieved
10731:
10701:. Retrieved
10697:the original
10690:
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10672:
10665:. Retrieved
10654:
10632:
10625:. Retrieved
10593:
10586:. Retrieved
10577:Science News
10575:
10565:
10553:. Retrieved
10547:
10522:
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10506:
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10326:. Retrieved
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10225:
10213:. Retrieved
10202:
10177:. Retrieved
10168:The Guardian
10166:
10132:
10123:
10110:. Retrieved
10090:
10066:. Retrieved
10046:
10022:. Retrieved
9982:
9975:. Retrieved
9966:
9937:. Retrieved
9901:. Retrieved
9887:
9875:. Retrieved
9856:
9813:
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9782:. Retrieved
9699:
9695:
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9637:
9625:. Retrieved
9590:. Retrieved
9498:. Retrieved
9484:
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8962:is then the
8608:
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8563:photon field
8548:
8536:quantisation
8490:
8473:
8456:
8423:
8393:
8389:
8381:
8369:
8354:
8326:
8318:ground state
8316:
8311:
8304:charm quarks
8286:
8275:
8264:
8253:
8182:
8161:
8152:
8101:
8094:, the total
8070:
8033:Scalar boson
8018:
7809:
7460:
6744:
6491:
6271:
6064:pick a gauge
6061:
6057:ground state
5909:gauge bosons
5848:
5614:
5531:weak isospin
5524:
5500:
5380:weak isospin
5373:
5367:
5363:
5280:Indian media
5277:
5272:
5262:
5254:Robert Brout
5251:
5245:
5206:
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5160:
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5133:
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5111:The Guardian
5109:
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5080:
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4979:
4967:The Guardian
4965:
4963:
4954:
4939:another book
4923:
4902:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4831:
4828:
4811:Benjamin Lee
4800:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4719:
4718:30 GeV/
4700:
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4682:
4668:
4661:
4656:
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4626:
4613:
4610:
4584:
4579:
4538:
4494:such as the
4487:Gluon fusion
4458:
4451:
4440:
4427:
4417:Gluon fusion
4416:
4349:
4339:
4329:
4314:
4313:10 GeV/
4309:Planck scale
4303:
4296:
4292:
4276:antiparticle
4265:
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4179:
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4095:, including
4066:
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4040:
3993:techniquarks
3989:technicolour
3986:
3974:
3968:
3947:
3932:
3920:
3901:
3892:scalar boson
3880:gauge bosons
3874:
3859:scalar field
3853:electroweak
3846:
3842:
3835:ground state
3808:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3696:
3686:
3682:
3653:
3647:
3636:
3615:
3608:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3309:
3257:
3214:
3209:
3153:Requirement
3146:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3081:pseudoscalar
3073:
3066:
3062:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3018:
3010:
2998:
2974:
2960:
2932:
2915:
2893:
2882:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2857:(ATLAS) and
2853:
2841:
2825:3.5 TeV
2810:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2692:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2652:
2626:
2622:
2608:
2585:
2583:
2570:
2567:charm quarks
2559:three bosons
2548:
2544:Benjamin Lee
2527:Efim Fradkin
2503:renormalised
2499:
2471:gauge theory
2447:Robert Brout
2439:relativistic
2436:
2432:Benjamin Lee
2403:
2399:can acquire
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2369:realized in
2356:
2352:
2309:
2273:gauge bosons
2262:
2251:right image:
2250:
2220:
2212:
2185:Theorisation
2176:in physics.
2162:
2143:
2140:Vacuum state
2102:false vacuum
2099:
2089:
2084:Planck scale
2069:
2019:
1997:
1983:quintessence
1953:
1910:such as the
1893:
1883:and charged
1874:
1851:
1824:gauge bosons
1809:
1797:
1786:
1771:
1768:
1765:Significance
1759:acquire mass
1735:gauge bosons
1722:
1714:
1711:ground state
1677:weak isospin
1669:scalar field
1664:
1662:
1632:
1621:
1612:scalar boson
1607:
1605:
1577:
1559:
1551:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1468:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1421:scalar field
1414:
1394:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1339:acquire mass
1328:
1305:Benjamin Lee
1286:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1235:
1230:
1210:
1200:
1191:group theory
1183:
1157:
1147:
1136:gauge bosons
1093:
701:Constituents
683:Gauge theory
603:Introduction
590:
587:God particle
586:
584:
548:
542:, a way for
525:
513:weak isospin
504:
497:weak isospin
489:scalar field
486:
458:scalar boson
445:
425:
421:
419:
366:
342:
222:
68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
21443:GLP-1 Drugs
21332:Higgs boson
21252:Dark energy
21060:Experiments
20951:Technicolor
20913:Dark matter
20807:Quark model
20775:Higgs boson
20770:Gauge boson
20656:Quark model
20424:Theta meson
20327:Positronium
20239:Omega meson
20234:J/psi meson
20164:Antineutron
20075:Dark photon
20040:Graviphoton
19999:Stop squark
19707:Down (quark
19437:In Our Time
19433:Higgs Boson
19424:25 February
19376:1110.2253v1
19297:(1): 8741.
18986:Hagen, C.R.
18718:10 December
18691:(1): 7–48.
17727:5 September
17688:12 December
17655:14 December
17497:15 December
17416:5 September
17210:. Science.
17067:23 February
17001:12 February
16927:12 February
16326:(10): 063.
15903:(10): 045.
15850:(204): 48.
14832:20 February
14822:NBCNews.com
14797:20 February
14787:NBCNews.com
14735:21 February
14609:13 February
14579:12 November
14549:15 November
14487:15 November
14348:(1): 1–29.
13931:12 November
13588:13 December
13557:13 December
13497:12 November
13467:12 November
13252:14 November
12997:28 December
12919:, p. 9
11999:(1): 8741.
11953:(1): 6441.
11663:21 February
11653:The Two-Way
11620:21 February
11554:: 428–434.
11489:(12): 089.
11356:21 February
11322:21 February
11314:. Reuters.
10517:13 November
10328:12 November
10112:5 September
10068:5 September
9991:important.
9422:Lee Whi-soh
8964:Higgs field
8872:Since both
8575:four-vector
8538:requires a
8483:light years
8355:(See also:
8244:predictions
8222:electroweak
8111:10 GeV
8096:decay width
8010:Dalitz plot
5364:Mexican-hat
5362:. It has a
5238:Peter Higgs
5231:Peter Jenni
5163:Nobel prize
5120:smoking gun
5057:wavelengths
4768:Frank Close
4574:decay width
4368:10 GeV
4360:decay width
4114:scenarios.
4080:fine-tuning
4072:Planck mass
4029:A one-loop
3890:would be a
3873:that arise
3627:tau leptons
3235:tau leptons
3006:Peter Higgs
2619:Frank Close
2531:Igor Tyutin
2479:Abdus Salam
2451:Peter Higgs
2367:confinement
2347:Peter Higgs
2316:non-abelian
2036:Brans–Dicke
2024:exponential
1814:causes the
1469:Higgs boson
1465:excitations
1391:Higgs field
1350:Peter Higgs
1346:Higgs field
879:Chamberlain
727:Limitations
532:Peter Higgs
446:Higgs field
422:Higgs boson
284:(predicted)
243:(predicted)
202:(2011–2013)
185:C. R. Hagen
118:Composition
72:Higgs boson
18:Higgs field
21459:Categories
21401:black hole
21067:Gran Sasso
20891:Beyond the
20866:CKM matrix
20753:Background
20398:Heptaquark
20359:Superatoms
20292:Pentaquark
20282:Tetraquark
20264:Quarkonium
20154:Antiproton
20055:Leptoquark
19990:Neutralino
19752:antiquark)
19742:antiquark)
19737:Top (quark
19732:antiquark)
19722:antiquark)
19712:antiquark)
19702:antiquark)
19671:Elementary
19277:17 January
19231:17 January
19039:. Dutton.
18998:Cool, R.L.
18552:(5): 581.
18405:3 November
18157:21 January
18067:21 January
18034:21 January
18013:Flam, Faye
17971:21 January
17938:21 January
17905:21 January
17760:17 January
17566:3 December
17373:16 January
17331:elsewhere.
17324:16 January
17290:16 January
17256:16 January
17224:16 January
16823:21 January
16670:21 January
16479:2207.00043
16121:5 November
16070:ATLAS News
15456:1808.08242
15398:1808.08242
15186:2207.00092
15094:1606.02266
14518:10 January
14307:ATLAS News
14126:19 January
14095:19 January
13961:6 February
13723:(5): 212.
13693:29 October
13527:7 December
13401:cite arXiv
13385:of data".
13366:25 October
13286:5 November
13222:19 January
13131:(3): 055.
12822:22 January
12407:17 January
12176:17 January
12140:17 January
11823:17 January
11561:1501.03781
10880:1508.07161
10804:1508.07161
10772:21 January
10588:9 December
10215:3 November
9903:21 January
9877:21 January
9823:1707.00541
9709:1808.08242
9664:1808.08238
9627:21 January
9592:21 January
9477:References
9077:. This is
8583:observable
8581:is not an
8511:, and all
8497:metastable
8298:, and the
8051:ZZ diboson
7523:generation
5517:under the
5298:See also:
5217:Wolf Prize
4858:2 × 20 TeV
4772:Peter Woit
4758:explicitly
4555:Top fusion
4500:antiproton
4475:(the bare
4452:Top fusion
4397:Production
4190:that move
4118:Properties
4101:braneworld
4059:to ensure
3997:top quarks
3916:BCS theory
3847:everywhere
3285:After the
2699:luminosity
2463:Tom Kibble
2459:Carl Hagen
2289:symmetries
2287:and their
2267:made from
2189:See also:
1838:after the
1834:picosecond
1820:weak force
1747:weak force
1731:Lagrangian
1723:everywhere
1701:picosecond
1696:those seen
1663:The Higgs
1546:weak force
1542:symmetries
1370:everywhere
1215:weak force
1128:symmetries
849:Iliopoulos
759:Rutherford
753:Scientists
713:CKM matrix
667:Background
505:everywhere
460:with zero
304:(observed)
297:(observed)
277:(observed)
196:Discovered
173:F. Englert
130:Statistics
85:collisions
21334:discovery
21273:in action
21271:Evolution
21216:Stem cell
20636:Particles
20581:Particles
20540:Polariton
20530:Plasmaron
20500:Dropleton
20393:Hexaquark
20364:Molecules
20352:Protonium
20229:Phi meson
20214:Rho meson
20186:Xi baryon
20118:Composite
19954:Gravitino
19697:Up (quark
19625:Jan 1974)
19572:(1): 91.
19514:1207.7235
19492:119169617
19467:1207.7214
19338:0907.3466
18656:121017243
17997:9 January
17872:25 August
17630:29 August
17362:: 16–25.
16585:118551025
16563:CiteSeerX
16504:1476-4687
16445:14 August
16391:0804.4146
16358:119199894
16333:1003.4266
16215:118019449
16180:0910.4182
16147:1005.1676
15950:Phys. Rev
15737:9 October
15684:119094852
15566:119214990
15541:1106.0034
15489:118901756
15433:30 August
15371:30 August
15340:28 August
15309:30 August
15211:1476-4687
15119:118523967
15087:(8): 45.
15028:1212.6639
14975:1307.1432
14905:1212.6639
14703:9 October
14669:9 October
14659:Slate.com
14639:9 October
14477:3 News NZ
14454:29 August
14423:15 August
14380:119169617
14355:1207.7214
14238:1207.7235
13991:1301.2952
13852:1408.7084
13796:1408.5191
13730:1412.8662
13679:"Welcome"
13392:1207.0449
13353:117958297
13163:119295294
13138:1012.0530
13074:0907.3466
12956:2 October
12780:9 October
12744:1201.6045
12468:118500709
12443:1107.4592
11916:1110.2253
11755:1308.2244
11698:0710.3755
11586:119279576
11496:1307.3536
11464:118451972
11439:1209.0393
11386:0906.0954
11069:1207.0980
11022:(NPR.org)
10905:119261776
10867:Phys. Rev
10829:119261776
10627:9 January
10555:9 January
10353:Lee, B.W.
10349:Klein, A.
9977:8 January
9939:8 January
9784:9 October
9742:118901756
9657:: 59–86.
9563:119287417
9538:1201.3084
9330:massless.
9319:chirality
9299:ψ
9286:¯
9283:ψ
9253:ψ
9240:¯
9237:ψ
9200:ψ
9187:¯
9184:ψ
9168:ψ
9155:¯
9152:ψ
9137:−
9129:ψ
9123:¯
9120:ψ
9111:−
9089:ψ
9065:ψ
9059:¯
9056:ψ
9047:−
9027:ψ
8984:millibarn
8947:~
8944:ϕ
8915:ϕ
8885:ϕ
8854:ψ
8848:¯
8845:ψ
8833:ϕ
8803:ϕ
8776:ϕ
8772:−
8769:ϕ
8760:~
8757:ϕ
8722:ϕ
8689:μ
8662:ϕ
8658:λ
8646:ϕ
8636:μ
8626:ϕ
8501:perturbed
8451:fermions.
8135:Γ
8127:ℏ
8121:τ
7889:λ
7854:λ
7754:¯
7730:−
7699:¯
7675:−
7644:¯
7620:−
7574:ϕ
7534:λ
7490:ν
7398:¯
7395:ν
7369:ϕ
7353:ϕ
7328:λ
7324:−
7293:¯
7264:ϕ
7248:ϕ
7223:λ
7219:−
7181:¯
7152:ϕ
7136:ϕ
7111:λ
7107:−
7076:¯
7047:ϕ
7031:ϕ
7006:λ
7002:−
6964:¯
6935:ϕ
6928:−
6919:ϕ
6894:λ
6859:¯
6830:ϕ
6823:−
6814:ϕ
6789:λ
6785:−
6712:λ
6704:≡
6685:μ
6643:γ
6511:θ
6507:
6315:μ
6288:μ
6246:μ
6233:λ
6169:ϕ
6134:ϕ
6101:ϕ
6088:ϕ
6075:ϕ
6026:μ
5999:λ
5969:σ
5893:μ
5862:μ
5817:ϕ
5812:†
5808:ϕ
5798:λ
5795:−
5792:ϕ
5787:†
5783:ϕ
5768:μ
5750:ϕ
5740:μ
5709:−
5700:σ
5678:μ
5664:−
5659:μ
5655:∂
5466:ϕ
5450:ϕ
5436:ϕ
5420:ϕ
5393:ϕ
5344:ϕ
5317:ϕ
5047:in optics
4873:hyperbole
4844:director
4674:electrons
4594:10 s
4559:particle.
4471:and lead
4390:10 s
4376:off shell
4356:10 s
4325:unitarity
4255:July 2018
4216:spacelike
4201:causality
4188:particles
4180:tachyonic
4141:tachyonic
4129:tachyonic
4061:unitarity
4043:parameter
3918:, 1957).
3821:ϕ
3800:particles
3444:κ
3377:κ
3324:κ
3172:photons (
3083:negative
3041:and mass
2969:top quark
2829:2 × 7 TeV
2769:top quark
2703:petabytes
2491:Schwinger
2401:rest mass
2095:pole mass
2080:top quark
2052:top quark
2032:unitarity
1989:Cosmology
1848:1.5
1826:. In the
1761:as well.
1689:1.5
1652:, and it
1648:, and no
1524:and zero
1498:to date,
1490:led to a
1406:electrons
1311:) cases.
1297:gain mass
1231:rest mass
1134:known as
1122:known as
1039:de Mayolo
984:Schwinger
924:Kobayashi
814:Gell-Mann
779:Sudarshan
565:(LHC) at
472:, and no
251:10 s
241:10 s
165:Theorised
21399:2019: A
21380:GW170817
21323:HPTN 052
21111:Category
21092:Tevatron
20944:Theories
20901:Evidence
20765:Fermions
20612:timeline
20464:R-hadron
20419:Glueball
20403:Skyrmion
20337:Tauonium
20050:Inflaton
20045:Graviton
20025:Curvaton
19995:Sfermion
19985:Higgsino
19980:Chargino
19941:Gauginos
19800:Neutrino
19785:Antimuon
19775:Positron
19770:Electron
19680:Fermions
19586:34510322
19386:Archived
19363:16298371
19139: –
19131:Guardian
18992:(1968).
18804:(1961).
18498:Archived
18465:Archived
18399:Archived
18366:Archived
18314:Archived
18284:Archived
18198:Archived
18167:cite web
18091:Archived
18061:Archived
18028:Archived
17991:Archived
17965:Archived
17932:Archived
17899:Archived
17866:Archived
17835:Archived
17754:Archived
17721:Archived
17682:Archived
17649:Archived
17624:Archived
17592:Archived
17524:Archived
17410:Archived
17364:Archived
17318:Archived
17284:Archived
17250:Archived
17218:Archived
17180:Archived
17141:Archived
17103:Archived
17085:(2012).
17061:Archived
17034:Archived
16995:Archived
16914:22984044
16814:Archived
16769:Archived
16742:6 August
16736:Archived
16694:Archived
16664:Archived
16638:22437571
16522:35788190
16439:Archived
16416:16443715
16237:Archived
16112:Archived
16074:Archived
16044:Archived
15935:15664546
15882:12023565
15731:Archived
15711:19 March
15705:Archived
15621:15089195
15481:30296133
15427:Archived
15423:30296133
15365:Archived
15334:Archived
15303:Archived
15279:24 April
15273:Archived
15253:24 April
15247:Archived
15229:35788192
15053:23473131
15000:11562016
14930:23473131
14860:Archived
14826:Archived
14791:Archived
14729:Archived
14697:Archived
14663:Archived
14633:Archived
14603:Archived
14573:Archived
14543:Archived
14512:Archived
14448:Archived
14414:Archived
14311:Archived
14281:Archived
14279:. CERN.
14202:22798574
14151:Archived
14089:Archived
14068:Archived
14044:Archived
14026:24135961
13955:Archived
13951:Phys.org
13925:Archived
13895:Archived
13765:25999783
13711:(2015).
13653:Archived
13624:Archived
13582:Archived
13580:. CERN.
13551:Archived
13521:Archived
13491:Archived
13461:Archived
13428:Archived
13357:Archived
13280:Archived
13259:Collider
13246:Archived
13244:. CERN.
13216:Archived
13185:Archived
13099:16298371
12991:Archived
12950:Archived
12894:Archived
12876:17799637
12816:Archived
12616:Archived
12305:(1964).
12198:(1964).
12170:Archived
11817:Archived
11784:Archived
11780:56544999
11723:14818281
11671:Fermilab
11657:Archived
11631:Fermilab
11614:Archived
11525:Archived
11521:54021743
11411:17422678
11350:Archived
11316:Archived
11094:28216028
11026:Archived
10993:Archived
10928:Archived
10926:. CERN.
10845:Archived
10766:Archived
10740:Archived
10703:14 March
10667:15 March
10661:Archived
10621:Archived
10582:Archived
10511:Archived
10446:Archived
10322:Archived
10209:Archived
10173:Archived
10131:(1993).
10106:Archived
10062:Archived
10018:Archived
9971:Archived
9933:Archived
9897:Archived
9871:Archived
9778:Archived
9734:30296133
9681:53658301
9621:Archived
9586:Archived
9494:Archived
9438:include
8980:picobarn
8509:galaxies
7916:See also
6600:′
6454:′
6212:, where
6178:⟩
6165:⟨
5987:are the
5943:′
5907:are the
5731:′
5247:Collider
5190:'t Hooft
5180:Weinberg
5144:molasses
4948:—
4906:Big Bang
4842:Fermilab
4825:Nickname
4550:up quark
4535:positron
4531:electron
4479:of lead
4372:on shell
4284:electric
4184:tachyons
4169:fermions
4103:models.
3875:interact
3742:helicity
3734:Fermions
3708:and the
3619:fermions
2979:Z bosons
2967:loop or
2780:between
2765:Tevatron
2761:Fermilab
2336:Guralnik
2299:and the
2235:Guralnik
2150:Big Bang
2116:and its
2107:nucleate
2064:Tevatron
2028:Big Bang
2020:inflaton
2012:universe
2000:inflaton
1994:Inflaton
1979:inflaton
1971:fermions
1928:energies
1840:Big Bang
1751:fermions
1707:Big Bang
1694:such as
1658:decaying
1584:molasses
1449:particle
1163:voltages
1029:Guralnik
974:Politzer
949:'t Hooft
904:Weinberg
899:Majorana
889:Schwartz
854:Lederman
839:Anderson
829:Friedman
789:Anderson
784:Davis Jr
769:Chadwick
549:After a
482:decaying
428:, is an
295:Z bosons
275:W bosons
177:P. Higgs
169:R. Brout
87:between
43:reviewed
21423:brings
21350:Rosetta
21182:journal
21178:Science
21167:Science
21123:Commons
21087:Super-K
20923:problem
20600:Related
20571:Baryons
20545:Polaron
20535:Plasmon
20510:Fracton
20505:Exciton
20459:Diquark
20454:Pomeron
20429:T meson
20386:Baryons
20347:Pionium
20332:Muonium
20259:D meson
20254:B meson
20159:Neutron
20144:Nucleon
20136:Baryons
20127:Hadrons
20090:Tachyon
20065:Majoron
20030:Dilaton
19959:Photino
19795:Antitau
19762:Leptons
19574:Bibcode
19519:Bibcode
19472:Bibcode
19343:Bibcode
19299:Bibcode
19283:(also:
19249:Bibcode
19237:(also:
19196:22 July
19026:18 June
18962:Bibcode
18928:Bibcode
18894:Bibcode
18856:Bibcode
18820:Bibcode
18693:Bibcode
18666:Sources
18636:Bibcode
18597:Bibcode
18554:Bibcode
18504:10 July
18438:10 July
18427:AP News
18372:13 June
18320:13 June
18290:13 June
18151:io9.com
18130:10 July
18097:10 July
17787:Feynman
17530:24 June
17464:30 July
17280:Gizmodo
17186:27 June
17147:27 June
17109:27 June
17040:27 June
16894:Science
16800:. 2012
16775:23 July
16700:18 July
16616:Bibcode
16555:Bibcode
16513:9259501
16484:Bibcode
16396:Bibcode
16338:Bibcode
16298:5932066
16278:Bibcode
16243:4 April
16185:Bibcode
16152:Bibcode
16050:10 July
15996:Bibcode
15958:Bibcode
15915:Bibcode
15862:Bibcode
15767:Bibcode
15664:Bibcode
15629:6521798
15601:Bibcode
15546:Bibcode
15461:Bibcode
15403:Bibcode
15220:9259483
15191:Bibcode
15099:Bibcode
15061:2621524
15033:Bibcode
14980:Bibcode
14938:2621524
14910:Bibcode
14866:7 March
14689:NPR.org
14410:PDGLive
14360:Bibcode
14243:Bibcode
14182:Bibcode
14174:Science
14157:23 July
14017:3798885
13996:Bibcode
13877:8202688
13857:Bibcode
13821:8672143
13801:Bibcode
13756:4433454
13735:Bibcode
13630:5 March
13333:Bibcode
13191:26 July
13143:Bibcode
13079:Bibcode
12856:Bibcode
12847:Science
12707:Bibcode
12653:Bibcode
12536:Bibcode
12497:Bibcode
12448:Bibcode
12360:Bibcode
12321:Bibcode
12262:Bibcode
12214:Bibcode
12090:7017354
12070:Bibcode
12001:Bibcode
11955:Bibcode
11879:Bibcode
11790:25 June
11760:Bibcode
11703:Bibcode
11566:Bibcode
11531:25 June
11501:Bibcode
11444:Bibcode
11391:Bibcode
11281:Bibcode
11246:Bibcode
11211:Bibcode
11188:1340683
11180:1445512
11160:Bibcode
11137:4274444
11117:Bibcode
11074:Bibcode
11032:1 March
10999:1 March
10934:18 July
10885:Bibcode
10809:Bibcode
10746:23 July
10452:27 June
10403:Bibcode
10365:Bibcode
10237:Reuters
10179:24 June
10024:7 March
9848:3221363
9828:Bibcode
9714:Bibcode
9543:Bibcode
9500:22 July
9358:tachyon
8794:(where
8466:Reuters
8449:
8437:
8382:correct
8281:91.1876
8270:91.1874
8226:Z boson
8090:In the
6749:terms:
5602:
5590:
5515:
5503:
5378:of the
5376:doublet
5194:Veltman
5172:Glashow
5055:of all
5053:photons
5032:rainbow
5008:photons
4980:Higgson
4914:Genesis
4889:atheist
4703:leptons
4689:photons
4533:with a
4527:fermion
4508:virtual
4492:hadrons
4469:Protons
4343:at 95%
4280:CP-even
4245:updated
4074:or the
3959:CP-even
3955:quintet
3888:quantum
3781:without
3777:without
3687:(right)
3277:= 1").
3233:), and
3218:photons
2983:leptons
2965:W boson
2944:at the
2604:quantum
2535:Coleman
2467:Gilbert
2404:without
2243:Englert
2180:History
2010:of the
2006:during
1968:
1956:
1916:neutron
1904:baryons
1885:leptons
1745:of the
1705:of the
1675:of the
1673:doublet
1654:couples
1565:rainbow
1348:(after
1227:W and Z
1112:gravity
1014:Englert
989:Wilczek
954:Veltman
929:Maskawa
884:Cabibbo
844:Glashow
819:Kendall
804:Feynman
764:Thomson
495:of the
493:doublet
478:couples
444:of the
432:in the
393:
381:
364:0
341:0
309:leptons
302:photons
135:Bosonic
101:photons
91:in the
89:protons
21470:Bosons
21441:2023:
21432:2022:
21427:to all
21419:2021:
21410:2020:
21391:2018:
21378:2017:
21366:2016:
21358:2015:
21347:2014:
21339:2013:
21330:2012:
21321:2011:
21303:2009:
21295:2008:
21287:2007:
21278:2006:
21269:2005:
21261:Spirit
21258:2004:
21250:2003:
21242:2002:
21230:2001:
21222:2000:
21214:1999:
21206:1998:
21198:1997:
21189:1996:
20576:Mesons
20525:Phonon
20520:Magnon
20442:Others
20412:Mesons
20305:Others
20201:Mesons
20149:Proton
20013:Others
19968:Others
19949:Gluino
19883:Scalar
19863:Photon
19846:Bosons
19689:Quarks
19584:
19549:
19490:
19361:
19043:
19012:
18777:
18758:
18739:
18654:
18260:6 July
18232:6 July
18204:6 July
17810:
17806:et seq
17791:
17784:
17780:
17776:
17772:
17768:
17713:
17598:2 July
17455:
17429:
17425:
17402:
17172:
17133:
17095:
17026:
16959:]"
16955:"[
16949:(2012)
16912:
16636:
16612:Nature
16583:
16565:
16520:
16510:
16502:
16466:Nature
16414:
16356:
16296:
16213:
16203:
16080:6 July
15933:
15880:
15825:
15800:
15682:
15627:
15619:
15564:
15487:
15479:
15421:
15227:
15217:
15209:
15173:Nature
15150:
15117:
15059:
15051:
14998:
14936:
14928:
14789:. AP.
14757:Forbes
14629:Forbes
14446:(30).
14378:
14317:4 July
14287:4 July
14200:
14050:4 July
14024:
14014:
13901:4 July
13875:
13819:
13763:
13753:
13666:answer
13351:
13161:
13097:
13037:
12978:Nature
12874:
12466:
12162:
12088:
11852:
11778:
11721:
11635:Nature
11584:
11519:
11462:
11409:
11186:
11178:
11135:
11109:Nature
11092:
10965:
10961:–163.
10903:
10827:
10484:
10438:
10247:4 June
10242:Geneva
10139:
10098:
10054:
9846:
9740:
9732:
9679:
9561:
8857:
8731:
8591:et al.
8561:, the
8429:mesons
8294:, the
8259:80.387
8248:80.390
7880:, and
7846:
7461:where
7439:
7386:
7378:
7349:
7281:
7273:
7244:
7169:
7161:
7132:
7064:
7056:
7027:
6952:
6944:
6915:
6847:
6839:
6810:
6725:
6699:
6633:photon
6616:
6611:
6576:
6549:
6536:
6470:
6465:
6391:
5849:where
5831:
5529:, the
5483:
5288:bosons
5178:, and
5142:" or "
5065:(See:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4893:
4784:vector
4780:scalar
4763:Nature
4742:Naming
4685:gluons
4648:bottom
4517:bottom
4504:gluons
4496:proton
4477:nuclei
4384:1.2 –
4268:scalar
4196:fields
4157:fields
4139:, and
4133:scalar
3978:phobic
3886:. Its
3683:(left)
3642:125.26
3631:124.98
3220:(γ γ),
3188:parity
3136:boson.
3085:parity
2975:Right:
2950:gluons
2821:Geneva
2663:decays
2627:scalar
2623:vector
2611:scalar
2591:'s
2561:, the
2529:, and
2461:, and
2295:– the
2265:matter
2231:Kibble
2197:, and
1932:gluons
1912:proton
1881:quarks
1836:(10 s)
1737:(the "
1713:takes
1703:(10 s)
1642:parity
1627:125.11
1616:125.35
1522:parity
1425:vacuum
1410:quarks
1264:) now
1258:didn't
1165:in an
1100:forces
1044:Lattes
1034:Kibble
994:Cronin
979:Reines
944:Yukawa
859:Maiani
834:Powell
824:Taylor
809:Rubbia
571:Geneva
509:breaks
466:parity
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410:Parity
313:photon
311:and a
282:gluons
268:Bottom
245:1.2 ~
213:125.11
191:(1964)
187:, and
141:Symbol
21436:debut
21282:proof
21263:rover
20989:NMSSM
20564:Lists
20555:Trion
20550:Roton
20490:Anyon
20317:Atoms
20080:Preon
20020:Axion
19975:Axino
19868:Gluon
19855:Gauge
19593:(PDF)
19582:S2CID
19562:(PDF)
19509:arXiv
19488:S2CID
19462:arXiv
19371:arXiv
19359:S2CID
19333:arXiv
19225:(PDF)
19218:(PDF)
18996:. In
18712:(PDF)
18681:(PDF)
18652:S2CID
17841:4 May
17367:(PDF)
17358:(2).
17348:(PDF)
16921:(PDF)
16890:(PDF)
16817:(PDF)
16798:(PDF)
16581:S2CID
16545:arXiv
16474:arXiv
16412:S2CID
16386:arXiv
16354:S2CID
16328:arXiv
16294:S2CID
16268:arXiv
16211:S2CID
16175:arXiv
16142:arXiv
16115:(PDF)
16100:(PDF)
15931:S2CID
15905:arXiv
15878:S2CID
15852:arXiv
15680:S2CID
15654:arXiv
15625:S2CID
15591:arXiv
15562:S2CID
15536:arXiv
15485:S2CID
15451:arXiv
15393:arXiv
15330:Atlas
15181:arXiv
15115:S2CID
15089:arXiv
15057:S2CID
15023:arXiv
14996:S2CID
14970:arXiv
14958:ATLAS
14934:S2CID
14900:arXiv
14762:Slate
14417:(PDF)
14406:(PDF)
14376:S2CID
14350:arXiv
14233:arXiv
13986:arXiv
13873:S2CID
13847:arXiv
13817:S2CID
13791:arXiv
13725:arXiv
13431:(PDF)
13424:(PDF)
13387:arXiv
13360:(PDF)
13349:S2CID
13323:arXiv
13309:(PDF)
13159:S2CID
13133:arXiv
13095:S2CID
13069:arXiv
12774:(PDF)
12763:(PDF)
12739:arXiv
12622:7 May
12581:(PDF)
12566:(PDF)
12464:S2CID
12438:arXiv
12401:(PDF)
12390:(PDF)
12134:(PDF)
12127:(PDF)
12086:S2CID
12060:arXiv
11911:arXiv
11776:S2CID
11750:arXiv
11719:S2CID
11693:arXiv
11582:S2CID
11556:arXiv
11517:S2CID
11491:arXiv
11460:S2CID
11434:arXiv
11407:S2CID
11381:arXiv
11184:S2CID
11133:S2CID
11090:S2CID
11064:arXiv
10901:S2CID
10875:arXiv
10825:S2CID
10799:arXiv
9985:field
9844:S2CID
9818:arXiv
9738:S2CID
9704:arXiv
9677:S2CID
9659:arXiv
9559:S2CID
9533:arXiv
9419:name
9327:SU(3)
9323:SU(2)
8579:field
8555:) = 0
8296:gluon
7991:Other
7893:u,d,e
7858:u,d,e
7823:u,d,e
7538:u,d,e
5211:above
5176:Salam
5140:syrup
4924:Today
4910:Babel
4887:, an
4885:Higgs
4861:book
4819:axion
4678:muons
4564:Decay
4481:atoms
4278:, is
3999:(see
3927:phase
3811:field
3773:might
3164:Zero
3024:126.0
3013:125.3
2971:loop.
2961:Left:
2938:ATLAS
2844:ATLAS
2600:field
2254:Higgs
2247:Brout
2239:Hagen
1861:atoms
1844:159.5
1753:(via
1685:159.5
1667:is a
1665:field
1644:, no
1608:boson
1598:The "
1580:syrup
1569:prism
1397:field
1335:field
1049:Zweig
1024:Hagen
1019:Brout
1009:Higgs
1004:Vleck
999:Fitch
969:Pauli
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934:Mills
919:Salam
874:Nambu
869:Cowan
799:Dirac
794:Fermi
569:near
555:ATLAS
528:boson
476:that
468:, no
109:muons
105:ATLAS
21485:Mass
20984:MSSM
20515:Hole
20342:Onia
20249:Kaon
20209:Pion
19780:Muon
19547:ISBN
19426:2014
19279:2013
19233:2013
19198:2013
19141:CERN
19041:ISBN
19028:2011
19010:ISBN
18775:ISBN
18756:ISBN
18737:ISBN
18720:2012
18506:2012
18473:2012
18440:2012
18407:2013
18374:2017
18322:2017
18292:2017
18262:2024
18234:2024
18206:2024
18173:link
18159:2013
18132:2012
18099:2012
18069:2013
18036:2013
17999:2013
17973:2013
17940:2013
17907:2013
17874:2012
17843:2010
17762:2013
17729:2020
17711:ISBN
17690:2019
17657:2016
17632:2017
17600:2017
17568:2012
17532:2009
17499:2011
17466:2015
17453:ISBN
17423:1993
17418:2020
17400:ISBN
17375:2013
17326:2013
17292:2013
17258:2013
17226:2013
17188:2015
17170:ISBN
17149:2015
17131:ISBN
17111:2015
17093:ISBN
17069:2015
17042:2015
17024:ISBN
17003:2013
16929:2013
16910:PMID
16825:2013
16802:SLAC
16777:2013
16744:2013
16702:2012
16672:2013
16634:PMID
16518:PMID
16500:ISSN
16447:2012
16324:1010
16245:2006
16233:CERN
16201:ISBN
16123:2017
16082:2012
16052:2012
15901:2000
15897:JHEP
15848:2002
15823:ISBN
15798:ISBN
15739:2013
15713:2013
15617:PMID
15477:PMID
15435:2018
15419:PMID
15373:2018
15342:2018
15311:2018
15281:2019
15255:2019
15225:PMID
15207:ISSN
15148:ISBN
15085:2016
15049:PMID
14926:PMID
14868:2013
14856:CERN
14834:2013
14799:2013
14752:Time
14737:2020
14705:2013
14671:2013
14641:2013
14611:2013
14599:Time
14581:2016
14551:2012
14520:2013
14489:2012
14456:2012
14425:2012
14319:2012
14289:2012
14198:PMID
14159:2013
14128:2013
14097:2013
14052:2012
14022:PMID
13963:2013
13933:2016
13903:2012
13761:PMID
13695:2012
13661:2012
13632:2013
13590:2011
13559:2011
13529:2011
13499:2016
13469:2016
13439:2009
13407:link
13368:2006
13288:2017
13254:2012
13224:2013
13193:2012
13181:CERN
13129:1103
13035:ISBN
12999:2011
12958:2009
12872:PMID
12824:2013
12782:2013
12624:2008
12589:2014
12409:2013
12178:2013
12160:ISBN
12142:2013
11850:ISBN
11825:2013
11792:2014
11665:2013
11622:2013
11533:2014
11487:2013
11483:JHEP
11358:2013
11324:2013
11176:OSTI
11034:2018
11001:2018
10963:ISBN
10936:2012
10774:2022
10748:2017
10736:CERN
10705:2013
10669:2013
10634:has.
10629:2013
10617:CERN
10590:2012
10557:2013
10519:2012
10482:ISBN
10454:2015
10436:ISBN
10330:2012
10249:2024
10217:2013
10181:2009
10137:ISBN
10114:2020
10096:ISBN
10070:2020
10052:ISBN
10026:2013
9979:2013
9941:2013
9905:2022
9879:2022
9867:CERN
9786:2013
9774:CERN
9730:PMID
9629:2022
9594:2021
9502:2023
9325:and
9271:and
8876:and
8698:<
8680:and
8551:∇⋅A(
8433:pion
8359:and
8302:and
8217:and
8204:and
8107:4.07
7790:h.c.
7563:h.c.
7434:h.c.
6302:and
6040:>
6017:and
6002:>
5931:and
5880:and
5335:and
5240:and
5229:and
5192:and
5136:drag
5034:and
4943:much
4941:, a
4916:was
4840:and
4729:and
4515:and
4473:ions
4364:4.07
4352:1.56
4286:and
4272:spin
4171:via
4019:and
3843:less
3750:none
3640:and
3572:the
3434:and
3258:also
3166:spin
3001:CERN
2940:and
2846:and
2817:CERN
2811:The
2801:and
2787:and
2711:CERN
2617:". (
2613:and
2565:and
2509:and
2477:and
2445:and
2430:and
2379:both
2138:and
1914:and
1850:GeV/
1715:less
1638:spin
1567:and
1526:spin
1513:GeV/
1500:CERN
1408:and
1360:less
1323:and
1303:and
1266:does
1205:and
1126:and
1098:and
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939:Yang
914:Ward
894:Perl
864:Meer
774:Bose
567:CERN
557:and
511:the
462:spin
420:The
360:Spin
323:Muon
307:Two
300:Two
293:Two
280:Two
273:Two
237:1.56
221:GeV/
217:0.11
208:Mass
21370:of
21234:or
21191:HIV
21082:SNO
21077:LHC
21072:INO
19790:Tau
19527:doi
19505:716
19480:doi
19458:716
19351:doi
19307:doi
19257:doi
19070:doi
18970:doi
18936:doi
18902:doi
18864:doi
18852:130
18828:doi
18816:122
18701:doi
18644:doi
18605:doi
18562:doi
16902:doi
16898:337
16624:doi
16573:doi
16508:PMC
16492:doi
16470:607
16404:doi
16382:110
16346:doi
16286:doi
16193:doi
16039:NPR
16004:doi
15992:159
15966:doi
15954:182
15923:doi
15870:doi
15775:doi
15763:167
15672:doi
15609:doi
15554:doi
15532:516
15469:doi
15447:121
15411:doi
15389:121
15361:CMS
15215:PMC
15199:doi
15177:607
15140:doi
15107:doi
15041:doi
15019:110
14988:doi
14966:726
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14768:NPR
14368:doi
14346:716
14251:doi
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14004:doi
13865:doi
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13743:doi
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13087:doi
12983:doi
12864:doi
12852:206
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12661:doi
12544:doi
12532:155
12505:doi
12493:145
12456:doi
12368:doi
12329:doi
12270:doi
12222:doi
12078:doi
12009:doi
11963:doi
11887:doi
11875:127
11768:doi
11746:727
11711:doi
11689:659
11574:doi
11552:743
11509:doi
11452:doi
11399:doi
11377:679
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11254:doi
11219:doi
11168:doi
11156:D21
11125:doi
11113:298
11082:doi
11060:716
10959:162
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10817:doi
10411:doi
10399:130
10373:doi
9836:doi
9814:775
9722:doi
9700:121
9669:doi
9655:786
9551:doi
9079:not
9039:is
8587:are
8507:to
8300:top
8167:law
8147:.
7521:th
7498:L,R
6504:cos
5576:is
5366:or
4836:by
4716:(≤
4687:or
4680:).
4676:or
4652:tau
4630:top
4590:1.6
4513:top
4498:or
4386:4.6
4362:of
4214:at
4145:not
3766:and
3229:(b
3174:γ γ
2946:LHC
2942:CMS
2848:CMS
2815:at
2715:TeV
2653:To
2563:top
2485:'s
2421:by
2383:and
2371:QCD
1981:to
1879:of
1865:Sun
1772:not
1691:GeV
1582:or
1502:'s
909:Lee
613:of
559:CMS
452:in
436:of
288:Tau
247:4.6
97:CMS
93:LHC
45:on
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21421:AI
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2118:β
2114:λ
2090:c
2060:σ
1965:2
1962:/
1906:(
1855:B
1852:k
1846:±
1687:±
1633:c
1629:±
1622:c
1618:±
1515:c
1484:)
1477:(
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
390:2
387:/
384:1
379:−
367:ħ
354:0
343:e
249:×
239:×
223:c
215:±
152:H
66:.
49:.
20:)
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