294:
1143: boson is not involved in the absorption or emission of electrons or positrons. Whenever an electron is observed as a new free particle, suddenly moving with kinetic energy, it is inferred to be a result of a neutrino interacting with the electron (with the momentum transfer via the Z boson) since this behavior happens more often when the neutrino beam is present. In this process, the neutrino simply strikes the electron (via exchange of a boson) and then scatters away from it, transferring some of the neutrino's momentum to the electron.
1371:
8851:
2995:. The team deliberately encrypted its data and withheld any preliminary results from themselves until the analysis was complete, to prevent "confirmation bias" bending their interpretation of the data. Kotwal described it as the 'largest crack in this beautiful theory', speculating that it might be the 'first clear evidence' of other forces or particles not accounted for by the Standard Model, and which might be accounted for by theories such as
2720: bosons was considered a major success for CERN. First, in 1973, came the observation of neutral current interactions as predicted by electroweak theory. The huge Gargamelle bubble chamber photographed the tracks produced by neutrino interactions and observed events where a neutrino interacted but did not produce a corresponding lepton. This is a hallmark of a neutral current interaction and is interpreted as a neutrino exchanging an unseen
2072:
2615:
7749:
6294:, such an interaction can only happen via the weak force. Since such an electron is not created from a nucleon (the nucleus left behind remains the same as before) and the departing electron is unchanged, except for the impulse imparted by the neutrino, this force interaction between the neutrino and the electron must be mediated by an electromagnetically neutral, weak force
2532:
3006:
Besides being inconsistent with the
Standard Model, the new measurement is also inconsistent with previous measurements such as ATLAS. This suggests that either the old or the new measurements, despite all precautions, have an unexpected systematic error, such as an undetected quirk in the equipment.
7415:
Amoroso, Simone; Andari, Nansi; Barter, William; Bendavid, Josh; Boonekamp, Maarten; Farry, Stephen; Gruenewald, Martin; Hays, Chris; Hunter, Ross; Kretzschmar, Jan; Lupton, Oliver; Pili, Martina; Miguel Ramos Pernas; Tuchming, Boris; Vesterinen, Mika; Vicini, Alessandro; Wang, Chen; Xu, Menglin (18
2986:
and the leader of the
Collider Detector at Fermilab collaboration, the lower beam luminosity used reduced the chance that events of interest would be obscured by other collisions and that the use of proton–antiproton collisions simplifies the process of quark–antiquark annihilation, which then
3029:, which aligned with predictions from the Standard Model. The combination of all measurements of the W boson mass, excluding the measurement from CDF, yields a value of (80369.2 ± 13.3) MeV/c², which deviates from the CDF measurement with a significance of 3.6σ.
3032:
In 2024, the CMS experiment released in a preprint the most precise measurement of the W boson mass so far, 80 360.2 ± 9.9 MeV and also the one most in accordance with the value predicted by the standard model, the results were obtained from data of
5047:
include the square of these factors, and all possible diagrams (e.g. sum over quark families, and left and right contributions). The results tabulated below are just estimates, since they only include tree-level interaction diagrams in the
6381:
in 1958, by devising an equation which showed the analogy of the weak nuclear interactions with electromagnetism. Steve
Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow, and Abdus Salam later used these results to develop the electroweak unification, in
2389:
4371:
3015:, commented that "I do not think we have to discuss which new physics could explain the discrepancy between CDF and the Standard Model – we first have to understand why the CDF measurement is in strong tension with all ".
4566:
4253:
4510:
4454:
4893:
2974:, which is seven standard deviations above that predicted by the Standard Model, meaning that if the model is correct there should only be a one-trillionth chance that such a large mass would arise by
2738: boson with a proton or neutron in the bubble chamber. The neutrino is otherwise undetectable, so the only observable effect is the momentum imparted to the proton or neutron by the interaction.
4721:
2942:
Before 2022, measurements of the W boson mass appeared to be consistent with the
Standard Model. For example, in 2021, experimental measurements of the W boson mass were assessed to converge around
2394:
6139:
2109:
in the 1950s, attempts were undertaken to formulate a similar theory of the weak nuclear force. This culminated around 1968 in a unified theory of electromagnetism and weak interactions by
6714:
In the
Standard Model, right-handed neutrinos (and left-handed anti-neutrinos) do not exist; however, some extensions beyond the Standard Model allow them. If they do exist, they all have
4987:
6651:
6603:
3062:
6696:
1296: boson either lowers or raises the electric charge of the emitting particle by one unit, and also alters the spin by one unit. At the same time, the emission or absorption of a
6702:
elements), but experiments at present that measure the decays can't discriminate between neutrino mass eigenstates: They measure total decay width of the sum of all three processes.
3858:
3774:
3690:
3564:
3480:
3396:
5033:
2663: bosons behave in somewhat the same manner as photons, but do not become important until the energy of the interaction is comparable with the relatively huge mass of the
309:
7504:
747:
5098:
5026:
2841: boson a few months later, in May 1983. Rubbia and van der Meer were promptly awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics, a most unusual step for the conservative
4130:
2777: bosons themselves had to wait for the construction of a particle accelerator powerful enough to produce them. The first such machine that became available was the
4922:
2580:
4948:
2600:
2555:
2336:. Today it is widely accepted as one of the pillars of the Standard Model of particle physics, particularly given the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson by the
2527:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m_{{\text{W}}^{\pm }}&={\tfrac {1}{2}}vg\\m_{{\text{Z}}^{0}}&={\tfrac {1}{2}}v{\sqrt {g^{2}+{g'}^{2}}}\end{aligned}}}
3011:
reiterated that "... the (new) measurement needs to be confirmed by another experiment before it can be interpreted fully." Matthias Schott, of the
2937:
2204: bosons have mass while photons are massless was a major obstacle in developing electroweak theory. These particles are accurately described by an
7364:
7311:
7227:
6699:
4257:
4514:
4145:
740:
4458:
1436: bosons are carrier particles that mediate the weak nuclear force, much as the photon is the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force.
8774:
7601:
6225:
387:
7283:
4402:
2332:
The combination of the SU(2) gauge theory of the weak interaction, the electromagnetic interaction, and the Higgs mechanism is known as the
1121:
from matter (a process which conserves charge). Such behavior is almost as common as inelastic neutrino interactions and may be observed in
7153:
6298:. Thus, since no other neutrino-interacting neutral force carrier is known, the observed interaction must have occurred by exchange of a
733:
3007:
Future experiments with the LHC may help determine which set of measurements, if either, are the correct ones. Fermilab Deputy
Director
7569:
7462:
6983:
1569:, but affects only one of its 33 neutrons. The neutron is converted into a proton while also emitting an electron (often called a
8524:
8908:
8762:
4133:
3243:
383:
310:
7312:"CDF collaboration at Fermilab announces most precise ever measurement of W boson mass to be in tension with the Standard Model"
4833:
7339:
4673:
7049:
7139:
1322:. The neutral Z boson cannot change the electric charge of any particle, nor can it change any other of the so-called "
2333:
313:
308:
7804:
6091:
314:
311:
8660:
2260:
413:
303:
321:
312:
8741:
319:
304:
1007: particle", and later gave the explanation that it was the last additional particle needed by the model. The
7753:
7480:
7067:"Forty years of the first attempt at the electroweak unification and of the prediction of the weak neutral boson"
6326:
320:
7389:
2819:), and were the collaborative effort of many people. Van der Meer was the driving force on the accelerator end (
4961:
301:
7205:
6607:
6559:
3036:
298:
8883:
7390:"Improved W boson Mass Measurement using $ \sqrt{s}=7$ TeV Proton-Proton Collisions with the ATLAS Detector"
6655:
4784:
2205:
357:
7250:
709:
8757:
7765:
6214:
594:
302:
8888:
3819:
3735:
3651:
3525:
3441:
3357:
2329: bosons to form their longitudinal components, and the remainder appears as the spin-0 Higgs boson.
1984:
interaction, therefore leaves the interacting particles unaffected, except for a transfer of spin and/or
1722:). It is one of the down quarks that interacts in beta decay, turning into an up quark to form a proton (
299:
7135:
2052: boson exchange were confirmed shortly thereafter (also in 1973), in a neutrino experiment in the
1775:
306:
8833:
7777:
7594:
7191:
P.A. Zyla et al. (Particle Data Group), Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2020, 083C01 (2021) and 2021 update.
6736:, i.e. unable to interact by either the weak or electric forces no strong-force interactions either.
297:
8245:
7771:
6236:
2778:
2603:
1378:
for beta decay of a neutron into a proton, electron, and electron antineutrino via an intermediate
674:
604:
315:
8903:
8898:
8801:
8436:
8063:
7797:
6442:
Every entry in the lepton column can also be written as three decays, e.g. for the first row, as
5068:
4996:
2925:
2106:
1955:
375:
305:
246:
105:
17:
4103:
8736:
8073:
7157:
4898:
2122:
1951:
1335:
624:
509:
449:
379:
318:
2034: boson exchange) as inelastically (via W boson exchange). Weak neutral currents via
8893:
8823:
7534:
7481:"CMS delivers the best-precision measurement of the W boson mass at the LHC | CMS Experiment"
7041:
6279:
2337:
2268:
1903:
1638:
1541:
1091:
499:
316:
300:
7033:
7014:
3018:
In 2023, the ATLAS experiment released an improved measurement for the mass of the W boson,
2799: bosons were seen in January 1983 during a series of experiments made possible by
1356: boson can only change the spin, momentum, and energy of the other particle. (See also
7551:
7435:
7078:
6998:
6941:
6874:
6246:
4931:
3242:
of the W boson to a quark–antiquark pair is proportional to the corresponding squared
2634:
1358:
1240:
409:
349:
317:
307:
7505:"New results from the CMS experiment put W boson mass mystery to rest | symmetry magazine"
7228:"Standard Model of physics challenged by most precise measurement of W boson particle yet"
7192:
7178:
7117:
6912:
2629:
Unlike beta decay, the observation of neutral current interactions that involve particles
8:
8838:
7821:
7530:
6287:
6283:
6170:
5029:
3152:. Neglecting phase space effects and higher order corrections, simple estimates of their
3012:
2975:
2642:
2219:
gauge theory. Some mechanism is required to break the SU(2) symmetry, giving mass to the
781:
644:
459:
444:
327:
83:
76:
7555:
7439:
7082:
7002:
6945:
6878:
6378:
2560:
684:
8781:
7790:
7727:
7701:
7425:
3153:
2820:
2804:
2585:
2540:
2126:
2013:
1117:
619:
534:
7447:
1227:
of the electromagnetic force and has zero mass, consistent with the infinite range of
1115: boson mediates the transfer of momentum, spin and energy when neutrinos scatter
8850:
8818:
8731:
8210:
7955:
7882:
7731:
7719:
7542:
7096:
7045:
7034:
6245: – Hypothetical elementary particles: analogous pair of bosons predicted by the
6220:
4955:
3157:
2638:
1246:
1090: boson charge induces electron or positron emission or absorption, thus causing
868:
669:
599:
564:
494:
489:
454:
429:
405:
401:
226:
7091:
7066:
6929:
6862:
8828:
8599:
8374:
8235:
8220:
7902:
7813:
7715:
7711:
7559:
7443:
7210:
7121:
7086:
7006:
6959:
6949:
6892:
6882:
6733:
2816:
2341:
2016:
of neutrinos in matter; neutrinos are almost as likely to scatter elastically (via
1959:
1323:
1228:
1219:
Their high masses limit the range of the weak interaction. By way of contrast, the
954:
894:
788:
761:
654:
649:
549:
524:
484:
341:
285:
267:
110:
949:. Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the
8878:
8796:
8721:
8705:
8645:
8055:
7980:
7970:
7960:
7872:
7288:
6979:
4951:
4827:
4378:
2983:
2979:
2272:
2256:
2114:
2110:
2076:
1981:
1375:
986:
864:
699:
584:
574:
569:
559:
519:
514:
474:
361:
220:
124:
120:
7340:"Do we have finally found new physics with the latest W boson mass measurement?"
7010:
4366:{\displaystyle ~|V_{\text{cd}}|^{2}+|V_{\text{cs}}|^{2}+|V_{\text{cb}}|^{2}=1~,}
714:
167:
8855:
8769:
8726:
8462:
8250:
7945:
7940:
7862:
7564:
7416:
Aug 2023). "Compatibility and combination of world W-boson mass measurements".
6954:
6887:
6242:
4990:
4823:
4139:
2812:
2808:
2622:
2056:
1566:
1254:
1122:
950:
898:
639:
609:
554:
544:
529:
439:
345:
281:
240:
155:
71:
4561:{\displaystyle \,B(\mathrm {\tau } ^{+}\mathrm {\nu } _{\mathrm {\tau } })=\,}
4248:{\displaystyle ~|V_{\text{ud}}|^{2}+|V_{\text{us}}|^{2}+|V_{\text{ub}}|^{2}~=}
8872:
8813:
8665:
8632:
8424:
8394:
8326:
8185:
7965:
7892:
7877:
7365:"New value for W boson mass dims 2022 hints of physics beyond Standard Model"
7255:
7100:
3197:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2963:
collider before its closure in 2011 determined the mass of the W boson to be
2216:
2211:, but the bosons in a gauge theory must be massless. As a case in point, the
1570:
1463:
1331:
1315:
1224:
784:
659:
614:
579:
434:
7626:
4505:{\displaystyle \,B(\mathrm {\mu } ^{+}\mathrm {\nu } _{\mathrm {\mu } })=\,}
8791:
8341:
8331:
8321:
8082:
8033:
7975:
7897:
7852:
7723:
6964:
6897:
6729:
6715:
6275:
5063:
5049:
4925:
4051:
denote the three flavours of neutrinos. The other particles, starting with
3991:
3247:
2938:
Physics beyond the
Standard Model § Experimental results not explained
2800:
2208:
872:
769:
719:
689:
664:
634:
504:
479:
464:
353:
255:
203:
7463:"Measurement of the W boson mass in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV"
1151:
These bosons are among the heavyweights of the elementary particles. With
8806:
8574:
8477:
8472:
8389:
8384:
8314:
8268:
8225:
8190:
8149:
8041:
8005:
7867:
6231:
6198:
6179:
In 2018, the CMS collaboration observed the first exclusive decay of the
4740:
3239:
2921:
2842:
2264:
2263:, fulfills this role. It requires the existence of another particle, the
2118:
1327:
1314: boson can change the type of the particle – for example changing a
694:
679:
629:
589:
539:
191:
128:
98:
6556:, for every neutrino mass eigenstate, with decay widths proportional to
2956:
However, in April 2022, a new analysis of data that was obtained by the
8548:
8442:
8432:
8414:
8304:
8205:
8140:
7857:
7782:
7036:
Dreams of a Final Theory: The search for the fundamental laws of nature
6251:
5044:
2619:
2097: bosons. This is one of the leading terms contributing to neutral
2053:
1783:
1667:
1662:
Again, the neutron is not an elementary particle but a composite of an
1467:
704:
469:
4449:{\displaystyle \,B(\mathrm {e} ^{+}\mathrm {\nu } _{\mathrm {e} })=\,}
2645:
laboratories in the world (and then only after 1983). This is because
1370:
8690:
8680:
8650:
8543:
8509:
8502:
8379:
8369:
8364:
8336:
8104:
7887:
6147:
3149:
1500:
1479:
1471:
983:
938:
5043:
strengths of each coupling can be estimated by considering that the
2012:
have distinct signatures: They provide the only known mechanism for
937:
has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived, with a
27:
Elementary particles; gauge bosons that mediate the weak interaction
8786:
8614:
8569:
8553:
8514:
8487:
8200:
8195:
8175:
8145:
8135:
8130:
7950:
7925:
7920:
7847:
7706:
7430:
7316:
7284:"Newly Measured Particle Seems Heavy Enough to Break Known Physics"
6801: boson, so it does not have sufficient energy to decay into a
3148: bosons have sufficient energy to decay into the highest-mass
2992:
2960:
2957:
2614:
2071:
2009:
1985:
1883:
1803:
1774:). At the most fundamental level, then, the weak force changes the
1663:
1618:
1521:
1319:
1232:
1069:
8695:
8685:
8655:
8609:
8604:
8579:
8497:
8482:
8409:
8404:
8309:
8294:
8240:
8215:
8180:
8109:
8091:
7830:
7595:"PL B667, 1 (2008), and 2009 partial update for the 2010 edition"
3192:
and antilepton (one of them charged and another neutral) or to a
3109:
1578:
3260:
The decay widths for the W boson are then proportional to:
8675:
8670:
8299:
8286:
8277:
8099:
8013:
7912:
7748:
6202:
4658:
4583:. The hadronic branching ratio is dominated by the CKM-favored
3987:
3189:
2988:
2212:
1598:
1220:
1206:
2931:
8700:
8640:
8492:
8351:
8230:
8170:
8125:
8018:
7996:
7839:
6295:
4090:
3193:
2147: bosons necessary to explain beta decay, but also a new
1236:
897:
and is its own antiparticle. The three particles each have a
88:
7762:, the ultimate source of information on particle properties.
8467:
8399:
8359:
7935:
7930:
7414:
2098:
2060:
1213:
1210:
1152:
147:
7206:
Key particle weighs in a bit heavy, confounding physicists
4888:{\displaystyle ~T_{3}-Q\sin ^{2}\,\theta _{\mathsf {W}}~,}
2066:
6928:
Tanabashi, M.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018).
6861:
Tanabashi, M.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018).
143:
139:
7625:
Sirunyan, A.M.; et al. (CMS Collaboration) (2018).
4716:{\displaystyle \,B(\ell ^{+}\mathrm {\nu } _{\ell })=\,}
4661:
branching ratios has been measured experimentally to be
1205: bosons are almost 80 times as massive as the
7759:
7193:
https://pdg.lbl.gov/2021/reviews/rpp2021-rev-w-mass.pdf
2215:
is massless because electromagnetism is described by a
7593:
Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2010).
3003:
described the result as a 'monumental piece of work'.
2472:
2424:
2275:
created by the Higgs field, three are absorbed by the
1365:
1239:
are also presumed to have zero mass, the range of the
6658:
6610:
6562:
6094:
5071:
4999:
4964:
4934:
4901:
4836:
4676:
4517:
4461:
4405:
4260:
4148:
4106:
3822:
3738:
3654:
3528:
3444:
3360:
3039:
2588:
2563:
2543:
2392:
1072:
absorption and emission. During these processes, the
6256:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1565:This reaction does not involve the whole cobalt-60
6690:
6645:
6597:
6134:{\displaystyle ~x=\sin ^{2}\,\theta _{\text{W}}~.}
6133:
5092:
5020:
4981:
4942:
4928:of the fermion (the "charge" for the weak force),
4916:
4887:
4765:decay into a fermion and its antiparticle. As the
4715:
4560:
4504:
4448:
4365:
4247:
4124:
3852:
3768:
3684:
3558:
3474:
3390:
3056:
2594:
2574:
2549:
2526:
7460:
8870:
863: bosons have either a positive or negative
7251:"W boson mass measurement surprises physicists"
7112:
7110:
6228: – Mathematics of a particle physics model
1573:in this context) and an electron antineutrino:
296:
7766:The W and Z particles: a personal recollection
7225:
6915:, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2022, 083C01 (2022).
6710:
6708:
6286:between subatomic particles is negligible, by
6274:Because neutrinos are neither affected by the
6226:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
1842:which is immediately followed by decay of the
1462: bosons are best known for their role in
1235:is also expected to have zero mass. (Although
7798:
7281:
7171:
6377: bosons was made by Brazilian physicist
6217: – Description of the behavior of bosons
6088:To keep the notation compact, the table uses
1025: bosons had already been named, and the
919: bosons have a magnetic moment, but the
741:
7522:
7136:"The discovery of the weak neutral currents"
7107:
6911:R. L. Workman et al. (Particle Data Group),
7309:
6705:
2932:2022 unexpected measurement of W boson mass
7805:
7791:
7248:
6923:
6921:
6856:
6854:
6732:also zero. The all-zero charges make them
4978:
4965:
2999:. The Nobel-winning theoretical physicist
2165: boson that had never been observed.
1125:upon irradiation with neutrino beams. The
748:
734:
7705:
7563:
7429:
7382:
7362:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7090:
6963:
6953:
6927:
6896:
6886:
6860:
6687:
6659:
6639:
6611:
6591:
6563:
6239: – Hypothetical particles in physics
6150:–antiquark pair is left out of the table.
6114:
5086:
5075:
5014:
5003:
4982:{\displaystyle \;\theta _{\mathsf {w}}\;}
4939:
4935:
4913:
4902:
4866:
4712:
4677:
4557:
4518:
4501:
4462:
4445:
4406:
4121:
4107:
1338:, etc.). The emission or absorption of a
7812:
7624:
7528:
7058:
7031:
6978:
6646:{\displaystyle \,|U_{\text{e2}}|^{2}\,,}
6598:{\displaystyle \,|U_{\text{e1}}|^{2}\,,}
6385:
6355:
6353:
3057:{\displaystyle \mathrm {W} \to \mu \nu }
2902: bosons, together with the photon (
2613:
2383: bosons have the following masses:
2070:
1980: boson between particles, called a
1369:
7461:CMS collaboration (17 September 2024).
6918:
6851:
6691:{\displaystyle \,|U_{\text{e3}}|^{2}\,}
5028:is different for fermions of different
1068: bosons are verified mediators of
14:
8871:
8276:
7592:
7337:
7270:
7221:
7219:
4972:
4873:
2641:, such as are available in only a few
7786:
7772:When CERN saw the end of the alphabet
7586:
7363:Ouellette, Jennifer (24 March 2023).
7230:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
7146:
7064:
7025:
6350:
5036:, the coupling is different as well.
3270:
3267:
2807:. The actual experiments were called
7022:— The electroweak unification paper.
4783: boson is a mixture of the pre-
3990:(more exactly, the positive charged
3905:Energy conservation forbids decay to
2267:, which has since been found at the
2067:Predictions of the W, W and Z bosons
7546:. 2012 Review of Particle Physics.
7216:
6972:
6724: = 0 and electric charge
6347:exchange might cause flavor change.
3853:{\displaystyle |V_{\text{cb}}|^{2}}
3769:{\displaystyle |V_{\text{cs}}|^{2}}
3685:{\displaystyle |V_{\text{cd}}|^{2}}
3559:{\displaystyle |V_{\text{ub}}|^{2}}
3475:{\displaystyle |V_{\text{us}}|^{2}}
3391:{\displaystyle |V_{\text{ud}}|^{2}}
2008: boson interactions involving
1366:Relations to the weak nuclear force
1146:
1043: bosons were named for having
989:named the additional particle the "
24:
7242:
7181:(Press release). Nobel Foundation.
7154:"The UA2 Collaboration collection"
7065:Lopes, J. Leite (September 1999).
4433:
4415:
3041:
2976:non-systematic observational error
2079:showing the exchange of a pair of
1260: = 1. The emission of a
1243:is limited for different reasons;
292:
25:
8920:
7778:W and Z particles at Hyperphysics
7741:
7118:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979"
2261:1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
2121:, for which they shared the 1979
978: bosons are named after the
414:Physics beyond the Standard Model
8849:
8742:Timeline of particle discoveries
7747:
7142:from the original on 2017-03-07.
7138:. CERN Courier. 3 October 2004.
6783:is greater than the mass of the
6173:or "handedness" of the fermions.
4954:of the fermion (in units of the
3246:element and the number of quark
3200:(with opposite electric charges
2582:is the U(1) gauge coupling, and
8909:Subatomic particles with spin 1
7618:
7607:from the original on 2011-06-05
7575:from the original on 2017-02-20
7497:
7473:
7454:
7448:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12532-z
7408:
7356:
7338:Schott, Matthias (2022-04-07).
7331:
7303:
7226:Weule, Genelle (8 April 2022).
7197:
7185:
7128:
7092:10.1590/S0103-97331999000300024
6913:"Mass and Width of the W Boson"
6739:
6436:
6432:→ charged antilepton + neutrino
6411:→ charged lepton + antineutrino
6327:Flavor-changing neutral current
4142:of the CKM matrix implies that
2781:, where unambiguous signals of
772:that are together known as the
7760:The Review of Particle Physics
7716:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.141801
7344:Physics, Life and all the Rest
7282:Wood, Charlie (7 April 2022).
6905:
6677:
6661:
6629:
6613:
6581:
6565:
6319:
6268:
5087:
5072:
5015:
5000:
4924:is the third component of the
4706:
4681:
4551:
4522:
4495:
4466:
4439:
4410:
4399: boson are approximately
4341:
4325:
4311:
4295:
4281:
4265:
4229:
4213:
4199:
4183:
4169:
4153:
3840:
3824:
3756:
3740:
3672:
3656:
3546:
3530:
3462:
3446:
3378:
3362:
3045:
2271:. Of the four components of a
13:
1:
7179:"Nobel Prize in Physics 1984"
6845:
6329:for a conjecture that a rare
4657:final states. The sum of the
3986:denote the three flavours of
3163:
2633:requires huge investments in
2557:is the SU(2) gauge coupling,
1466:. Consider, for example, the
1209:– heavier, even, than entire
791:; the respective symbols are
358:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
8758:History of subatomic physics
7310:Marc, Tracy (7 April 2022).
7071:Brazilian Journal of Physics
6930:"Review of Particle Physics"
6863:"Review of Particle Physics"
6261:
6146:The impossible decay into a
4373:thus each of two quark rows
2609:
2334:Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model
1962:are zero. The exchange of a
893: boson is electrically
7:
7529:Beringer, J.; et al. (
7418:European Physical Journal C
7249:Wogan, Tim (8 April 2022).
7011:10.1103/physrevlett.19.1264
6254: – subatomic particles
6208:
5880:
5685:
5564:
5468:
5372:
5093:{\displaystyle (\,T_{3}\,)}
5034:left-handed or right-handed
5021:{\displaystyle (\,T_{3}\,)}
4993:. Because the weak isospin
4734:
3156:can be calculated from the
2259:, first put forward by the
1927:
1439:
10:
8925:
7565:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001
6955:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001
6888:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001
5662:
5262:
5141:
5137:Experimental measurements
4738:
4125:{\displaystyle \,V_{ij}\,}
2935:
778:intermediate vector bosons
388:Standard Model mathematics
8847:
8750:
8714:
8631:
8592:
8562:
8536:
8532:
8523:
8455:
8423:
8350:
8285:
8267:
8163:
8118:
8090:
8081:
8072:
8054:
8032:
8004:
7995:
7911:
7838:
7829:
7820:
7040:. Vintage Press. p.
7032:Weinberg, Steven (1993).
6728: = 0, and with
5667:
5323:
5104:
5101:
5062:
5059:
4917:{\displaystyle \,T_{3}\,}
4132:denote the corresponding
4100:is applied). The various
3903:
2823:). UA1 and UA2 found the
2105:Following the success of
776:or more generally as the
266:
254:
239:
219:
190:
154:
135:
116:
104:
94:
82:
70:
8775:mathematical formulation
8370:Eta and eta prime mesons
7535:"Gauge and Higgs bosons"
7509:www.symmetrymagazine.org
6359:The first prediction of
6288:deduction (technically,
6215:Bose–Einstein statistics
4377:Therefore, the leptonic
3067:
2779:Super Proton Synchrotron
2604:vacuum expectation value
2347:The model predicts that
2129:postulated not only the
8437:Double-charm tetraquark
7694:Physical Review Letters
6991:Physical Review Letters
4093:and antiquarks (factor
2926:electroweak interaction
2625:, now exhibited at CERN
2107:quantum electrodynamics
1956:flavour quantum numbers
376:Electroweak interaction
6692:
6647:
6599:
6135:
5094:
5022:
4983:
4944:
4918:
4889:
4717:
4562:
4506:
4450:
4367:
4249:
4126:
3854:
3770:
3686:
3560:
3476:
3392:
3198:of complementary types
3112:pairs but neither the
3108: bosons decay to
3058:
2626:
2596:
2576:
2551:
2528:
2123:Nobel Prize in Physics
2102:
1397:
1253:All three bosons have
380:Quantum chromodynamics
324:
8834:Wave–particle duality
8824:Relativistic particle
7961:Electron antineutrino
7396:. CERN. 22 March 2023
6693:
6648:
6600:
6280:electromagnetic force
6136:
5095:
5023:
4984:
4945:
4943:{\displaystyle \,Q\,}
4919:
4890:
4718:
4563:
4507:
4451:
4368:
4250:
4127:
3855:
3771:
3687:
3561:
3477:
3393:
3059:
2920:), comprise the four
2741:The discovery of the
2684:The discovery of the
2635:particle accelerators
2617:
2597:
2577:
2552:
2529:
2269:Large Hadron Collider
2074:
1373:
1092:nuclear transmutation
871:and are each other's
410:Neutrino oscillations
330:of the Standard Model
323:
268:Weak hypercharge
8884:Elementary particles
8064:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
7814:Particles in physics
7756:at Wikimedia Commons
7627:"Observation of the
7020:on January 12, 2012.
6984:"A Model of Leptons"
6656:
6608:
6560:
6247:Grand Unified Theory
6092:
5069:
4997:
4962:
4932:
4899:
4834:
4674:
4515:
4459:
4403:
4258:
4146:
4104:
3820:
3736:
3652:
3526:
3442:
3358:
3037:
2811:(led by Rubbia) and
2631:other than neutrinos
2586:
2561:
2541:
2390:
2255:in the process. The
1952:its own antiparticle
1359:Weak neutral current
1241:strong nuclear force
1169:, respectively, the
782:elementary particles
350:Quantum field theory
328:Elementary particles
221:Electric charge
8839:Particle chauvinism
8782:Subatomic particles
7768:by Pierre Darriulat
7556:2012PhRvD..86a0001B
7531:Particle Data Group
7467:CMS document server
7440:2024EPJC...84..451L
7213:(AP), April 7, 2022
7083:1999BrJPh..29..574L
7003:1967PhRvL..19.1264W
6946:2018PhRvD..98c0001T
6879:2018PhRvD..98c0001T
6284:gravitational force
3154:branching fractions
3013:University of Mainz
2643:high-energy physics
1954:. Thus, all of its
1778:of a single quark:
1231:; the hypothetical
77:Elementary particle
67:
8889:Electroweak theory
7203:Borenstein, Seth,
6688:
6643:
6595:
6282:, and because the
6205:–antilepton pair.
6131:
5134: = 0.23
5090:
5018:
4979:
4940:
4914:
4885:
4830:includes a factor
4822: bosons (see
4713:
4558:
4502:
4446:
4363:
4245:
4122:
3850:
3766:
3682:
3556:
3472:
3388:
3158:coupling constants
3054:
2987:decayed to give a
2821:stochastic cooling
2805:Simon van der Meer
2639:particle detectors
2627:
2592:
2575:{\displaystyle g'}
2572:
2547:
2524:
2522:
2481:
2433:
2168:The fact that the
2127:electroweak theory
2103:
2014:elastic scattering
1398:
325:
30:
8863:
8862:
8819:Massless particle
8627:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8588:
8587:
8451:
8450:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8211:Magnetic monopole
8159:
8158:
8050:
8049:
7991:
7990:
7971:Muon antineutrino
7956:Electron neutrino
7774:by Daniel Denegri
7752:Media related to
7543:Physical Review D
7051:978-0-09-922391-7
6997:(21): 1264–1266.
6934:Physical Review D
6867:Physical Review D
6672:
6624:
6576:
6221:List of particles
6197: boson to a
6127:
6122:
6097:
6081:
6080:
5686:Down-type quarks
4991:weak mixing angle
4956:elementary charge
4881:
4839:
4824:weak mixing angle
4785:symmetry-breaking
4359:
4336:
4306:
4276:
4263:
4241:
4224:
4194:
4164:
4151:
3928:
3927:
3835:
3751:
3667:
3541:
3457:
3373:
2595:{\displaystyle v}
2550:{\displaystyle g}
2518:
2480:
2454:
2432:
2406:
1247:Color confinement
1047:electric charge.
869:elementary charge
758:
757:
406:Hierarchy problem
402:Strong CP problem
276:
275:
256:Weak isospin
16:(Redirected from
8916:
8853:
8829:Virtual particle
8600:Mesonic molecule
8534:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8375:Bottom eta meson
8283:
8282:
8274:
8273:
8246:W′ and Z′ bosons
8236:Sterile neutrino
8221:Majorana fermion
8088:
8087:
8079:
8078:
8002:
8001:
7981:Tau antineutrino
7836:
7835:
7827:
7826:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7784:
7783:
7751:
7736:
7735:
7709:
7689:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7673:
7672:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7656:
7655:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7636:
7635:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7606:
7599:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7574:
7567:
7539:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7433:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7394:ATLAS experiment
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7279:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7223:
7214:
7211:Associated Press
7201:
7195:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7156:. Archived from
7150:
7144:
7143:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7122:Nobel Foundation
7114:
7105:
7104:
7094:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7039:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7013:. Archived from
6988:
6980:Weinberg, Steven
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6957:
6925:
6916:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6890:
6858:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6808:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6790:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6753:
6752:
6745:The mass of the
6743:
6737:
6727:
6720:
6712:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6664:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6616:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6568:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6543:
6542:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6526:
6525:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6505:
6504:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6488:
6487:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6450:
6449:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6422:
6421:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6401:
6400:
6389:
6383:
6379:José Leite Lopes
6376:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6336:
6323:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6306:
6305:
6272:
6257:
6237:W′ and Z′ bosons
6196:
6195:
6194:
6187:
6186:
6167:
6166:
6159:
6158:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6113:
6112:
6095:
6077:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5935:
5934:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5876:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5732:
5731:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5714:
5713:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5695:
5681:
5679:
5672:
5658:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5574:
5560:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5478:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5382:
5368:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5294:
5293:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5275:
5258:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5193:
5192:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5155:
5154:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5105:Branching ratio
5102:Relative factor
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5057:
5056:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5012:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4865:
4864:
4849:
4848:
4837:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4793:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4772:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4753:
4752:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4668:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4590:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4388:
4379:branching ratios
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4149:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3533:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3282:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3175:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3044:
3028:
3026:
3023:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2843:Nobel Foundation
2840:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2817:Pierre Darriulat
2798:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2482:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2434:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1229:electromagnetism
1204:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1147:Basic properties
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:
977:
976:
975:
968:
967:
955:particle physics
948:
946:
936:
935:
934:
927:
926:
918:
917:
916:
909:
908:
892:
891:
890:
883:
882:
862:
861:
860:
853:
852:
844:
843:
842:
835:
834:
826:
825:
824:
817:
816:
808:
807:
806:
799:
798:
789:weak interaction
762:particle physics
750:
743:
736:
342:Particle physics
295:
286:particle physics
278:
277:
225:W: ±1
215:
213:
206:
201:
192:Decay width
186:
182:0.0021 GeV/
181:
173:
165:
146:collaborations,
111:Weak interaction
68:
65:
64:
63:
56:
55:
47:
46:
45:
38:
37:
29:
21:
8924:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8859:
8843:
8797:Nuclear physics
8746:
8710:
8646:Davydov soliton
8619:
8584:
8558:
8519:
8447:
8419:
8346:
8255:
8155:
8114:
8068:
8046:
8028:
7987:
7907:
7816:
7811:
7744:
7739:
7686:
7684:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7619:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7597:
7591:
7587:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7537:
7527:
7523:
7514:
7512:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7489:
7487:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7459:
7455:
7413:
7409:
7399:
7397:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7361:
7357:
7348:
7346:
7336:
7332:
7322:
7320:
7308:
7304:
7294:
7292:
7289:Quanta Magazine
7280:
7271:
7261:
7259:
7247:
7243:
7233:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7202:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7177:
7176:
7172:
7163:
7161:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7116:
7115:
7108:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7030:
7026:
7017:
6986:
6977:
6973:
6926:
6919:
6910:
6906:
6859:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6842:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6725:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6706:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6324:
6320:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6255:
6211:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6164:
6163:
6156:
6155:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6104:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6073:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5872:
5870:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5654:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5634:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5556:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5440:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5364:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:Charged leptons
5254:
5252:
5247:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5131:
5124:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4952:electric charge
4933:
4930:
4929:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4856:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4725:
4723:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3188:can decay to a
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3021:
3019:
2984:Duke University
2980:Ashutosh Kotwal
2978:. According to
2969:
2966:
2964:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2612:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:Goldstone boson
2257:Higgs mechanism
2251:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2115:Steven Weinberg
2111:Sheldon Glashow
2093:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:Feynman diagram
2069:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1982:neutral current
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1950: boson is
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:Feynman diagram
1368:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:bubble chambers
1111:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
992:
991:
990:
987:Steven Weinberg
974:
972:
971:
970:
966:
964:
963:
962:
961:
944:
942:
933:
931:
930:
929:
925:
923:
922:
921:
920:
915:
913:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
903:
902:
889:
887:
886:
885:
881:
879:
878:
877:
876:
865:electric charge
859:
857:
856:
855:
851:
849:
848:
847:
846:
841:
839:
838:
837:
833:
831:
830:
829:
828:
823:
821:
820:
819:
815:
813:
812:
811:
810:
805:
803:
802:
801:
797:
795:
794:
793:
792:
754:
725:
724:
425:
417:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
391:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
365:
364:
362:Higgs mechanism
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
331:
322:
293:
261:
232:Z: 0
231:
214:0.0023 GeV
211:
209:
207:
199:
197:
179:
177:
175:
163:
161:
62:
60:
59:
58:
54:
52:
51:
50:
49:
44:
42:
41:
40:
36:
34:
33:
32:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8922:
8912:
8911:
8906:
8904:Force carriers
8901:
8899:Standard Model
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8861:
8860:
8856:Physics portal
8848:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8770:Standard Model
8767:
8766:
8765:
8754:
8752:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8744:
8739:
8737:Quasiparticles
8734:
8729:
8724:
8718:
8716:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8637:
8635:
8633:Quasiparticles
8629:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8566:
8564:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8540:
8538:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8470:
8465:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8429:
8427:
8425:Exotic hadrons
8421:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8356:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8291:
8289:
8280:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8251:X and Y bosons
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8096:
8094:
8085:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8066:
8060:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8024:W and Z bosons
8021:
8016:
8010:
8008:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7917:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7878:Strange (quark
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7844:
7842:
7833:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7810:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7757:
7754:W and Z bosons
7743:
7742:External links
7740:
7738:
7737:
7700:(14): 141801.
7690:= 13 TeV"
7683:collisions at
7678:
7670:
7661:
7653:
7641:
7633:
7617:
7585:
7521:
7496:
7472:
7453:
7407:
7381:
7355:
7330:
7302:
7269:
7241:
7215:
7196:
7184:
7170:
7145:
7127:
7106:
7077:(3): 574–578.
7057:
7050:
7024:
6971:
6917:
6904:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6833:
6823:
6814:
6806:
6796:
6788:
6778:
6768:
6758:
6750:
6738:
6721:
6704:
6684:
6679:
6668:
6663:
6642:
6636:
6631:
6620:
6615:
6594:
6588:
6583:
6572:
6567:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6510:
6502:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6472:
6464:
6455:
6447:
6435:
6427:
6419:
6406:
6398:
6384:
6372:
6364:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6249:
6243:X and Y bosons
6240:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6218:
6210:
6207:
6192:
6184:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6151:
6141:
6130:
6118:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6069:
6064:
6002:
5981:
5945:
5940:
5932:
5922:
5914:
5908:
5902:
5894:
5881:Up-type quarks
5878:
5877:
5868:
5863:
5801:
5781:
5742:
5737:
5729:
5719:
5711:
5701:
5693:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5650:
5645:
5614:
5609:
5585:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5552:
5547:
5516:
5511:
5489:
5484:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5456:
5451:
5420:
5415:
5393:
5388:
5380:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5360:
5355:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5309:
5299:
5291:
5281:
5273:
5267:
5260:
5259:
5250:
5245:
5224:
5221:
5204:
5198:
5190:
5179:
5171:
5160:
5152:
5146:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5130:Predicted for
5128:
5121:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5061:
5017:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4974:
4969:
4938:
4910:
4906:
4884:
4875:
4870:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4817:
4809:
4799:
4791:
4778:
4770:
4758:
4750:
4736:
4733:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4652:
4642:
4633:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4596:
4588:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4444:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4394:
4386:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4272:
4267:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4160:
4155:
4136:coefficients.
4118:
4115:
4111:
4097:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4056:
4045:
4037:
4026:
4018:
4007:
3999:
3981:
3973:
3963:
3955:
3945:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3911:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3885:
3876:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3847:
3842:
3831:
3826:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3763:
3758:
3747:
3742:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3679:
3674:
3663:
3658:
3646:
3641:
3631:
3622:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3591:
3582:
3574:
3567:
3566:
3553:
3548:
3537:
3532:
3520:
3515:
3505:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3469:
3464:
3453:
3448:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3385:
3380:
3369:
3364:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3255:
3196:and antiquark
3181:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3143:
3135:
3125:
3117:
3103:
3095:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3066:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
2933:
2930:
2915:
2907:
2897:
2889:
2879:
2871:
2861:
2853:
2836:
2828:
2794:
2786:
2772:
2764:
2754:
2746:
2733:
2725:
2715:
2707:
2697:
2689:
2676:
2668:
2658:
2650:
2632:
2623:bubble chamber
2611:
2608:
2591:
2570:
2567:
2546:
2535:
2534:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2378:
2370:
2360:
2352:
2324:
2316:
2306:
2298:
2288:
2280:
2250:
2242:
2232:
2224:
2199:
2191:
2181:
2173:
2160:
2152:
2142:
2134:
2092:
2084:
2068:
2065:
2057:bubble chamber
2047:
2039:
2029:
2021:
2003:
1995:
1975:
1967:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1907:
1895:
1887:
1876:
1868:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1815:
1807:
1795:
1787:
1769:
1761:
1752:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1717:
1709:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1642:
1630:
1622:
1610:
1602:
1590:
1582:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1533:
1525:
1513:
1504:
1492:
1483:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1413:
1405:
1391:
1383:
1367:
1364:
1351:
1343:
1309:
1301:
1291:
1283:
1273:
1265:
1200:
1192:
1182:
1174:
1164:91.2 GeV/
1157:80.4 GeV/
1148:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1110:
1102:
1085:
1077:
1063:
1055:
1038:
1030:
1020:
1012:
1002:
994:
973:
965:
951:Standard Model
932:
924:
914:
906:
888:
880:
858:
850:
840:
832:
822:
814:
804:
796:
766:W and Z bosons
756:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
346:Standard Model
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
326:
289:
288:
282:Standard Model
274:
273:
270:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
243:
237:
236:
223:
217:
216:
194:
188:
187:
158:
152:
151:
137:
133:
132:
118:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
61:
53:
43:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8921:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8867:
8858:
8857:
8852:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8814:Exotic matter
8812:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8802:Eightfold way
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8792:Antiparticles
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8713:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8591:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8463:Atomic nuclei
8461:
8460:
8458:
8454:
8444:
8441:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8395:Upsilon meson
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8327:Lambda baryon
8325:
8323:
8320:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8186:Dual graviton
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8151:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8083:Superpartners
8080:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7966:Muon neutrino
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7898:Bottom (quark
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7808:
7803:
7801:
7796:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7750:
7746:
7745:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7621:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7536:
7532:
7525:
7510:
7506:
7500:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7411:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7306:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7258:
7257:
7256:Physics World
7252:
7245:
7229:
7222:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7180:
7174:
7160:on 2013-06-04
7159:
7155:
7149:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7102:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7053:
7047:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7028:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6981:
6975:
6966:
6965:10044/1/68623
6961:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6940:(3): 030001.
6939:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6922:
6914:
6908:
6899:
6898:10044/1/68623
6894:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6873:(3): 030001.
6872:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6855:
6850:
6763:quark plus a
6742:
6735:
6731:
6717:
6711:
6709:
6701:
6682:
6666:
6640:
6634:
6618:
6592:
6586:
6570:
6439:
6391:Specifically:
6388:
6380:
6356:
6354:
6328:
6325:However, see
6322:
6297:
6293:
6291:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6267:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6172:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6128:
6116:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6070:
6065:
6003:
5982:
5946:
5909:
5887:
5879:
5869:
5864:
5802:
5782:
5743:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5646:
5615:
5610:
5586:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5548:
5517:
5512:
5490:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5452:
5421:
5416:
5394:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5356:
5325:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5225:
5222:
5205:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5081:
5077:
5065:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5009:
5005:
4992:
4967:
4957:
4953:
4936:
4927:
4908:
4904:
4882:
4868:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4829:
4828:vertex factor
4825:
4786:
4764:
4742:
4732:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4660:
4554:
4545:
4539:
4532:
4527:
4519:
4498:
4489:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4463:
4442:
4427:
4420:
4407:
4380:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4330:
4321:
4316:
4300:
4291:
4286:
4270:
4242:
4234:
4218:
4209:
4204:
4188:
4179:
4174:
4158:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4092:
4089:, all denote
3993:
3989:
3906:
3900:
3863:
3862:
3845:
3829:
3815:
3777:
3761:
3745:
3731:
3693:
3677:
3661:
3647:
3609:
3606:
3569:
3568:
3551:
3535:
3521:
3483:
3467:
3451:
3437:
3399:
3383:
3367:
3353:
3315:
3312:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3111:
3065:
3051:
3048:
3030:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:Joseph Lykken
3004:
3002:
3001:Frank Wilczek
2998:
2997:supersymmetry
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2846:
2844:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2780:
2739:
2682:
2681: boson.
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2602:is the Higgs
2589:
2568:
2565:
2544:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2446:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2345:
2344:experiments.
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2166:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2015:
2011:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1922:
1899:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1819:
1799:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1634:
1614:
1594:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:beta particle
1568:
1560:
1537:
1517:
1496:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:nuclear decay
1437:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1337:
1333:
1332:baryon number
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:strange quark
1259:
1256:
1255:particle spin
1251:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:force carrier
1222:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1095:
1093:
1071:
1048:
1046:
988:
985:
981:
958:
956:
952:
940:
900:
896:
874:
873:antiparticles
870:
866:
790:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:vector bosons
767:
763:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
731:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
421:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
334:
329:
291:
290:
287:
283:
280:
279:
271:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
250:
249:
244:
242:
238:
235:
230:
229:
224:
222:
218:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
172:
171:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
19:
8894:Gauge bosons
8865:
8854:
8525:Hypothetical
8473:Exotic atoms
8342:Omega baryon
8332:Sigma baryon
8322:Delta baryon
8074:Hypothetical
8056:Ghost fields
8042:Higgs boson
8023:
7976:Tau neutrino
7868:Charm (quark
7697:
7693:
7620:
7609:. Retrieved
7588:
7577:. Retrieved
7547:
7541:
7524:
7513:. Retrieved
7511:. 2024-09-17
7508:
7499:
7488:. Retrieved
7484:
7475:
7466:
7456:
7421:
7417:
7410:
7398:. Retrieved
7393:
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7369:Ars Technica
7368:
7358:
7347:. Retrieved
7343:
7333:
7321:. Retrieved
7315:
7305:
7293:. Retrieved
7287:
7260:. Retrieved
7254:
7244:
7232:. Retrieved
7204:
7199:
7187:
7173:
7162:. Retrieved
7158:the original
7148:
7130:
7074:
7070:
7060:
7035:
7027:
7015:the original
6994:
6990:
6974:
6937:
6933:
6907:
6870:
6866:
6741:
6730:color charge
6438:
6387:
6321:
6316: boson.
6289:
6276:strong force
6270:
6178:
6162:
6154:
6153:Subheadings
6143:
6043:+ 3 (−
5885:
5663:
5263:
5142:
5064:Weak isospin
5050:Fermi theory
5040:
5038:
4926:weak isospin
4763: bosons
4745:
4744:
4138:
3931:
3904:
3186: bosons
3168:
3167:
3071:
3031:
3017:
3005:
2955:
2941:
2922:gauge bosons
2847:
2801:Carlo Rubbia
2740:
2683:
2628:
2536:
2346:
2331:
2209:gauge theory
2167:
2104:
2101:oscillation.
1990:
1931:
1841:
1661:
1564:
1443:
1399:
1357:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1218:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1116:
1096:
1049:
1044:
979:
959:
777:
773:
765:
759:
372:Constituents
354:Gauge theory
247:
233:
227:
183:
169:
106:Interactions
8807:Quark model
8575:Theta meson
8478:Positronium
8390:Omega meson
8385:J/psi meson
8315:Antineutron
8226:Dark photon
8191:Graviphoton
8150:Stop squark
7858:Down (quark
6838:quark pair.
6700:PMNS matrix
6232:Weak charge
6169:denote the
5045:decay rates
4741:Weak charge
3992:antileptons
3240:decay width
3027:16 MeV
2951:12 MeV
2265:Higgs boson
2119:Abdus Salam
1668:down quarks
1396: boson
1328:strangeness
1326:" (such as
1118:elastically
982:force. The
774:weak bosons
550:Chamberlain
398:Limitations
202:0.042
166:0.012
99:Gauge boson
72:Composition
8873:Categories
8549:Heptaquark
8510:Superatoms
8443:Pentaquark
8433:Tetraquark
8415:Quarkonium
8305:Antiproton
8206:Leptoquark
8141:Neutralino
7903:antiquark)
7893:antiquark)
7888:Top (quark
7883:antiquark)
7873:antiquark)
7863:antiquark)
7853:antiquark)
7822:Elementary
7707:1806.04213
7611:2010-05-19
7579:2013-10-21
7533:) (2012).
7515:2024-09-20
7490:2024-09-20
7431:2308.09417
7424:(5): 451.
7349:2022-04-09
7164:2009-06-22
6846:References
6252:ZZ diboson
5804:3 (−
5327:3 (−
5060:Particles
4739:See also:
4375:sums to 3.
4134:CKM matrix
3244:CKM matrix
2972:9 MeV
2936:See also:
2620:Gargamelle
2054:Gargamelle
1468:beta decay
901:of 1. The
520:Iliopoulos
430:Rutherford
424:Scientists
384:CKM matrix
338:Background
260:W: ±1
136:Discovered
84:Statistics
8787:Particles
8732:Particles
8691:Polariton
8681:Plasmaron
8651:Dropleton
8544:Hexaquark
8515:Molecules
8503:Protonium
8380:Phi meson
8365:Rho meson
8337:Xi baryon
8269:Composite
8105:Gravitino
7848:Up (quark
7732:118950363
7648:decay in
7646:→ ψ ℓ+ ℓ−
7101:0103-9733
6734:"sterile"
6290:abduction
6262:Footnotes
6171:chirality
6148:top quark
6117:θ
5373:Electron
5143:Neutrinos
5032:, either
5030:chirality
4968:θ
4869:θ
4851:−
4702:ℓ
4697:ν
4686:ℓ
4546:τ
4540:ν
4528:τ
4490:μ
4484:ν
4472:μ
4428:ν
4140:Unitarity
3150:top quark
3052:ν
3049:μ
3046:→
2610:Discovery
2410:±
2010:neutrinos
1928:Z bosons
1472:cobalt-60
984:physicist
947:10 s
941:of about
939:half-life
710:de Mayolo
655:Schwinger
595:Kobayashi
485:Gell-Mann
450:Sudarshan
262:Z: 0
117:Theorized
8763:timeline
8615:R-hadron
8570:Glueball
8554:Skyrmion
8488:Tauonium
8201:Inflaton
8196:Graviton
8176:Curvaton
8146:Sfermion
8136:Higgsino
8131:Chargino
8092:Gauginos
7951:Neutrino
7936:Antimuon
7926:Positron
7921:Electron
7831:Fermions
7724:30339440
7602:Archived
7570:Archived
7550:(1): 1.
7485:cms.cern
7400:26 March
7374:26 March
7317:Fermilab
7140:Archived
6982:(1967).
6278:nor the
6209:See also
5617:(−
5519:(−
5423:(−
5223:0
5113:Symbols
5041:relative
4826:), each
4659:hadronic
3268:Leptons
3221:∓
3202:±
3164:W bosons
3130:nor the
3064:decays.
2993:neutrino
2961:Tevatron
2958:Fermilab
2815:(led by
2569:′
2508:′
2125:. Their
1986:momentum
1860:itself:
1666:and two
1664:up quark
1440:W bosons
1320:up quark
1318:into an
1233:graviton
1070:neutrino
1050:The two
780:. These
700:Guralnik
645:Politzer
620:'t Hooft
575:Weinberg
570:Majorana
560:Schwartz
525:Lederman
510:Anderson
500:Friedman
460:Anderson
455:Davis Jr
440:Chadwick
208:Z:
196:W:
176:Z:
160:W:
125:Weinberg
8751:Related
8722:Baryons
8696:Polaron
8686:Plasmon
8661:Fracton
8656:Exciton
8610:Diquark
8605:Pomeron
8580:T meson
8537:Baryons
8498:Pionium
8483:Muonium
8410:D meson
8405:B meson
8310:Neutron
8295:Nucleon
8287:Baryons
8278:Hadrons
8241:Tachyon
8216:Majoron
8181:Dilaton
8110:Photino
7946:Antitau
7913:Leptons
7685:√
7552:Bibcode
7436:Bibcode
7323:8 April
7295:9 April
7262:9 April
7234:9 April
7079:Bibcode
6999:Bibcode
6942:Bibcode
6875:Bibcode
6716:isospin
6199:ψ meson
6057:
6045:
6035:
6023:
6019:
6007:
5997:
5985:
5983:−
5976:
5964:
5960:
5948:
5856:
5844:
5834:
5822:
5818:
5806:
5796:
5784:
5775:
5763:
5759:
5747:
5745:−
5664:Hadrons
5631:
5619:
5602:
5590:
5588:−
5533:
5521:
5505:
5493:
5491:−
5437:
5425:
5409:
5397:
5395:−
5341:
5329:
5241:
5229:
5219:
5207:
4989:is the
4958:), and
4950:is the
4735:Z boson
4669:, with
4581:
4569:
4381:of the
3988:leptons
3271:Quarks
3248:colours
3238:). The
3236:
3217:
3110:fermion
2924:of the
1960:charges
1776:flavour
1567:nucleus
1324:charges
1223:is the
895:neutral
785:mediate
685:Englert
660:Wilczek
625:Veltman
600:Maskawa
555:Cabibbo
515:Glashow
490:Kendall
475:Feynman
435:Thomson
245:1
178:91.1876
121:Glashow
89:Bosonic
18:W boson
8879:Bosons
8727:Mesons
8676:Phonon
8671:Magnon
8593:Others
8563:Mesons
8456:Others
8352:Mesons
8300:Proton
8164:Others
8119:Others
8100:Gluino
8034:Scalar
8014:Photon
7997:Bosons
7840:Quarks
7730:
7722:
7099:
7048:
6544:ν
6506:ν
6468:ν
6203:lepton
6201:and a
6126:
6096:
5888:except
5657:0.008%
5576:τ
5559:0.007%
5480:μ
5463:0.004%
5367:0.003%
5363:10.097
5313:τ
5295:μ
5266:(all)
5199:τ
5194:ν
5180:μ
5175:ν
5156:ν
5145:(all)
4895:where
4880:
4838:
4358:
4262:
4240:
4150:
4091:quarks
4046:τ
4041:ν
4027:μ
4022:ν
4003:ν
3977:τ
3959:μ
3932:Here,
3894:τ
3889:ν
3872:τ
3600:μ
3595:ν
3578:μ
3301:ν
3190:lepton
2991:and a
2989:lepton
2911:γ
2884:, and
2537:where
2311:, and
2213:photon
2117:, and
1912:ν
1647:ν
1550:ν
1237:gluons
1221:photon
1207:proton
1153:masses
875:. The
845:. The
827:, and
764:, the
715:Lattes
705:Kibble
665:Cronin
650:Reines
615:Yukawa
530:Maiani
505:Powell
495:Taylor
480:Rubbia
210:2.4952
174:(2022)
162:80.377
150:, 1983
131:(1968)
95:Family
66:Bosons
8715:Lists
8706:Trion
8701:Roton
8641:Anyon
8468:Atoms
8231:Preon
8171:Axion
8126:Axino
8019:Gluon
8006:Gauge
7728:S2CID
7702:arXiv
7605:(PDF)
7598:(PDF)
7573:(PDF)
7538:(PDF)
7426:arXiv
7018:(PDF)
6987:(PDF)
6382:1973.
6296:boson
6165:RIGHT
6067:11.8%
5866:15.2%
5842:+ 3 (
5680:0.06%
5676:69.91
5671:69.2%
5653:3.367
5555:3.366
5469:Muon
5459:3.363
5358:10.2%
5257:0.06%
5253:20.00
5248:20.5%
5125:RIGHT
5110:Name
4728:0.09%
4724:10.80
4667:0.27%
4663:67.60
3258:= 3 .
3194:quark
3068:Decay
2342:ATLAS
2206:SU(2)
1336:charm
1214:atoms
867:of 1
720:Zweig
695:Hagen
690:Brout
680:Higgs
675:Vleck
670:Fitch
640:Pauli
630:Gross
605:Mills
590:Salam
545:Nambu
540:Cowan
470:Dirac
465:Fermi
198:2.085
129:Salam
8666:Hole
8493:Onia
8400:Kaon
8360:Pion
7931:Muon
7720:PMID
7402:2023
7376:2023
7325:2022
7297:2022
7264:2022
7236:2022
7097:ISSN
7046:ISBN
6161:and
6157:LEFT
6076:0.6%
6072:11.6
5875:0.4%
5871:15.6
5648:3.4%
5565:Tau
5550:3.4%
5454:3.4%
5118:LEFT
5039:The
4804:and
4620:and
4069:and
3219:and
3090:and
3072:The
2848:The
2803:and
2759:and
2702:and
2637:and
2618:The
2365:and
2340:and
2237:and
2217:U(1)
2186:and
2099:Kaon
2061:CERN
1958:and
1932:The
1444:The
1418:and
1400:The
1374:The
1245:see
1211:iron
1187:and
1162:and
1097:The
1045:zero
980:weak
960:The
899:spin
787:the
768:are
635:Pais
610:Yang
585:Ward
565:Perl
535:Meer
445:Bose
241:Spin
168:GeV/
156:Mass
148:CERN
142:and
48:and
7941:Tau
7712:doi
7698:121
7560:doi
7444:doi
7087:doi
7007:doi
6960:hdl
6950:doi
6893:hdl
6883:doi
6106:sin
6005:3 (
5350:+ 3
5227:3 (
4858:sin
3994:).
3022:360
2982:of
2967:433
2946:379
2813:UA2
2809:UA1
2338:CMS
2059:at
1470:of
1362:.)
1278:or
1250:.)
1155:of
953:of
760:In
580:Lee
284:of
204:GeV
144:UA2
140:UA1
8875::
7726:.
7718:.
7710:.
7696:.
7692:.
7600:.
7568:.
7558:.
7548:86
7540:.
7507:.
7483:.
7465:.
7442:.
7434:.
7422:84
7420:.
7392:.
7367:.
7342:.
7314:.
7286:.
7272:^
7253:.
7218:^
7209:,
7120:.
7109:^
7095:.
7085:.
7075:29
7073:.
7069:.
7044:.
7042:94
7005:.
6995:19
6993:.
6989:.
6958:.
6948:.
6938:98
6936:.
6932:.
6920:^
6891:.
6881:.
6871:98
6869:.
6865:.
6853:^
6707:^
6671:e3
6623:e2
6575:e1
6518:,
6480:,
6352:^
6040:)
6021:−
5962:−
5927:,
5907:)
5839:)
5820:+
5761:+
5724:,
5706:,
5640:+
5637:)
5633:+
5604:+
5542:+
5539:)
5535:+
5507:+
5446:+
5443:)
5439:+
5411:+
5347:)
5343:+
5304:,
5286:,
5185:,
5166:,
5052:.
4335:cb
4305:cs
4275:cd
4223:ub
4193:us
4163:ud
4032:,
4013:,
3968:,
3950:,
3924:.
3901:1
3834:cb
3816:3
3750:cs
3732:3
3666:cd
3648:3
3607:1
3540:ub
3522:3
3456:us
3438:3
3372:ud
3354:3
3313:1
3250:,
3160:.
3020:80
2965:80
2953:.
2944:80
2928:.
2866:,
2845:.
2606:.
2293:,
2113:,
2075:A
2063:.
1988:.
1901:+
1881:→
1821:+
1801:→
1636:+
1616:+
1596:→
1539:+
1519:+
1509:Ni
1505:28
1498:→
1488:Co
1484:27
1474:.
1334:,
1330:,
1216:.
1094:.
957:.
809:,
127:,
123:,
8439:)
8435:(
8152:)
8148:(
7806:e
7799:t
7792:v
7734:.
7714::
7704::
7687:s
7674:p
7657:p
7637:Z
7614:.
7582:.
7562::
7554::
7518:.
7493:.
7469:.
7450:.
7446::
7438::
7428::
7404:.
7378:.
7352:.
7327:.
7299:.
7266:.
7238:.
7167:.
7124:.
7103:.
7089::
7081::
7054:.
7009::
7001::
6968:.
6962::
6952::
6944::
6901:.
6895::
6885::
6877::
6828:t
6810:t
6792:Z
6773:t
6754:t
6726:Q
6722:3
6719:T
6698:(
6683:2
6678:|
6667:U
6662:|
6641:,
6635:2
6630:|
6619:U
6614:|
6593:,
6587:2
6582:|
6571:U
6566:|
6554:3
6527:e
6516:2
6489:e
6478:1
6451:e
6423:W
6402:W
6368:Z
6338:Z
6307:Z
6292:)
6188:Z
6144:*
6129:.
6121:W
6110:2
6102:=
6099:x
6074:±
6062:)
6060:x
6054:3
6051:/
6048:2
6038:x
6032:3
6029:/
6026:2
6016:2
6013:/
6010:1
6000:x
5994:3
5991:/
5988:2
5979:x
5973:3
5970:/
5967:2
5957:2
5954:/
5951:1
5936:c
5918:u
5898:t
5886:*
5883:(
5873:±
5861:)
5859:x
5853:3
5850:/
5847:1
5837:x
5831:3
5828:/
5825:1
5815:2
5812:/
5809:1
5799:x
5793:3
5790:/
5787:1
5778:x
5772:3
5769:/
5766:1
5756:2
5753:/
5750:1
5733:b
5715:s
5697:d
5678:±
5655:±
5642:x
5635:x
5628:2
5625:/
5622:1
5612:x
5606:x
5599:2
5596:/
5593:1
5557:±
5544:x
5537:x
5530:2
5527:/
5524:1
5514:x
5509:x
5502:2
5499:/
5496:1
5461:±
5448:x
5441:x
5434:2
5431:/
5428:1
5418:x
5413:x
5406:2
5403:/
5400:1
5384:e
5365:±
5352:x
5345:x
5338:2
5335:/
5332:1
5277:e
5255:±
5243:)
5238:2
5235:/
5232:1
5216:2
5213:/
5210:1
5161:e
5132:x
5088:)
5082:3
5078:T
5073:(
5016:)
5010:3
5006:T
5001:(
4973:w
4937:Q
4909:3
4905:T
4883:,
4874:W
4862:2
4854:Q
4846:3
4842:T
4813:B
4795:W
4774:Z
4754:Z
4730:.
4726:±
4710:=
4707:)
4690:+
4682:(
4679:B
4665:±
4647:s
4629:c
4610:d
4592:u
4578:9
4575:/
4572:1
4555:=
4552:)
4533:+
4523:(
4520:B
4499:=
4496:)
4477:+
4467:(
4464:B
4443:=
4440:)
4434:e
4421:+
4416:e
4411:(
4408:B
4390:W
4361:,
4355:1
4352:=
4347:2
4342:|
4331:V
4326:|
4322:+
4317:2
4312:|
4301:V
4296:|
4292:+
4287:2
4282:|
4271:V
4266:|
4243:=
4235:2
4230:|
4219:V
4214:|
4210:+
4205:2
4200:|
4189:V
4184:|
4180:+
4175:2
4170:|
4159:V
4154:|
4117:j
4114:i
4110:V
4098:C
4095:N
4079:d
4060:u
4008:e
3941:e
3915:t
3846:2
3841:|
3830:V
3825:|
3804:b
3786:c
3762:2
3757:|
3746:V
3741:|
3720:s
3702:c
3678:2
3673:|
3662:V
3657:|
3636:d
3618:c
3552:2
3547:|
3536:V
3531:|
3510:b
3492:u
3468:2
3463:|
3452:V
3447:|
3426:s
3408:u
3384:2
3379:|
3368:V
3363:|
3342:d
3324:u
3306:e
3284:e
3256:C
3253:N
3233:3
3230:/
3227:2
3223:+
3214:3
3211:/
3208:1
3204:+
3177:W
3139:Z
3121:W
3099:Z
3081:W
3042:W
3025:±
2970:±
2949:±
2893:Z
2875:W
2857:W
2832:Z
2790:W
2768:Z
2750:W
2729:Z
2711:Z
2693:W
2672:Z
2654:Z
2590:v
2566:g
2545:g
2514:2
2505:g
2499:+
2494:2
2490:g
2484:v
2478:2
2475:1
2469:=
2458:0
2453:Z
2447:m
2439:g
2436:v
2430:2
2427:1
2421:=
2405:W
2399:m
2374:Z
2356:W
2320:W
2302:Z
2284:W
2246:Z
2228:W
2195:Z
2177:W
2156:Z
2138:W
2088:W
2043:Z
2025:Z
1999:Z
1971:Z
1941:Z
1918:e
1891:e
1872:W
1851:W
1830:W
1811:u
1791:d
1765:d
1748:u
1731:u
1713:d
1696:d
1679:u
1670:(
1653:e
1626:e
1606:p
1586:n
1556:e
1529:e
1453:W
1427:Z
1409:W
1387:W
1347:Z
1305:W
1287:W
1269:W
1258:s
1196:Z
1178:W
1166:c
1159:c
1134:Z
1106:Z
1081:W
1059:W
1034:Z
1016:W
998:Z
969:W
945:×
943:3
928:Z
910:W
884:Z
854:W
836:Z
818:W
800:W
749:e
742:t
735:v
272:0
248:ħ
234:e
228:e
212:±
200:±
184:c
180:±
170:c
164:±
57:Z
39:W
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.