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placed directly around the collision region beam pipe. This detector was built as a cylinder, closely surrounding the beam pipe. The detector had to fit into the available space of less than 1 cm. It was therefore necessary to miniaturize the components of the detector. This was achieved with two brand new technologies: the silicon sensor and the
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decays, and 251 Z decays to electron pairs, from which the ratio of the mass of the W boson and the mass of the Z boson could be measured with a precision of 0.5%. By 1991 a precise measurement for the mass of the Z boson from LEP had become available. Using the ratio of the W mass to Z mass, a first
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The electron identification was improved by the use of a completely new central tracking detector assembly, partly consisting of a pioneering silicone-pad detector. In 1989, the collaboration pushed this concept even further by developing a
Silicon Pad Detector (SPD) with finer pad segmentation to be
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The 1985-1987 upgrade of the detector was aimed at two aspects: full calorimeter coverage and better electron identification at lower transverse momenta. The first aspect was addressed by replacing the end-caps with new calorimeters that covered the regions 6°-40° with respect to the beam direction,
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accelerator, and was housed in a big cavern. The cavern was large enough to house the detector, provide room for it to be assembled in a "garage position" without shutting down the accelerator and to where it was also moved back after periods of data taking. The accelerator could therefore revert to
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decays. On 22 January 1983, the UA2 collaboration announced that the UA2 detector had recorded four events that were candidates for a W boson. This brought the combined number of candidate events seen by UA1 and UA2 up to 10. Three days later, CERN made a public announcement that the W boson was
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The next step was to track down the Z boson. However, the theory said that the Z boson would be ten times rarer than the W boson. The experiments therefore needed to collect several times the data collected in the 1982 run that showed the existence of the W boson. With improved techniques and
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The calorimeter had 24 slices, each weighing 4 tons. These slices were arranged around the collision point like segments of an orange. Particles ejected from the collision produced showers of secondary particles in the layers of heavy material. These showers passed through layers of plastic
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precise measurement of the W mass could be made. These mass values could be used to predict the top quark from its virtual effect on the W mass. The result of this study gave a top quark mass value in the range of 110 GeV to 220 GeV, beyond the reach for direct detection by UA2 at the Sp
324:, UA2 was a moveable detector, custom built around the beam pipe of the collider, which searched proton–antiproton collisions for signatures of the W and Z particles. The UA2 experiment began operating in December 1981. The initial UA2 collaboration consisted of about 60 physicists from
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The UA1 and UA2 experiments recorded data during proton–antiproton collision operation and moved back after periods of data taking, so that the SPS could revert to fixed-target operation. UA2 was moved on air cushions when removed from the beam pipe of the
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The very first result of the UA2 collaboration, published on 2 December 1982, was the first unambiguous observation of hadronic jet production at high transverse momentum from hadronic collisions. Observations of hadronic jets confirmed that the theory of
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samplings for the electromagnetic part, and iron/scintillator for the hadronic part. The performance and granularity of the new calorimeters were set to match the central calorimeter, which was of importance for the triggering system.
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by the data collection electronics. The amount of light was proportional to the energy of the original particle. Accurate calibration of the central calorimeter allowed the W and Z masses to be measured with a precision of about 1%.
252:. The theory postulated the existence of W and Z bosons, and the pressure on the research community to prove the existence of these particles experimentally was substantial. During the 70s it was established that the masses of the
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of the machine increased by a factor 10 compared to the previous performance. The UA2 sub-detectors were also upgraded, making the detector hermetic, which increased its ability to measure missing transverse energy.
530:(ASIC). Existing electronics were too bulky, and therefore a novel ASIC had to be developed. This was the first silicon tracker adapted to a collider experiment, a technology prior to the present silicon detectors.
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methods, the luminosity was increased substantially. These efforts were successful, and on 1 June 1983, the formal announcement of the discovery of the Z boson was made at CERN.
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and the UA2 experiments had many things in common; they were both operating on the same accelerator and both had the same objective (to discover the
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joined the collaboration, which grew to about 100 physicists. During this phase, UA2 accumulated data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
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460:– a detector measuring how much energy particles deposit – with spherical projective geometry, which also was well adapted to the detection of
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was approved. Two proposals for a second detector, with the same purpose as UA1, were made the same year. On 14 December 1978, the proposal of
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in three major running periods. After nearly ten years of operation, the UA2 experimental program stopped running at the end of 1990.
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Karl Jakobs (1994). "The
Physics Results of the UA2 Experiment at the CERN pp Collider". CERN Document Server: Max Planck Institute
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28:
2001:
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Froidevaux, D.; Jenni, P. (1989). "Physics at the
Improved CERN ppbar Collider". In Altarelli, G.; Di Lella, Luigi (eds.).
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From 1981 to 1985, the UA1 and UA2 experiments collected data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately
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were in the range of 60 to 80 GeV (W boson) and 75 to 92 GeV (Z boson) — energies too large to be accessible by any
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Detector for the UA2 experiment. The picture shows the detector after the 1985-1987 upgrade, when new end-cap
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Throughout the runs with the upgraded detector, the UA2 collaboration was in competition with experiments at
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845:. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. Vol. 23. World Scientific. pp. 137–163.
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1985:
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S. The top quark was ultimately discovered in 1995 by physicists at
Fermilab with a mass near 175 GeV.
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collider, able to reach energies large enough to produce W and Z bosons. The proposal was adopted at
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proposed to modify a proton accelerator — at that time a proton accelerator was already running at
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1477:"The experiment" - description of the UA1 and UA2 experiments from the CERN Courier, November 1983
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2006:
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1079:. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. Vol. 4. World Scientific Publishing.
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467:. Charged particle tracking was performed in the central detector utilising a combination of
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Press conference on 25 January 1983 when the announcement was made of the discovery of the
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Darriulat, Pierre (2004). "The W and Z particles: a personal recollection", CERN Courier
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thereby hermetically sealing the detector. The end-cap calorimeters consisted of lead/
172:. The experiment ran from 1981 until 1990, and its main objective was to discover the
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The UA2 detector shown in open position at the CERN Proton-Antiproton
Collider in 1982
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Di Lella, Luigi; Rubbia, Carlo (2015. "The
Discovery of the W and Z Particles" in
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decays, although more frequent, have a larger background. By the end 1982, the Sp
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The UA2 and UA1 collaboration chose to search for the W boson by identifying its
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479:. Energy measurements were performed in the calorimeters. Unlike UA1, UA2 had no
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225:
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Krige, John (1996). "The ppbar
Project. I. The Collider". In Krige, John (ed.).
702:— was discovered. It was felt that the discovery of the top quark was imminent.
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1114:"Observation of very large transverse momentum jets at the CERN ppbar collider"
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Producing
Massive Neutral Intermediate Vector Bosons with Existing Accelerators
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698:. Physicists had anticipated its existence since 1977, when its partner — the
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The UA2 experiment was located some 50 meters underground, in the ring of the
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S. Abachi; et al. (1995). "Search for High Mass Top Quark
Production in
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1099:
Technology Meets
Research: 60 years of CERN Technology - Selected Highlights
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180:, succeeded in discovering these particles in 1983, leading to the 1984
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908:"Proposal to Study Antiproton-Proton Interactions at 540 GeV CM Energy"
448:). The main difference was the detector design; UA1 was a multipurpose
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S had reached high enough luminosity to permit the observation of
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fixed-target operation, after periods of operating as a collider.
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The second experimental phase ran from 1987 to 1990. Groups from
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Civil engineering for the underground experimental hall at LSS4
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collisions in 1981, and was involved in the searches of the
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was the spokesperson of UA2 from 1981 to 1986, followed by
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880:. International Neutrino Conference 1976. Aachen, Germany.
192:. The UA2 experiment also observed the first evidence for
1095:"A Novel Particle Detector for UA2: The Power of Silicon"
441:
321:
2143:
937:"The physics results of the UA2 experiment at the CERN p
276:
and one was under construction at CERN (SPS) — into a
1167:"Carrying the Weak Force: Thirty Years of the W boson"
711:
654:
625:
2033:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
503:
scintillators, generating light which was read with
983:on behalf of the UA2 Collaboration (17 July 1982).
874:Rubbia, C.; McIntyre, P.; Cline, D. (8 June 1976).
873:
1273:Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab"
985:"Status and First Results from the UA2 Experiment"
726:
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592:could describe the gross features of the strong
292:(SPS) was modified to occasionally operate as a
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1164:
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895:. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 207–251.
1470:60 Years of CERN Experiments and Discoveries
842:60 Years of CERN Experiments and Discoveries
749:List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments
705:During the 1987-1990 run UA2 collected 2065
1181:
1150:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1007:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
685:
511:
393:
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1527:European Organization for Nuclear Research
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906:Banner, M; et al. (31 January 1978).
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946:International Journal of Modern Physics A
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767:
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583:Hadronic jets at high transverse momentum
494:were added to improve the search for the
1472:. CERN Document Server: World Scientific
1236:"Observation of Top Quark Production in
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1023:"Family reunion for the UA2 calorimeter"
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456:. The emphasis was on a highly granular
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1093:Gößling, Claus; Jarron, Pierre (2017).
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835:Di Lella, Luigi; Rubbia, Carlo (2015).
528:Application Specific Integrated Circuit
14:
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1191:. CERN Courier, CERN Discoveries. 1983
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320:and collaborators, was approved. Like
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2002:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
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1112:UA2 Collaboration (2 December 1982).
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928:
890:
837:"The Discovery of the W and Z Bosons"
817:
670:{\displaystyle W\rightarrow \mu \nu }
578:, spokesperson of the UA2 experiment.
248:, and for which they shared the 1979
2145:Super Proton Synchrotron experiments
1211:"Thirty years of the Z boson | CERN"
1083:
260:in operation at that time. In 1976,
2065:The Globe of Science and Innovation
137:Particle physics experiment at CERN
29:Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron
24:
1165:O'Luanaigh, Cian (12 March 2015).
1077:Proton-Antiproton Collider Physics
727:{\displaystyle W\rightarrow e\nu }
641:{\displaystyle W\rightarrow e\nu }
25:
3278:
1451:
799:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979"
574:, Research Director at CERN, and
562:, responsible for developing the
2098:
2097:
1595:Large Electron–Positron Collider
1458:Archive of the UA2 Collaboration
694:in the US in the search for the
469:multi-wire proportional chambers
41:
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603:Discovery of the W and Z bosons
414:
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13:
1:
2085:Scientific committees of CERN
754:
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2050:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
1392: = 1.8 TeV".
1234:F. Abe; et al. (1995).
1138:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90629-3
570:, Director-General of CERN;
435:
7:
1979:Non-accelerator experiments
1762:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
1426:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2422
1309:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626
893:History of CERN. Volume III
742:
10:
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851:10.1142/9789814644150_0006
533:
354:. From 1985 to 1987 the Sp
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294:proton-antiproton collider
160:) — a modification of the
150:Proton-Antiproton Collider
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2080:Directors-general of CERN
2020:
1994:
1978:
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967:10.1142/S0217751X94001163
176:. UA2, together with the
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78:
68:
58:
49:
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2012:Future Circular Collider
1634:Super Proton Synchrotron
686:Search for the top quark
512:Upgrades of the detector
394:Components and operation
358:S was upgraded, and the
290:Super Proton Synchrotron
206:supersymmetric particles
162:Super Proton Synchrotron
2007:Compact Linear Collider
1643:List of SPS experiments
1604:List of LEP experiments
1545:List of LHC experiments
1395:Physical Review Letters
1278:Physical Review Letters
144:(UA2) experiment was a
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590:quantum chromodynamics
579:
554:, spokesperson of the
550:. From right to left:
499:
403:
250:Nobel Prize in Physics
182:Nobel Prize in Physics
134:
122:Antiproton Accumulator
1536:Large Hadron Collider
1487:UA2 experiment record
1029:. CERN. 3 August 2015
935:Jakobs, Karl (1994).
729:
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401:
132:
3262:Particle experiments
2055:Microcosm exhibition
1757:30 cm Bubble Chamber
709:
652:
623:
308:On 29 June 1978 the
1771:Linear accelerators
1418:1995PhRvL..74.2422A
1301:1995PhRvL..74.2626A
1130:1982PhLB..118..203B
1101:. World Scientific.
959:1994IJMPA...9.2903J
611:decay, because the
216:from 1986 to 1990.
146:high-energy physics
37:
2074:(2013 documentary)
1817:Other accelerators
1752:2 m Bubble Chamber
1718:Proton Synchrotron
1049:"The UA2 detector"
724:
667:
638:
580:
564:stochastic cooling
560:Simon van der Meer
500:
404:
238:electroweak theory
190:Simon van der Meer
148:experiment at the
142:Underground Area 2
135:
112:Proton Synchrotron
103:S pre-accelerators
94:Underground Area 5
84:Underground Area 4
74:Underground Area 2
64:Underground Area 1
27:
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1863:LPI (LIL and EPA)
1402:(13): 2422–2426.
1285:(14): 2626–2631.
1189:"The experiments"
953:(17): 2903–2977.
860:978-981-4644-14-3
805:. 15 October 1979
288:in 1978, and the
246:weak interactions
236:came up with the
184:being awarded to
127:
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16:(Redirected from
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3267:CERN experiments
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498:and new physics.
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240:, which unified
210:Pierre Darriulat
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254:W and Z bosons
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194:jet production
178:UA1 experiment
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2039:CERN Courier
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1668:NA58/COMPASS
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1218:. Retrieved
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1193:. Retrieved
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1160:
1146:cite journal
1121:
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1098:
1076:
1053:. Retrieved
1051:. CERN. 2003
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1026:
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991:. Retrieved
975:
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918:. Retrieved
914:
901:
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886:
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807:. Retrieved
802:
793:
781:. Retrieved
704:
700:bottom quark
689:
680:
606:
586:
552:Carlo Rubbia
524:
519:scintillator
515:
501:
492:calorimeters
439:
418:
415:Construction
405:
388:13.0 pb
365:
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307:
262:Carlo Rubbia
224:Around 1968
223:
186:Carlo Rubbia
165:
153:
141:
139:
69:
1742:PS215/CLOUD
1491:INSPIRE-HEP
1317:2241/103691
993:5 September
981:Peter Jenni
597:interaction
566:technique;
458:calorimeter
270:David Cline
258:accelerator
234:Abdus Salam
3256:Categories
1747:Gargamelle
1678:NA61/SHINE
1220:2017-06-23
755:References
483:detector.
477:hodoscopes
372:Heidelberg
360:luminosity
330:Copenhagen
282:antiproton
220:Background
1442:119392677
1333:119451328
1215:home.cern
941:collider"
722:ν
716:→
696:top quark
665:ν
662:μ
659:→
636:ν
630:→
496:top quark
436:Detectors
368:Cambridge
349:0.9
202:top quark
2103:Category
2028:LHC@home
1941:Miniball
1936:LUCRECIA
1931:ISOLTRAP
1894:facility
1434:10057924
1325:10057978
1003:cite web
743:See also
692:Fermilab
613:hadronic
609:leptonic
462:hadronic
450:detector
328:, CERN,
274:Fermilab
1946:MIRACLS
1906:COLLAPS
1803:Linac 3
1798:Linac 2
1414:Bibcode
1385:√
1297:Bibcode
1195:22 June
1173:21 June
1126:Bibcode
1055:22 June
1033:28 July
955:Bibcode
920:24 July
809:28 July
783:21 June
678:found.
544:W boson
534:Results
380:Perugia
304:History
204:and of
168:) — at
1961:WISArD
1916:EC-SLI
1892:ISOLDE
1808:Linac4
1708:HOLEBC
1614:DELPHI
1575:MoEDAL
1529:(CERN)
1440:
1432:
1331:
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1169:. CERN
857:
779:. CERN
594:parton
454:decays
376:Milano
342:Saclay
278:proton
232:, and
198:hadron
50:Key Sp
3241:WA103
3236:WA102
3231:WA101
3226:WA100
2256:EMU20
2251:EMU19
2246:EMU18
2241:EMU17
2236:EMU16
2231:EMU15
2226:EMU14
2221:EMU13
2216:EMU12
2211:EMU11
2206:EMU10
1967:WITCH
1868:n-TOF
1850:PS210
1793:Linac
1788:CLEAR
1778:AWAKE
1648:AWAKE
1636:(SPS)
1609:ALEPH
1597:(LEP)
1585:FASER
1580:TOTEM
1555:ATLAS
1550:ALICE
1538:(LHC)
1438:S2CID
1404:arXiv
1329:S2CID
1287:arXiv
988:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
777:"UA2"
338:Pavia
334:Orsay
3217:WA99
3212:WA98
3207:WA97
3202:WA96
3197:WA95
3192:WA94
3187:WA93
3182:WA92
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3117:WA79
3112:WA78
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3077:WA71
3072:WA70
3067:WA69
3062:WA68
3057:WA67
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3037:WA63
3032:WA62
3027:WA61
3022:WA60
3017:WA59
3012:WA58
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3002:WA56
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2992:WA54
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2922:WA40
2917:WA39
2912:WA38
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2635:NA66
2630:NA65
2625:NA64
2620:NA63
2615:NA62
2610:NA61
2605:NA60
2600:NA59
2595:NA58
2590:NA57
2585:NA56
2580:NA55
2575:NA54
2570:NA53
2565:NA52
2560:NA51
2555:NA50
2550:NA49
2537:NA48
2532:NA47
2527:NA46
2518:NA45
2513:NA44
2504:NA43
2499:NA42
2494:NA41
2489:NA40
2484:NA39
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2469:NA36
2464:NA35
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2441:NA32
2432:NA31
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2422:NA29
2417:NA28
2412:NA27
2407:NA26
2402:NA25
2397:NA24
2392:NA23
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1570:LHCf
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1321:PMID
1197:2017
1175:2017
1152:link
1057:2017
1035:2017
1009:link
995:2022
922:2017
855:ISBN
811:2017
785:2017
648:and
548:CERN
481:muon
475:and
471:and
465:jets
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