ATLAS experiment - Knowledge

2126:; these particles are primarily hadrons. It is less precise, both in energy magnitude and in the localization (within about 0.1 radians only). The energy-absorbing material is steel, with scintillating tiles that sample the energy deposited. Many of the features of the calorimeter are chosen for their cost-effectiveness; the instrument is large and comprises a huge amount of construction material: the main part of the calorimeter – the tile calorimeter – is 8 metres in diameter and covers 12 metres along the beam axis. The far-forward sections of the hadronic calorimeter are contained within the forward EM calorimeter's cryostat, and use liquid argon as well, while copper and tungsten are used as absorbers. 598: 2170: 2156:

the muon spectrometer. It was designed to measure, standalone, the momentum of 100 GeV muons with 3% accuracy and of 1 TeV muons with 10% accuracy. It was vital to go to the lengths of putting together such a large piece of equipment because a number of interesting physical processes can only be observed if one or more muons are detected, and because the total energy of particles in an event could not be measured if the muons were ignored. It functions similarly to the Inner Detector, with muons curving so that their momentum can be measured, albeit with a different

1783: 2047: 1298: 4846: 2733:. In order to decide which of the 100,000 events per second coming from L1 to save, specific analyses of each collision are carried out in 200 μs. The HLT uses limited regions of the detector, so-called Regions of Interest (RoI), to be reconstructed with the full detector granularity, including tracking, and allows matching of energy deposits to tracks. The HLT rejection factor is 100: after this step, the rate of events is reduced from 100 to 1 1977:. The detecting elements are drift tubes (straws), each four millimetres in diameter and up to 144 centimetres long. The uncertainty of track position measurements (position resolution) is about 200 micrometres. This is not as precise as those for the other two detectors, but it was necessary to reduce the cost of covering a larger volume and to have transition radiation detection capability. Each straw is filled with gas that becomes 290: 461: 2035: 1961:

SCT is the most critical part of the inner detector for basic tracking in the plane perpendicular to the beam, since it measures particles over a much larger area than the Pixel Detector, with more sampled points and roughly equal (albeit one-dimensional) accuracy. It is composed of four double layers of silicon strips, and has 6.3 million readout channels and a total area of 61 square meters.

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The minute pixel size is designed for extremely precise tracking very close to the interaction point. In total, the Pixel Detector has over 92 million readout channels, which is about 50% of the total readout channels of the whole detector. Having such a large count created a considerable design and

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The ATLAS Collaboration, the international group of physicists belonging to different universities and research centres who built and run the detector, was formed in 1992 when the proposed EAGLE (Experiment for Accurate Gamma, Lepton and Energy Measurements) and ASCOT (Apparatus with Super Conducting

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is Roger Ruber, a researcher from Uppsala University, Sweden. Ruber, one of the researchers responsible for the ATLAS detector's central cryostat magnet, was inspecting the magnets in the LHC tunnel at the same time Maximilien Brice, the photographer, was setting up to photograph the ATLAS detector.

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when a charged particle passes through. The straws are held at about −1,500 V, driving the negative ions to a fine wire down the centre of each straw, producing a current pulse (signal) in the wire. The wires with signals create a pattern of 'hit' straws that allow the path of the particle to

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The extent of this sub-detector starts at a radius of 4.25 m close to the calorimeters out to the full radius of the detector (11 m). Its tremendous size is required to accurately measure the momentum of muons, which first go through all the other elements of the detector before reaching

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The Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT) is the middle component of the inner detector. It is similar in concept and function to the Pixel Detector but with long, narrow strips rather than small pixels, making coverage of a larger area practical. Each strip measures 80 micrometres by 12 centimetres. The

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of the collision. Since then, the LHC energy has been increasing: 1.8 TeV at the end of 2009, 7 TeV for the whole of 2010 and 2011, then 8 TeV in 2012. The first data-taking period performed between 2010 and 2012 is referred to as Run I. After a long shutdown (LS1) in 2013 and 2014,

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The Inner Detector begins a few centimetres from the proton beam axis, extends to a radius of 1.2 metres, and is 6.2 metres in length along the beam pipe. Its basic function is to track charged particles by detecting their interaction with material at discrete points, revealing detailed

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Each of these is in turn made of multiple layers. The detectors are complementary: the Inner Detector tracks particles precisely, the calorimeters measure the energy of easily stopped particles, and the muon system makes additional measurements of highly penetrating muons. The two magnet systems

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configuration, lower spatial precision, and a much larger volume. It also serves the function of simply identifying muons – very few particles of other types are expected to pass through the calorimeters and subsequently leave signals in the Muon Spectrometer. It has roughly one million readout

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The installation of all the above detector systems was finished in August 2008. The detectors collected millions of cosmic rays during the magnet repairs which took place between fall 2008 and fall 2009, prior to the first proton collisions. The detector operated with close to 100% efficiency and

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The ATLAS detector is designed to be general-purpose. Rather than focusing on a particular physical process, ATLAS is designed to measure the broadest possible range of signals. This is intended to ensure that whatever form any new physical processes or particles might take, ATLAS will be able to

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In March 2013, in the light of the updated ATLAS and CMS results, CERN announced that the new particle was indeed a Higgs boson. The experiments were also able to show that the properties of the particle as well as the ways it interacts with other particles were well-matched with those of a Higgs

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magnetic field surrounding the Inner Detector. This high magnetic field allows even very energetic particles to curve enough for their momentum to be determined, and its nearly uniform direction and strength allow measurements to be made very precisely. Particles with momenta below roughly 400

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The Level 1 trigger (L1), implemented in custom hardware at the detector site. The decision to save or reject an event data is made in less than 2.5 μs. It uses reduced granularity information from the calorimeters and the muon spectrometer, and reduces the rate of events in the read-out from

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in 1995, had been measured approximately. With much greater energy and greater collision rates, the LHC produces a tremendous number of top quarks, allowing ATLAS to make much more precise measurements of its mass and interactions with other particles. These measurements provide indirect

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ATLAS detector under construction in October 2004 in the experiment pit. Construction was completed in 2008 and ATLAS has been successfully collecting data since November 2009, when colliding beam operation at the LHC started. Note the people in the background, for size

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where the particle beams collide, the detector is designed in layers made up of detectors of different types, each of which is designed to observe specific types of particles. The different traces that particles leave in each layer of the detector allow for effective

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barrel loops and two smaller end-caps air toroidal magnets, for a total of 24 barrel loops all situated outside the calorimeters and within the muon system. This magnetic field extends in an area 26 metres long and 20 metres in diameter, and it stores

2086:, which include charged particles and photons. It has high precision, both in the amount of energy absorbed and in the precise location of the energy deposited. The angle between the particle's trajectory and the detector's beam axis (or more precisely the 1753:, were also designed for general-purpose detection. However, the beam energy and extremely high rate of collisions require ATLAS to be significantly larger and more complex than previous experiments, presenting unique challenges of the Large Hadron Collider. 1774:.) As the energy of the particles produced by the accelerator increases, the detectors attached to it must grow to effectively measure and stop higher-energy particles. As of 2022, the ATLAS detector is the largest ever built at a particle collider. 1907:

surrounding the entire inner detector causes charged particles to curve; the direction of the curve reveals a particle's charge and the degree of curvature reveals its momentum. The starting points of the tracks yield useful information for

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where the proton beams from the LHC collide. Maintaining detector performance in the high radiation areas immediately surrounding the proton beams is a significant engineering challenge. The detector can be divided into four major systems:

1635:, might leave a similar signature. The data collected up to the end of LHC Run II do not show evidence of supersymmetric or unexpected particles, the research of which will continue in the data that will be collected from Run III onwards. 2669:. Since such a bus architecture cannot keep up with the data requirements of the LHC detectors, all the ATLAS data acquisition systems rely on high-speed point-to-point links and switching networks. Even with advanced 2778:

for these tasks has been under development for many years, and refinements are ongoing, even after data collection has begun. Individuals and groups within the collaboration are continuously writing their own

245:(the European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland. The experiment is designed to take advantage of the unprecedented energy available at the LHC and observe phenomena that involve highly massive 1471: 2800:

Brice asked Ruber to stand at the base of the detector to illustrate the scale of the ATLAS detector. This was revealed by Maximilien Brice, and confirmed by Roger Ruber during interviews in 2020 with

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that surrounds the Inner Detector. Their purpose is to measure the energy from particles by absorbing it. There are two basic calorimeter systems: an inner electromagnetic calorimeter and an outer

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have joined in subsequent years. Construction work began at individual institutions, with detector components then being shipped to CERN and assembled in the ATLAS experiment pit starting in 2003.

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On July 4, 2012, ATLAS — together with CMS, its sister experiment at the LHC — reported evidence for the existence of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson at a confidence level of 5

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to perform further analyses of these objects, searching the patterns of detected particles for particular physical models or hypothetical particles. This activity requires processing 25

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of raw data per second. By avoiding to write empty segments of each event (zero suppression), which do not contain physical information, the average size of an event is reduced to 1.6

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The ATLAS detector uses two large superconducting magnet systems to bend the trajectory of charged particles, so that their momenta can be measured. This bending is due to the

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and stable heavy particles that are very unlikely to interact with ordinary matter. The stable particles would escape the detector, leaving as a signal one or more high-energy

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of energy. Its magnetic field is not uniform, because a solenoid magnet of sufficient size would be prohibitively expensive to build. It varies between 2 and 8 Teslameters.

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project interrupted in 1993. The ATLAS experiment was proposed in its current form in 1994, and officially funded by the CERN member countries in 1995. Additional countries,

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is designed to measure neutral particles on-axis to the beam, and located at 140 m from the IP in the LHC tunnel where the two beams are split back into separate beam pipes;

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The design was a combination of two previous projects for LHC, EAGLE and ASCOT, and also benefitted from the detector research and development that had been done for the

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in 2015 ATLAS saw 13 TeV collisions. The second data-taking period, Run II, was completed, always at 13 TeV energy, at the end of 2018 with a recorded integrated

383:. On 23 November 2009, the first proton–proton collisions occurred at the LHC and were recorded by ATLAS, at a relatively low injection energy of 900 GeV in the 2583:

will be curved so strongly that they will loop repeatedly in the field and most likely not be measured; however, this energy is very small compared to the several

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and other electronic components. The smallest unit that can be read out is a pixel (50 by 400 micrometres); there are roughly 47,000 pixels per module.

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is the first of these detectors designed to measure luminosity, and located in the ATLAS cavern at 17 m from the interaction point between the two muon endcaps;

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produced by the Large Hadron Collider interact in the center of the detector, a variety of different particles with a broad range of energies are produced.

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is being used extensively for event reconstruction, allowing the parallel use of university and laboratory computer networks throughout the world for the

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of energy – enough to produce particles with masses significantly greater than any particles currently known, if these particles exist. When the proton

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The Pixel Detector, the innermost part of the detector, contains four concentric layers and three disks on each end-cap, with a total of 1,744

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The ATLAS detector is 46 metres long, 25 metres in diameter, and weighs about 7,000 tonnes; it contains some 3,000 km of cable.

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Most of the currently proposed theories predict new higher-mass particles, some of which may be light enough to be observed by ATLAS. Models of

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The TRT (Transition Radiation Tracker) central section, the outermost part of the Inner Detector, assembled above ground and taking data from

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The ATLAS detector is complemented by a set of four sub-detectors in the forward region to measure particles at very small angles.

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gas is used to increase the number of straws with strong signals. Since the amount of transition radiation is greatest for highly

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The High Level Trigger trigger (HLT), implemented in software, uses a computer battery consisting of approximately 40,000

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information on the details of the Standard Model, with the possibility of revealing inconsistencies that point to new physics.

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is performed on all permanently stored events, turning the pattern of signals from the detector into physics objects, such as

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to retain for detailed analysis. In the second data-taking period of the LHC, Run-2, there were two distinct trigger levels:

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information about the types of particles and their momentum. The Inner Detector has three parts, which are explained below.

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to which the Pixel Detector is exposed because of its proximity to the interaction point, requiring that all components be

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for data reading and storage, the ATLAS detector generates too much raw data to read out or store everything: about 25

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Aad, G.; (ATLAS Collaboration); et al. (2010). "Performance of the ATLAS Detector using First Collision Data".

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Tanaka, J.; Yamamura, T.; Asai, S.; Kanzaki, J. (2005). "Study of Black Holes with the ATLAS detector at the LHC".

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The ends of four of the eight ATLAS toroid magnets, looking down from about 90 metres above, in September 2005

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In October 2013, two of the theoretical physicists who predicted the existence of the Standard Model Higgs boson,

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is designed to measure elastic proton scattering located at 240 m just before the bending magnets of the LHC arc.

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The Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT), the outermost component of the inner detector, is a combination of a

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detect them and measure their properties. ATLAS is designed to detect these particles, namely their masses,

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Toroids) collaborations merged their efforts to build a single, general-purpose particle detector for a new

4796: 4399: 2617: 898: 606: 2431: 1485:. Analysis of more properties of the particle and data collected in 2015 and 2016 confirmed this further. 4508: 4503: 4483: 3109: 2774:-intensive task of reducing large quantities of raw data into a form suitable for physics analysis. The 1317:, which includes the Higgs boson, gives mass to elementary particles, leading to differences between the 1305:

show the main ways that the Standard Model Higgs boson can be produced from colliding protons at the LHC.

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beam events on 10 September of that year. Data-taking was then interrupted for over a year due to an LHC

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Large Hadron Collider Project Director Dr Lyn Evans CBE on the engineering behind the ATLAS experiment,

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calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that pass through the EM calorimeter, but do interact via the

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and accurate measurements of energy and momentum. (The role of each layer in the detector is discussed

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One of the most important goals of ATLAS was to investigate a missing piece of the Standard Model, the

168: 3141: 2737:. The remaining data, corresponding to about 1,000 events per second, are stored for further analyses. 2364: 610: 4870: 4498: 2476: 1105: 4242: 4111: 3207:. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. Vol. 30. World Scientific. 2018-05-05. 1651:, is also being investigated. Recent experiments dedicated to measurements of CP violation, such as 1576:

to another, which dictates that they have a mass other than zero. For these and other reasons, many

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is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated huge successes in providing

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D. A. Scannicchio (2010). "ATLAS Trigger and Data Acquisition: Capabilities and commissioning".

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Harris, C.M.; Palmer, M.J.; Parker, M.A.; Richardson, P.; Sabetfakhri, A.; Webber, B.R. (2005).

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A set of 1200 chambers measuring with high spatial precision the tracks of the outgoing muons;

2090:) and its angle within the perpendicular plane are both measured to within roughly 0.025 1273:

For example, the data collected by ATLAS made it possible in 2018 to measure the mass of the

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had been observed by previous experiments. In this field, in addition to the discovery of the

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Earlier particle detector read-out and event detection systems were based on parallel shared

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to be measured. The only established stable particles that cannot be detected directly are

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The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics

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accelerators. ATLAS was one of the two LHC experiments involved in the discovery of the

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The ATLAS detector consists of a series of ever-larger concentric cylinders around the

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Computer generated cut-away view of the ATLAS detector showing its various components.

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system uses fast event reconstruction to identify, in real time, the most interesting

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channels, and its layers of detectors have a total area of 12,000 square meters.

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Regina Moles-Valls (2010). "Alignment of the ATLAS inner detector tracking system".

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involve new, highly massive particles. In many cases these decay into high-energy

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particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational

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The experiment is a collaboration involving 6,003 members, out of which 3,822 are

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The electromagnetic (EM) calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that interact

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Construction was completed in 2008 and the experiment detected its first single

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of the particle. As a result, high-momentum particles curve very little (large

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This article is about the LHC detector at CERN. For other experiments, see

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particles in the Inner Detector and the Muon Spectrometer, allowing their

566:. Processes not observed so far would allow, if detected, to discover new 4529: 4237: 4203: 4167: 3130:"Eight Things To Know As The Large Hadron Collider Breaks Energy Records" 2925: 2670: 2046: 1489: 1310: 1297: 1216: 1208: 1196: 1176: 1172: 1121: 998: 983: 933: 893: 843: 530: 500: 490: 254: 3777: 1713:

two beams of protons together, with each proton carrying up to 6.8

4493: 4021: 3548: 3493: 3477:"Exploring higher dimensional black holes at the Large Hadron Collider" 3436: 2299:

collisions are traveling at very close to the speed of light in vacuum

2074:, inferring the energy of the original particle from this measurement. 1892: 1644: 1318: 1008: 773: 550:, ATLAS studies different types of processes detected or detectable in 4078:(The "award winning ATLAS movie" is a very good general introduction!) 2638:

is designed to tag diffractive events, and located at 204 m and 217 m;

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provided performance characteristics very close to its design values.

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could be formed by the LHC. These would decay immediately by means of

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is required around the EM calorimeter to keep it sufficiently cool.

343:(last update: June 26, 2022) from 257 institutions in 42 countries. 276:(last update: June 26, 2022) from 257 institutions in 42 countries. 96:

Total Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation

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N. V. Krasnikov; V. A. Matveev (September 1997). "Physics at LHC".

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N. V. Krasnikov; V. A. Matveev (September 1997). "Physics at LHC".

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is an extremely large tracking system, consisting of three parts:

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be determined. Between the straws, materials with widely varying

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or to have confirmation of physical theories that go beyond the

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in 1931, with a radius of just a few centimetres and a particle

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ATLAS Detector and Physics Performance Technical Design Report

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

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in July 2012. It was also designed to search for evidence of

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Smethurst, Rebecca (University of Oxford) (March 11, 2020).

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in order to continue operating after significant exposures.

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A set of triggering chambers with accurate time-resolution.

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calorimeter, waiting to be moved inside the toroid magnets.

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experiments in 2012, all of the particles predicted by the

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The ATLAS Collaboration, G Aad; et al. (2008-08-14).

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An Introduction to Particle Physics and the Standard Model

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The ATLAS Collaboration is currently led by Spokesperson

4135:"The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider" 3607: 3343:

Sean Carroll, PhD, Caltech, 2007, The Teaching Company,

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magnetic field is produced by eight very large air-core

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The extended barrel section of the hadronic calorimeter.

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I found the man in the most famous physics picture ever

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Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The Dark Side of the Universe

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One of the sections of the extensions of the hadronic

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cause ultra-relativistic charged particles to produce

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September 2005: The main barrel section of the ATLAS

1596:(SUSY), predicts the existence of new particles with 1428: 1383: 1350: 4780:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

3992:

CERN: The Atlas Experiment. Retrieved on 2007-04-10

3588:"World's largest superconducting magnet switches on" 2726:. The L1 rejection factor in therefore equal to 400. 2145:

A magnetic field provided by three toroidal magnets;

1545:

of these particles are so different (they differ by

40:

Plan of the LHC experiments and the preaccelerators.

4216:"ATLAS celebrates results of 1000 collision papers" 4112:

United States Department of Energy article on ATLAS

3900: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2887:Aad, G.; et al. (ATLAS Collaboration) (2008). 1761:In order to identify all particles produced at the 346: 4073: 3699: 3283: 2626:LUCID (LUminosity Cherenkov Integrating Detector) 2546: 2526: 2499: 2462: 2413: 2390: 2350: 2335:is about the same for all the particles with same 2323: 2284: 2244: 2224: 2204: 1679:, involve large extra dimensions and predict that 1465: 1414: 1365: 3865: 1990:and leave much stronger signals in some straws. 1944:engineering challenge. Another challenge was the 1643:The asymmetry between the behavior of matter and 1572:determined that neutrinos can oscillate from one 1415:{\displaystyle H\rightarrow ZZ^{*}\rightarrow 4l} 4862: 4003:: The Atlas Experiment. Retrieved on 2007-04-10 3763:Hugging, F. (2006). "The ATLAS pixel detector". 2941: 2795:The researcher pictured for scale in the famous 1588:scale or higher. Most alternative theories, the 3738: 3417: 3415: 3161:"ATLAS Begins Recording Physics Data at 13 TeV" 3057: 3055: 2042:, waiting to be inserted in late February 2006. 1964: 1724: 600: 4087:(Lots of technical and logistical information) 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2173:The eight toroid magnets of the ATLAS detector 2077: 1811: (4) Transition Radiation Tracker 1745:Experiments at earlier colliders, such as the 284: 249:which were not observable using earlier lower- 4258: 4107:New York Times article on LHC and experiments 3809: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2587:of energy released in each proton collision. 2014:. The TRT has about 298,000 straws in total. 1045: 562:or finding quantitative confirmations of the 318:. As accelerators have grown, so too has the 3412: 3355: 3353: 3052: 2002:particles (those with a speed very near the 1793: (1) Forward regions (End-caps) 1520: 3832: 3830: 3762: 3003: 3001: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 1366:{\displaystyle H\rightarrow \gamma \gamma } 1153:complete theory of fundamental interactions 464:Andreas Hoecker, Project Leader since 2021. 4274:European Organization for Nuclear Research 4265: 4251: 3660: 3378: 3376: 3337: 3290:(Kindle ed.). Penguin Group. p. 2814: 2295:Since all particles produced in the LHC's 1822: (7) Liquid Argon Calorimeter 1670: 1541:should exist, it does not explain why the 1124:(2012) have added further credence to the 1052: 1038: 4166: 4020: 3776: 3713: 3621: 3547: 3510: 3492: 3435: 3350: 3281: 2924: 2914: 2493: 2489: 2450: 2381: 2377: 2275: 2271: 1955: 1190: 1175:. The model does not contain any viable 3907:Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings 3827: 3026: 2998: 2976: 2863: 2677:per raw event, multiplied by 40 million 2176: 2168: 2045: 2033: 2021: 1886: 1813: (5) Semi-Conductor Tracker 1781: 1296: 459: 322:that they might be used to investigate. 288: 116:Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC 3373: 3314: 2746:ATLAS permanently records more than 10 2189:, whose modulus is proportional to the 1503: 541: 4863: 4056:Monica Lynn Dunford and Peter Jenni, 3580: 3142:"ATLAS Completes First Year at 13 TeV" 3110:"First beam and first events in ATLAS" 1788: 1169:accelerating expansion of the universe 325: 4749:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider 4246: 3941:"Trigger and Data Acquisition System" 3237:"ATLAS moves into top gear for Run 3" 2641:ALFA (Absolute Luminosity For ATLAS) 2113: 1771: 370: 4196:"ATLAS at the Large Hadron Collider" 4083:Official ATLAS Collaboration Webpage 3933: 3903:"ATLAS Run-2 status and performance" 3765:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 2611: 2463:{\displaystyle r={\frac {p}{q\,B}}.} 2129: 2058:are situated outside the solenoidal 1195:With the important exception of the 4812:The Globe of Science and Innovation 4193: 2886: 2741: 2562:can be determined from this value. 2558:can be quantified and the particle 1936:. Each module contains 16 readout 1806: 1777: 1584:will break down at energies at the 1100:, as well as classifying all known 1076:describing three of the four known 13: 3983: 3855:The ATLAS Forward Detector project 2652: 2565: 1824: (8) Tile Calorimeter 1797: 1277:, one of the two mediators of the 1250:channels of production, decay and 1112:. Since then, confirmation of the 596: 480:. Former Spokespersons have been: 14: 4892: 4102:ATLAS section from US/LHC Website 4067: 3927:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2016.02.002 3590:(Press release). CERN. 2006-11-20 3259:"ATLAS: now under new management" 2700: 2590: 1923: 1882: 1817: 1804: (3) Solenoid Magnet 1756: 1690: 1477:boson, which is expected to have 718:Physics beyond the Standard Model 577: 4845: 4844: 4342:Large Electron–Positron Collider 4097:Time lapse video of the assembly 2391:{\displaystyle F\simeq q\,c\,B.} 2164: 2106:as the sampling material, and a 1815: (6) Pixel Detector 1802: (2) Toroid Magnets 1751:Large Electron–Positron Collider 1607: 1580:believe it is possible that the 1549:). Furthermore, the mass of the 1199:, detected by the ATLAS and the 347:Detector design and construction 136:Scattering and Neutrino Detector 34: 4187:, by an ATLAS-scientist at the 4009:Physics of Particles and Nuclei 3954: 3894: 3859: 3848: 3756: 3693: 3654: 3601: 3527: 3468: 3424:Physics of Particles and Nuclei 3394: 3308: 3275: 3251: 3229: 3197: 3173: 3154: 3135: 3123: 2647: 2500:{\displaystyle p=\gamma \,m\,v} 2017: 1795: (1) Barrel region 1638: 1183:. It also does not incorporate 229:is the largest general-purpose 86:A Large Ion Collider Experiment 4062:doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.32147 3481:Journal of High Energy Physics 3102: 3087:. CERN Archive. Archived from 3077: 2631:ZDC (Zero Degree Calorimeter) 2318: 2306: 2212:of the particle, to its speed 1675:Some hypotheses, based on the 1565:. In 1998 research results at 1557:, exactly zero as that of the 1448: 1432: 1403: 1387: 1354: 1292: 353:Superconducting Super Collider 1: 4832:Scientific committees of CERN 4159:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08003 4074:Official ATLAS Public Webpage 3512:10.1088/1126-6708/2005/05/053 3085:"ATLAS Collaboration records" 2916:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08003 2807: 2804:of the University of Oxford. 1975:transition radiation detector 1092:interactions, while omitting 662:Spontaneous symmetry breaking 455: 4797:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid 3901:ATLAS collaboration (2016). 3566:10.1140/epjcd/s2005-02-008-x 2618:ATLAS Forward Proton Project 1965:Transition Radiation Tracker 1725:General-purpose requirements 1553:should be, according to the 1155:. It does not fully explain 7: 4726:Non-accelerator experiments 4509:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber 4181:(Full design documentation) 3536:European Physical Journal C 3384:"Introduction and Overview" 2636:AFP (Atlas Forward Proton) 2324:{\displaystyle (v\simeq c)} 2078:Electromagnetic calorimeter 1257:interaction mechanisms and 1187:and their non-zero masses. 1151:and falls short of being a 285:Particle accelerator growth 10: 4897: 4139:Journal of Instrumentation 3888:10.1016/j.nima.2009.06.114 3732:10.1016/j.nima.2009.09.101 3687:10.1016/j.nima.2009.08.068 3034:"CERN and the Higgs boson" 2966:"Overall detector concept" 2894:Journal of Instrumentation 2750:of data per year. Offline 2615: 2285:{\displaystyle F=q\,v\,B.} 1561:. Instead, neutrinos have 692:Standard Model mathematics 392:of nearly 140 fb (inverse 279: 169:Proton Synchrotron Booster 18: 4840: 4827:Directors-general of CERN 4767: 4741: 4725: 4637: 4563: 4517: 4463: 4379: 4340: 4281: 4194:Padilla, Antonio (Tony). 3990:ATLAS Technical Proposal. 2790: 2010:and their antiparticles, 1738:, lifetime, charges, and 1521:Beyond the Standard model 1171:as possibly described by 1106:experimental confirmation 472:and Deputy Spokespersons 184: 174: 164: 145: 140: 130: 126:ForwArd Search ExpeRiment 120: 110: 100: 90: 80: 70: 60: 50: 45: 33: 4759:Future Circular Collider 4381:Super Proton Synchrotron 4208:University of Nottingham 3842:ATLAS Technical Proposal 3821:ATLAS Technical Proposal 3750:ATLAS Technical Proposal 3406:ATLAS Technical Proposal 3388:ATLAS Technical Proposal 2970:ATLAS Technical Proposal 2401:The radius of curvature 1373:) and its decay to four 1145:experimental predictions 189:Super Proton Synchrotron 56:A Toroidal LHC Apparatus 4754:Compact Linear Collider 4390:List of SPS experiments 4351:List of LEP experiments 4292:List of LHC experiments 3795:10.1109/TNS.2006.871506 3640:10.1007/JHEP09(2010)056 2252:of the magnetic field: 2066:calorimeter. Both are 1768:particle identification 1671:Microscopic black holes 1329:mass while leaving the 1283:measurement uncertainty 1159:, incorporate the full 680:Electroweak interaction 320:list of known particles 3112:. Atlas.ch. 2008-09-10 3036:. CERN. Archived from 2548: 2528: 2501: 2464: 2415: 2392: 2352: 2325: 2286: 2246: 2226: 2206: 2182: 2174: 2051: 2043: 2031: 1956:Semi-Conductor Tracker 1896: 1826: 1624:and a large amount of 1600:greater than those of 1590:Grand Unified Theories 1586:teraelectronvolt (TeV) 1508:The properties of the 1498:Nobel Prize in Physics 1467: 1416: 1367: 1306: 1191:Precision measurements 684:Quantum chromodynamics 628: 465: 381:magnet quench incident 312:megaelectronvolt (MeV) 295: 21:Atlas (disambiguation) 4876:Large Hadron Collider 4283:Large Hadron Collider 2616:Further information: 2549: 2529: 2502: 2465: 2416: 2393: 2353: 2326: 2287: 2247: 2232:and to the intensity 2227: 2207: 2180: 2172: 2068:sampling calorimeters 2049: 2037: 2025: 1984:indices of refraction 1910:identifying particles 1890: 1785: 1704:Large Hadron Collider 1468: 1417: 1368: 1300: 1185:neutrino oscillations 1167:, or account for the 1161:theory of gravitation 1149:phenomena unexplained 1136:with great accuracy. 1130:weak neutral currents 714:Neutrino oscillations 634:of the Standard Model 627: 556:Large Hadron Collider 463: 337:Large Hadron Collider 292: 235:Large Hadron Collider 66:Compact Muon Solenoid 27:Large Hadron Collider 4881:Particle experiments 4802:Microcosm exhibition 4504:30 cm Bubble Chamber 4189:Niels Bohr Institute 4092:ATLAS Cavern Webcams 4054:The Atlas Experiment 2797:ATLAS detector image 2787:of data every week. 2752:event reconstruction 2697:of data per second. 2693:, for a total of 64 2538: 2518: 2477: 2432: 2405: 2365: 2342: 2303: 2259: 2236: 2216: 2196: 1988:transition radiation 1504:Top quark properties 1426: 1381: 1348: 1108:of the existence of 1102:elementary particles 654:Quantum field theory 632:Elementary particles 542:Experimental program 333:particle accelerator 239:particle accelerator 214:46.23556°N 6.05528°E 4518:Linear accelerators 4185:LEGO model of ATLAS 4151:2008JInst...3S8003A 4128:magazine, June 2008 4031:1997PPN....28..441K 3946:ATLAS collaboration 3919:2016NPPP..270....3P 3880:2010NIMPA.617..306S 3787:2006ITNS...53.1732H 3724:2010NIMPA.617..568M 3679:2010NIMPA.617...48P 3661:F. Pastore (2010). 3632:2010JHEP...09..056A 3558:2005EPJC...41...19T 3503:2005JHEP...05..053H 3446:1997PPN....28..441K 3402:"Top-Quark Physics" 3063:"The Collaboration" 3040:on 23 November 2016 2907:2008JInst...3S8003A 2849:"ATLAS Fact Sheets" 2084:electromagnetically 1633:Kaluza–Klein theory 1578:particle physicists 1547:orders of magnitude 1496:, were awarded the 1301:Schematics, called 1267:strong interactions 326:ATLAS Collaboration 210: / 150:Linear accelerators 141:LHC preaccelerators 30: 16:CERN LHC experiment 4821:(2013 documentary) 4564:Other accelerators 4499:2 m Bubble Chamber 4465:Proton Synchrotron 4145:(S08003): S08003. 4117:2021-03-01 at the 3282:R. Oerter (2006). 3239:. 16 December 2022 3166:2016-03-05 at the 3147:2016-01-17 at the 2984:"ATLAS Experiment" 2544: 2524: 2497: 2460: 2411: 2388: 2348: 2321: 2282: 2242: 2222: 2202: 2183: 2175: 2114:Hadron calorimeter 2052: 2044: 2032: 1950:radiation hardened 1897: 1895:in September 2005. 1827: 1463: 1412: 1363: 1307: 1259:coupling constants 1165:general relativity 1078:fundamental forces 629: 554:collisions at the 466: 371:Detector operation 304:Ernest O. Lawrence 296: 233:experiment at the 179:Proton Synchrotron 26: 4858: 4857: 4610:LPI (LIL and EPA) 3330:978-1-4200-8298-2 3301:978-0-13-236678-6 3222:978-981-327-179-1 2802:Rebecca Smethurst 2612:Forward detectors 2554:). The amount of 2547:{\displaystyle r} 2527:{\displaystyle r} 2455: 2414:{\displaystyle r} 2351:{\displaystyle q} 2245:{\displaystyle B} 2225:{\displaystyle v} 2205:{\displaystyle q} 2130:Muon Spectrometer 1831:interaction point 1789:Muon Spectrometer 1763:interaction point 1698:At 27 km in 1685:Hawking radiation 1681:micro black holes 1592:(GUTs) including 1147:, it leaves some 1062: 1061: 710:Hierarchy problem 706:Strong CP problem 539: 538: 453: 452: 231:particle detector 219:46.23556; 6.05528 194: 193: 165:(not marked) 4888: 4871:CERN experiments 4848: 4847: 4822: 4768:Related articles 4716: 4628: 4599: 4576:AC (part of AAC) 4571:AA (part of AAC) 4267: 4260: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4211: 4180: 4170: 4050: 4039:10.1134/1.953049 4024: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3874:(1/3): 306–309. 3863: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3780: 3771:(6): 1732–1736. 3760: 3754: 3753: 3746:"Inner detector" 3742: 3736: 3735: 3717: 3708:(1–3): 568–570. 3697: 3691: 3690: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3625: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3551: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3496: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3454:10.1134/1.953049 3439: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3315:R. Mann (2010). 3312: 3306: 3305: 3289: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3177: 3171: 3158: 3152: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2962: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2918: 2884: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2845: 2742:Analysis process 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2442: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2203: 1861:electric charges 1778:Detector systems 1570:Super-Kamiokande 1512:, discovered at 1494:François Englert 1472: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1447: 1446: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1402: 1401: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1323:electromagnetism 1303:Feynman diagrams 1279:weak interaction 1240:ATLAS measures: 1163:as described by 1157:baryon asymmetry 1120:(2000), and the 1070:particle physics 1054: 1047: 1040: 646:Particle physics 599: 590:particle physics 582: 581: 548:particle physics 546:In the field of 511:Fabiola Gianotti 483: 482: 478:Manuella Vincter 399: 398: 263:particle physics 225: 224: 222: 221: 220: 215: 211: 208: 207: 206: 203: 38: 31: 25: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4836: 4820: 4807:Streets in CERN 4763: 4742:Future projects 4737: 4721: 4712: 4633: 4626: 4595: 4559: 4513: 4459: 4375: 4336: 4277: 4271: 4224: 4222: 4214: 4119:Wayback Machine 4070: 3986: 3984:Further reading 3981: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3950:. October 2019. 3939: 3938: 3934: 3899: 3895: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3849: 3838:"Magnet system" 3836: 3835: 3828: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3778:physics/0412138 3761: 3757: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3698: 3694: 3659: 3655: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3532: 3528: 3473: 3469: 3420: 3413: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3168:Wayback Machine 3159: 3155: 3149:Wayback Machine 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2942: 2885: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2815: 2810: 2793: 2744: 2703: 2681:per second (40 2655: 2653:Data generation 2650: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2601:superconducting 2593: 2574:produces a two 2568: 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2264: 2241: 2221: 2201: 2166: 2163: 2158:magnetic field 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2131: 2128: 2115: 2112: 2102:, with liquid 2088:pseudorapidity 2079: 2076: 2019: 2016: 2004:speed of light 1966: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1925: 1924:Pixel Detector 1922: 1905:magnetic field 1884: 1883:Inner Detector 1881: 1852: 1851: 1850:Magnet system. 1848: 1842: 1839: 1807:Inner Detector 1779: 1776: 1758: 1757:Layered design 1755: 1726: 1723: 1692: 1691:ATLAS detector 1689: 1672: 1669: 1640: 1637: 1609: 1606: 1602:Standard Model 1582:Standard Model 1555:Standard Model 1529:predicts that 1527:Standard Model 1522: 1519: 1505: 1502: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1327:W and Z bosons 1325:by giving the 1294: 1291: 1271: 1270: 1255: 1252:mean lifetimes 1248: 1238: 1237: 1226: 1223:W and Z bosons 1220: 1205:Standard Model 1192: 1189: 1141:Standard model 1134:W and Z bosons 1126:Standard model 1066:Standard model 1060: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 678: 675: 674: 671: 670: 650:Standard Model 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 630: 593: 592: 586:Standard Model 579: 578:Standard Model 576: 572:Standard model 564:Standard model 543: 540: 537: 536: 535:(2017 – 2021) 533: 527: 526: 525:(2013 – 2017) 523: 521:David Charlton 517: 516: 515:(2009 – 2013) 513: 507: 506: 505:(1995 – 2009) 503: 497: 496: 495:(1992 – 1995) 493: 457: 454: 451: 450: 447: 443: 442: 439: 435: 434: 431: 427: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 411: 410: 405: 403:Periods of LHC 385:center of mass 372: 369: 348: 345: 327: 324: 286: 283: 281: 278: 267:Standard Model 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156:(Linac 4) and 147: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 114: 108: 107: 104: 98: 97: 94: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 74: 68: 67: 64: 58: 57: 54: 48: 47: 43: 42: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4893: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4851: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 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4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3966: 3965: 3957: 3949: 3948:Research News 3947: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3851: 3844:. CERN. 1994. 3843: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3823:. CERN. 1994. 3822: 3818: 3817:"Calorimetry" 3812: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3752:. CERN. 1994. 3751: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3542:(s2): 19–33. 3541: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3408:. CERN. 1994. 3407: 3403: 3397: 3390:. CERN. 1994. 3389: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3278: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3213:10.1142/11030 3210: 3206: 3200: 3186: 3185:twiki.cern.ch 3182: 3176: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3111: 3105: 3091:on 2007-01-01 3090: 3086: 3080: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3015:. 4 July 2012 3014: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2985: 2979: 2972:. CERN. 1994. 2971: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2926:2027.42/64167 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901:(8): S08003. 2900: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2813: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2541: 2521: 2513: 2510: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423:Lorentz force 2408: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2333:Lorentz force 2315: 2312: 2309: 2298: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2239: 2219: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2187:Lorentz force 2179: 2171: 2165:Magnet System 2162: 2159: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2041: 2036: 2029: 2024: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:straw tracker 1962: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1849: 1847:Spectrometer; 1846: 1843: 1841:Calorimeters; 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1819: 1808: 1799: 1798:Magnet System 1790: 1784: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1740:nuclear spins 1737: 1733: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:circumference 1696: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:supersymmetry 1608:Supersymmetry 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:Supersymmetry 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1409: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1376: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139:Although the 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 725: 724: 719: 715: 711: 707: 699: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 673: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 639: 638: 633: 595: 594: 591: 587: 584: 583: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 534: 532: 529: 528: 524: 522: 519: 518: 514: 512: 509: 508: 504: 502: 499: 498: 494: 492: 488: 485: 484: 481: 479: 475: 471: 462: 448: 445: 444: 440: 437: 436: 432: 429: 428: 424: 421: 420: 416: 413: 412: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 397: 395: 391: 386: 382: 378: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 344: 342: 338: 334: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 291: 277: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 190: 187: 183: 180: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 144: 139: 135: 133: 129: 125: 123: 119: 115: 113: 109: 105: 103: 99: 95: 93: 89: 85: 83: 79: 75: 73: 69: 65: 63: 59: 55: 53: 49: 44: 37: 32: 22: 4817: 4792:CERN openlab 4786:CERN Courier 4784: 4648:CERN-MEDICIS 4415:NA58/COMPASS 4301: 4223:. Retrieved 4219: 4199: 4142: 4138: 4125: 4086: 4077: 4058:Scholarpedia 4012: 4008: 3969:. Retrieved 3963: 3956: 3944: 3935: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3850: 3841: 3820: 3811: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3592:. Retrieved 3582: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3427: 3423: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3364:. Retrieved 3344: 3339: 3316: 3310: 3285: 3277: 3266:. Retrieved 3262: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3231: 3204: 3199: 3188:. Retrieved 3184: 3175: 3156: 3137: 3125: 3114:. Retrieved 3104: 3093:. Retrieved 3089:the original 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3042:. Retrieved 3038:the original 3028: 3017:. Retrieved 2988:. Retrieved 2978: 2969: 2898: 2892: 2853:. Retrieved 2794: 2745: 2722:to 100 2704: 2656: 2648:Data systems 2621: 2594: 2569: 2509:relativistic 2472: 2425:is equal to 2400: 2294: 2184: 2154: 2139:Spectrometer 2133: 2124:strong force 2117: 2081: 2067: 2056:calorimeters 2053: 2018:Calorimeters 2000:relativistic 1968: 1959: 1942: 1929: 1927: 1914:bottom quark 1902: 1898: 1877: 1853: 1828: 1818:Calorimeters 1760: 1744: 1728: 1697: 1694: 1674: 1649:CP violation 1642: 1639:CP violation 1611: 1524: 1507: 1487: 1475: 1335: 1308: 1272: 1239: 1194: 1138: 1118:tau neutrino 1116:(1995), the 1063: 676:Constituents 658:Gauge theory 545: 467: 407: 402: 374: 365:laboratories 361:universities 350: 329: 297: 271: 226: 195: 51: 4489:PS215/CLOUD 4238:INSPIRE-HEP 4232:Record for 4204:Brady Haran 3044:23 November 2671:electronics 2421:due to the 2040:calorimeter 1893:cosmic rays 1647:, known as 1490:Peter Higgs 1311:Higgs boson 1293:Higgs boson 1263:electroweak 1217:Higgs boson 1209:Higgs boson 1197:Higgs boson 1177:dark matter 1173:dark energy 1122:Higgs boson 854:Chamberlain 702:Limitations 531:Karl Jakobs 501:Peter Jenni 491:Peter Jenni 474:Marumi Kado 446:2022 – 2025 438:2019 – 2022 430:2015 – 2018 422:2013 – 2014 414:2010 – 2012 294:comparison. 265:beyond the 255:Higgs boson 217: / 106:LHC-forward 4865:Categories 4494:Gargamelle 4425:NA61/SHINE 4225:2021-08-03 3616:(9): 056. 3594:2016-11-23 3487:(5): 053. 3366:2016-11-23 3268:2021-03-31 3243:24 January 3190:2020-03-10 3116:2016-08-16 3095:2007-02-25 3069:27 January 3019:2016-11-23 2990:24 October 2855:27 January 2808:References 2606:gigajoules 2595:The outer 2570:The inner 1645:antimatter 1622:quark jets 1525:While the 1333:massless. 1319:weak force 824:Iliopoulos 734:Rutherford 728:Scientists 688:CKM matrix 642:Background 456:Leadership 390:luminosity 341:physicists 298:The first 274:physicists 76:LHC-beauty 4177:250683252 4047:118907038 3971:August 9, 3715:0910.5156 3648:118543167 3623:1005.5254 3574:119444406 3462:118907038 3321:CRC Press 2935:250683252 2785:petabytes 2748:petabytes 2604:1.6 2556:curvature 2487:γ 2372:≃ 2313:≃ 2012:positrons 2008:electrons 1946:radiation 1918:b-tagging 1869:neutrinos 1706:(LHC) at 1677:ADD model 1626:"missing" 1551:neutrinos 1539:neutrinos 1510:top quark 1461:ν 1458:μ 1455:ν 1449:→ 1444:∗ 1433:→ 1404:→ 1399:∗ 1388:→ 1361:γ 1358:γ 1355:→ 1281:, with a 1181:cosmology 1114:top quark 1096:) in the 1014:de Mayolo 959:Schwinger 899:Kobayashi 789:Gell-Mann 754:Sudarshan 568:particles 560:particles 552:energetic 408:operation 394:femtobarn 300:cyclotron 247:particles 237:(LHC), a 202:46°14′8″N 160:(Linac 3) 4850:Category 4775:LHC@home 4688:Miniball 4683:LUCRECIA 4678:ISOLTRAP 4641:facility 4206:for the 4115:Archived 4085:at CERN 4076:at CERN 3803:47545925 3521:15199183 3164:Archived 3145:Archived 2776:software 2718:40 2695:terabyte 2687:petabyte 2661:such as 2597:toroidal 2572:solenoid 2560:momentum 2512:momentum 2108:cryostat 2064:hadronic 2028:hadronic 1873:hermetic 1747:Tevatron 1736:energies 1732:momentum 1711:collides 1629:momentum 1567:detector 1514:Fermilab 1132:and the 1098:universe 1004:Guralnik 949:Politzer 924:'t Hooft 879:Weinberg 874:Majorana 864:Schwartz 829:Lederman 814:Anderson 804:Friedman 764:Anderson 759:Davis Jr 744:Chadwick 449:Run III 259:theories 205:6°3′19″E 146:p and Pb 4693:MIRACLS 4653:COLLAPS 4550:Linac 3 4545:Linac 2 4147:Bibcode 4126:Ingenia 4027:Bibcode 3915:Bibcode 3913:: 3–7. 3876:Bibcode 3783:Bibcode 3720:Bibcode 3675:Bibcode 3628:Bibcode 3554:Bibcode 3499:Bibcode 3442:Bibcode 3065:. ATLAS 2903:Bibcode 2851:. ATLAS 2764:leptons 2760:photons 2707:trigger 2667:FASTBUS 2507:is the 2092:radians 1979:ionized 1934:silicon 1930:modules 1865:momenta 1857:charged 1535:leptons 1375:leptons 1342:photons 1313:. The 1285:of ±2.4 1275:W boson 1094:gravity 1072:is the 989:Englert 964:Wilczek 929:Veltman 904:Maskawa 859:Cabibbo 819:Glashow 794:Kendall 779:Feynman 739:Thomson 433:Run II 280:History 154:protons 4708:WISArD 4663:EC-SLI 4639:ISOLDE 4555:Linac4 4455:HOLEBC 4361:DELPHI 4322:MoEDAL 4276:(CERN) 4175: 4045: 3801: 3646: 3572: 3519: 3460: 3327: 3298: 3219: 2986:. CERN 2933: 2791:Trivia 2762:, and 2711:events 2663:VMEbus 2473:where 2331:, the 2297:proton 2120:hadron 2060:magnet 1973:and a 1702:, the 1661:mesons 1618:quarks 1598:masses 1574:flavor 1559:photon 1543:masses 1531:quarks 1483:parity 1331:photon 1245:masses 1236:quarks 1234:bottom 1110:quarks 1090:strong 1088:, and 1074:theory 1019:Lattes 1009:Kibble 969:Cronin 954:Reines 919:Yukawa 834:Maiani 809:Powell 799:Taylor 784:Rubbia 417:Run I 377:proton 363:, and 335:, the 308:energy 251:energy 112:MoEDAL 4714:WITCH 4615:n-TOF 4597:PS210 4540:Linac 4535:CLEAR 4525:AWAKE 4395:AWAKE 4383:(SPS) 4356:ALEPH 4344:(LEP) 4332:FASER 4327:TOTEM 4302:ATLAS 4297:ALICE 4285:(LHC) 4234:ATLAS 4220:ATLAS 4173:S2CID 4043:S2CID 4017:arXiv 3799:S2CID 3773:arXiv 3710:arXiv 3644:S2CID 3618:arXiv 3570:S2CID 3544:arXiv 3517:S2CID 3489:arXiv 3458:S2CID 3432:arXiv 3263:ATLAS 3205:ATLAS 2931:S2CID 2659:buses 2576:tesla 2104:argon 1996:argon 1992:Xenon 1938:chips 1916:(see 1855:bend 1772:below 1719:beams 1657:Belle 1653:BaBar 1338:sigma 1080:(the 1024:Zweig 999:Hagen 994:Brout 984:Higgs 979:Vleck 974:Fitch 944:Pauli 934:Gross 909:Mills 894:Salam 849:Nambu 844:Cowan 774:Dirac 769:Fermi 310:of 1 227:ATLAS 122:FASER 92:TOTEM 82:ALICE 52:ATLAS 29:(LHC) 4733:CAST 4703:VITO 4658:CRIS 4605:LEIR 4591:LEAR 4530:CTF3 4484:BEBC 4479:LEIR 4467:(PS) 4450:LEBC 4445:BIBC 4430:NA62 4420:NA60 4410:NA49 4405:NA48 4400:CNGS 4366:OPAL 4317:LHCf 4312:LHCb 4001:CERN 3973:2021 3614:1009 3610:JHEP 3485:2005 3325:ISBN 3296:ISBN 3245:2022 3217:ISBN 3071:2022 3046:2016 3013:CERN 2992:2019 2857:2022 2781:code 2756:jets 2731:CPUs 2705:The 2136:Muon 2134:The 2118:The 2098:and 2096:lead 2054:The 1994:and 1903:The 1863:and 1845:Muon 1749:and 1708:CERN 1665:LHCb 1655:and 1563:mass 1537:and 1492:and 1479:spin 1422:and 1321:and 1265:and 1261:for 1232:and 1228:the 1215:the 1086:weak 1064:The 939:Pais 914:Yang 889:Ward 869:Perl 839:Meer 749:Bose 489:and 476:and 441:LS2 425:LS1 355:, a 316:mass 243:CERN 158:lead 152:for 102:LHCf 72:LHCb 4698:SEC 4673:ISS 4668:IDS 4586:ISR 4474:PSB 4440:UA2 4435:UA1 4307:CMS 4163:hdl 4155:doi 4035:doi 3999:". 3923:doi 3911:270 3884:doi 3872:617 3791:doi 3728:doi 3706:617 3683:doi 3671:617 3636:doi 3562:doi 3507:doi 3450:doi 3209:doi 2921:hdl 2911:doi 2772:CPU 2735:kHz 2724:kHz 2720:MHz 2683:MHz 2665:or 2585:TeV 2581:MeV 1920:). 1715:TeV 1473:). 1230:top 1201:CMS 1068:of 884:Lee 588:of 261:of 241:at 185:SPS 132:SND 62:CMS 4867:: 4625:Sp 4620:SC 4581:AD 4371:L3 4218:. 4202:. 4198:. 4171:. 4161:. 4153:. 4141:. 4137:. 4041:. 4033:. 4025:. 4013:28 4011:. 3943:. 3921:. 3909:. 3905:. 3882:. 3870:. 3840:. 3829:^ 3819:. 3797:. 3789:. 3781:. 3769:53 3767:. 3748:. 3726:. 3718:. 3704:. 3681:. 3669:. 3665:. 3642:. 3634:. 3626:. 3612:. 3568:. 3560:. 3552:. 3540:41 3538:. 3515:. 3505:. 3497:. 3483:. 3479:. 3456:. 3448:. 3440:. 3428:28 3426:. 3414:^ 3404:. 3386:. 3375:^ 3352:^ 3323:. 3319:. 3294:. 3261:. 3215:. 3183:. 3054:^ 3011:. 3000:^ 2968:. 2943:^ 2929:. 2919:. 2909:. 2897:. 2891:. 2865:^ 2816:^ 2766:. 2758:, 2691:MB 2675:MB 2358:: 1820:: 1809:: 1800:: 1791:: 1742:. 1734:, 1663:. 1604:. 1533:, 1500:. 1289:. 1084:, 574:. 357:US 269:. 175:PS 4629:S 4627:p 4266:e 4259:t 4252:v 4228:. 4210:. 4179:. 4165:: 4157:: 4149:: 4143:3 4049:. 4037:: 4029:: 4019:: 3995:" 3975:. 3929:. 3925:: 3917:: 3890:. 3886:: 3878:: 3805:. 3793:: 3785:: 3775:: 3734:. 3730:: 3722:: 3712:: 3689:. 3685:: 3677:: 3650:. 3638:: 3630:: 3620:: 3597:. 3576:. 3564:: 3556:: 3546:: 3523:. 3509:: 3501:: 3491:: 3464:. 3452:: 3444:: 3434:: 3369:. 3333:. 3304:. 3292:2 3271:. 3247:. 3225:. 3211:: 3193:. 3170:. 3151:. 3132:. 3119:. 3098:. 3073:. 3048:. 3022:. 2994:. 2937:. 2923:: 2913:: 2905:: 2899:3 2859:. 2542:r 2522:r 2495:v 2491:m 2484:= 2481:p 2458:. 2452:B 2448:q 2444:p 2439:= 2436:r 2409:r 2386:. 2383:B 2379:c 2375:q 2369:F 2346:q 2319:) 2316:c 2310:v 2307:( 2280:. 2277:B 2273:v 2269:q 2266:= 2263:F 2240:B 2220:v 2200:q 1452:e 1440:W 1436:W 1430:H 1410:l 1407:4 1395:Z 1391:Z 1385:H 1377:( 1352:H 1344:( 1287:‰ 1269:. 1254:; 1247:; 1225:; 1219:; 1053:e 1046:t 1039:v 23:.

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