270:' or 'evil religions', "heterodox teachings" are defined in Chinese law as organizations and religious movements that either fraudulently use religion to carry out other illegal activities, deify their leaders, spread "superstition" to confuse or deceive the public, or "disturb the social order" by harming people's lives or property. What exactly these definitions mean has been interpreted in various ways since their establishment in 1999/2000. Organizations that are found by local police forces in the PRC to be distributing heterodox teachings are targeted for disruption, and its leaders and organizers are severely prosecuted.
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2000:
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32:
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175:
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The following 14 organizations and movements were specifically named in the 2000 list of heterodox teachings published by the
Ministry of Public Security. This list articulated different organizations that the Ministry had investigated or been involved in the suppression of since at least 1983. The
314:
On the same day, the
Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate issued a joint judicial interpretation named, “Explanation on Questions Concerning the Concrete Application of Laws Handling Criminal Cases of Organizing and Making Use of Heretical Organizations”. The interpretation
281:
published its own guidance on what constituted a heterodox teaching organization, how they would be addressed, and a list and description of 14 religious organizations identified as organizations for suppression (included below). These movements were directly compared to the historical religious
319:
The offenses of establishing or using sects to organize, scheme, carry out and instigate activities of splitting China, endangering the reunification of China or subverting the country’s socialist system should be handled according to relevant laws on endangering State security offenses, as
310:
On 30 October 1999, the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the “Decision on Banning Heretical Organizations and Preventing and Punishing Heretical Activities”, which called for a crackdown on “heretical organizations such as Qigong and other forms”, and also applied
1078:
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in the PRC. The persecution has drawn condemnation from governments worldwide, with 921 lawmakers and political figures signing a statement in 2020 calling it a "systematic and brutal campaign to eradicate the spiritual discipline of Falun Gong”.
836:
785:: "In October 1999, as part of the Government's anti-Falun Gong crackdown, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress adopted a decision to ban "cults," including the Falun Gong, under Article 300 of the Criminal Law."
1095:
Interpretation of the
Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Handling Criminal Cases of Establishing and Using Cults to Disrupt the Implementation of
791:, pp. 312: "n 22 July 1999, the State Council, the executive branch of the central government, officially banned Falun Gong, labeling it an “evil cult.” The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress then passed
680:, whose omission is the cause of some speculation), eleven of whom were identified as "dangerous", as opposed to the nine groups receiving the lesser warning to "be on guard" against them. These eleven groups were:
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In addition to the fourteen groups listed above, scholar Edward A. Irons noted an additional eight organizations identified as heterodox groups in various governmental lists and edicts issued before
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1216:
1891:
646:
1127:
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1752:
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274:
729:
1042:
986:
Palmer, David A. (2008). "Heretical
Doctrines, Reactionary Secret Societies, Evil Cults: Labelling Heterodoxy in 20th-Century China". In Yang, Mayfair (ed.).
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On
September 18, 2017, a new government heterodox website listed a total of 20 groups (all of the 22 groups listed above, but with the notable exceptions of
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813:: "All the information available indicates that the crackdown is politically motivated, with legislation being used retroactively to convict people "
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538:), founded by Korean Park Minghu in 1980 and attempted to form an autonomous zone called "Stone Country", defined by the ministry as a cult in 1996.
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331:
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137:
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522: – a Christian sect founded in South Korea by Lee Jang Rim, in China since 1992 and defined by the ministry as a cult in 1995.
1066:
Decision of the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Banning Cult Organizations, Preventing and Punishing Cult Activities
770:: "It was Jiang who ordered that Falun Gong be labeled a 'cult,' and then demanded that a law be passed banning cults, a party source said."
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472: – founded by former Shouter Wu Yangming, defined by the Ministry of Public Security as a cult organization in 1995.
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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
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338:, while the second group of seven organizations were identified directly by the ministry. A feature of some, but not all, of the
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567: – a Christian sect founded by Zhao Weishan in 1989, identified as a heterodox teaching organization in 1995.
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Notice of the
Ministry of Public Security on Several Issues Concerning the Identification and Banning of Cult Organizations
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343:
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879:
Richardson, James T.; Edelman, Bryan (2003). "Falun Gong and the Law: Development of Legal Social
Control in China".
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59:
277:(NPCSC) in October 1999, based in part on an earlier law from November 1995. A few months later, in April 2000, the
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516:, in China since 1980 and asked to leave by the ministry in 1985, defined by the ministry as a cult in 1995.
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2156:
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368: – a Christian movement founded by Ji Sanbao, classified as a heterodox teaching since 1995.
596: – a Christian sect founded in Taiwan in 1988 by Zuo Kun, identified as heterodox in 1996.
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297:. The passage of the heterodox teachings laws is widely viewed as part of the overall campaign for the
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1996:
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listed above but occasionally recognized as a separate organization, identified as heterodox in 1999.
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358: – a Christian movement broadly defined as organizations founded or inspired by
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2020:
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19:"Chinese lists of cults" redirects here. For a list of new religious movements in China, see
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997:"Words and Concepts in Chinese Religious Denunciation: A Study of the Genealogy of Xiejiao"
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and descended from the All Ranges Church identified above, identified as heterodox in 2001.
478:, known as the "Moonies" in the United States – founded by Korean-American
8:
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2012:
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590:), a Christian sect founded in 1994 by Wang Yongmin, identified as heterodox in 1995.
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in Busan in 1954 and defined by the ministry as a cult organization in 1997.
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1043:"The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called 'heretical organizations'"
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375:
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1606:
European
Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism
1212:
APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control
667:
362:, suppressed since 1983 and classified as a heterodox teaching since 1995.
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Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu
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Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons
451:
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named Liu Jiaguo in 1993, classified as a heterodox teaching since 1998.
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1892:
The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions
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The current law regarding heterodox teachings was established by the
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first seven groups on the list were organizations identified by the
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988:
Chinese Religiosities: Afflictions of Modernity and State Formation
950:"The List: The Evolution of China's List of Illegal and Evil Cults"
379:
365:
187:
contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
2136:
1246:
454: – founded by a former member of the Shouters and
409:
659:) – a Buddhist sect founded in Taiwan in 1984 by
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in 2012, for a total of 22 groups. Those additional groups are:
2047:
1180:
881:
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions
625:
492:) – a Buddhist sect founded by Chinese-American
417:
249:
862:"Over 900 lawmakers protest Chinese persecution of Falun Gong"
775:"2000 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom: China"
293:
One religious movement that has been consistently targeted is
1999:
990:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 113–34.
1160:
267:
1753:
The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act
2141:
1913:
Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change
1135:
324:
730:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
639: – a Christian sect founded in 1990 by
528:, identified as "World Elijah Gospel Mission Church" (
2698:
496:
in Taiwan, defined by the ministry as a cult in 1995.
388: – identified as the "Lingling Sect" (
350:
Identified by the Central Committee and State Council
795:
legisation banning “evil cults” on 30 October 1999."
426: – also organized as Yuan Dun Famen (
275:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
16:
Concept in the law of the People's Republic of China
1252:
National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales
908:"Chinese State Media Warns Against 14 'Evil Cults'"
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
878:
788:
342:organizations on this list is that their leaders
2773:Government opposition to new religious movements
2734:
558:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
543:
332:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
613:Yuandun Famen – a branch of the
408: – founded by Hong Kong actress
346:or some other kind of unique church authority.
1257:People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion
2307:
1982:
1927:Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism
1121:
872:
668:2017 designation of "dangerous organizations"
1815:The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions
1801:Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control
714:Mainland China Administrative Deacon Station
571:Mainland China Administrative Deacon Station
1920:Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare
1899:On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left
1626:Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France
1459:New England Institute of Religious Research
1419:Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry
488:, identified as the "Lingxian zhenfozong" (
266:and their suppression. Also translated as '
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2314:
2300:
1989:
1975:
1128:
1114:
906:EBRAHIMIAN, Bethany Allen (June 6, 2014).
905:
752:
1733:Kingdom of Jesus Christ compound standoff
462:
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
1611:Centre contre les manipulations mentales
1237:International Cultic Studies Association
1054:Chinese government documents related to
1439:Evangelical Ministries to New Religions
943:
941:
859:
740:
344:claim to be the second coming of Christ
311:retroactively to Qigong practitioners.
262:(PRC) and its administration regarding
2735:
1479:Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center
1247:Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network
985:
106:"Heterodox teachings" Chinese law
2295:
1970:
1718:Governmental lists of cults and sects
1137:Opposition to new religious movements
1109:
947:
594:Holy Spirit of Blood and Water Church
526:Elijah Ten Commandments Stone Kingdom
325:2000 Ministry of Public Security list
260:law of the People's Republic of China
2321:
938:
860:Ben-Nun, Sarah (December 14, 2020).
168:
95:adding citations to reliable sources
66:
25:
2768:Religious persecution by communists
587:Zhōnghuá dàlù xíngzhèng zhíshì zhàn
502:, identified as "Children of God" (
13:
1836:Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion
1748:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
994:
979:
663:, identified as heterodox in 2011.
633:, identified as heterodox in 2000.
610:, identified as heterodox in 1999.
535:Shìjiè yǐ lì yǎ fúyīn xuānjiào huì
14:
2794:
2783:Anti-Christian sentiment in China
2254:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
1036:
290:, both widely regarded as cults.
41:This article has multiple issues.
2720:
2708:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2281:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
2110:
1998:
1444:Institute for Religious Research
512:), founded in the US in 1968 by
173:
71:
30:
995:Wu, Junqing (January 2, 2016).
849:– via Chinese Wikisource.
398:), a Christian sect founded by
320:stipulated in the Criminal Law.
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
21:list of new religious movements
2640:British Indian Ocean Territory
2036:Chinese salvationist religions
1469:Spiritual Counterfeits Project
1156:Christian countercult movement
922:
899:
853:
829:
678:Pure Land Learning Association
655:
647:Pure Land Learning Association
586:
581:
534:
529:
508:
503:
489:
432:
427:
394:
389:
374: – a Christian
305:
254:
245:
1:
1808:Captive Hearts, Captive Minds
1723:Mass suicide of Heaven's Gate
1013:10.1080/1547402X.2016.1168178
1001:The Chinese Historical Review
789:Richardson & Edelman 2003
762:"Cracks in China's Crackdown"
629:group established in 1987 by
544:Others recognized before 2012
2249:Freedom of religion in China
1424:Christian Research Institute
1075:Ministry of Public Security
800:"People's Republic of China"
725:Freedom of religion in China
7:
1829:Combating Cult Mind Control
1713:Assassination of Shinzo Abe
1429:Dialog Center International
735:Governmental lists of cults
718:
444:, currently organized as a
279:Ministry of Public Security
10:
2799:
1955:Zealot: A Book About Cults
1594:Governmental organizations
1454:Midwest Christian Outreach
1088:Judicial Committee of the
687:The Church of Almighty God
18:
2763:Persecution of Christians
2668:
2627:
2587:
2329:
2269:Ghosts in Chinese culture
2264:Regional Religious System
2241:
2205:
2119:
2108:
2011:
1771:
1758:Tokyo subway sarin attack
1743:Persecution of Falun Gong
1695:
1635:Individuals in government
1634:
1593:
1487:
1449:Personal Freedom Outreach
1411:
1265:
1242:The Family Survival Trust
1204:
1143:
948:Irons, Edward A. (2018).
650:
299:persecution of Falun Gong
2389:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2013:Major religions in China
1871:The Kingdom of the Cults
1780:All Gods Children (book)
969:10.26338/tjoc.2018.2.1.3
837:
780:U.S. Department of State
500:The Family International
448:, classified since 1995.
420:, classified since 1995.
402:, classified since 1995.
382:, classified since 1995.
378:organization founded by
2650:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2275:Three Persian religions
2182:Mongolian folk religion
1227:Cult Information Centre
893:10.1525/nr.2003.6.2.312
467:
264:new religious movements
2031:Folk ritual ministries
1885:Misunderstanding Cults
1878:The Making of a Moonie
1738:Persecution of Baháʼís
1222:Cult Awareness Network
1196:New religious movement
1090:Supreme People's Court
604:New Religious Movement
463:Identified by the MoPS
322:
258:) is a concept in the
2753:Human rights in China
2021:Chinese folk religion
1580:Walter Ralston Martin
1488:Religious individuals
1047:Amnesty International
957:The Journal of CESNUR
838:公安部关于认定和取缔邪教组织若干问题的通知
808:Amnesty International
317:
2743:East Asian religions
2564:United Arab Emirates
1505:Robert M. Bowman Jr.
1403:Lawrence Wollersheim
741:Notes and References
623: – a
602: – a
406:New Testament Church
91:improve this article
2591:limited recognition
2259:Irreligion in China
2187:Qiang folk religion
2026:Ancestor veneration
1941:When Prophecy Fails
1906:Recovery from Cults
1822:Churches That Abuse
1474:Watchman Fellowship
1266:Secular individuals
1176:Freedom of religion
1058:
1056:heterodox teachings
766:The Washington Post
606:founded in 1992 by
372:Born Again Movement
2172:Miao folk religion
2068:Theravada Buddhism
1948:The Wrong Way Home
1934:Twisted Scriptures
1843:Cults in Our Midst
1273:Jean-Marie Abgrall
1232:Cultists Anonymous
1186:Heterodox teaching
1151:Anti-cult movement
1053:
866:The Jerusalem Post
711:True Buddha School
702:Bloody Holy Spirit
696:Unification Church
637:South China Church
486:True Buddha School
476:Unification Church
238:Heterodox teaching
2748:Religion in China
2696:
2695:
2633:other territories
2323:Religion in Asia
2289:
2288:
2197:Yao folk religion
2005:Religion in China
1964:
1963:
1850:Cults of Unreason
1696:Historical events
1585:Robert Passantino
1525:Alexander Dvorkin
1398:Louis Jolyon West
1363:Tsutsumi Sakamoto
1278:John Gordon Clark
1104:
1103:
705:All Ranges Church
565:Eastern Lightning
438:Mahayana Buddhism
235:
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227:
217:
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209:
167:
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141:
64:
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2645:Christmas Island
2331:Sovereign states
2316:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2162:Manchu shamanism
2114:
2063:Tibetan Buddhism
2058:Chinese Buddhism
2003:
2002:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1864:The Incendiaries
1728:Jason Scott case
1703:About–Picard law
1672:Kenneth Robinson
1667:Catherine Picard
1495:Johannes Aagaard
1434:Dialogue Ireland
1412:Religious groups
1130:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1059:
1052:
1049:, March 23, 2000
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910:. Foreign Policy
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708:Sanban Puren Pai
657:
656:Jìng zōng xuéhuì
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2604:Northern Cyprus
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2120:Other religions
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2007:
1997:
1995:
1965:
1960:
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1630:
1589:
1560:Reinhart Hummel
1555:Hank Hanegraaff
1483:
1407:
1378:Margaret Singer
1348:Jesse S. Miller
1333:Michael Langone
1318:Stephen A. Kent
1298:Carol Giambalvo
1261:
1200:
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1134:
1039:
982:
980:Further reading
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641:Gong Shengliang
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509:Tiān fù de érnǚ
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182:This article's
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80:This article
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2075:Christianity
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1857:Deadly Cults
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1191:Mind control
1185:
1062:Legislation
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1000:
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963:(1): 33–57.
960:
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912:. Retrieved
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843:. Retrieved
841:(in Chinese)
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690:The Shouters
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494:Lu Sheng-yen
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376:house church
356:The Shouters
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288:Red Lanterns
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185:lead section
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1007:(1): 1–22.
929:邪教害死人 教訓血淋淋
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574: [
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360:Witness Lee
306:Legislation
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684:Falun Gong
674:Zhong Gong
621:Zhong Gong
608:Li Hongzhi
600:Falun Gong
552:succeeded
550:Xi Jinping
530:世界以利亚福音宣教会
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676:and the
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366:Mentuhui
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286:and the
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2384:Cyprus
2369:Brunei
2364:Bhutan
2048:Taoism
1181:Heresy
1027:
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626:qigong
418:Taiwan
252::
250:pinyin
244::
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2727:China
2660:Macau
2579:Yemen
2539:Syria
2514:Qatar
2494:Nepal
2429:Japan
2404:India
2394:Egypt
2379:China
2233:Tibet
2218:Macau
2097:Islam
1100:2017
1083:2000
1070:1999
1025:S2CID
953:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
746:Notes
578:]
504:天父的儿女
490:灵仙真佛宗
268:cults
138:JSTOR
124:books
2499:Oman
2464:Laos
2419:Iraq
2414:Iran
1161:Cult
1017:ISSN
916:2019
847:2021
651:净宗学会
428:圆顿法门
416:and
110:news
2631:and
2142:Bon
1096:Law
1009:doi
965:doi
889:doi
556:as
390:灵灵教
93:by
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246:邪教
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2315:e
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