Falun Gong - Knowledge

2730:... it does not advocate violence and is at heart an apolitical, inward-oriented discipline, one aimed at cleansing oneself spiritually and improving one's health." David Ownby similarly wrote that "the entire issue of the supposed cultic nature of Falun Gong was a red herring from the beginning, cleverly exploited by the Chinese state to blunt the appeal of Falun Gong". According to John Powers and Meg Y. M. Lee, because the Falun Gong was categorized in the popular perception as an "apolitical, qigong exercise club", it was not seen as a threat to the government. The most critical strategy in the Falun Gong suppression campaign, therefore, was to convince people to reclassify the Falun Gong into a number of "negatively charged religious labels", like "evil cult", "sect", or "superstition". The group's silent protests were reclassified as creating "social disturbances". In this process of relabelling, the government was attempting to tap into a "deep reservoir of negative feelings related to the historical role of quasi-religious cults as a destabilising force in Chinese political history." 3007:, a journalist reporting on China since the early 1990s, has attempted to explain this apparent dearth of public sympathy for Falun Gong as stemming, in part, from the group's shortcomings in public relations. Unlike the democracy activists or Tibetans, who have found a comfortable place in Western perceptions, "Falun Gong marched to a distinctly Chinese drum", Gutmann writes. Moreover, practitioners' attempts at getting their message across carried some of the uncouthness of Communist Party culture, including a perception that practitioners tended to exaggerate, create "torture tableaux straight out of a Cultural Revolution opera", or "spout slogans rather than facts". This is coupled with a general doubtfulness in the West of persecuted refugees. Gutmann also says that media organizations and human rights groups also self-censor on the topic, given the PRC governments vehement attitude toward the practice, and the potential repercussions that may follow for making overt representations on Falun Gong's behalf. 2585:

report, which was based mainly on circumstantial evidence, called attention to the extremely short wait times for organs in China—one to two weeks for a liver compared with 32.5 months in Canada—implying it was indicative of organs being procured on demand. It also tracked a significant increase in the number of annual organ transplants in China beginning in 1999, corresponding with the onset of the persecution of Falun Gong. Despite very low levels of voluntary organ donation, China performs the second-highest number of transplants per year. Kilgour and Matas also presented self-accusatory material from Chinese transplant center web sites advertising the immediate availability of organs from living donors, and transcripts of interviews in which hospitals told prospective transplant recipients that they could obtain Falun Gong organs.

2754:(CCTV). The broadcasts showed images of a 12-year-old girl, Liu Siying, burning, and interviews with the other participants in which they stated a belief that self-immolation would lead them to paradise. But one of the CNN producers on the scene did not even see a child there. Falun Gong sources and other commentators pointed out that the main participants' account of the incident and other aspects of the participants' behavior were inconsistent with Falun Gong's teachings. Media Channel and the International Education Development (IED) agree that the supposed self-immolation incident was staged by CCP to "prove" that Falun Gong brainwashes its followers to commit suicide and has therefore to be banned as a threat to the nation. IED's statement at the 53rd UN session describes China's violent assault on Falun Gong practitioners as 2232:. Jiang called for resolute action to suppress the group, and reportedly criticized Premier Zhu for being "too soft" in his handling of the situation. That evening, Jiang composed a letter indicating his desire to see Falun Gong "defeated". In the letter, Jiang expressed concerns over the size and popularity of Falun Gong, and in particular about the large number of senior CCP members found among Falun Gong practitioners. He believed it possible foreign forces were behind Falun Gong's protests (the practice's founder, Li Hongzhi, had emigrated to the United States), and expressed concern about their use of the internet to coordinate a large-scale demonstration. Jiang also intimated that Falun Gong's moral philosophy was at odds with the 2794: 2785:

graduate schools, universities and colleges, middle schools, primary schools, and kindergartens. Her efforts included a "Cultural Revolution-like pledge" in Chinese schools that required faculty members, staff, and students to publicly denounce Falun Gong. Teachers who did not comply with Chen's program were dismissed or detained; uncooperative students were refused academic advancement, expelled from school, or sent to "transformation" camps to alter their thinking. Chen also worked to spread the anti-Falun Gong academic propaganda movement overseas, using domestic educational funding to donate aid to foreign institutions, encouraging them to oppose Falun Gong.

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on Falun Gong became part of the Chinese political ethos of "upholding stability"—much the same rhetoric employed by the party during 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Jiang's message was echoed at the 2001 National People's Congress, where the Falun Gong's eradication was tied to China's economic progress. Though less prominent on the national agenda, the persecution of Falun Gong has carried on after Jiang was retired; successive, high-level "strike hard" campaigns against Falun Gong were initiated in both 2008 and 2009. In 2010, a three-year campaign was launched to renew attempts at the coercive "transformation" of Falun Gong practitioners.

2498:" in an effort to have them renounce their beliefs and "transform" their thoughts. Terms were also arbitrarily extended by police, while some practitioners had ambiguous charges levied against them, such as "disrupting social order", "endangering national security", or "subverting the socialist system". According to Bejesky, the majority of long-term Falun Gong detainees are processed administratively through this system instead of the criminal justice system. Upon completion of their re-education sentences, those practitioners who refused to recant were then incarcerated in "legal education centers" set up by provincial authorities to "transform minds". 1883:

practitioners continued to organize themselves at local levels, being connected through electronic communications, interpersonal networks and group exercise sites. Both Falun Gong sources and Chinese government sources claimed that there were some 1,900 "guidance stations" and 28,263 local Falun Gong exercise sites nationwide by 1999, though they disagree over the extent of vertical coordination among these organizational units. In response to the persecution that began in 1999, Falun Gong was driven underground, the organizational structure grew yet more informal within China, and the internet took precedence as a means of connecting practitioners.

2913: 2879:, Falun Gong has filed the largest number of human rights lawsuits in the 21st century and the charges are among the most severe international crimes defined by international criminal laws. As of 2006, 54 civil and criminal lawsuits were under way in 33 countries. In many instances, courts have refused to adjudicate the cases on the grounds of sovereign immunity. In late 2009, however, separate courts in Spain and Argentina indicted Jiang Zemin and Luo Gan on charges of "crimes of humanity" and genocide, and asked for their arrest—the ruling is acknowledged to be largely symbolic and unlikely to be carried out. The court in Spain also indicted 2589: 2509:

practitioners who fail to renounce their beliefs. Among them are cases of severe beatings; psychological torment, corporal punishment and forced intense, heavy-burden hard labor and stress positions; solitary confinement in squalid conditions; "heat treatment" including burning and freezing; electric shocks delivered to sensitive parts of the body that may result in nausea, convulsions, or fainting; "devastative" forced feeding; sticking bamboo strips into fingernails; deprivation of food, sleep, and use of toilet; rape and gang rape; asphyxiation; and threat, extortion, and termination of employment and student status.

2200:. The article cast qigong, and Falun Gong in particular, as superstitious and harmful for youth. Falun Gong practitioners responded by picketing the offices of the newspaper requesting a retraction of the article. Unlike past instances in which Falun Gong protests were successful, on 22 April the Tianjin demonstration was broken up by the arrival of three hundred riot police. Some of the practitioners were beaten, and forty-five arrested. Other Falun Gong practitioners were told that if they wished to appeal further, they needed to take the issue up with the Ministry of Public Security and go to Beijing to appeal. 2110:, was described as an example of "feudal superstition". The author wrote that the history of humanity is a "struggle between science and superstition", and called on Chinese publishers not to print "pseudo-scientific books of the swindlers". The article was followed by at least twenty more in newspapers nationwide. Soon after, on 24 July, the Central Propaganda Department banned all publication of Falun Gong books (though the ban was not consistently enforced). The state-administered Buddhist Association of China also began issuing criticisms of Falun Gong, urging lay Buddhists not to take up the practice. 864: 3030: 964:"includes virtue (which is a type of matter), it includes forbearance, it includes awakening to things, it includes giving up things—giving up all the desires and all the attachments that are found in an ordinary person—and you also have to endure hardship, to name just a few things." The elevation of one's moral character is achieved, on the one hand, by aligning one's life with truth, compassion, and tolerance; and on the other, by abandoning desires and "negative thoughts and behaviors, such as greed, profit, lust, desire, killing, fighting, theft, robbery, deception, jealousy, etc." 1007:). The former is generated through doing good deeds and suffering, while the latter is accumulated through doing wrong deeds. A person's ratio of karma to virtue is said to determine their fortunes in this life or the next. While virtue engenders good fortune and enables spiritual transformation, an accumulation of karma results in suffering, illness, and alienation from the nature of the universe. Spiritual elevation is achieved through the elimination of negative karma and the accumulation of virtue. Practitioners believe that through a process of moral cultivation, one can achieve 1561:, New Tang Dynasty, Sound of Hope Radio, and, as Lewis discusses, the Rachlin media group. Lewis reports that the Rachlin media group is the Falun Gong's de facto PR firm operated by Gail Rachlin, spokesperson for the Falun Dafa Information Centre. Lewis says that Amnesty International does not independently verify its reports from Falun Gong groups, accepting material directly from Falun Gong organizations as fact. According to Lewis, " has thus been able to influence other media via its presence on the web, through its direct press releases, and through its own media." 1955:

million, though some publications maintained an estimate of 40 million. The Falun Gong organization estimated in the same period that the total number of practitioners in China was between 70 and 80 million, though sociologist David A. Palmer notes these numbers were likely highly inflated and gives a more reasonable estimate of 10 million. Other sources have estimated the Falun Gong population in China to have peaked between 10 and 70 million practitioners. The number of Falun Gong practitioners still practicing in China today is difficult to confirm, though

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culture, and improving public morality. In December 1992, for instance, Li and several Falun Gong students participated in the Asian Health Expo in Beijing, where he reportedly "received the most praise at the fair, and achieved very good therapeutic results", according to the fair's organizer. The event helped cement Li's popularity, and journalistic reports of Falun Gong's healing powers spread. In 1993, Li received a letter of appreciation from the Ministry of Public Security for providing treatment to around 100 police officers injured while on duty.

2150:, "heretical teaching"). The report concluded that "no evidence has appeared thus far". The following year, however, on 21 July 1998, the Ministry of Public Security issued Document No. 555, "Notice of the Investigation of Falun Gong". The document asserted that Falun Gong is a "heretical teaching", and mandated that another investigation be launched to seek evidence in support of the conclusion. Falun Gong practitioners reported having phone lines tapped, homes ransacked and raided, and Falun Gong exercise sites disrupted by public security agents. 2429:

mid-1996 to mid-1999 between Falun Gong and the Chinese power elite over the status and treatment of the movement. According to Zhao, Falun Gong practitioners have established a "resistance identity"—one that stands against prevailing pursuits of wealth, power, scientific rationality, and "the entire value system associated with China's project of modernization." In China the practice represented an indigenous spiritual and moral tradition, a cultural revitalization movement, and it was a sharp contrast to "Marxism with Chinese characteristics".

2366:." Xinhua also asserted that "the so-called 'truth, kindness and forbearance' principle preached by has nothing in common with the socialist ethical and cultural progress we are striving to achieve", and it also argued that it was necessary to crush Falun Gong in order to preserve the "vanguard role and purity" of the Chinese Communist Party. Other articles which appeared in the state-run media in the first days and weeks after the ban was imposed posited that Falun Gong must be defeated because its "theistic" philosophy was at odds with the 1115: 4683:, p. 29: "According to the Falun Gong belief system, there are three virtues that are also principles of the universe: Zhen, Shan, and Ren (真, 善, 忍). Zhen is truthfulness and sincerity. Shan is compassion, benevolence, and kindness. Ren is forbearance, tolerance, and endurance. These three virtues are the only criteria that truly distinguish good people and bad people. Human society has deviated from these moral standards. All matter in the universe contains Zhen- Shan-Ren. All three are equally important." 1879:

organized into a nationwide network of assistance centers, "main stations", "branches", "guidance stations", and local practice sites, mirroring the structure of the qigong society or even of the CCP itself. Falun Gong assistants were self-selecting volunteers who taught the exercises, organized events, and disseminated new writings from Li Hongzhi. The Falun Dafa Research Society provided advice to students on meditation techniques, translation services, and coordination for the practice nationwide.

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Gong must "not hit back when attacked, not talk back when insulted." In addition, they must "abandon negative thoughts and behaviors", such as greed, deception, jealousy, etc. The teachings contain injunctions against smoking and the consumption of alcohol, as these are considered addictions that are detrimental to health and mental clarity. Practitioners of Falun Gong are forbidden to kill living things—including animals for the purpose of obtaining food—though they are not required to adopt a

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regular group meditation or study sessions in which they practice Falun Gong exercises and read Li Hongzhi's writings. The exercise and meditation sessions are described as informal groups of practitioners who gather in public parks—usually in the morning—for one to two hours. Group study sessions typically take place in the evenings in private residences or university or high school classrooms, and are described by David Ownby as "the closest thing to a regular 'congregational experience

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a greater following outside China. Following the launch of the CCP's suppression campaign against Falun Gong, the overseas presence became vital to the practice's resistance in China and its continued survival. Falun Gong practitioners overseas have responded to the persecution in China through regular demonstrations, parades, and through the creation of media outlets, performing arts companies, and censorship-circumvention software mainly intended to reach Mainland Chinese audiences.

1868: 1732: 822: 1180:. He also taught that "disgusting homosexuality shows the dirty abnormal psychology of the gay who has lost his ability of reasoning", and that homosexuality is a "filthy, deviant state of mind". Li additionally stated in a 1998 speech in Switzerland that the gods' "first target of annihilation would be homosexuals". Although gay, lesbian, and bisexual people may practice Falun Gong, founder Li stated that they must "give up the bad conduct" of all same-sex sexual activity. 1903:. Falun Gong founder and leader Li Hongzhi resides near the compound, along with "hundreds" of Falun Gong adherents. Members of Falun Gong extension Shen Yun live and rehearse in the compound, which also contains schools and temples. The compound is registered as a church, Dragon Springs Buddhist, which gives it tax exemptions and greater privacy. Scholar Andrew Junker noted that in 2019, near Dragon Springs, in Middletown, was an office for the Falun Gong media extension 2046:

expenses, and on some occasions, he donated the money earned to charitable causes. In 1994, Li ceased charging fees altogether, thereafter stipulating that Falun Gong must always be taught for free, and its teachings made available without charge (including online). Although some observers believe Li continued to earn substantial income through the sale of Falun Gong books, others dispute this, asserting that most Falun Gong books in circulation were bootleg copies.

12578: 1540:, digital production company NTD and the heavily advertised dance troupe Shen Yun make up the nonprofit network that Li calls "our media". Financial documents paint a complicated picture of more than a dozen technically separate organizations that appear to share missions, money and executives. Though the source of their revenue is unclear, the most recent financial records from each organization paint a picture of an overall business thriving in the Trump era. 2802:

exercises or raise banners in defense of the practice. These demonstrations were invariably broken up by security forces, and the practitioners involved were arrested—sometimes violently—and detained. By 25 April 2000, a total of more than 30,000 practitioners had been arrested on the square; seven hundred Falun Gong followers were arrested during a demonstration in the square on 1 January 2001. Public protests continued well into 2001. Writing for the

3044: 35: 1691: 1227:, published in Chinese in January 1995. The book is divided into nine "lectures", and was based on edited transcriptions of the talks Li gave throughout China in the preceding three years. Falun Gong texts have since been translated into an additional 40 languages. In addition to these central texts, Li has published several books, lectures, articles and books of poetry, which are made available on Falun Gong websites. 1851:

charge fees, conduct healings, or teach or interpret doctrine for others. There is no system of membership within the practice and no rituals of worship. Falun Gong operates through a global, networked, and largely virtual online community. In particular, electronic communications, email lists and a collection of websites are the primary means of coordinating activities and disseminating Li Hongzhi's teachings.

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exercises on a regular basis, preferably daily. Falun Gong exercises are practiced in group settings in parks, university campuses, and other public spaces in over 70 countries worldwide, and are taught for free by volunteers. In addition to five exercises, in 2001 another meditation activity was introduced called "sending righteous thoughts", which is intended to reduce persecution on the spiritual plane.

2341: 1380:, Li attributed the invention of computers and airplanes to extraterrestrials, as well as war and violence. However, his position on aliens seemed fairly inconsistent to observers Graeme Lang and Lu Yunfeng. Li purported that in general extraterrestrials disguise themselves as human in order to corrupt and manipulate humanity, but some practitioners only believe that to be metaphorical. In the 3011:

behavior). He also states that Christian conservatives do not support Falun Gong while they do Chinese Christians. Madsen charges that the American political center does not want to push the human rights issue so hard that it would disrupt commercial and political relations with China. Thus, Falun Gong practitioners have largely had to rely on their own resources in responding to suppression.

1779: 1929:"The purpose of setting up the dates was obvious", Huang said. Her now-husband, a former Dragon Springs resident, confirmed the account. Huang said she was told by Dragon Springs officials her visa had expired and was told to go back to Taiwan after months of dating a nonpractitioner in the compound. She later learned that her visa had not expired when she was told to leave the country. 808:, to his followers, Li is "a God-like figure who can levitate, walk through walls and see into the future. His ultra-conservative and controversial teachings include a rejection of modern science, art and medicine, and a denunciation of homosexuality, feminism and general worldliness." Hongzhi instructs his followers to downplay his controversial teachings when speaking to outsiders. 2161:, initiated his own investigation into Falun Gong. After months of investigations, his group concluded that "Falun Gong has hundreds of benefits for the Chinese people and China, and does not have one single bad effect." In May of the same year, China's National Sports Commission launched its own survey of Falun Gong. Based on interviews with over 12,000 Falun Gong practitioners in 2263:

advocating superstition and spreading fallacies, hoodwinking people, inciting and creating disturbances, and jeopardizing social stability". The same day, the Ministry of Public Security issued a circular forbidding citizens from practicing Falun Gong in groups, possessing Falun Gong's teachings, displaying Falun Gong banners or symbols, or protesting against the ban.

930:). These principles have been repeated by Falun Gong members to outsiders as a tactic for evading deeper inquiry, and followers have been instructed by Li to lie about the practice. Together these principles are regarded as the fundamental nature of the cosmos, the criteria for differentiating right from wrong, and are held to be the highest manifestations of the 2513:

the names and ranks of the alleged perpetrators. Many such reports include lists of the names of witnesses and descriptions of injuries, Tong says. The publication of "persistent abusive, often brutal behavior by named individuals with their official title, place, and time of torture" suggests that there is no official will to cease and desist such activities.

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2010, U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 605 called for "an immediate end to the campaign to persecute, intimidate, imprison, and torture Falun Gong practitioners", condemned the Chinese authorities' efforts to distribute "false propaganda" about the practice worldwide, and expressed sympathy to persecuted Falun Gong practitioners and their families.

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more organized the Falun Gong could be shown to be, then the more justified the regime's repression in the name of social order was." He concluded that Party's claims lacked "both internal and external substantiating evidence", and that despite the arrests and scrutiny, the authorities never "credibly countered Falun Gong rebuttals".

1859:" that Falun Gong offers. Individuals who are too busy, isolated, or who simply prefer solitude may elect to practice privately. When there are expenses to be covered (such as for the rental of facilities for large-scale conferences), costs are borne by self-nominated and relatively affluent individual members of the community. 1071:) and the absorption of good energy into the body. Through practice of this exercise, the practitioner aspires to cleanse and purify the body. The fourth exercise, "Falun Cosmic Orbit", seeks to circulate energy freely throughout the body. Unlike the first through fourth exercises, the fifth exercise is performed in the seated 2989:, pressure on Western institutions also takes more subtle forms, including academic self-censorship, whereby research on Falun Gong could result in a denial of visa for fieldwork in China; or exclusion and discrimination from business and community groups who have connections with China and fear angering Chinese government. 4723:, p. 124: "In addition, in Falun Gong cultivation adherence to the code of truth, compassion, and forbearance is not just regarded as the right and responsible course of action for practitioners; it is an essential part of the cultivation process. Lapsing from it will render any other efforts in cultivation worthless." 1934:

plant and a conversion of meditation space into residential space large enough to bring the total residential capacity to 500 people. These plans met with opposition from the Delaware Riverkeeper Network regarding the wastewater treatment facility and the elimination of local wetlands, impacting local waterways such as the

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genesis of the universe, time-space, and the human body. The practice draws on East Asian mysticism and traditional Chinese medicine, but claims to have the power to heal incurable illnesses. Falun Gong describes modern science as too limited, and views traditional Chinese research and practice as valid.

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Although the practice was beginning to attract an overseas constituency in the 1990s, it remained relatively unknown outside China until the Spring of 1999, when tensions between Falun Gong and the CCP became a subject of international media coverage. With the increased attention, the practice gained

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By late 2001, demonstrations in Tiananmen Square had become less frequent, and the practice was driven deeper underground. As public protest fell out of favor, practitioners established underground "material sites", which would produce literature and DVDs to counter the portrayal of Falun Gong in the

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In 2014, investigative journalist Ethan Gutmann published the result of his own investigation. Gutmann conducted extensive interviews with former detainees in Chinese labor camps and prisons, as well as former security officers and medical professionals with knowledge of China's transplant practices.

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In May 2008 two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated requests for the Chinese authorities to respond to the allegations, and to explain a source for the organs that would account for the sudden increase in organ transplants in China since 2000. Chinese officials have responded by denying the

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From 1992 to 1994, Li did charge fees for the seminars he was giving across China, though the fees were considerably lower than those of competing qigong practices, and the local qigong associations received a substantial share. Li justified the fees as being necessary to cover travel costs and other

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As part of its emphasis on ethical behavior, Falun Gong's teachings prescribe a strict personal morality for practitioners. They are expected to do good deeds, and conduct themselves with patience and forbearance when encountering difficulties. For instance, Li stipulates that a practitioner of Falun

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Several petitioners reported that the longest sentences and the worst treatment were meted out to members of the banned meditation group, Falungong, many of whom also petition in Beijing. Kang reported that of the roughly one thousand detainees in her labor camp in Jilin, most of them were Falungong

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Since 1999, numerous Western governments and human rights organizations have expressed condemnation of the Chinese government's suppression of Falun Gong. Since 1999, members of the United States Congress have made public pronouncements and introduced several resolutions in support of Falun Gong. In

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Li Hongzhi began teaching Falun Gong internationally in March 1995. His first stop was in Paris where, at the invitation of the Chinese ambassador, he held a lecture seminar at the PRC embassy. This was followed by lectures in Sweden in May 1995. Between 1995 and 1999, Li gave lectures in the United

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In February, 2001, the month following the Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident, Jiang Zemin convened a rare Central Work Conference to stress the importance of continuity in the anti-Falun Gong campaign and unite senior party officials behind the effort. Under Jiang's leadership, the crackdown

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reported that prior to the self-immolation incident, many Chinese had felt that Falun Gong posed no real threat, and that the state's crackdown had gone too far. After the event, however, the mainland Chinese media campaign against Falun Gong gained significant traction. As public sympathy for Falun

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were practitioners, though the Falun Dafa Information Center disputed this, on the grounds that the movement's teachings explicitly forbid suicide and killing, further alleging that the event was "a cruel (but clever) piece of stunt-work." The incident received international news coverage, and video

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Despite Party efforts, initial charges leveled against Falun Gong failed to elicit widespread popular support for the persecution of the group. In the months following July 1999, the rhetoric in the state-run press escalated to include charges that Falun Gong was colluding with foreign, "anti-China"

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China scholars Daniel Wright and Joseph Fewsmith stated that for several months after Falun Gong was outlawed, China Central Television's evening news contained little but anti-Falun Gong rhetoric; the government operation was "a study in all-out demonization", they wrote. Falun Gong was compared to

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The cases appear verifiable, and the great majority identify (1) the individual practitioner, often with age, occupation, and residence; (2) the time and location that the alleged abuse took place, down to the level of the district, township, village, and often the specific jail institution; and (3)

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By the late 1990s, the Chinese government's relationship to the growing Falun Gong movement had become increasingly tense. Reports of discrimination and surveillance by the Public Security Bureau were escalating, and Falun Gong practitioners were routinely organizing sit-in demonstrations responding

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By 1999, estimates provided by the State Sports Commission suggested there were 70 million Falun Gong practitioners in China. An anonymous employee of China's National Sports Commission, was at this time quoted in an interview with U.S. News & World Report as speculating that if 100 million

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Falun Gong's departure from the state-run CQRS corresponded to a wider shift in the government's attitudes towards qigong practices. As qigong's detractors in government grew more influential, authorities began attempting to rein in the growth and influence of these groups, some of which had amassed

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In March 1996, Falun Gong withdrew from the CQRS in response to mounting disagreements, after which time it operated outside the official sanction of the state. Falun Gong representatives attempted to register with other government entities, but were rebuffed. Li and Falun Gong were then outside the

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In 1995, Chinese authorities began looking to Falun Gong to solidify its organizational structure and ties to the party-state. Li was approached by the Chinese National Sports Committee, Ministry of Public Health, and China Qigong Science Research Association (CQRS) to jointly establish a Falun Gong

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Following the persecution of Falun Gong in 1999, Chinese authorities sought to portray Falun Gong as a hierarchical and well-funded organization. James Tong writes that it was in the government's interest to portray Falun Gong as highly organized in order to justify its repression of the group: "The

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Falun Gong exercises can be practiced individually or in group settings, and can be performed for varying lengths of time in accordance with the needs and abilities of the individual practitioner. Porter writes that practitioners of Falun Gong are encouraged to read Falun Gong books and practice its

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report on religious freedom in China stated that "Falun Gong practitioners reported societal discrimination in employment, housing, and business opportunities". According to the same report: "Prior to the government's 1999 ban on Falun Gong, the government estimated there were 70 million adherents.

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The polemics against Falun Gong were part of a larger movement opposing qigong organizations in the state-run media. Although Falun Gong was not the only target of the media criticism, nor the only group to protest, theirs was the most mobilized and steadfast response. Many of Falun Gong's protests

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In 1993, the Beijing-based Falun Dafa Research Society was accepted as a branch of the state-run China Qigong Research Society (CQRS), which oversaw the administration of the country's various qigong schools, and sponsored activities and seminars. As per the requirements of the CQRS, Falun Gong was

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Spiritual authority is vested exclusively in the teachings of founder Li Hongzhi. Volunteer "assistants" or "contact persons" do not hold authority over other practitioners, regardless of how long they have practiced Falun Gong. Li stipulates that practitioners of Falun Gong cannot collect money or

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movement, and the existence of these skills gained a level of mainstream acceptance in China's scientific community in the 1980s.Falun Gong's teachings hold that practitioners can acquire supernatural skills through a combination of moral cultivation, meditation and exercises. These include—but are

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movement in China in 1992, combining meditation, qigong exercises, and moral teachings rooted in Buddhist and Taoist traditions. While supported by some government agencies, Falun Gong's rapid growth and independence from state control led several top officials to perceive it as a threat, resulting

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asserted on 27 July 1999, that the fight against Falun Gong "was a struggle between theism and atheism, superstition and science, idealism and materialism." Other editorials declared that Falun Gong's "idealism and theism" are "absolutely contradictory to the fundamental theories and principles of

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voiced concerns over having "received credible information that detainees from ethnic, linguistic or religious minorities may be forcibly subjected to blood tests and organ examinations such as ultrasound and x-rays, without their informed consent; while other prisoners are not required to undergo

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during the Trump administration in 2020, Pack tied up $ 19 million in federal funds from other projects for the Ultrasurf project. Numerous other projects, including other secure communication projects, lost funding during this period. Ultrasoft eventually received $ 249,000 of the allotted funds.

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Adherents of Falun Gong first developed Ultrasurf nearly two decades ago to get around censors in China and elsewhere. Early on, Ultrasurf seemed a highly promising tool in aiding activists and journalists to talk securely online. It earlier received development money from the State Department and

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rectification, life will be reordered according to the moral and spiritual quality of each, with good people being saved and ascending to higher spiritual planes, and bad ones being eliminated or cast down. In this paradigm, Li assumes the role of rectifying the Dharma by disseminating through his

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Traditional Chinese cultural thought and opposition to modernity are two focuses of Li Hongzhi's teachings. Falun Gong echoes traditional Chinese beliefs that humans are connected to the universe through mind and body, and Li seeks to challenge "conventional mentalities", concerning the nature and

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implemented a ban on Falun Gong, categorizing it as an "illegal organization". Mass arrests, widespread torture and abuses followed. In 2008, U.S. government reports cited estimates that as much as half of China's labor camp population was made up of Falun Gong practitioners. In 2009, human rights

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intercepted eight cable television networks in Jilin Province, and for nearly an hour, televised a program titled "Self-Immolation or a Staged Act?". All six of the Falun Gong practitioners involved were captured over the next few months. Two were killed immediately, while the other four were all

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official media. Practitioners then distribute these materials, often door-to-door. Falun Gong sources estimated in 2009 that over 200,000 such sites exist across China today. The production, possession, or distribution of these materials is frequently grounds for security agents to incarcerate or

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argued that applying the 'cult' label to Falun Gong effectively "cloaked the government's crackdown with the legitimacy of the West's anticult movement." He wrote that Falun Gong does not satisfy common definitions of a cult: "its members marry outside the group, have outside friends, hold normal

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Human Rights Watch commented that the crackdown on Falun Gong reflects historical efforts by the CCP to eradicate religion, which the government believes is inherently subversive. The Chinese government protects five "patriotic", state-sanctioned religious groups. Unregistered religions that fall

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camps as well as practitioners who are currently being held in prisons and other forms of administrative detention. Former detainees of the labor camp system have reported that Falun Gong practitioners comprise one of the largest groups of prisoners; in some labor camp and prison facilities, they

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Following its departure from the CQRS in 1996, Falun Gong came under increased scrutiny from authorities and responded by adopting a more decentralized and loose organizational structure. In 1997, the Falun Dafa Research Society was formally dissolved, along with the regional "main stations". Yet

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articles covering the group and articles related to it. Lewis highlights Falun Gong's extensive internet presence, and how editors who have to date contributed to English Knowledge entries associated with Falun Gong to the point where "Falun Gong followers and/or sympathizers de facto control the

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Adam Frank writes that in reporting on the Falun Gong, the Western tradition of casting the Chinese as "exotic" took dominance, and that while the facts were generally correct in Western media coverage, "the normalcy that millions of Chinese practitioners associated with the practice had all but

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was published in July 2006, and concluded that "the government of China and its agencies in numerous parts of the country, in particular hospitals but also detention centers and 'people's courts', since 1999 have put to death a large but unknown number of Falun Gong prisoners of conscience." The

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Yuezhi Zhao points to several other factors that may have led to a deterioration of the relationship between Falun Gong and the Chinese state and media. These included infighting within China's qigong establishment, the influence of qigong opponents among leaders of China, and the struggles from

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The aim of the ensuing campaign was to "eradicate" the group through a combination of means which included the publication and distribution of propaganda which denounced it and the imprisonment and coercive thought reform of its practitioners, sometimes resulting in deaths. In October 1999, four

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According to David Ownby, Professor of History and Director of the Center for East Asian Studies at the Université de Montréal, Li became an "instant star of the qigong movement", and Falun Gong was embraced by the government as an effective means of lowering health care costs, promoting Chinese

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Prior to July 1999, official Chinese government estimates placed the number of Falun Gong practitioners at 70 million nationwide, rivalling membership in the CCP. By the time of the persecution on 22 July 1999, most Chinese government numbers said the population of Falun Gong was between 2 and 3

1933:

Acquired by Falun Gong in 2000, the site is closed to visitors and features guarded gates, has been a point of contention for some Deer Park residents concerned. In 2019, Falun Gong requested to expand the site, wishing to add a 920-seat concert hall, a new parking garage, a wastewater treatment

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The first exercises, called "Buddha Stretching a Thousand Arms", are intended to facilitate the free flow of energy through the body and open up the meridians. The second exercise, "Falun Standing Stance", involves holding four static poses—each of which resembles holding a wheel—for an extended

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Richard Madsen writes that Falun Gong lacks robust backing from the American constituencies that usually support religious freedom. For instance, Falun Gong's conservative moral beliefs have alienated some liberal constituencies in the West (e.g. its teachings against promiscuity and homosexual

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On 20 July 1999, security forces abducted and detained thousands of Falun Gong practitioners who they identified as leaders. Two days later, on 22 July, the PRC Ministry of Civil Affairs outlawed the Falun Dafa Research Society as an illegal organization that was "engaged in illegal activities,

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Jiang is held by Falun Gong to be personally responsible for this decision to persecute Falun Gong. Peerman cited reasons such as suspected personal jealousy of Li Hongzhi; Saich points to Jiang's anger at Falun Gong's widespread appeal, and ideological struggle as causes for the crackdown that

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Anti-Falun Gong propaganda efforts have also permeated the Chinese education system. Following Jiang Zemin's 1999 ban of Falun Gong, then-Minister of Education Chen Zhili launched an active campaign to promote the Party's line on Falun Gong within all levels of academic institutions, including

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The government-sponsored image of the conversion process emphasizes psychological persuasion and a variety of "soft-sell" techniques; this is the "ideal norm" in regime reports, according to Tong. Falun Gong reports, on the other hand, depict "disturbing and sinister" forms of coercion against

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Observers have attempted to explain the Party's rationale for banning Falun Gong as stemming from a variety of factors. Many of these explanations centre on institutional causes, such as Falun Gong's size and popularity, its independence from the state, and internal politics within the Chinese

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The Falun Gong community quickly mobilized a response, and on the morning of 25 April, upwards of 10,000 practitioners gathered near the central appeals office to demand an end to the escalating harassment against the movement, and request the release of the Tianjin practitioners. According to

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groups, making particular mention of Falun Gong. Falun Gong practitioners responded with peaceful protests and by lobbying the station for a retraction. The reporter responsible for the program was reportedly fired, and a program favorable to Falun Gong was aired several days later. Falun Gong

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Outside Mainland China, a network of volunteer 'contact persons', regional Falun Dafa Associations and university clubs exist in approximately 80 countries. Li Hongzhi's teachings are principally spread through the Internet. In most mid- to large-sized cities, Falun Gong practitioners organize

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In the West, Falun Gong is frequently classified as a religion on the basis of its theological and moral teachings, its concerns with spiritual cultivation and transformation, and its extensive body of scripture. Falun Gong practitioners themselves have sometimes disavowed this classification,

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or celestial eye). However, Falun Gong stresses that these powers can be developed only as a result of moral practice, and should not be pursued or casually displayed. According to David Ownby, Falun Gong teaches that "pride in one's abilities, or the desire to show off, are marks of dangerous

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exists and that different people's reincarnation processes are overseen by different gods. To re-ascend and return to the "original, true self", Falun Gong practitioners are supposed to assimilate themselves to the qualities of truthfulness, compassion and tolerance, let go of "attachments and

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To counter the support of Falun Gong in the West, the Chinese government expanded their efforts against the group internationally. This included visits to newspaper officers by diplomats to "extol the virtues of Communist China and the evils of Falun Gong", linking support for Falun Gong with

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Although it receives public funding, both its creators and owners have rejected attempts at allowing outside parties to review its effectiveness and utility. A 2020 audit by the U.S. State Department concluded that "censoring Ultrasurf nation-wide would have been trivial for a moderate-budget

1528:

The Epoch Media Group, along with Shen Yun, a dance troupe known for its ubiquitous advertising and unsettling performances, make up the outreach effort of Falun Gong, a relatively new spiritual practice that combines ancient Chinese meditative exercises, mysticism and often ultraconservative

4963:, p. 93: "One finds few lists of do's and don'ts in Li's writings, nor are there sophisticated ethical discussions. Instead, followers are advised to rid themselves of unnecessary "attachments", to do what they know is right, and hence to return to "the origin", to their "original self". 2801:

Falun Gong's response to the persecution in China began in July 1999 with appeals to local, provincial, and central petitioning offices in Beijing. It soon progressed to larger demonstrations, with hundreds of Falun Gong practitioners traveling daily to Tiananmen Square to perform Falun Gong

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principles that prohibit the sale of human organs without written consent from donors. Responding to a U.S. House of Representatives Resolution calling for an end to abusing transplant practices against religious and ethnic minorities, a Chinese embassy spokesperson said "the so-called organ

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Demographic surveys conducted in China in 1998 found a population that was mostly female and elderly. Of 34,351 Falun Gong practitioners surveyed, 27% were male and 73% female. Only 38% were under 50 years old. Falun Gong attracted a range of other individuals, from young college students to

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discourse: " evocation of a different vision of Chinese tradition and its contemporary values are now so threatening to the state and the party because it denies them the sole right to define the meaning of Chinese nationalism, and it even denies them the sole right to define the meaning of

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Falun Gong doctrine counsels against participation in political or social issues. Excessive interest in politics is viewed as an attachment to worldly power and influence, and Falun Gong aims for transcendence of such pursuits. According to Hu Ping, "Falun Gong deals only with purifying the

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In addition to these things, practitioners of Falun Gong must abandon a variety of worldly attachments and desires. In the course of cultivation practice, the student of Falun Gong aims to relinquish the pursuit of fame, monetary gain, sentimentality, and other entanglements. Li's teachings

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The practice's founder, Li Hongzhi, was largely absent from the country during the period of rising tensions with the government. In March 1995, Li had left China to first teach his practice in France and then other countries, and in 1998 obtained permanent residency in the United States.

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Falun Gong's growth outside China largely corresponded to the migration of students from Mainland China to the West in the early-to-mid-1990s. Falun Gong associations and clubs began appearing in Europe, North America and Australia, with activities centered mainly on university campuses.

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Province. Several months later, in September 1992, Falun Gong was admitted as a branch of qigong under the administration of the state-run China Qigong Scientific Research Society (CQRS). Li was recognized as a qigong master, and was authorized to teach his practice nationwide. Like many

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After visiting in 2019, Junker noted that "the secrecy of Dragon Springs was obvious and a source of tension for the town." Junker adds that, Dragon Springs's website says its restricted access is for security reasons, and that the site claims the compound contains orphans and refugees.

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published a collection of nine editorials that presented a critical history of the Chinese Communist Party. This catalyzed the Tuidang movement, which encourages Chinese citizens to renounce their affiliations to the Chinese Communist Party, including ex post facto renunciations of the

2121:'s 1982 'Triple No' directive, which prohibited the media from either encouraging or criticizing qigong practices. In other instances, Falun Gong practitioners staged peaceful demonstrations outside media or local government offices to request retractions of perceived unfair coverage. 2645:

In June 2019, the China Tribunal—an independent tribunal set up by the International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse in China—concluded that detainees including imprisoned followers of the Falun Gong movement are still being killed for organ harvesting. The Tribunal, chaired by Sir

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found that he had underestimated. In the new report he found that the government's official estimates for the volume of organs harvested since the persecution of Falun Gong began to be 150,000 to 200,000. Media outlets have extrapolated from this study a death toll of 1.5 million.

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traditions. Benjamin Penny writes "the best way to describe Falun Gong is as a cultivation system. Cultivation systems have been a feature of Chinese life for at least 2,500 years." Qigong practices can also be understood as a part of a broader tradition of "cultivation practice".

1922:... said that life in Dragon Springs is tightly controlled by Li, that internet access is restricted, the use of medicines is discouraged, and arranged relationships are common. Two former residents on visas said they were offered to be set up with U.S. residents at the compound. 2691:'truth, kindness and forbearance' principle preached by has nothing in common with the socialist ethical and cultural progress we are striving to achieve." Suppressing Falun Gong was presented as a necessary step to maintaining the "vanguard role" of the CCP in Chinese society. 2182:

to media articles they deemed to be unfair. The conflicting investigations launched by the Ministry of the Public Security on one side and the State Sports Commission and Qiao Shi on the other spoke of the disagreements among China's elites on how to regard the growing practice.

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As of 2008, the most commonly reported reasons for being attracted to Falun Gong were intellectual content, cultivation exercises, and health benefits. Non-Chinese Falun Gong practitioners tend to fit the profile of "spiritual seekers"—people who had tried a variety of qigong,

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similarly writes that Falun Gong presented a comprehensive challenge to the CCP's legitimacy. Shue argues that Chinese rulers have historically derived their legitimacy from their claim to possess an exclusive connection to the "Truth". In imperial China, truth was based on a

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International observers believe that Falun Gong practitioners constitute a large percentage—some say as many as half—of the total number of Chinese imprisoned in RTL camps. Falun Gong sources report that at least 200,000 practitioners are being held in RTL and other forms of

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against negative media portrayals were successful, resulting in the retraction of several newspaper stories critical of the practice. This contributed to practitioners' belief that the media claims against them were false or exaggerated, and that their stance was justified.

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period. The objective of this exercise is to "enhances wisdom, increases strength, raises a person's level, and strengthens divine powers". The third, "Penetrating the Cosmic Extremes", involves three sets of movements, which aim to enable the expulsion of bad energy (e.g.,

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Benjamin Penny, practitioners sought redress from the leadership of the country by going to them and, "albeit very quietly and politely, making it clear that they would not be treated so shabbily." They sat or read quietly on the sidewalks surrounding the Zhongnanhai.

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The Chinese government's campaign against Falun Gong was driven by large-scale propaganda through television, newspapers, radio and internet. The propaganda campaign focused on allegations that Falun Gong jeopardized social stability, was deceiving and dangerous, was

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such examinations." The press release stated that UN's human rights experts "were extremely alarmed by reports of alleged 'organ harvesting' targeting minorities, including Falun Gong practitioners, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Muslims and Christians, in detention in China."

3738:[In Germany there is a large number of alternative news platforms from the far-right. The Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019 names Junge Freiheit, Compact online, PI News and Epoch Times as the platforms with the most frequent use (Newman 2019: 86).] 773:

in periodic acts of harassment in the late 1990s. On April 25, 1999, over 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners gathered peacefully outside the central government compound in Beijing, seeking official recognition of the right to practice their faith without interference.

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As of 2020, Pack, along with other USAGM officials he did not fire during his time there, faced a criminal inquiry in response to whistleblower allegations that the "concerted effort to divert funds to the Falun Gong software Ultrasurf was a criminal conspiracy".

3001:, has said most Americans are aware of the suppression of "Tibetan Buddhists and unregistered Christian groups or pro-democracy and free speech advocates such as Liu Xiaobo and Ai Weiwei", and yet "know little to nothing about China's assault on the Falun Gong". 3735:

In Deutschland existiert eine Vielzahl an alternativen Nachrichten-Plattformen von Rechtsaußen. Der Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019 nennt Junge Freiheit, Compact online, PI News und Epoch Times als Plattformen mit der häufigsten Nutzung (Newman 2019:

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disappeared." David Ownby wrote that alongside these tactics, the "cult" label applied to Falun Gong by the Chinese authorities never entirely went away in the minds of some Westerners, and the stigma still plays a role in wary public perceptions of Falun Gong.

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Translations of Falun Gong teachings began appearing in the late 1990s. As the practice began proliferating outside China, Li Hongzhi was beginning to receive recognition in the United States and elsewhere in the western world. In May 1999, Li was welcomed to

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More than half of our 13 interviewees remarked on the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners in RTL camps. They said Falun Gong practitioners make up one of the largest groups of detainees in the camp, and that they are often persecuted because of their

1441:. Moreover, if Falun Gong had described itself as a religion in China, it likely would have invited immediate suppression. These historical and cultural circumstances notwithstanding, the practice has often been described as a form of Chinese religion. 4108:

Facebook's data on the first quarter of this year shows that one of its most popular pages was an article by The Epoch Times, a far-right newspaper that has promoted QAnon conspiracy theories and misleading claims of voter fraud related to the 2020 US

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report recognized the need for the US government to fund high-performing technologies like Ultrasurf and Freegate, despite the stress it might cause on the U.S.-China relationship, but recommended the US government diversify the technologies it funds.

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Li says that he is a being who has come to help humankind from the destruction it could face as the result of rampant evil. When asked if he was a human being, Li replied "You can think of me as a human being." According to the founder Li in his book,

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In addition to its moral philosophy, Falun Gong consists of four standing exercises and one sitting meditation. The exercises are regarded as secondary to moral elevation, though are still an essential component of Falun Gong cultivation practice.

9201: 1982:. The average age was approximately 40. Among survey respondents, 56% were female and 44% male; 80% were married. The surveys found the respondents to be highly educated: 9% held PhDs, 34% had master's degrees, and 24% had a bachelor's degree. 1362:, Falun Gong does not fixate on death or the end of the world, and instead "has a simple, innocuous ethical message". Li Hongzhi does not discuss a "time of reckoning", and has rejected predictions of an impending apocalypse in his teachings. 2444:

cosmology, where in the case of the Communist Party, the truth is represented by Marxist–Leninism and historical materialism. Falun Gong challenged the Marxist–Leninism paradigm, reviving an understanding which is based on more traditionally

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it can be discerned how Falun Gong is building a "de facto media alliance" with China's democracy movements in exile, as demonstrated by its frequent printing of articles by prominent overseas Chinese critics of the PRC government. In 2004,

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Although the persecution of Falun Gong has drawn considerable condemnation outside China, some observers assert that Falun Gong has failed to attract the level of sympathy and sustained attention afforded to other Chinese dissident groups.

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journalist Phillip Pan wrote that the two self-immolators who died were not actually Falun Gong practitioners. On March 21, 2001, Liu Siying suddenly died after appearing very lively and being deemed ready to leave the hospital to go home.

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Weisskircher, Manès (11 September 2020). "Neue Wahrheiten von rechts außen? Alternative Nachrichten und der 'Rechtspopulismus' in Deutschland" [New truths from the far-right? Alternative news and 'right-wing populism' in Germany].

2473:, which brought the Chinese Communists to power. Patsy Rahn (2002) describes a paradigm of conflict between Chinese sectarian groups and the rulers who they often challenge. According to Rahn, the history of this paradigm goes back to the 1925:

Tiger Huang, a former Dragon Springs resident who was on a United States student visa from Taiwan, said she was set up on three dates on the compound, and she believed her ability to stay in the United States was tied to the arrangement.

1404:

describes Falun Gong as "a multifaceted and totalizing movement that means different things to different people, ranging from a set of physical exercises and a praxis of transformation to a moral philosophy and a new knowledge system."

7324:

Buddhist Law, led by a qigong master named Li Hongzhi, claims to have more than 100 million followers. Even if that is an exaggeration, the government's estimate of 70 million practitioners represents a large group in a nation of

1942:. Local residents opposed the expansion because it would increase traffic and reduce the rural character of the area. Falun Gong adherents living in the area have claimed that they have experienced discrimination from local residents. 1126:

world. Falun Gong practitioners are required to maintain regular jobs and family lives, to observe the laws of their respective governments, and are instructed not to distance themselves from society. An exception is made for Buddhist

875:

According to the Falun Gong, the Falun Gong aspires to enable the practitioner to ascend spiritually through moral rectitude and the practice of a set of exercises and meditation. The three stated tenets of the belief are truthfulness

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bureaucrats, intellectuals and Party officials. Surveys in China from the 1990s found that between 23 and 40% of practitioners held university degrees at the college or graduate level—several times higher than the general population.

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estimated from this update that 60,000 to 110,000 organs are harvested in China annually observing that it is (paraphrasing): "difficult but plausible to harvest 3 organs from a single body" and also calls the harvest "a new form of

7351:

Beijing puts the tally of followers in his mystical movement at 70 million. Its practitioners say they do not dispute those numbers. But they say they have no way of knowing for sure, in part because they have no central membership

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It teaches morality and acceptance, just what the Beijing government likes to see. But, with more members than the Communist Party—at least 70 million, according to the State Sports Administration—Falun is also a formidable social

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According to James Tong, the regime aimed at both coercive dissolution of the Falun Gong denomination and "transformation" of the practitioners. By 2000, the Party escalated its campaign by sentencing "recidivist" practitioners to

1629:

In recent years, Ultrasurf has been a major point of contention in large part because it is not open source, meaning that it cannot be reviewed by outside engineers for vulnerabilities and back doors. Additionally, as reported by

2817:

In 2002, Falun Gong activists in China tapped into television broadcasts, replacing regular state-run programming with their own content. One of the more notable instances occurred in March 2002, when Falun Gong practitioners in

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groups in its emphasis on morality, low cost, and health benefits. It rapidly spread via word-of-mouth, attracting a wide range of practitioners from all walks of life, including numerous members of the Chinese Communist Party.

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report on the circumvention landscape in 2007 found Ultrasurf's performance to be "the best of any tool tested in filtering countries, the only tool to display okay speed for both image heavy and simple, text oriented sites." A

1014:

Falun Gong's teachings posit that human beings are originally and innately good—even divine—but that they descended into a realm of delusion and suffering after developing selfishness and accruing karma. The practice holds that

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repeatedly emphasize the emptiness of material pursuits; although practitioners of Falun Gong are not encouraged to leave their jobs or eschew money, they are expected to give up the psychological attachments to these things.

2211:

and other senior officials to negotiate a resolution. The Falun Gong representatives were assured that the regime supported physical exercises for health improvements and did not consider the Falun Gong to be anti-government.

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According to Johnson, the campaign against Falun Gong extends to many aspects of society, including the media apparatus, the police force, the military, the education system, and workplaces. An extra-constitutional body, the

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and that one's soul (original spirit) always maintains single racial identity despite having a body of mixed race. Investigative journalist Ethan Gutmann noted that interracial marriage is common in the Falun Gong community.

4493:

Some foreign observers estimated that at least half of the 250,000 officially recorded inmates in the country's re-education-through-labor camps were Falun Gong adherents. Falun Gong sources overseas placed the number even

2505:, where Falun Gong practitioners were organized to view anti-Falun Gong television programs and enroll in Marxism and materialism study sessions. Traditional Marxism and materialism were the core content of the sessions. 2568:

In 2006, allegations emerged that a large number of Falun Gong practitioners had been killed to supply China's organ transplant industry. These allegations prompted an investigation by former Canadian Secretary of State

1412:), a process by which an individual seeks spiritual perfection, often through both physical and moral conditioning. Varieties of cultivation practice are found throughout Chinese history, spanning Buddhist, Daoist, and 9482: 9647:

Powers, John and Meg Y. M. Lee. "Dueling Media: Symbolic Conflict in China's Falun Gong Suppression Campaign" in Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution, by Guo-Ming Chen and Ringo Ma (2001), Greenwood Publishing

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Hundreds of thousands of Falun Gong practitioners are estimated to have been extrajudicially imprisoned, and practitioners who are currently in detention are reportedly subjected to forced labor, psychiatric abuse,

948:

The nature of the cosmos doesn't change, and it is the only standard for determining who's good and who's bad. So to be a cultivator you have to take the nature of the cosmos as your guide for improving yourself."

2477:: "The pattern of a ruling power keeping a watchful eye on sectarian groups, at times threatened by them, at times raising campaigns against them, began as early as the second century and continued throughout the 9392: 4695:, p. 93: "The very structure of the universe, according to Li Hongzhi, is made up of the moral qualities that cultivators are enjoined to practice in their own lives: truth, compassion, and forbearance." 8868: 4437: 10044: 9198: 1634:, since the 2000s, the software has drawn criticism "for its content filtering (which blocks pornography) and its ability to surveil user traffic, which is often impossible by design in competing tools". 4881:, p. 93: "The goal of cultivation, and hence of life itself, is spiritual elevation, achieved through eliminating negative karma—the built-up sins of past and present lives—and accumulating virtue." 2416:

wrote that the party feels increasingly threatened by any belief system that challenges its ideology and has an ability to organize itself. That Falun Gong, whose belief system represented a revival of

2550:

Chinese authorities do not publish statistics on Falun Gong practitioners killed amidst the crackdown. In individual cases, however, authorities have denied that deaths in custody were due to torture.

2521:

Due to the difficulty in corroborating reports of torture deaths in China, estimates of the number of Falun Gong practitioners who have been killed as a result of the persecution vary widely. In 2009,

10212: 9781: 5149: 2425:, "Jiang accepts the threat of Falun Gong as an ideological one: spiritual beliefs against militant atheism and historical materialism. He to purge the government and the military of such beliefs." 6897: 2617:... It remains to be seen how it could be possible that organ transplant surgeries in Chinese hospitals have risen massively since 1999, while there are never that many voluntary donors available." 2875:

Falun Gong practitioners outside China have filed dozens of lawsuits against Jiang Zemin, Luo Gan, Bo Xilai, and other Chinese officials alleging genocide and crimes against humanity. According to

2826:

Outside China, Falun Gong practitioners established international media organizations to gain wider exposure for their cause and challenge narratives of the Chinese state-run media. These include

1358:, argues that Li's teachings are better understood in the context of a "Buddhist notion of the cycle of the Dharma or the Buddhist law". Richard Gunde wrote that, unlike apocalyptic groups in the 1162:

Sexual desire and lust are treated as attachments to be discarded, though Falun Gong students are still generally expected to marry and have families. All sexual relations outside the confines of

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results of these entries, and how the entries can influence other media entities. Lewis notes also how this fits in as part of Falun Gong's general media strategy, such as Falun Gong media like

2158: 697:

Led by Li Hongzhi, who is viewed by adherents as a deity-like figure, Falun Gong practitioners operate a variety of organizations in the United States and elsewhere, including the dance troupe

7611: 1994:, who specializes in studying modern Chinese culture, Chinese scientists with doctorates from prestigious American universities who practice Falun Gong claim that modern physics (for example, 7276: 6593: 6277: 3943: 3489: 3354: 2898:, alleging that the company helped design and implement a surveillance system for the Chinese government to suppress Falun Gong. Cisco denied customizing their technology for this purpose. 6400: 3380: 1400:. The organization is regularly featured in handbooks describing new religious movements. While commonly described by scholars as a new religious movement, adherents may reject this term. 9452: 4574: 1238:. This, coupled with the literal translation style of the texts, which imitate the colloquial style of Li's speeches, can make Falun Gong scriptures difficult to approach for Westerners. 2067:

association. Li declined the offer. The same year, the CQRS issued a new regulation mandating that all qigong denominations establish a Chinese Communist Party branch. Li again refused.

4625: 4095: 1308:), described in Buddhist scriptures as an age of moral decline when the teachings of Buddhism would need to be rectified. The current era is described in Falun Gong's teachings as the " 5825: 4048: 9161: 6863: 2165:

province, they stated that they were "convinced the exercises and effects of Falun Gong are excellent. It has done an extraordinary amount to improve society's stability and ethics."

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Chen, Chiung Hwang. "Framing Falun Gong: Xinhua News Agency's Coverage of the New Religious Movement in China", Asian Journal of Communication, Vol. 15 No. 1 (2005), pp. 16–36.

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Willy Wo-Lap Lam writes that Jiang Zemin's campaign against Falun Gong may have been used to promote allegiance to himself; Lam quotes one party veteran as saying "by unleashing a

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State propaganda initially used the appeal of scientific rationalism to argue that Falun Gong's worldview was in "complete opposition to science" and communism. For example, the

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Falun Gong software developers in the United States are also responsible for the creation of several popular censorship-circumvention tools employed by internet users in China.

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In this time period, even as criticism of qigong and Falun Gong mounted in some circles, the practice maintained a number of high-profile supporters in the government. In 1998,

9504: 7966: 1650:

Once receiving funding, only "four people abroad used it to access Voice of America and Radio Free Asia, a key purpose for its subsidy" during December 2020 and January 2021.

9474: 2002:'s function) provide a scientific basis for their beliefs. From their point of view, "Falun Dafa is knowledge rather than religion, a new form of science rather than faith". 3665:

Kaiser, Jonas (2019). "In the heartland of climate scepticism: A hyperlink network analysis of German climate sceptics and the US right wing". In Forchtner, Bernard (ed.).

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government. Other scholars have noted that Chinese authorities were troubled by Falun Gong's moral and spiritual content, which put it at odds with aspects of the official

10170: 9049:(6 July 2006, revised 31 January 2007) An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China organharvestinvestigation.net 2482: 2070:

Tensions continued to mount between Li and the CQRS in 1996. In the face of Falun Gong's rise in popularity—a large part of which was attributed to its low cost—competing

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in the 1990s, and then spread nationwide. Gutmann estimates that some 64,000 Falun Gong prisoners may have been killed for their organs between the years 2000 and 2008.

2395: 10473: 9384: 2711:). A direct translation of that term is "heretical teaching", but during the anti-Falun Gong propaganda campaign was rendered as "evil cult" in English. According to a 1473:

are the major outreach organizations of Falun Gong. Both promote the spiritual and political teachings of Falun Gong. They and a variety of other organizations such as

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Falun Gong in China: Review and Update: Hearing before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, December 18, 2012

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Falun Gong was initially shielded from the mounting criticism, but following its withdrawal from the CQRS in March 1996, it lost this protection. On 17 June 1996, the

6833: 5855: 2351:, the official news organization of the Chinese government, declared that Falun Gong is "opposed to the Communist Party of China and the central government, preaches 2308:

comprise the majority of the detainees, and they are often said to receive the longest sentences and the worst treatment. A 2013 report on labor reeducation camps by

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said at least 100 Falun Gong practitioners had reportedly died in the 2008 calendar year, either in custody or shortly after their release. Investigative journalist

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Hu Ping, "The Falun Gong Phenomenon", in Challenging China: Struggle and Hope in an Era of Change, Sharon Hom and Stacy Mosher (ed) (New York: The New Press, 2007).

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had taken up Falun Gong and other forms of qigong there would be a dramatic reduction of health care costs and that "Premier Zhu Rongji is very happy about that."

2030:

masters at the time, Li toured major cities in China from 1992 to 1994 to teach the practice. He was granted a number of awards by PRC governmental organizations.

1187:

each have a correspondence to their own heavens, and that individuals of mixed race lose some aspect of this connection. Falun Gong's teachings include belief in

6626: 4429: 11095: 10036: 8695: 7558: 7407:

Before the crackdown the government estimated membership at 70 million—which would make it larger than the Chinese Communist Party, with 61 million members.

3642: 2559: 2421:, was being practiced by a large number of Communist Party members and members of the military was seen as particularly disturbing to Jiang Zemin; according to 1230:

The Falun Gong teachings use numerous untranslated Chinese religious and philosophical terms, and make frequent allusion to characters and incidents in Chinese

1151:

individual through exercise, and does not touch on social or national concerns. It has not suggested or even intimated a model for social change. Many religions

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practitioners. The government's campaign against the group has been so thorough that even long-time Chinese activists are afraid to say the group's name aloud

4135: 10872: 8614: 6920: 10492: 10448: 10409: 10216: 9773: 8255: 7338: 5141: 2862:

claims that tens of millions have renounced the Chinese Communist Party as part of the movement, though these numbers have not been independently verified.

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process, in which human bodies would be cloned with no soul, so that the aliens can replace the soul and inhabit human bodies (which to him are perfect).

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Fewsmith, Joseph and Daniel B. Wright. "The promise of the Revolution: stories of fulfilment and struggle in China", 2003, Rowman and Littlefield. p. 156

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jobs, do not live isolated from society, do not believe that the world's end is imminent and do not give significant amounts of money to the organisation

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That's likely due in large part to the presence of influential Chinese-language far-right media on the island, such as the Falun Gong-backed Epoch Times

3755: 8920: 5664: 5172: 3302: 2806:, Ian Johnson wrote that "Falun Gong faithful have mustered what is arguably the most sustained challenge to authority in 50 years of Communist rule." 7510: 6469: 5259: 11200: 7619: 7311: 2312:

found that in some cases, Falun Gong practitioners "constituted on average from one third to 100 per cent of the total population" of certain camps.

2193:

magazine. The article was authored by physicist He Zuoxiu who, as Porter and Gutmann indicate, is a relative of Politburo member and public security

7534:, pp. 260–261: "we may very roughly and tentatively estimate that the total number of practitioners was, at its peak, between 3 and 20 million. 4183: 12811: 12156: 8725: 8203: 7445: 7268: 6590: 6269: 4327: 3933: 3486: 3351: 2113:

The events were an important challenge to Falun Gong, and one that practitioners did not take lightly. Thousands of Falun Gong followers wrote to

11474: 9916: 8837: 8488: 7713: 3372: 9444: 8384: 6198: 4571: 4510: 12445: 10849: 8517: 5092: 4915: 4458: 2222: 2215: 2063:, published in January 1995 at an unveiling ceremony held in the auditorium of the Ministry of Public Security, became a best-seller in China. 1591: 10139: 6419:, p. 226: "Falun Gong is a new form of Chinese religion, even if its adherents themselves may not recognize it as being religion at all." 4077: 8277: 5794: 4038: 4015: 10639: 10264: 9291:"Face The Slaughter: The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem, by Ethan Gutmann" 9158: 6855: 2295:

cite estimates that as much as half of China's reeducation-through-labor camp population is made up of Falun Gong practitioners. Researcher

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article described Ultrasurf as "one of the most important free-speech tools on the Internet, used by millions from China to Saudi Arabia."

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it is embedded in the very essence of everything in the universe that they adhere to the principles of truth, compassion, and forbearance."

10716: 9750: 9255: 2055: 9667: 9219: 6937:

This battle revolves around software developed by Falun Gong, the secretive spiritual movement persecuted by the Chinese Communist Party.

6763: 6353: 5490: 5059: 3864: 2985:"jeopardizing trade relations", and sending letters to local politicians telling them to withdraw support for the practice. According to 2292: 2229: 8748: 6671: 5719: 3787: 3527: 10587: 7588: 4546: 4480: 1408:

In the cultural context of China, Falun Gong is generally described either as a system of qigong, or a type of "cultivation practice" (

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suggests Jiang's decision to suppress Falun Gong was related to a desire to consolidate his power within the Politburo. According to

1529:

cultural worldviews. Falun Gong's founder has referred to Epoch Media Group as "our media", and the group's practice heavily informs

10298: 8020: 7950: 6508:, pp. 80–81. Cambridge University Press. "Falun Gong followers and/or sympathizers de facto control the relevant pages on Knowledge" 12318: 4225: 1498: 5118: 3561: 1477:(NTD) operate as extensions of Falun Gong. These extensions promote the new religious movement and its teachings. In the case of 1421:

however. This rejection reflects the relatively narrow definition of "religion" in contemporary China. According to David Ownby,

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Zadrozny, Brandy. 2023. "How the conspiracy-fueled Epoch Times went mainstream and made millions". NBC News, October 13, 2023.

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rectification is necessitated by the moral decline and degeneration of life in the universe, and in the post-1999 context, the

1621:

founded by Falun Gong adherents that developed Ultrasurf and Freegate, drawing opposition from the Chinese government. A 2011

1122:

Falun Gong differentiates itself from Buddhist monastic traditions in that it places great importance on participation in the

12881: 12435: 12395: 11193: 10804: 10763: 10680: 10477: 10427: 8789: 7386: 6252: 6233:

Farley, Helen (2014). "Falun Gong: A Narrative of Pending Apocalypse, Shape-Shifting Aliens, and Relentless Persecution". In

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United Nations Human Rights Special Rapporteurs Reiterate Findings on China's Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners

8407: 6082: 5766: 5540: 5443: 4844: 3613: 2539:

estimated 65,000 Falun Gong were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008 based on extensive interviews, while researchers

804:

Falun Gong is entirely based around the teachings of its autocratic founder and leader: China-born Li Hongzhi. According to

12040: 11622: 11469: 10958: 7760: 6825: 6219:

Graeme Lang and Lu Yunfeng, "Assimilation of 'New Age' Beliefs into Cults and New Religions in East and Southest Asia", in

6162:

Graeme Lang and Lu Yunfeng, "Assimilation of 'New Age' Beliefs into Cults and New Religions in East and Southest Asia", in

5847: 3697: 3015: 2650:

QC, said it was "certain that Falun Gong as a source—probably the principal source—of organs for forced organ harvesting".

10193: 9961: 9103: 2613:, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, said, "The Chinese government has yet to come clean and be transparent 2337:. Still others have pointed to China's history of bloody sectarian revolts as a possible factor leading to the crackdown. 1966:

Falun Gong is practiced by tens, and possibly hundreds, of thousands outside China, with the largest communities found in

11859: 11271: 9422: 8586: 6693: 2654: 1374:

were responsible for scientific inventions through the manipulation of scientists. For example, in a 1999 interview with

1214:, Falun Gong's relationship to Buddhism, the principles of cultivation practice, and the improvement of moral character ( 1040:

also promises to teach practitioners to cultivate supernatural powers such as "see through a wall or into a human body".

9125: 7794: 6519: 4288: 4270: 3969: 742:

media entity, and it has received significant attention in the United States for promoting conspiracy theories, such as

11809: 11784: 11528: 11454: 11152: 10667: 10458: 9955: 9882: 9612: 9067: 8094: 7960: 7170: 7056: 6615: 6331: 6319: 6307: 5889: 5760: 5437: 3678: 3607: 3218: 3198: 3178: 3158: 3138: 3118: 3095: 1622: 1618: 8667: 7548: 3639: 2144:

In 1997, The Ministry of Public Security launched an investigation into whether Falun Gong should be deemed xie jiao (

1330:

by the Chinese government has come to be viewed as a tangible symptom of this moral decay. Through the process of the

1320:, which might also be translated as "to correct the dharma"), a time of cosmic transition and renewal. The process of 11540: 11325: 11006: 10726: 10705: 10162: 6975: 5705: 5534: 5484: 2965: 2907: 2671:

and threatened progress, and argued that Falun Gong's moral philosophy was incompatible with a Marxist social ethic.

1837: 1819: 1718: 944:), the foundational text published in 1995, Li Hongzhi writes "It doesn't matter how mankind's moral standard changes 782: 647: 609: 561: 10342: 9774:"Communist Party Calls for Increased Efforts To 'Transform' Falun Gong Practitioners as Part of Three-Year Campaign" 9723: 9290: 8192:

Jiang Zemin, Letter to Party cadres on the evening of 25 April 1999. Published in Beijing Zhichun no. 97 (June 2001)

8086:

Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations

7124:

Tong, James (September 2002). "An Organizational Analysis of the Falun Gong: Structure, Communications, Financing".

3825: 2449:

or Daoist conceptions. David Ownby contends that Falun Gong also challenged the Communist Party's hegemony over the

12876: 12856: 12504: 12350: 11489: 11439: 11186: 10358:

Frank, Adam (2004). "Falun Gong and the Threat of History". In Tétreault, Mary Ann; Denemark, Robert Allen (eds.).

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it won approving coverage from far-right outlets including the Epoch Times, Gateway Pundit, and Next News Network.

2099:

tens of millions of followers. In the mid-1990s the state-run media began publishing articles critical of qigong.

2082:

masters belonged asked Li to hike his tuition, but Li emphasized the need for the teachings to be free of charge.

1553:

relevant pages on Knowledge", and how this is particularly important for Falun Gong as an organization due to the

1176:

Li Hongzhi taught that homosexuality makes one "unworthy of being human", creates bad karma, and is comparable to

12471: 11965: 11657: 10898: 10502: 10401: 8251: 7346: 5588: 3067: 2851: 10025:. Testimony given at the National Endowment for Democracy panel discussion "Tiananmen 20 years on", 2 June 2009. 9805: 6724: 6559: 3462: 2964:

committed by governments, Freedom House has reported that practitioners of Falun Gong have been targeted by the

12886: 12408: 12252: 11617: 11560: 11374: 10832: 10367: 8804: 8014: 7745: 7083:

Mark R. Bell, Taylor C. Boas, "Falun Gong and the Internet: Evangelism, Community, and Struggle for Survival",

4061:

New Tang Dynasty is part of the Epoch Media Group, a collection of far-right media outlets linked to Falun Gong

2942: 2563: 1355: 262: 45: 12425: 10322: 8299: 6430: 4396: 2894:

Falun Gong practitioners and their supporters also filed a lawsuit in May 2011 against the technology company

1075:. Called "Reinforcing Supernatural Powers", it is a meditation intended to be maintained as long as possible. 11494: 11166: 10100: 9987: 9625: 8904: 7483: 4662:(2017). "'I am the only one propagating true Dharma': Li Hongzhi's Self-Presentation as Buddha and Greater". 934:. Adherence to and cultivation of these virtues is regarded as a fundamental part of Falun Gong practice. In 781:

groups estimated that at least 2,000 Falun Gong practitioners had died from persecution by that time. A 2022

278: 61: 8889:

Twiss, Sumner B. "Religious Intolerance in Contemporary China, Including the Curious Case of Falun Gong" in

2793: 12805: 12562: 11404: 11242: 11112: 9224: 7518: 5268: 3057: 2478: 2470: 2418: 2233: 1991: 1646: 952:

Practice of Falun Gong consists of two features: performance of the exercises, and the refinement of one's

12000: 7896:

Sumner B. Twiss, "Religious Intolerance in Contemporary China, Including the Curious Case of Falun Gong",

7319: 3920:

Last week, McEnany admitted representatives from two far-right outfits, the Gateway Pundit and Epoch Times

2715:

report, it was Jiang Zemin who issued the order to label Falun Gong a "cult". In Mainland China, the term

2679:; other officials said it would be a "long-term, complex and serious" struggle to "eradicate" Falun Gong. 2398:

shared Jiang's view that Falun Gong should be eradicated, and Jiang alone made the decision of crackdown.

1425:

has been defined since 1912 to refer to "world-historical faiths" that have "well-developed institutions,

12617: 11824: 11237: 11145: 11034: 10692: 7646: 6238: 4830: 4167: 3333: 3239: 2833: 1704: 1474: 729: 8717: 7549:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang)" 4762:, p. 172: "Transforming karma into virtue is fundamental in the cultivation practice of Falun Gong" 4335: 3434: 2106:, an influential state-run newspaper, published a polemic against Falun Gong in which its central text, 12095: 12080: 11799: 11159: 9556:

Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: the impact on Chinese thought, culture, and communication,

5752: 3341:: "Dragon Springs Buddhists, Inc. in the town of Cuddebackville functions as its informal headquarters" 2495: 2304: 1554: 1033: 10917: 9908: 8829: 8495: 7710: 2912: 2797:

Practitioners meditate to protest the persecution of Falun Gong at a demonstration in Washington, D.C.

12430: 11794: 11499: 11259: 10996: 10755: 8380: 6180: 4514: 2605: 2257: 2186: 1744: 1509:

and critical of his opponents. Falun Gong extensions have also been active in promoting the European

1327: 834: 10843: 10194:"Argentine Judge Orders Arrest of Top Chinese Communist Party Officials for Crimes Against Humanity" 9724:"New Evidence Confirms Alleged Falun Gong 'Tiananmen Square Self-Immolation' Was a State Conspiracy" 8524: 6223:, edited by Michaela Moravčíková, 306–22. Bratislava: Ústav pre vzťahy štátu a cirkví, 2005. P. 319. 6166:, edited by Michaela Moravčíková, 306–22. Bratislava: Ústav pre vzťahy štátu a cirkví, 2005. P. 317. 5882:

The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem

5082: 4907: 4454: 3481:

Folkenflik, David. 2021. "Falun Gong, Steve Bannon And The Trump-Era Battle Over Internet Freedom".

2324:(2002) commented that families and workplace employees were urged to cooperate with the government. 285: 269: 12440: 12339: 12172: 12045: 11814: 11735: 11720: 11424: 11394: 11367: 11347: 11276: 11091: 10951: 10814:

Shue, Vivienne (2004). "Legitimacy Crisis in China?". In Hays Gries, Peter; Rosen, Stanley (eds.).

10131: 8756: 6996:"Managing Political Opposition Groups in China: Explaining the Continuing Anti-Falun Gong Campaign" 6234: 4659: 4612: 3235: 2961: 2866: 2751: 2288: 1978:. Demographic surveys by Palmer and Ownby in these communities found that 90% of practitioners are 1797: 1545: 1235: 8274: 8211: 6889:

Brandom, Russell. 2020. "A new Trump appointee has put internet freedom projects in crisis mode".

5962:

Benjamin Penny, "Falun Gong, Buddhism, and Buddhist qigong", Asian Studies Review 29 (March 2009).

4005: 3898:"A 'loud mouth' writer says the White House broke its own briefing-room rules. So he did the same" 2588: 2547:

reported, "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six-year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained".

2090:

organizations could find a place within the state system, and also the protections this afforded.

1340:

Some scholars, such as Maria Hsia Chang and Susan Palmer, have described Li's rhetoric about the "

12622: 12612: 11925: 11745: 11711: 11310: 11001: 10991: 10796: 10672: 10635: 10254: 6244: 5989:

A Burgdoff, Craig (2003). "How Falun Gong Practice Undermines Li Hongzhi's Totalistic Rhetoric".

5803: 3245: 2855: 2719:

has been used to target religious organizations that do not submit to Communist Party authority.

799: 706: 702: 9806:"Chinese Ministry of Education Participating in Persecution of Falun Gong: Investigative Report" 7725: 6141:

Richard Gunde, "Culture and Customs of China", (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002).

5974:

George Bruseker, "Falun Gong: A Modern Chinese Folk Buddhist Movement in Crisis", 26 April 2000.

3303:"Trump, QAnon and an impending judgment day: Behind the Facebook-fueled rise of The Epoch Times" 3018:

deliberated persecution of the movement by the Chinese government at the request of Falun Gong.

2772:

Gong declined, the government began sanctioning "systematic use of violence" against the group.

2609:

harvesting from death-row prisoners is totally a lie fabricated by Falun Gong." In August 2009,

1610:

protests surrounding the 2009 election, its servers were overwhelmed by Iranian Internet users.

12871: 12800: 12420: 12368: 12363: 12232: 12222: 12187: 11955: 11356: 11305: 11301: 11209: 9824:

Elisabeth Rosenthal and Erik Eckholm, "Vast Numbers of Sect Members Keep Pressure on Beijing",

9758: 3566: 2474: 2299:

estimates that Falun Gong practitioners represent an average of 15 to 20 percent of the total "

1662: 1607: 1564: 1510: 1397: 675: 11915: 9726:. World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong. August 2004. Archived from 9663: 8330:

Leung, Beatrice (2002) 'China and Falun Gong: Party and society relations in the modern era',

8084: 7105:

Craig Burgdoff, "How Falun Gong Practice Undermines Li Hongzhi's Totalistic Rhetoric", p. 338.

7096:

Craig Burgdoff, "How Falun Gong Practice Undermines Li Hongzhi's Totalistic Rhetoric", p. 336.

6755: 6349: 5470: 5041: 4570:

United States Department of State. 2022. "China 2022 International Religious Freedom Report".

1661:

to the board of directors for the networks his agency oversaw. This columnist had claimed the

967:

Among the central concepts found in the teachings of Falun Gong is the existence of 'Virtue' (

863: 12706: 12378: 12090: 12010: 11839: 11647: 11570: 11409: 11399: 10981: 10697: 6068: 5811: 5697: 5691: 5655: 4536: 3062: 2596: 2532: 2309: 2132:, an outspoken critic of qigong and a fierce defender of Marxism, appeared on a talk show on 2011: 1490: 1371: 1106:

attachments", and Li warns his followers not to be distracted by the pursuit of such powers.

10579: 7580: 6324:

Encyclopedia of New Religions: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities

6060: 5421: 4476: 3211:

Encyclopedia of New Religions: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities

12866: 12775: 12536: 12497: 12267: 12262: 12247: 12075: 11890: 11777: 11555: 11362: 10609: 9177: 8649:

Vivienne Shue, "Legitimacy Crisis in China?" In Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen (eds.),

8140: 6786: 3331:

Van der Made, Jaan. 2019. "Shen Yun: Fighting Communism – and making a stack on the side".

2994: 2950: 2722: 2581: 2367: 1614: 11296: 8555: 8347: 8004: 1220:). The book also provides illustrations and explanations of the exercises and meditation. 757:. It has also drawn attention in Europe for promoting far-right politicians, primarily in 68: 52: 8: 12851: 12846: 12384: 12344: 12287: 12257: 12227: 11885: 11750: 11637: 11533: 10944: 10864: 10291: 8779: 7553: 7126: 3902: 2450: 2390: 1789: 1482: 777: 728:

The Falun Gong also operates the Epoch Media Group, which is known for its subsidiaries,

11612: 10718:

Falun Gong's Challenge to China: Spiritual Practice or "Evil Cult"?: a Report and Reader

9220:"US Calls for China to End 'State-Sanctioned Harvesting of Human Organs' From Prisoners" 4216:"A key source for Covid-skeptic movements, the Epoch Times yearns for a global audience" 4215: 2303:" population, a population which includes practitioners who are currently being held in 2228:, and was reportedly angered by the audacity of the demonstration—the largest since the 12541: 12403: 12177: 12115: 12110: 11875: 11829: 11804: 11789: 11730: 11701: 11508: 11479: 11459: 11058: 10560: 10360:

Gods, Guns, and Globalization: Religious Radicalism and International Political Economy

8969:

Congressional Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2006, p. 59; note 224, p. 201

8687: 7475: 7143: 6925: 6470:"Epoch Times banned from advertising after sneaking pro-Trump propaganda onto Facebook" 5616: 5608: 5001: 4541: 4010: 3726: 2742: 2523: 2404: 2348: 2321: 2245: 2133: 1995: 1918:

our former compound residents and former Falun Gong practitioners who spoke to NBC News

1900: 1494: 1285: 1032:, he claims to have cultivated supernatural powers starting at age eight. According to 739: 691: 413: 405: 196: 188: 12130: 9018: 8551:

Changing the soup but not the medicine: Abolishing re-education through labor in China

8447:

Munro, Robin J. (Fall 2000). "Judicial Psychiatry in China and its Political Abuses".

5114: 3571: 3234:

Ownby, David (2004). "The Falun Gong: A New Religious Movement in Post-Mao China". In

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circuit of personal relations and financial exchanges through which masters and their

786:

Falun Gong sources estimate that tens of millions continue to practice privately, and

432: 370: 215: 153: 12790: 12692: 12546: 12373: 12207: 12197: 12182: 12140: 11834: 11706: 11632: 11580: 11513: 11464: 11389: 11249: 10828: 10800: 10759: 10722: 10701: 10676: 10552: 10363: 10083: 9951: 9878: 9608: 9063: 8912: 8785: 8691: 8422: 8090: 8010: 7956: 7741: 7721: 7166: 7147: 7052: 7015: 6971: 6794: 6663: 6655: 6438: 6327: 6315: 6303: 6248: 6190: 6072: 5936:

Lowe, Scott (2003). "Chinese and International Contexts for the Rise of Falun Gong".

5885: 5815: 5756: 5711: 5701: 5620: 5600: 5530: 5480: 5433: 5049: 5005: 4834: 4175: 4087: 3833: 3730: 3718: 3674: 3603: 3249: 3214: 3194: 3174: 3154: 3134: 3114: 3091: 2697: 1549: 1422: 722: 456: 354: 346: 239: 137: 129: 9897:

Liao Yiwu. "The Corpse Walker: Real Life Stories: China from the Bottom Up." p. 230.

7479: 2501:

Much of the conversion program relied on Mao-style techniques of indoctrination and

2388:-style movement , Jiang is forcing senior cadres to pledge allegiance to his line." 1749: 839: 12100: 11945: 11935: 11684: 11592: 11565: 11523: 11444: 11384: 11379: 11320: 11039: 10792:

Revenge of the Forbidden City: The suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999–2005

10542: 10078: 9688: 9586: 8679: 7465: 7457: 7135: 7007: 5998: 5945: 5807: 5592: 3710: 2945:, and in the two months that followed also received recognition from the cities of 2938: 2734: 2466: 2267:

months after the imposition of the ban, legislation was passed in order to outlaw "

2241: 1603: 1596: 988: 968: 913: 895: 877: 624: 589: 583: 491: 311: 94: 12020: 10424: 8348:"China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called 'heretical organizations'" 7538:... A mid-range estimate of 10 million would appear, to me, more reasonable." 3865:"Guo Wengui and Steve Bannon Are Flooding the Zone With Hunter Biden Conspiracies" 2916:

Falun Gong practitioners outside China hold events such as this group exercise in

2408:

wrote: "any group that does not come under the control of the Party is a threat".

1910:

The compound has been a point of controversy among former residents. According to

1346:

rectification" and providing salvation "in the final period of the Last Havoc" as

1135:, who are permitted to continue a monastic lifestyle while practicing Falun Gong. 12861: 12825: 12785: 12490: 12125: 12030: 11960: 11950: 11910: 11689: 11545: 11518: 11028: 10912: 10749: 10547: 10533: 10528: 10497: 10453: 10431: 10329: 10104: 9812: 9632: 9317:"Q&A: Author and analyst Ethan Gutmann discusses China's illegal organ trade" 9302: 9297: 9205: 9165: 9025: 8811: 8618: 8430: 8281: 8259: 7764: 7717: 6901: 6597: 6374: 6357: 6185: 6061: 5848:"Conflicts between Falun Gong Teachings and Western Moral & Ethic Principles" 5746: 5524: 5422: 5087: 4824: 4578: 4441: 4043: 3934:"As Taiwan Watches US Election, It May Need Time to Trust a Biden Administration" 3646: 3597: 3493: 3469: 3358: 3049: 2828: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2746: 2194: 1939: 1801: 1753: 1710: 1602:

Beyond China, Freegate gained popularity among Iranian protesters soon after its

1581:

intended to circumvent Chinese government internet censorship. According to NPR:

1469: 1454: 1376: 1231: 1200:

Li Hongzhi authored the first book of Falun Gong teachings in April 1993; titled

1177: 1167: 1114: 843: 734: 718: 485: 8537:... 'Of all the detainees, the Falun Gong practitioners were the largest group'" 7757: 6826:"U.S. risks China's ire with decision to fund software maker tied to Falun Gong" 1516:

The exact financial and structural connections between Falun Gong, Shen Yun and

1444: 12415: 12135: 12120: 12085: 12070: 12025: 11980: 11970: 11880: 11757: 11607: 11484: 11429: 11352: 11315: 11128: 11081: 11011: 10197: 9286: 9091: 6995: 5429: 4820: 3869: 2811: 2462: 2409: 2402:

outside the state-sanctioned organizations are thus vulnerable to suppression.

2374: 2272: 1979: 1896: 1384:

interview, Li believed that aliens were attempting to replace humans through a

1351: 1347: 1072: 1048: 751: 687: 453: 332: 236: 115: 9414: 7461: 7139: 7011: 5173:"Were human organs stolen in 20-year conflict between Beijing and Falun Gong?" 5042:"Falun Gong, Identity, and the Struggle over Meaning Inside and Outside China" 4039:"Bannon Teams Up With Chinese Group That Thinks Trump Will Bring on End-Times" 2117:

and to the CQRS to complain against the measures, claiming that they violated

1669:

operation". During his eight months in office, Pack regularly appeared in the

12840: 12737: 12282: 12212: 12035: 11900: 11895: 11854: 11694: 11550: 11414: 11046: 10816:

State and Society in 21st-century China. Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation

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State and Society in 21st-century China. Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation

8469: 7798: 7720:, PRC law and Government v. 32 no. 6 (November/December 1999) pp. 14–23 7019: 6798: 6667: 6442: 6270:"When Anna was 14, her mother set up a 'special appointment' with The Master" 6194: 5715: 5604: 4179: 4091: 3837: 3722: 3634:

Roose, Kevin. 2020. "How The Epoch Times Created a Giant Influence Machine".

3004: 2925:

States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Switzerland, and Singapore.

2895: 2837: 2647: 2634: 2629: 2610: 2592: 2570: 2540: 2536: 2432: 2296: 2248:, senior officials were far from unified in their support for the crackdown. 2021:

Li Hongzhi introduced Falun Gong to the public on 13 May 1992, in Changchun,

1990:, or religious practices before finding Falun Gong. According to sociologist 1971: 1956: 1434: 1359: 1188: 1140: 1094: 1016: 958:(moral character, temperament). In Falun Gong's central text, Li states that 787: 710: 363: 146: 10610:"Israel National News: Sanhedrin May Hear Complaint against Chinese Torture" 9590: 9385:"China kills millions of innocent meditators for their organs, report finds" 6002: 5949: 3756:"The German Edition of Falun Gong's 'Epoch Times' Aligns with the Far Right" 3599:

Becoming Activists in Global China: Social Movements in the Chinese Diaspora

3111:

Becoming Activists in Global China: Social Movements in the Chinese Diaspora

1867: 1565:

Ultrasurf, Freegate, the Open Technology Fund, and whistleblower allegations

1274:

represents the completeness of the doctrine. To "turn the wheel of dharma" (

12682: 12648: 12627: 12554: 12357: 12292: 12237: 12105: 12005: 11990: 11920: 11669: 11585: 11286: 11266: 10781: 10069: 9906: 9771: 9092:"The 2001 Pulitzer Prize Winner in International Reporting: Ian Johnson of 8827: 8426: 6094: 5778: 5731: 5552: 5502: 5455: 4856: 4508: 4130: 3938: 3765: 3714: 3407: 3350:

Campbell, Eric and Hagar Cohen. 2020. "The Power of Falun Gong". ABC News.

3035: 2888: 2668: 2621:

He reported that organ harvesting from political prisoners likely began in

2528: 2437: 2363: 1999: 1642: 1506: 1090: 1002: 982: 754: 747: 666: 422: 318: 205: 101: 11178: 10493:"China's Gruesome Organ Harvest. The whole world isn't watching. Why not?" 9505:"China: UN human rights experts alarmed by 'organ harvesting' allegations" 8518:

Re-education through Labor Abuses Continue Unabated: Overhaul Long Overdue

7367:

Schoff, Renee (26 April 1999). "Growing group poses a dilemma for China".

7233:, Kevin J. O'Brien (ed.), (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008). 4255:. European Journal of East Asian Studies, Sep 2003, Vol. 2 Issue 2, p 306. 1731: 1296:

Li situates his teaching of Falun Gong amidst the "Dharma-ending period" (

1132: 821: 12780: 12653: 12597: 12592: 12577: 12060: 11995: 11940: 11740: 11674: 11662: 11652: 11575: 11052: 10636:"NFC: International Court of Justice, according to the laws of the torah" 10132:"La Audiencia pide interrogar al ex presidente chino Jiang por genocidio" 9938: 9727: 9693:

Marketing dictatorship: propaganda and thought work in contemporary China

9046: 6591:"Falun Gong, Steve Bannon And The Trump-Era Battle Over Internet Freedom" 5596: 4477:

2008 Country Report on Human Rights: China (includes Hong Kong and Macao)

2917: 2884: 2574: 2544: 2458: 2422: 2378: 2218: 1935: 1438: 1401: 1259: 935: 446: 229: 10564: 9839: 9708:

Pan, Philip P. (5 February 2001). "One-Way Trip to the End in Beijing".

9577:

Irons, Edward (2003). "Falun Gong and the Sectarian Religion Paradigm".

9475:"China is harvesting organs from Falun Gong members, finds expert panel" 8668:"The Chemistry of a Conflict: The Chinese Government and the Falun Gong" 7900:, by Arvind Sharma (ed.) (Greenwood Publishing, 2009), pp. 227–240. 7470: 5612: 5573: 4633:. 2008 Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference. 4252: 3667:

The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication

1569:

In the early 2000s, Falun Gong adherents in the United States developed

12795: 12759: 12731: 12701: 12687: 12065: 12015: 11985: 11975: 11930: 11434: 11123: 10986: 10074:"Digital Weapons Help Dissidents Punch Holes in China's Great Firewall" 6921:"New Trump Appointee Puts Global Internet Freedom at Risk, Critics Say" 6656:"Digital Weapons Help Dissidents Punch Holes in China's Great Firewall" 4220: 3783: 3706: 2986: 2695:

forces. In October 1999, three months after the persecution began, the

2385: 2317: 2268: 2208: 2118: 1666: 1163: 1123: 1082:

Discussions of supernatural skills also feature prominently within the

679: 11627: 9256:"China's long history of harvesting organs from living political foes" 8683: 7955:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 214–223. 7229:

Patricia Thornton, "Manufacturing Dissent in Transnational China", in

12677: 11844: 11772: 11642: 11503: 11449: 11340: 11281: 11254: 11232: 11227: 11223: 11118: 10866: 9874: 9178:"French Newspaper Le Figaro Reports on CCP's Forced Organ Harvesting" 8633:

Julia Ching, "The Falun Gong: Religious and Political Implications",

6554: 5476: 4082: 3974: 3760: 3670: 2819: 2360: 2162: 2141:

practitioners also mounted demonstrations at 14 other media outlets.

2129: 2074:

masters accused Li of undercutting them. According to Schechter, the

1872: 1654: 1570: 1413: 1184: 1102: 1098: 868: 384: 167: 11291: 10037:"The traditional Chinese dance troupe China doesn't want you to see" 9159:"Ottawa urged to stop Canadians travelling to China for transplants" 6042:

Field Notes: Falun Dafa Practitioners: A Preliminary Research Report

4168:"Epoch Times, Punished by Facebook, Gets a New Megaphone on YouTube" 3562:"Inside the Shadowy World of Shen Yun and Its Secret Pro-Trump Ties" 2159:

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

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Critical Security and Chinese Politics: The Anti-Falungong Campaign

4998:

Contemporary Religious Movements in Taiwan: Rhetorics of Persuasion

3426: 3373:"In Recognition of Shen Yun; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 41" 3043: 2880: 2639: 2622: 2446: 2370: 2352: 2154: 1959:

estimates that seven to 20 million continue to practice privately.

1911: 1578: 1574: 1521: 1464: 1458: 1281: 1265: 1170: 1062: 867:

Falun Gong adherents practice the fifth exercise, a meditation, in

714: 698: 391: 174: 10865:

United States Congressional-Executive Commission on China (2013).

10097: 9541:

Plafker, Ted. "Falun Gong Stays Locked In Struggle With Beijing",

6856:"Internet Freedom: A Foreign Policy Imperative in the Digital Age" 2675:"a rat crossing the street that everyone shouts out to squash" by 2185:

In April 1999, an article critical of Falun Gong was published in

1970:

and North American cities with large Chinese populations, such as

34: 12725: 12602: 12567: 12242: 11767: 11725: 8381:"Congressional-Executive commission on China, Annual Report 2008" 8301:

Appendix II: Laws and Regulations Used to Crack Down on Falungong

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dead by 2010 as a result of injuries sustained while imprisoned.

2604:

organ harvesting allegations, and insisting that China abides by

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coverage, according to former employees who spoke with NBC News.

1385: 1128: 762: 429: 212: 12050: 4078:"Most-clicked link on Facebook spread doubt about Covid vaccine" 3505:

Zuylen-Wood, Simon van. 2021. "Maga-Land's Favorite Newspaper".

1548:

writing in 2018, Falun Gong adherents have attempted to control

12658: 12643: 12607: 12514: 12313: 12308: 12272: 12217: 11597: 11335: 11101: 9907:

Congressional-Executive Commission on China (10 October 2009).

9532:

Associated Press, "'Enemies of people' warned", 23 January 2001

9510:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

9445:"China is harvesting organs from detainees, tribunal concludes" 8828:

Congressional-Executive Commission on China (10 October 2010).

8270: 6616:"2007 Circumvention Landscape Report: Methods, Uses, and Tools" 5574:"The Gods Hate Fags: Falun Gong's Reactionary Social Teachings" 4509:

Congressional Executive Commission on China (31 October 2008).

2441: 2356: 2300: 2236:, and therefore constituted a form of ideological competition. 1967: 1426: 1253: 996: 976: 921: 903: 885: 769: 758: 11905: 8956:

Robert Bejesky, "Falun Gong & reeducation through labor",

8554:. London: Amnesty International. December 2013. Archived from 8515: 7269:"Falun Gong US compound's neighbors fret over expansion plans" 5046:

Contesting Media Power: Alternative Media in a Networked World

3628: 2865:

In 2006, Falun Gong practitioners in the United States formed

2733:

A turning point in the propaganda campaign came on the eve of

738:

newspaper. The latter has been broadly noted as a politically

686:

in the early 1990s. Falun Gong has its global headquarters in

461: 244: 11849: 10936: 10191: 9772:

Congressional-Executive Commission on China (22 March 2011).

6399:. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. Archived from 5636: 2758:

and that the self-immolation "was staged by the government."

2750:

footage of the burnings were broadcast later inside China by

2340: 2022: 1497:

in both Europe and the United States. Around the time of the

1486: 1430: 743: 683: 633: 598: 500: 437: 220: 10929: 9626:"Report Analyzing Seven Secret Chinese Government Documents" 6614:

Roberts, Hal; Zuckerman, Ethan; Palfrey, John (March 2009).

4455:"Pulitzer Prize winning articles in the Wall Street Journal" 2531:

groups, the repressions had claimed "at least 2,000" lives.

1118:

Falun Gong adherents practice the third exercise in Toronto.

12277: 12202: 10255:"China: Transnational Repression Origin Country Case Study" 8781:

Contextualizing a Crackdown: Voegelin on China's Falun Gong

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United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

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Pulitzer Prize winning articles in the Wall Street Journal

9060:

Bloody Harvest: The killing of Falun Gong for their organs

8893:

Arvind Sharma (ed), Greenwood Publishing, 2009 pp. 227–240

3131:

Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements

1657:'s 2021 inauguration, Pack appointed a columnist from the 1183:

Falun Gong's cosmology includes the belief that different

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INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)

10472:

Lantos Swett, Katrina; Glendon, Mary Ann (23 July 2013).

10332:, United States Government Printing Office, 17 March 2010 8415:

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

7738:

Witnessing History: One Chinese Woman's Fight for Freedom

6550:"Cracking the 'Great Firewall' of China's Web censorship" 6390:"Unofficial Religions in China: Beyond the Party's Rules" 3528:"Stepping Into the Uncanny, Unsettling World of Shen Yun" 2465:

movements had exerted a profound impact on the course of

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The Anaconda in the Chandelier: Chinese censorship today

10213:"Suit claims Cisco helped China repress religious group" 8408:"Psychiatric Abuse of Falun Gong Practitioners in China" 8006:

Dangerous meditation: China's campaign against Falungong

4474: 3267: 3265: 2869:, a dance and music company that tours internationally. 2741:

on Tiananmen Square. The official Chinese press agency,

790:

estimates there are seven to 20 million practitioners."

750:

misinformation, and producing advertisements for former

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Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China

9801: 9799: 9419:

International Coalition to End Organ Pillaging in China

6613: 6110: 4743: 4741: 3826:"The Obscure Newspaper Fueling the Far-Right in Europe" 3499: 3113:, pp. 23–24, 33, 119, 207. Cambridge University Press. 2560:

Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China

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Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong

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Li Hongzhi, Falun Gong (6th Translation Edition, 2014)

2457:

Maria Chang commented that since the overthrow of the

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The main body of teachings is articulated in the book

1159:

but there is no such tendency evident in Falun Gong."

7573: 7446:"The Falun Gong in China: A Sociological Perspective" 5267:(Thesis). University of South Florida. Archived from 4566: 4564: 4214:

Perrone, Alessio; Loucaides, Darren (10 March 2022).

3475: 3457: 3455: 3404:"Shen Yun Performance Brings Out Stars And Awareness" 3276: 3274: 3262: 2599:

at a Foreign Press Association press conference, 2009

2221:

was alerted to the demonstration by Secretary of the

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Muscle/Tendon Change Classic (Yijin Jing qìgōng 易筋经)

10163:"Argentine judge asks China arrests over Falun Gong" 9796: 9658: 9656: 9654: 7952:

Governance and the Political Challenge of Falun Gong

4738: 3337:, May 13, 2019. Online. Last accessed July 6, 2020. 3025: 1429:, and textual traditions"—namely, Buddhism, Daoism, 630: 538: 503: 10825:

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Wild Grass: Three Stories of Change in Modern China

4004:Pressman, Aaron; Morris, David Z. (7 August 2020). 3749: 3747: 3745: 2176: 1011:and obtain special powers and a level of divinity. 694:, United States, near the residence of Li Hongzhi. 627: 592: 544: 514: 375: 158: 10343:Congress Challenges China on Falun Gong & Yuan 10192:Falun Dafa Information Center (20 December 2009). 9840:"Defiant Falun Dafa Members Converge on Tiananmen" 8516:Chinese Human Rights Defenders (4 February 2009). 8486: 8297: 7665: 7165:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 142–164. 6930: 6885: 6883: 6881: 5793: 5654: 5572: 4561: 4076:Callery, James; Goddard, Jacqui (23 August 2021). 3452: 3271: 3151:New Religious Movements: A Guide for the Perplexed 10580:"YNet: Self-appointed Torah court takes on China" 10362:. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner. p. 241. 9651: 8082: 7260: 5529:(3rd ed.). World Audience Inc. p. 162. 4869:Li Hongzhi, "Zhuan Falun", pp. 27–35, 362–65 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4126:"Climate denial newspaper flourishes on Facebook" 3652: 3521: 3519: 3344: 3325: 3301:Zadrozny, Brandy; Collins, Ben (20 August 2019). 3014:In August 2007, the newly reestablished Rabbinic 2207:Five Falun Gong representatives met with Premier 1284:symbols, representing the Buddha, and four small 12838: 12812:Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China 10751:Qigong fever: body, science, and utopia in China 9871:Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance 7767:, Congressional Research Service, 11 August 2006 7291: 6725:"Internet Freedom Group Helps Dissidents Abroad" 6344: 6342: 6340: 5170: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4537:"China Still Presses Crusade Against Falun Gong" 4213: 3753: 3742: 3591: 3589: 2059:, Li made his teachings more widely accessible. 2037:Falun Gong had differentiated itself from other 1606:version was introduced in July 2008. During the 12678:Eight Pieces of Brocade (Bāduànjǐn qìgōng 段锦气功) 10292:"CRS Report for Congress: China and Falun Gong" 10185: 9376: 9339: 9089: 9001: 8999: 8464: 8462: 8252:"China's sect suppression carries a high price" 8204:"China syndrome: the persecution of Falun Gong" 7944: 7942: 7795:"Members of Falungong in an Autocratic Society" 6878: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5074: 4247: 4245: 4243: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3754:Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (23 September 2017). 3555: 3553: 3364: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3229: 3227: 2553: 2394:reported that sources indicated not all of the 1899:, a 160-hectare (400-acre) compound located in 12446:Religious discrimination against modern pagans 9742: 9192: 8778:Noakes, Stephen; Ford, Caylan (15 June 2020), 7387:"4 From Chinese Spiritual group Are Sentenced" 6994:Noakes, Stephen; Ford, Caylan (23 July 2015). 6036: 6034: 6032: 5792:Lewis, James; Chao, Huang (28 February 2020). 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 4658: 4530: 4528: 4075: 4003: 3516: 2739:five people attempted to set themselves ablaze 2642:using the most respected members of society." 2223:Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission 12498: 11194: 10952: 10522: 10520: 9944:The Fog of Censorship: Media Control in China 9931: 9643: 9641: 9118: 8054: 8052: 8050: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7868: 7866: 7864: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6498: 6461: 6337: 6268:Campbell, Eric; Cohen, Hagar (30 July 2020). 6267: 5875: 5873: 5570: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5139: 5107: 4780: 4627:Falun Gong in the media: What can we believe? 4161: 4159: 3595: 3586: 2966:Chinese government's transnational repression 2706: 2145: 1592:Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society 1303: 939: 701:. They are known for their opposition to the 283: 267: 66: 50: 12659:'Guiding and pulling' exercises (Dǎo yǐn 導引) 10399: 9971: 9831: 9815:. 16 March 2004. Retrieved 17 November 2011. 8996: 8852: 8661: 8659: 8459: 8210:. Vol. 121, no. 16. Archived from 7939: 7682: 7680: 7439: 7437: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7194: 6919:Varma, Pranshu; Wong, Edward (4 July 2020). 6372:Richard Madsen, "Understanding Falun Gong", 6300:Pocket Dictionary of New Religious Movements 5984: 5982: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5232: 5225:David Ownby, "Falun Gong in the New World", 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4240: 3810: 3788:"Virus Conspiracists Elevate a New Champion" 3693: 3550: 3395: 3283: 3224: 3171:Pocket Dictionary of New Religious Movements 2653:In June 2021, the Special Procedures of the 1800:. There might be a discussion about this on 1288:(yin-yang) symbols of the Daoist tradition. 1208:, it is an introductory text that discusses 12707:Wisdom Healing Qigong (Zhineng qìgōng 智能气功) 11208: 10219:on 27 May 2011 – via Thomson Reuters. 10126: 10124: 9937: 9868: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9019:'China – Amnesty International Report 2008' 8952: 8950: 8905:"Opinion | China's War Against Itself" 8740: 8399: 8342: 8340: 8089:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 174. 8009:. New York: Human Rights Watch. p. 9. 6970:. Cambridge University Press. p. 186. 6506:Falun Gong: Spiritual Warfare and Martyrdom 6350:The Past, Present, and Future of Falun Gong 6298:Examples include:a.) 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Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 4889: 4887: 4765: 4289:"Falun Gong: Popular spiritual practice" 4271:"Falun Gong: Religious Freedom in China" 4066: 2911: 2792: 2789:Falun Gong's response to the persecution 2587: 2339: 1866: 1499:2016 United States presidential election 1354:, a professor of Chinese history at the 1113: 1047: 862: 793: 10841: 10822: 10490: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10223: 10161:Henao, Luis Andres (23 December 2009). 10023:The Chinese Internet: A dream deferred? 9977: 9950:. Human Rights in China. pp. xii. 9837: 9698: 9548: 9382: 9244: 9148: 9081: 8629: 8627: 8570: 8474:State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China 8468: 8405: 8375: 8373: 8201: 8002: 7357: 7300: 6823: 6753: 6722: 6363: 6312:Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements 6106: 6104: 6009: 5879: 5795:"Falun Gong: Origins, Growth, Conflict" 5566: 5564: 5562: 5522: 5419: 5395: 5393: 5080: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 4991: 4989: 4899: 4452: 4394: 4314: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4123: 3823: 3559: 3432: 3401: 3191:Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements 2320:" was created to "oversee" the effort. 2005: 1291: 1246:The main symbol of the practice is the 690:, a 173-hectare (427-acre) compound in 678:. Falun Gong was founded by its leader 12839: 12193:Classifications of religious movements 11820:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God 10747: 10642:from the original on 29 September 2007 10577: 10526: 10229: 10210: 10068: 9862: 9748: 9253: 9077: 9075: 8883: 8797: 8747:Hanson, Gayle M. B. (23 August 1999). 8746: 8606: 8604: 8577:Morais, Richard C. (9 February 2006). 8576: 8487:Human Rights Watch (7 December 2005). 8319: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8226: 8171: 8058: 8041: 7933: 7884: 7872: 7855: 7843: 7758:Congressional Research Report #RL33437 7632: 7531: 7508: 7496: 7366: 7309: 6989: 6987: 6965: 6953: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6322:and c.) Partridge, Christopher. 2004. 6232: 6178: 6174: 6172: 6135: 6047: 6024: 5812:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.677 5652: 5643: 5326: 5257: 5227:European Journal of East Asian Studies 4680: 4534: 4504: 4502: 4470: 4468: 4424: 4422: 4138:from the original on 28 September 2022 4114: 4098:from the original on 29 September 2022 4036: 3967: 3664: 3658: 412: 353: 195: 136: 12486: 11182: 10940: 10689: 10664: 10382: 10357: 10304:from the original on 4 September 2017 10277: 10160: 10142:from the original on 10 February 2023 10116: 10047:from the original on 19 December 2017 9919:from the original on 10 February 2023 9850:from the original on 29 December 2009 9576: 9315:Turnbull, Barbara (21 October 2014). 9217: 9188:from the original on 30 October 2016. 9106:from the original on 27 February 2023 8923:from the original on 28 December 2016 8902: 8871:from the original on 11 November 2017 8858: 8840:from the original on 10 February 2023 8698:from the original on 10 February 2023 8640: 8637:, Vol. XIX, no. 4, Winter 2001, p. 12 8610:The Globe and Mail (26 January 2001) 8446: 8165: 8153: 8116: 8070: 7921: 7909: 7831: 7776: 7698: 7686: 7671: 7659: 7609: 7430:]. Carle Place, NY: Mirror Books. 7412: 7397:from the original on 28 December 2016 7339:"Notoriety Now for Movement's Leader" 7108: 6866:from the original on 31 December 2023 6836:from the original on 30 December 2023 6766:from the original on 16 December 2023 6735:from the original on 31 December 2023 6704:from the original on 31 December 2023 6632:from the original on 31 December 2023 6416: 6387: 6280:from the original on 8 September 2022 6123:from the original on 10 February 2023 6058: 5922: 5916: 5904: 5744: 5627:from the original on 18 February 2024 5468: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5343: 5315: 5206: 5179:from the original on 13 February 2023 4960: 4948: 4936: 4893: 4884: 4878: 4819: 4774: 4759: 4747: 4732: 4720: 4704: 4692: 4623: 4617: 4608: 4461:from the original on 11 October 2015. 4407:from the original on 14 December 2017 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4165: 4018:from the original on 23 February 2021 3946:from the original on 12 February 2021 3910:from the original on 31 December 2020 3895: 3772:from the original on 28 October 2017. 3435:"The Right-Wing Cult Behind Shen Yun" 3233: 3133:, cf. 142–143. Taylor & Francis. 3085: 2488: 2275:Falun Gong devotees to prison terms. 1673:, where he also discussed Ultrasurf. 1617:offered a $ 1.5 million grant to the 1505:began running articles supportive of 1370:Li in the 1990s repeated claims that 12654:Standing meditation (Zhan zhuang 站桩) 12041:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 11470:International Peace Mission movement 10852:from the original on 11 October 2015 10813: 10788: 10400:Turley-Ewart, John (20 March 2004). 10388: 10267:from the original on 12 August 2022. 10247: 10241: 10173:from the original on 3 December 2015 9280: 9136:from the original on 20 October 2022 9005: 8990: 8978: 8941: 8728:from the original on 26 October 2015 8665: 8624: 8387:from the original on 7 December 2014 8370: 8298:Human Rights Watch (12 March 2016), 8264: 8180: 7750: 7704: 7443: 7421: 7336: 7279:from the original on 15 October 2021 7266: 7254: 7242: 7217: 7206: 7185: 7163:Global Movements: Action and Culture 7123: 7048:Global movements: action and culture 6805:from the original on 9 December 2023 6784: 6723:Ramirez, Jessica (25 January 2010). 6468:Gartenberg, Chaim (23 August 2019). 6428: 6292: 6101: 6059:Chang, Maria Hsia (1 October 2008). 5935: 5858:from the original on 12 January 2022 5828:from the original on 30 January 2023 5559: 5526:Dictionary of Contemporary Mythology 5390: 5039: 5018: 4995: 4986: 4640:from the original on 12 October 2020 4325: 4198: 4186:from the original on 6 February 2020 3798:from the original on 1 December 2021 3782: 3764:. Center on U.S.-China Relations at 3698:Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen 1772: 1725: 1684: 1365: 1020:desires" and suffer to repay karma. 815: 811: 12683:Five Animals (Wu Qin Xi qìgōng 五禽戲) 11860:World Mission Society Church of God 11272:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis 10491:Gutmann, Ethan (24 November 2008). 9707: 9425:from the original on 12 August 2016 9345: 9268:from the original on 11 August 2014 9232:from the original on 19 August 2014 9072: 8803:Reid, Graham (29 April–5 May 2006) 8653:, New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004. 8601: 8239: 8236:Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd ed. (2004) 7711:A Short Biography of Mr. Li Hongzhi 7603: 6984: 6644: 6518:Pan, Philip P. (21 February 2006). 6517: 6169: 5152:from the original on 12 August 2021 5095:from the original on 1 October 2018 4918:from the original on 1 October 2018 4499: 4465: 4419: 4051:from the original on 7 January 2021 3932:Aspinwall, Nick (6 November 2020). 3863:Aspinwall, Nick (2 November 2020). 3824:Hettena, Seth (17 September 2019). 3370: 3313:from the original on 23 August 2019 3238:; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (eds.). 2877:International Advocates for Justice 2655:United Nations Human Rights Council 1155:pursue social reform to some extent 1109: 13: 12436:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 11810:Unitarian Universalist Association 11153:Falun Gong and the Future of China 10668:Falun Gong and the Future of China 10341:Einhorn, Bruce, (17 March 2010). " 10323:United States House Resolution 605 10297:. Congressional Research Service. 9978:Gutmann, Ethan (6 December 2010). 9670:from the original on 10 March 2007 9455:from the original on 16 March 2020 9126:"Falun Gong organ claim supported" 9062:, Seraphim Editions (2009) 232 pp 8308:from the original on 12 March 2016 8139:] (in Chinese). Archived from 8023:from the original on 21 March 2023 7561:from the original on 5 August 2023 6968:Becoming Activists in Global China 6754:Markoff, John (16 December 2023). 6674:from the original on 29 March 2011 6449:from the original on 17 March 2021 6302:, pp. 49, 71. InterVarsity Press. 5653:Lubman, Sarah (23 December 2001). 5171:Jan van der Made (25 April 2019). 5140:Peter Carlson (27 February 2000). 4930: 4905: 4395:Pomfret, John (12 November 1999). 4381: 4342: 4299: 4258: 4228:from the original on 13 March 2022 3538:from the original on 17 March 2021 3414:from the original on 17 March 2023 3173:, pp. 49, 71. InterVarsity Press. 3153:, pp. 81–84. Bloomsbury Academic. 2701:newspaper claimed Falun Gong as a 2344:610 Office's organization in China 2234:atheist values of Marxist–Leninism 2049:With the publication of the books 1623:Center for a New American Security 1619:Global Internet Freedom Consortium 1396:Scholars describe Falun Gong as a 721:, among other views described as " 14: 12898: 11541:Moorish Science Temple of America 11326:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star 11007:Falun Gong outside mainland China 10892: 10878:from the original on 5 April 2023 10735:from the original on 5 April 2023 10616:from the original on 10 June 2016 10590:from the original on 23 June 2016 10412:from the original on 4 July 2012. 9784:from the original on 5 April 2018 9485:from the original on 18 June 2019 9383:Samuels, Gabriel (29 June 2016). 9058:David Kilgour & David Matas, 8903:Ownby, David (15 February 2001). 8859:Smith, Craig S. (30 April 2000). 8749:"China Shaken by Mass Meditation" 8358:from the original on 29 July 2021 8234:Governance and Politics in China, 7969:from the original on 5 April 2023 7644:Lincoln Kaye, "Travelers Tales", 7591:from the original on 17 July 2019 7065:from the original on 5 April 2023 6654:Beiser, Vince (1 November 2010). 6558:. 4 February 2011. Archived from 6530:from the original on 3 March 2022 6480:from the original on 8 March 2021 6085:from the original on 7 April 2023 5769:from the original on 5 April 2023 5722:from the original on 5 April 2023 5543:from the original on 5 April 2023 5493:from the original on 5 April 2023 5062:from the original on 5 April 2023 4847:from the original on 5 April 2023 4549:from the original on 13 June 2017 4253:"The Falun Gong in the New World" 4124:Waldman, Scott (27 August 2021). 4006:"This moon landing video is fake" 3982:from the original on 8 April 2021 3877:from the original on 2 March 2021 3616:from the original on 5 April 2023 3383:from the original on 20 June 2023 2908:Falun Gong outside mainland China 2661: 2078:society under which Li and other 1700:This section has multiple issues. 1391: 783:United States Department of State 16:New religious movement from China 12748:Spiritual movements and politics 12576: 12351:Journal of Contemporary Religion 10871:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O. 10772:from the original on 14 May 2024 10628: 10602: 10571: 10465: 10416: 10376: 10351: 10335: 10316: 10271: 10235: 10204: 10154: 10110: 10090: 10028: 10015: 10002: 9900: 9891: 9818: 9765: 9749:Forney, Matthew (25 June 2001). 9695:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008 9666:. Clearwisdom. 23 January 2001. 9618: 9597: 9561: 9535: 9526: 9517: 9497: 9467: 9437: 9415:"Bloody Harvest / The Slaughter" 9407: 9395:from the original on 2 July 2016 9364:from the original on 6 July 2016 9327:from the original on 7 July 2017 9308: 9211: 9170: 9052: 9011: 8984: 8972: 8960:, 17:2, Spring 2004, pp. 147–189 8935: 8896: 8821: 8771: 8672:Terrorism and Political Violence 8542: 8509: 8480: 8291: 8202:Peerman, Dean (10 August 2004). 8186: 8159: 8110: 8064: 8035: 7927: 7915: 7903: 7890: 7878: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7792:, Volume IV, No. 3, Summer 2000 7782: 7770: 7730: 7692: 7653: 7638: 7626: 7610:Moore, Malcolm (24 April 2009). 7525: 7502: 7490: 7393:. 13 November 1999. p. A5. 7379: 7330: 7248: 7236: 7223: 7211: 7179: 7099: 7090: 7077: 7038: 7026:from the original on 14 May 2024 6959: 6848: 6817: 6778: 6747: 6716: 6686: 6607: 6542: 6511: 6492: 6422: 6410: 6381: 6261: 6226: 6213: 6201:from the original on 29 May 2023 6156: 6144: 5956: 5910: 5898: 5884:. Prometheus Books. p. 67. 5840: 5785: 5738: 5683: 5667:from the original on 14 May 2024 5580:Journal of Religion and Violence 5446:from the original on 14 May 2024 5081:Dowellc, William (10 May 1999). 4535:Jacobs, Andrew (27 April 2009). 4483:from the original on 9 July 2019 4430:"Torture is Breaking Falun Gong" 4166:Roose, Kevin (5 February 2020). 4037:Sommer, Will (19 October 2019). 3844:from the original on 2 July 2020 3560:Braslow, Samuel (9 March 2020). 3526:Tolentino, Jio (19 March 2019). 3433:Dorrell, Taylor (5 March 2022). 3088:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3042: 3028: 2283:, and other coercive methods of 2177:Tianjin and Zhongnanhai protests 1998:) and biology (specifically the 1871:Morning Falun Dafa exercises in 1777: 1730: 1689: 1586:the predecessor agency to USAGM. 1052:The five exercises of Falun Gong 820: 623: 588: 490: 33: 12649:Silk reeling (Chán sī jìng 纏絲勁) 11815:United Submitters International 10657: 10457:. 21 April 2008. Archived from 9254:Getlen, Larry (9 August 2014). 8666:Rahn, Patsy (24 January 2002). 8579:"China's Fight With Falun Gong" 8472:(2009). "How many harvested?". 7267:Hill, Michael (30 April 2019). 6237:; Petersen, Jesper Aa. (eds.). 6179:DOWELL, WILLIAM (10 May 1999). 5656:"A Chinese Battle on U.S. Soil" 5589:Philosophy Documentation Center 5378: 5366: 5320: 5200: 5191: 5164: 5133: 5121:from the original on 5 May 2016 4954: 4942: 4872: 4863: 4753: 4726: 4714: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4446: 4369: 4357: 4281: 4150: 4030: 3997: 3961: 3925: 3889: 3856: 3776: 3687: 3068:List of new religious movements 1862: 1708:or discuss these issues on the 1680: 1653:Two days before U.S. President 462: 438: 411: 397: 376: 245: 221: 194: 180: 159: 12409:Christian countercult movement 12253:Polytheistic reconstructionism 11618:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha 11375:Chinese salvationist religions 10966: 10578:Zinger, Zvi (20 August 2007). 9838:Johnson, Ian (25 April 2000). 9348:"Blood Harvest: The Slaughter" 8489:We Could Disappear at Any Time 7337:Kahn, Joseph (27 April 1999). 7310:Faison, Seth (27 April 1999). 6785:Lake, Eli (2 September 2009). 6429:Alba, Davey (23 August 2019). 6113:"Falun Gong: Cult or Culture?" 6040:Susan Palmer and David Ownby, 5745:Lewis, James R. (3 May 2018). 4326:Fang, Bay (22 February 1999). 3896:Farhi, Paul (20 August 2020). 3402:Knutsen, Elise (5 July 2011). 3209:Partridge, Christopher. 2004. 3203: 3183: 3163: 3143: 3123: 3103: 3079: 2564:Organ transplantation in China 2251: 1520:remains unclear. According to 1356:Australian National University 1001: 981: 926: 908: 890: 352: 338: 324: 284: 268: 135: 121: 107: 67: 51: 1: 12644:Internal alchemy (Neidan 內丹术) 11167:Revenge of the Forbidden City 10211:Baynes, Terry (20 May 2011). 10096:Human Rights Law Foundation, 9846:. Pulitzer.org. p. A21. 9433:– via You Tube Channel. 9218:Smith, Lydia (31 July 2014). 8958:Columbia Journal of Asian Law 8449:Columbia Journal of Asian Law 8332:Journal of Contemporary China 7509:Faison, Seth (30 July 1999). 6824:Pomfret, John (12 May 2010). 6662:. Vol. 18, no. 11. 6310:and b.) Clarke, Peter. 2004. 5751:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: 4428:Philip Pan and John Pomfret, 4397:"Cracks in China's Crackdown" 3968:Newton, Casey (12 May 2020). 3073: 1949: 12882:Right-wing politics in China 12806:World Tai Chi and Qigong Day 12563:Traditional Chinese medicine 11405:Church of the Guanche People 11059:Vision Times Media Australia 10918:Resources in other libraries 10818:. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. 10548:10.1525/curh.2000.99.638.243 10449:"Carrying a Torch for China" 9710:International Herald Tribune 9225:International Business Times 6388:Ownby, David (23 May 2005). 6044:, Nova Religio, 2000.4.1.133 4624:Kavan, Heather (July 2008). 4332:U.S. News & World Report 3058:Freedom of religion in China 2554:Organ harvesting allegations 2527:reported that, according to 2419:traditional Chinese religion 2396:Politburo Standing Committee 2093: 2016: 1647:U.S. Agency for Global Media 1043: 768:Falun Gong emerged from the 7: 11825:Universal White Brotherhood 11146:Falun Gong: The End of Days 11035:New Tang Dynasty Television 10693:Falun Gong: The End of Days 9605:Falun Gong: The End of Days 7647:Far Eastern Economic Review 6240:Controversial New Religions 6181:"Interview with Li Hongzhi" 6063:Falun Gong: The End of Days 5693:Falun Gong: The End of Days 5083:"Interview with Li Hongzhi" 4908:"Interview with Li Hongzhi" 4831:University of Chicago Press 3334:Radio France Internationale 3241:Controversial New Religions 3021: 2834:New Tang Dynasty Television 2475:collapse of the Han dynasty 2471:Chinese Revolutions of 1949 1895:Falun Gong operates out of 1743:to comply with Knowledge's 1475:New Tang Dynasty Television 1467:and the media organization 1463:The performance arts group 1342: 1332: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1298: 1276: 1270: 1258: 1248: 1216: 1210: 1084: 1067: 960: 954: 833:to comply with Knowledge's 730:New Tang Dynasty Television 297:Great Dharma Wheel Practice 10: 12903: 12512: 12096:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 12081:Joseph Franklin Rutherford 11800:Unarius Academy of Science 11160:The Religion of Falun Gong 10696:. New Haven, Connecticut: 10690:Chang, Maria Hsia (2004). 10529:"Understanding Falun Gong" 10290:Thomas Lum (25 May 2006). 9603:Chang, Maria Hsia (2004). 9086:. Dow Jones & Company. 8258:February 11, 2001, at the 6243:(2nd ed.). New York: 5802:. Oxford, United Kingdom: 5753:Cambridge University Press 5696:. New Haven, Connecticut: 5690:Hsia Chang, Maria (2004). 4826:The Religion of Falun Gong 4328:"An opiate of the masses?" 3244:(1st ed.). New York: 2905: 2814:Falun Gong practitioners. 2557: 2496:re-education through labor 2305:re-education through labor 2255: 2009: 1555:search engine optimization 1452: 1241: 1034:Radio France International 797: 12821: 12768: 12747: 12715: 12667: 12636: 12585: 12574: 12522: 12454: 12431:Persecution of Falun Gong 12394: 12327: 12301: 12165: 12149: 12001:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi 11868: 11795:Twelve Tribes communities 11785:Transcendental Meditation 11216: 11137: 11074: 11020: 10974: 10913:Resources in your library 10756:Columbia University Press 10748:Palmer, David A. (2007). 10715:Schechter, Danny (2001). 10215:. Westlaw. Archived from 10107:. Retrieved 19 March 2011 9811:27 September 2004 at the 9607:, Yale University Press, 8810:30 September 2007 at the 8617:26 September 2015 at the 7462:10.1017/S0305741004000530 7140:10.1017/S0009443902000402 7012:10.1017/s0305741015000788 6589:Folkenflik, David. 2021. 5523:Harwood, William (2011). 5229:(2003), pp. 313–314. 5142:"For Whom the Gong Tolls" 3090:(3rd ed.), Longman, 2737:on 23 January 2001, when 2707: 2606:World Health Organization 2516: 2327: 2258:Persecution of Falun Gong 2187:Tianjin Normal University 2146: 1645:was appointed CEO of the 1449:, Shen Yun, and Knowledge 1328:persecution of Falun Gong 1304: 1173:are regarded as immoral. 992: 972: 940: 917: 899: 881: 473: 452: 445: 428: 421: 404: 390: 383: 369: 362: 345: 331: 317: 310: 305: 301: 293: 277: 261: 256: 235: 228: 211: 204: 187: 173: 166: 152: 145: 128: 114: 100: 93: 88: 84: 76: 60: 44: 32: 28: 23: 12441:Persecution of Rastafari 12340:Anthropology of religion 12173:African-initiated church 12046:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby 11736:Shri Ram Chandra Mission 11425:The Family International 11395:Church of Divine Science 11348:Charismatic Christianity 10527:Madsen, Richard (2000). 10103:11 November 2011 at the 9296:23 February 2016 at the 8818:. Retrieved 6 July 2006. 8523:(Report). Archived from 8494:(Report). Archived from 8254:, CNN, 9 February 2001. 8131: 8003:Spiegel, Mickey (2001). 7716:28 November 2004 at the 7585:U.S. Department of State 7231:Popular Protest in China 7161:McDonald, Kevin (2006). 7045:McDonald, Kevin (2006). 6900:17 November 2023 at the 6314:. Taylor & Francis. 4513:(Report). Archived from 4440:October 5, 2019, at the 3645:25 December 2021 at the 3357:8 September 2022 at the 3193:. Taylor & Francis. 2962:transnational repression 2937:with greetings from the 2902:Falun Gong outside China 2867:Shen Yun Performing Arts 2752:China Central Television 2573:and human rights lawyer 2289:U.S. Department of State 1756:may contain suggestions. 1741:may need to be rewritten 1236:Chinese popular religion 1234:and concepts drawn from 1195: 846:may contain suggestions. 831:may need to be rewritten 263:Traditional Chinese 257:Alternative Chinese name 46:Traditional Chinese 12877:Anti-communism in China 12857:New religious movements 12472:New religious movements 11926:Chinmayananda Saraswati 11712:Joy of Satan Ministries 11490:Kingdom of Jesus Christ 11311:Black Hebrew Israelites 11210:New religious movements 11002:Falun Gong in Hong Kong 10797:Oxford University Press 10673:Oxford University Press 10430:6 November 2016 at the 9844:The Wall Street Journal 9591:10.1525/nr.2003.6.2.244 9164:17 October 2015 at the 9094:The Wall Street Journal 9084:The Wall Street Journal 9017:Amnesty International, 8304:, Dangerous Mediation, 7936:, pp. 134, 252–256 7763:5 February 2012 at the 7736:Zeng, Jennifer (2006). 6966:Junker, Andrew (2019). 6596:2 November 2023 at the 6245:Oxford University Press 6003:10.1525/nr.2003.6.2.332 5950:10.1525/nr.2003.6.2.263 5880:Gutmann, Ethan (2014). 5804:Oxford University Press 4577:29 October 2023 at the 3492:2 November 2023 at the 3468:14 October 2023 at the 3280:Junker (2019: 33, 101). 3246:Oxford University Press 3086:Wells, John C. (2008), 2972:International reception 2780:In the education system 2687:Marxism", and that the 2485:and into the present." 2157:, the recently retired 1891:Dragon Springs compound 1314:rectification" period ( 800:Teachings of Falun Gong 703:Chinese Communist Party 398:faat3 leon4 daai6 faat3 279:Simplified Chinese 62:Simplified Chinese 12801:Mind-body intervention 12426:Persecution of Baháʼís 12421:Persecution of Ahmadis 12369:Psychology of religion 12364:Philosophy of religion 12233:Japanese new religions 12223:Hindu reform movements 12188:Christian denomination 10408:. Ansley and Company. 9024:18 August 2014 at the 8805:"Nothing left to lose" 6504:Lewis, James R. 2018. 5346:, pp. 102, 170–81 4590:Lewis 2018, pp. 17, 92 3715:10.1515/fjsb-2020-0040 3596:Andrew Junker (2019). 3169:Hexham, Irving. 2009. 3129:Barker, Eileen. 2016. 3109:Junker, Andrew. 2019. 2921: 2852:Communist Youth League 2798: 2600: 2469:", culminating in the 2345: 2136:and openly disparaged 1931: 1875: 1663:January 6 insurrection 1542: 1398:new religious movement 1119: 1053: 872: 676:new religious movement 12887:Conservatism in China 12637:Traditional practices 12618:Meridian (jīngluò 经络) 12379:Sociology of religion 12091:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar 12011:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 11840:The Way International 11571:New Kadampa Tradition 11400:Church of Scientology 10842:Johnson, Ian (2001). 10823:Johnson, Ian (2005). 10698:Yale University Press 10665:Ownby, David (2008). 10480:on 12 September 2016. 10476:. CNN. Archived from 10200:on 25 September 2011. 9090:The Pulitzer Prizes. 8635:American Asian Review 8612:Beijing v. falun gong 8501:on 11 February 2017. 8352:Amnesty International 8275:China Bans Falun Gong 8208:The Christian Century 7422:Zong, Hairen (2001). 7297:Junker 2019: 100–101. 6356:25 March 2008 at the 6069:Yale University Press 5698:Yale University Press 5661:San Jose Mercury News 5420:Johnson, Ian (2005). 5258:Porter, Noah (2003). 5040:Zhao, Yuezhi (2003). 4996:Chou, Kai-Ti (2008). 4599:Lewis 2018, pp. 5, 30 4453:Johnson, Ian (2001). 3189:Clarke, Peter. 2004. 3063:Human rights in China 2915: 2796: 2597:Edward McMillan-Scott 2591: 2558:Further information: 2533:Amnesty International 2343: 2310:Amnesty International 2012:History of Falun Gong 1916: 1870: 1544:According to scholar 1526: 1445:Approaches to media: 1117: 1051: 866: 794:Beliefs and practices 709:views, opposition to 39:The Falun Dafa emblem 12776:Alternative medicine 12537:Chinese martial arts 12268:Religious syncretism 12263:Religious conversion 12248:Open-source religion 12076:Charles Taze Russell 11891:Herbert W. Armstrong 11778:Theosophical Society 11556:New Apostolic Church 11092:Kilgour–Matas report 10789:Tong, James (2009). 10328:5 March 2016 at the 10138:. 14 November 2009. 10086:on 22 December 2016. 10010:The Western Standard 9980:"Into Thin Airwaves" 9967:on 29 February 2012. 9909:"2009 Annual Report" 9751:"The Breaking Point" 9631:2 April 2012 at the 8830:"2010 Annual Report" 8816:New Zealand Listener 8530:on 18 January 2012. 7349:on 4 February 2012. 7322:on 15 October 2015. 6787:"Hacking the Regime" 6247:. pp. 248–249. 5597:10.5840/jrv202121679 5469:Vuari, Juha (2014). 5274:on 9 September 2006. 5115:"Who is Li Hongzhi?" 4517:on 7 December 2014. 3248:. pp. 195–196. 3149:Oliver, Paul. 2012. 2997:, vice chair of the 2995:Katrina Lantos Swett 2582:Kilgour-Matas report 2006:History inside China 1790:confusing or unclear 1615:Obama administration 1481:, they also promote 1292:Dharma-ending period 1268:). In Buddhism, the 912:), and forbearance ( 12385:When Prophecy Fails 12345:History of religion 12288:Spiritual evolution 12258:Prosperity theology 12228:In-group favoritism 12198:Conspiracy theories 11886:Marshall Applewhite 11638:Ramakrishna Mission 11306:Jehovah's Witnesses 10072:(1 November 2010). 9984:The Weekly Standard 9761:on 13 October 2007. 9635:, 11 February 2002. 9543:The Washington Post 9355:End Organ Pillaging 9204:12 May 2015 at the 8784:, Lexington Books, 8589:on 16 December 2008 8558:on 23 November 2019 8436:on 25 October 2016. 8383:. 31 October 2008. 8250:Lam, Willy Wo-Lap. 7554:Department of State 7486:on 24 January 2015. 7450:The China Quarterly 7424:Zhu Rongji zai 1999 7127:The China Quarterly 7051:. Wiley-Blackwell. 7000:The China Quarterly 6935:on 9 January 2023. 5146:The Washington Post 5117:. BBC. 8 May 2001. 4896:, pp. 158, 201 4434:The Washington Post 4401:The Washington Post 4338:on 2 December 2013. 3903:The Washington Post 3439:Columbus Free Press 2943:lieutenant governor 2941:and the provincial 2804:Wall Street Journal 2451:Chinese nationalist 2391:The Washington Post 1798:clarify the section 1493:misinformation and 1483:conspiracy theories 778:government of China 717:, and rejection of 12586:TCM and philosophy 12542:Chinese philosophy 12467:In popular culture 12404:Anti-cult movement 12178:Buddhist modernism 12116:Emanuel Swedenborg 12111:Nirmala Srivastava 11876:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 11830:Vipassana movement 11805:Unification Church 11790:True Buddha School 11731:Shambhala Buddhism 11702:The Satanic Temple 11623:The Process Church 11509:Maha Bodhi Society 11480:Invitation to Life 11460:Humanistic Judaism 10612:. 22 August 2007. 10461:on 5 January 2013. 10244:, pp. 665–683 9828:, 28 October 1999. 9826:The New York Times 9008:, pp. 122–128 8909:The New York Times 8865:The New York Times 8753:webarchive.loc.gov 8280:8 May 2007 at the 8129:He Zuoxiu (1999). 7701:, pp. 132–134 7515:The New York Times 7499:, pp. 259–261 7428:Zhu Rongji in 1999 7391:The New York Times 7343:The New York Times 7316:The New York Times 6926:The New York Times 6760:The New York Times 6562:on 4 February 2011 6435:The New York Times 6117:ABC Radio National 5002:Edwin Mellen Press 4670:(2). Colombo Arts. 4542:The New York Times 4511:Annual Report 2008 4172:The New York Times 3792:The New York Times 3636:The New York Times 3371:Maloney, Carolyn. 2922: 2799: 2743:Xinhua News Agency 2628:In a 2016 report, 2601: 2524:The New York Times 2489:Conversion program 2414:The New York Times 2405:The Globe and Mail 2349:Xinhua News Agency 2346: 2322:Human Rights Watch 2246:Human Rights Watch 2134:Beijing Television 1996:superstring theory 1901:Deerpark, New York 1876: 1495:far-right politics 1120: 1054: 873: 776:In July 1999, the 723:ultra-conservative 692:Deerpark, New York 463:Huák-lùng Dâi-huák 12834: 12833: 12740:(c. 12th century) 12480: 12479: 12374:Religious studies 12208:Cybersectarianism 12183:Chabad messianism 12157:Pacific Northwest 12141:Poykayil Yohannan 11956:Josemaría Escrivá 11835:Eastern Lightning 11633:Rajneesh movement 11581:Religious Science 11514:Messianic Judaism 11500:Latter Day Saints 11465:Iglesia ni Cristo 11390:Christian Science 11250:Aetherius Society 11176: 11175: 10899:Library resources 10806:978-0-19-537728-6 10765:978-0-231-14066-9 10721:. Akashic Books. 10682:978-0-19-532905-6 10098:Direct Litigation 9990:on 5 January 2012 9664:"Press Statement" 9289:(25 August 2014) 9184:. 3 August 2016. 8791:978-1-4985-9861-3 8724:. 2 August 1999. 8684:10.1080/714005633 8354:. 23 March 2000. 7325:1.2 billion. 6956:, pp. 241–46 6378:(September 2000). 6348:Benjamin Penny, " 6326:, 265–266. Lion. 6254:978-0-19-515682-9 6078:978-0-300-13317-2 5852:The Chinese Press 5821:978-0-19-934037-8 5475:. New York City: 5363:, pp. 112–14 5209:, pp. 163–68 5055:978-0-7425-2385-2 5011:978-0-7734-5241-1 4951:, pp. 103–05 4906:Dowell, William. 4840:978-0-226-65501-7 4777:, pp. 110–12 4436:, 5 August 2001. 3255:978-0-19-515682-9 3213:, 265–266. Lion. 2623:Xinjiang province 1848: 1847: 1840: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1771: 1770: 1745:quality standards 1723: 1550:English Knowledge 1423:religion in China 1366:Extraterrestrials 1337:moral teachings. 861: 860: 835:quality standards 812:Central teachings 707:anti-evolutionary 705:(CCP), espousing 477: 476: 469: 468: 439:Hoat-lûn Tāi-hoat 312:Standard Mandarin 252: 251: 181:faat3 leon4 gung1 95:Standard Mandarin 80:Dharma Wheel Work 12894: 12671:forms and styles 12613:Essence (Jing 精) 12580: 12507: 12500: 12493: 12484: 12483: 12302:Public education 12101:Shiv Dayal Singh 11966:Charles Fillmore 11946:Aleister Crowley 11936:Helena Blavatsky 11648:Risshō Kōsei Kai 11613:Pilgrims of Arès 11593:Nuwaubian Nation 11566:New Confucianism 11385:Christadelphians 11380:Chinmaya Mission 11321:Branch Davidians 11260:Lahore Ahmadiyya 11203: 11196: 11189: 11180: 11179: 11113:The Firing Squad 11040:China Uncensored 10961: 10954: 10947: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10932: 10930:Official website 10887: 10885: 10883: 10877: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10838: 10819: 10810: 10785: 10779: 10777: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10711: 10686: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10550: 10524: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10501:. Archived from 10488: 10482: 10481: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10445: 10436: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10397: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10355: 10349: 10339: 10333: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10303: 10296: 10287: 10281: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10251: 10245: 10239: 10233: 10232:, pp. 38–39 10227: 10221: 10220: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10196:. Archived from 10189: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10128: 10119: 10114: 10108: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10082:. Archived from 10066: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10032: 10026: 10021:Gutmann, Ethan. 10019: 10013: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9986:. Archived from 9975: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9960:. Archived from 9949: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9904: 9898: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9835: 9829: 9822: 9816: 9803: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9757:. Archived from 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9730:on 25 March 2013 9720: 9714: 9713: 9705: 9696: 9689:Anne-Marie Brady 9686: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9660: 9649: 9645: 9636: 9622: 9616: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9574: 9568: 9565: 9559: 9552: 9546: 9539: 9533: 9530: 9524: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9421:. 24 June 2016. 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9363: 9352: 9346:Kilgour, David. 9343: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9312: 9306: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9251: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9215: 9209: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9174: 9168: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9087: 9079: 9070: 9056: 9050: 9040: 9029: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8967: 8961: 8954: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8900: 8894: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8825: 8819: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8755:. Archived from 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8718:"People's Daily" 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8663: 8654: 8647: 8638: 8631: 8622: 8608: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8585:. Archived from 8574: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8500: 8493: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8466: 8457: 8456: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8429:. Archived from 8412: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8377: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8344: 8335: 8334:, 11:33, 761–784 8328: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8295: 8289: 8268: 8262: 8248: 8237: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8143:on 14 July 2007. 8126: 8120: 8119:, pp. 55–56 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8000: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7946: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7820:Schechter (2001) 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7797:. 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Archived from 6916: 6905: 6887: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6791:The New Republic 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6651: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6631: 6623:dash.harvard.edu 6620: 6611: 6605: 6587: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6515: 6509: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6406:on 17 June 2022. 6405: 6394: 6385: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6346: 6335: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6230: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6176: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6151:Schechter (2001) 6148: 6142: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6066: 6056: 6045: 6038: 6027: 6022: 6007: 6006: 5986: 5975: 5972: 5963: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5933: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5907:, pp. 93–94 5902: 5896: 5895: 5877: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5658: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5576: 5568: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5520: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5427: 5417: 5400: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5347: 5341: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5313: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5266: 5255: 5230: 5223: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5037: 5016: 5015: 5000:. Lewiston, NY: 4993: 4984: 4982:Schechter (2001) 4979: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4817: 4778: 4772: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4621: 4615: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4450: 4444: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4392: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4366:, pp. 49–56 4361: 4355: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4334:. 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Tkach 12031:Elijah Muhammad 11961:Louis Farrakhan 11951:Mary Baker Eddy 11911:Sathya Sai Baba 11869:Notable figures 11864: 11721:Sathya Sai Baba 11690:Church of Satan 11546:Nation of Islam 11519:Modern paganism 11368:Neo-charismatic 11212: 11207: 11177: 11172: 11133: 11070: 11029:The Epoch Times 11016: 10970: 10965: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10907: 10906: 10902: 10895: 10890: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10855: 10853: 10835: 10807: 10775: 10773: 10766: 10738: 10736: 10729: 10708: 10683: 10660: 10655: 10645: 10643: 10634: 10633: 10629: 10619: 10617: 10608: 10607: 10603: 10593: 10591: 10576: 10572: 10534:Current History 10525: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10498:Weekly Standard 10489: 10485: 10470: 10466: 10454:Weekly Standard 10447: 10446: 10439: 10432:Wayback Machine 10421: 10417: 10398: 10389: 10381: 10377: 10370: 10356: 10352: 10340: 10336: 10330:Wayback Machine 10321: 10317: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10294: 10288: 10284: 10276: 10272: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10240: 10236: 10228: 10224: 10209: 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8152: 8148: 8133: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8017: 8001: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7963: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7804: 7802: 7801:on 2 April 2012 7793: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7765:Wayback Machine 7755: 7751: 7735: 7731: 7718:Wayback Machine 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7650:, 23 July 1992. 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7622:on 26 May 2018. 7608: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7521:on 2 July 2010. 7507: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7442: 7435: 7420: 7413: 7400: 7398: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7365: 7358: 7335: 7331: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7159: 7155: 7122: 7109: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7059: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7027: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6943: 6917: 6908: 6902:Wayback Machine 6888: 6879: 6869: 6867: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6830:Washington Post 6822: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6700:. 2 July 2009. 6692: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6652: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6598:Wayback Machine 6588: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6524:Washington Post 6516: 6512: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6375:Current History 6371: 6364: 6358:Wayback Machine 6347: 6338: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6235:Lewis, James R. 6231: 6227: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6177: 6170: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6109: 6102: 6088: 6086: 6079: 6057: 6048: 6039: 6030: 6023: 6010: 5987: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5934: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5878: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5822: 5790: 5786: 5772: 5770: 5763: 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4393: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4343: 4324: 4315: 4307: 4300: 4295:. 6 April 2008. 4287: 4286: 4282: 4269: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4212: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4164: 4157: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4122: 4115: 4101: 4099: 4074: 4067: 4054: 4052: 4044:The Daily Beast 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4002: 3998: 3985: 3983: 3966: 3962: 3949: 3947: 3930: 3926: 3913: 3911: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3822: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3781: 3777: 3752: 3743: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3673:. p. 265. 3663: 3659: 3653: 3647:Wayback Machine 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3610: 3594: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3558: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3524: 3517: 3504: 3500: 3494:Wayback Machine 3480: 3476: 3470:Wayback Machine 3460: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3365: 3359:Wayback Machine 3349: 3345: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3263: 3256: 3236:Lewis, James R. 3232: 3225: 3208: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3050:Religion portal 3048: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3024: 2974: 2910: 2904: 2860:The Epoch Times 2847:The Epoch Times 2842:The Epoch Times 2829:The Epoch Times 2791: 2782: 2761:Washington Post 2756:state terrorism 2747:self-immolators 2727: 2713:Washington Post 2688: 2664: 2614: 2566: 2556: 2519: 2491: 2479:dynastic period 2467:Chinese history 2330: 2271:religions" and 2260: 2254: 2179: 2115:Guangming Daily 2104:Guangming Daily 2096: 2019: 2014: 2008: 1952: 1940:Neversink River 1919: 1905:The Epoch Times 1893: 1865: 1856: 1844: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1795: 1782: 1778: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1748: 1735: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1567: 1559:The Epoch Times 1538:The Epoch Times 1533: 1531:The Epoch Times 1518:The Epoch Times 1503:The Epoch Times 1479:The Epoch Times 1470:The Epoch Times 1461: 1455:The Epoch Times 1453:Main articles: 1451: 1447:The Epoch Times 1394: 1368: 1294: 1244: 1232:folk literature 1198: 1178:organized crime 1156: 1152: 1112: 1089:not limited to— 1046: 987:) and 'Karma' ( 945: 894:), compassion ( 857: 851: 848: 838: 825: 814: 802: 796: 735:The Epoch Times 719:modern medicine 671: 665: 662: 659: 649: 626: 622: 612: 591: 582: 581: 575: 571: 567: 563: 543: 528: 513: 493: 484: 483: 294:Literal meaning 77:Literal meaning 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12900: 12890: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12772: 12770: 12769:Related topics 12766: 12765: 12763: 12762: 12757: 12751: 12749: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12735: 12729: 12722: 12720: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12674: 12672: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12640: 12638: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12552: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12526: 12524: 12520: 12519: 12510: 12509: 12502: 12495: 12487: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12462:Academic study 12458: 12456: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12416:Anti-Mormonism 12413: 12412: 12411: 12400: 12398: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12354: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12136:Ellen G. White 12133: 12128: 12123: 12121:Rudolf Steiner 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12086:Ahn Sahng-hong 12083: 12078: 12073: 12071:Helena Roerich 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12026:Sun Myung Moon 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11981:L. Ron Hubbard 11978: 11973: 11971:Kelsang Gyatso 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11881:Noble Drew Ali 11878: 11872: 11870: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11758:Sukyo Mahikari 11755: 11754: 11753: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11692: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11608:Peoples Temple 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11583: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11561:The New Church 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11485:Jewish Renewal 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11430:Friends of Man 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11345: 11344: 11343: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11316:Brahma Kumaris 11313: 11308: 11302:Bible Students 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11252: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11230: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11206: 11205: 11198: 11191: 11183: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11129:Falun (symbol) 11126: 11121: 11116: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11089: 11084: 11082:China Tribunal 11078: 11076: 11075:Related topics 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11049: 11044: 11032: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11014: 11012:Dragon Springs 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10978: 10976: 10972: 10971: 10964: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893:External links 10891: 10889: 10888: 10862: 10839: 10833: 10820: 10811: 10805: 10786: 10764: 10745: 10727: 10712: 10706: 10687: 10681: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10627: 10601: 10570: 10516: 10505:on 24 May 2012 10483: 10464: 10437: 10434:, 27 May 2005. 10415: 10387: 10375: 10368: 10350: 10334: 10315: 10282: 10270: 10246: 10234: 10222: 10203: 10184: 10153: 10120: 10109: 10089: 10058: 10027: 10014: 10001: 9970: 9957:978-0971735620 9956: 9930: 9899: 9890: 9884:978-0415301701 9883: 9861: 9830: 9817: 9795: 9764: 9741: 9715: 9697: 9681: 9650: 9637: 9617: 9613:978-0300102277 9596: 9585:(2): 244–262. 9569: 9560: 9547: 9534: 9525: 9516: 9496: 9466: 9436: 9406: 9375: 9338: 9307: 9287:Jay Nordlinger 9279: 9243: 9210: 9191: 9169: 9156:Ottawa Citizen 9147: 9117: 9071: 9068:978-0980887976 9051: 9030: 9010: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8962: 8946: 8934: 8895: 8882: 8851: 8820: 8796: 8790: 8770: 8759:on 8 July 2012 8739: 8709: 8655: 8639: 8623: 8600: 8569: 8541: 8508: 8479: 8470:Gutmann, Ethan 8458: 8439: 8421:(1): 126–130. 8398: 8369: 8336: 8318: 8290: 8288:, 22 July 1999 8286:People's Daily 8263: 8238: 8225: 8194: 8185: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8121: 8109: 8096:978-0275987176 8095: 8075: 8063: 8046: 8034: 8015: 7980: 7962:978-0742519886 7961: 7938: 7926: 7914: 7902: 7889: 7877: 7860: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7790:Asia Quarterly 7781: 7769: 7749: 7740:, Soho Press, 7729: 7703: 7691: 7676: 7664: 7652: 7637: 7625: 7602: 7572: 7540: 7524: 7501: 7489: 7433: 7411: 7378: 7356: 7329: 7299: 7290: 7259: 7247: 7235: 7222: 7210: 7190: 7178: 7172:978-1405116138 7171: 7153: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7076: 7058:978-1405116138 7057: 7037: 6983: 6976: 6958: 6941: 6906: 6877: 6847: 6816: 6777: 6746: 6715: 6685: 6643: 6606: 6573: 6541: 6510: 6497: 6491: 6460: 6421: 6409: 6380: 6362: 6336: 6332:978-0745950730 6320:978-1134499694 6308:978-0830876525 6291: 6260: 6253: 6225: 6212: 6168: 6155: 6143: 6134: 6100: 6077: 6046: 6028: 6008: 5976: 5964: 5955: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5891:978-1616149406 5890: 5869: 5839: 5820: 5784: 5762:978-1108445658 5761: 5755:. p. 28. 5737: 5706: 5700:. p. 94. 5682: 5642: 5558: 5535: 5508: 5485: 5461: 5439:978-0307430250 5438: 5430:Pantheon Books 5401: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5348: 5331: 5319: 5277: 5231: 5211: 5199: 5190: 5163: 5132: 5106: 5073: 5054: 5017: 5010: 4985: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4898: 4883: 4871: 4862: 4839: 4779: 4764: 4752: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4660:James R. Lewis 4651: 4616: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4560: 4524: 4498: 4464: 4445: 4418: 4380: 4378:, pp. 1–3 4368: 4356: 4341: 4313: 4298: 4280: 4257: 4239: 4197: 4155: 4149: 4113: 4065: 4029: 3996: 3960: 3924: 3888: 3870:Foreign Policy 3855: 3809: 3786:(9 May 2020). 3775: 3741: 3686: 3680:978-1351104029 3679: 3657: 3651: 3627: 3609:978-1108482998 3608: 3585: 3549: 3532:The New Yorker 3515: 3498: 3474: 3451: 3425: 3394: 3363: 3343: 3324: 3282: 3270: 3261: 3254: 3223: 3219:978-0745950730 3202: 3199:978-1134499694 3182: 3179:978-0830876525 3162: 3159:978-1441125538 3142: 3139:978-1317063612 3122: 3119:978-1108655897 3102: 3097:978-1405881180 3096: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3039: 3023: 3020: 2973: 2970: 2906:Main article: 2903: 2900: 2856:Young Pioneers 2790: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2698:People's Daily 2684:People's Daily 2663: 2662:Media campaign 2660: 2555: 2552: 2518: 2515: 2503:thought reform 2490: 2487: 2481:, through the 2454:Chineseness." 2410:Craig S. Smith 2375:secular values 2329: 2326: 2285:thought reform 2256:Main article: 2253: 2250: 2178: 2175: 2128:In June 1998, 2095: 2092: 2018: 2015: 2010:Main article: 2007: 2004: 1992:Richard Madsen 1980:ethnic Chinese 1951: 1948: 1897:Dragon Springs 1892: 1889: 1864: 1861: 1846: 1845: 1828: 1827: 1785: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1768: 1738: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1608:Green Movement 1588: 1587: 1566: 1563: 1546:James R. Lewis 1450: 1443: 1393: 1392:Categorization 1390: 1367: 1364: 1352:Benjamin Penny 1293: 1290: 1243: 1240: 1197: 1194: 1111: 1108: 1073:lotus position 1045: 1042: 859: 858: 828: 826: 819: 813: 810: 798:Main article: 795: 792: 752:U.S. President 688:Dragon Springs 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 459: 450: 449: 443: 442: 435: 426: 425: 419: 418: 408: 402: 401: 394: 388: 387: 385:Yue: Cantonese 381: 380: 373: 367: 366: 360: 359: 349: 343: 342: 335: 329: 328: 321: 315: 314: 308: 307: 306:Transcriptions 299: 298: 295: 291: 290: 281: 275: 274: 265: 259: 258: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246:Huák-lùng-gŭng 242: 233: 232: 226: 225: 218: 209: 208: 202: 201: 191: 185: 184: 177: 171: 170: 168:Yue: Cantonese 164: 163: 156: 150: 149: 143: 142: 132: 126: 125: 118: 112: 111: 104: 98: 97: 91: 90: 89:Transcriptions 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 64: 58: 57: 48: 42: 41: 38: 30: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12899: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12872:Pseudoscience 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12767: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12746: 12739: 12738:Zhang Sanfeng 12736: 12733: 12730: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12635: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12579: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12557: 12553: 12551: 12550: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12516: 12508: 12503: 12501: 12496: 12494: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12453: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12393: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12359: 12355: 12353: 12352: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12283:Self religion 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12213:Doomsday cult 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12036:Nakayama Miki 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12021:Nikkyō Niwano 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11901:Sri Aurobindo 11899: 11897: 11896:Shoko Asahara 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11855:Word of Faith 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11696: 11695:Temple of Set 11693: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11551:New Acropolis 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11455:Heaven's Gate 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11415:Discordianism 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11349: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11277:Anthroposophy 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11197: 11192: 11190: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11169: 11168: 11164: 11162: 11161: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11054: 11050: 11048: 11047:Sound of Hope 11045: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975:Main articles 10973: 10969: 10962: 10957: 10955: 10950: 10948: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10931: 10926: 10925: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10863: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10826: 10821: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10793: 10787: 10783: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10746: 10734: 10730: 10728:1-888451-13-0 10724: 10720: 10719: 10713: 10709: 10707:0-300-10227-5 10703: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10688: 10684: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10574: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10523: 10521: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10487: 10479: 10475: 10468: 10460: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10444: 10442: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10419: 10411: 10407: 10406:National Post 10403: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10385:, p. 248 10384: 10379: 10371: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10319: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10280:, p. 229 10279: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10261: 10260:Freedom House 10256: 10250: 10243: 10238: 10231: 10230:Porter (2003) 10226: 10218: 10214: 10207: 10199: 10195: 10188: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10157: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10125: 10118: 10113: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10093: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10071: 10070:Beiser, Vince 10065: 10063: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10018: 10011: 10005: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9934: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9903: 9894: 9886: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9821: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9802: 9800: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9745: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9711: 9704: 9702: 9694: 9690: 9685: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9644: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9621: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9564: 9557: 9551: 9544: 9538: 9529: 9520: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9500: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9360: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9261:New York Post 9257: 9250: 9248: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9151: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9088:Reprinted in 9085: 9078: 9076: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9048: 9044: 9043:David Kilgour 9039: 9037: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9014: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8993:, p. 128 8992: 8987: 8981:, p. 109 8980: 8975: 8966: 8959: 8953: 8951: 8944:, p. 105 8943: 8938: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8886: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8855: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8800: 8793: 8787: 8783: 8782: 8774: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8743: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8660: 8652: 8646: 8644: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8607: 8605: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8341: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8294: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8189: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8167: 8162: 8156:, p. 171 8155: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8125: 8118: 8113: 8098: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8079: 8073:, p. 56. 8072: 8067: 8061:, p. 267 8060: 8059:Palmer (2007) 8055: 8053: 8051: 8044:, p. 265 8043: 8042:Palmer (2007) 8038: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8008: 8007: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7945: 7943: 7935: 7934:Palmer (2007) 7930: 7924:, p. 170 7923: 7918: 7912:, p. 53. 7911: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7887:, p. 263 7886: 7885:Palmer (2007) 7881: 7875:, p. 249 7874: 7873:Palmer (2007) 7869: 7867: 7865: 7858:, p. 295 7857: 7856:Palmer (2007) 7852: 7846:, p. 248 7845: 7844:Palmer (2007) 7840: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7800: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7689:, p. 136 7688: 7683: 7681: 7674:, p. 126 7673: 7668: 7662:, p. 127 7661: 7656: 7649: 7648: 7641: 7635:, p. 117 7634: 7633:Porter (2003) 7629: 7621: 7617: 7616:The Telegraph 7613: 7606: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7533: 7532:Palmer (2007) 7528: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7497:Palmer (2007) 7493: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7438: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7416: 7408: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7361: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7304: 7294: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7257:, p. 657 7256: 7251: 7245:, p. 638 7244: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7220:, p. 642 7219: 7214: 7208: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7188:, p. 641 7187: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7102: 7093: 7086: 7080: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7041: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6988: 6979: 6977:9781108685382 6973: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6954:Palmer (2007) 6950: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6648: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6376: 6369: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6096: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6026: 6025:Palmer (2007) 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6004: 6000: 5997:(2): 332–47. 5996: 5992: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5944:(2): 263–76. 5943: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5874: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5741: 5733: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5707:0-300-10227-5 5703: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5649: 5647: 5638: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5554: 5542: 5538: 5536:9781544601403 5532: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5504: 5492: 5488: 5486:9781138650282 5482: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5381: 5375:, p. 123 5374: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5329:, p. 205 5328: 5327:Porter (2003) 5323: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5270: 5263: 5262: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4939:, p. 135 4938: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4875: 4866: 4858: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4750:, p. 170 4749: 4744: 4742: 4735:, p. 169 4734: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4681:Porter (2003) 4677: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4636: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4529: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4354:, p. 168 4353: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4276: 4275:Freedom House 4272: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4251:David Ownby, 4248: 4246: 4244: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4153: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701:(in German). 3700: 3699: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3590: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3026: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3005:Ethan Gutmann 3002: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2896:Cisco Systems 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2838:Sound of Hope 2835: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2677:Beijing Daily 2672: 2670: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2648:Geoffrey Nice 2643: 2641: 2636: 2635:Ethan Gutmann 2631: 2630:David Kilgour 2626: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2611:Manfred Nowak 2607: 2598: 2594: 2593:Ethan Gutmann 2590: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2571:David Kilgour 2565: 2561: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2541:David Kilgour 2538: 2537:Ethan Gutmann 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2433:Vivienne Shue 2430: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Ethan Gutmann 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1957:Freedom House 1947: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1860: 1852: 1842: 1839: 1824: 1821: 1813: 1810:December 2022 1803: 1802:the talk page 1799: 1793: 1791: 1786:This section 1784: 1775: 1774: 1765: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1739:This section 1737: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1511:Radical right 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1435:Protestantism 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1300: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1250: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1190: 1189:reincarnation 1186: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1116: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:clairaudience 1092: 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