989:(RFA) uses high-frequency radio waves to destroy tumors by local heating. The electrodes are inserted into the liver tumor under ultrasound guidance using percutaneous, laparoscopic or open surgical approach. It is suitable for small tumors 2 centimeters or less. RFA may be used in those with stage 0 or A disease, especially in those who are not candidates for resection. RFA has the best outcomes in patients with a solitary tumor less than 4 cm. Since it is a local treatment and has minimal effect on normal healthy tissue, it can be repeated multiple times. Survival is better for those with smaller tumors. In one series of 302 patients, the three-year survival rates for lesions >5 cm, 2.1 to 5 cm, and ≤2 cm were 59, 74, and 91%, respectively. A large randomized trial comparing surgical resection and RFA for small HCC showed similar four-year survival and less morbidities for patients treated with RFA. Ablation methods (usually RF ablation) or arterial based treatments may be used on those awaiting liver transplantation to lower tumor burden (Milan score) and improve treatment response. It may also be used to reduce tumor burden making one eligible for liver transplantation.
709:
721:
697:
1019:) mixed with a radio-opaque contrast (e.g. Lipiodol) and an embolic agent (e.g. Gelfoam) into the right or left hepatic artery via the groin artery. The goal of the procedure is to restrict the tumor's vascular supply while supplying a targeted chemotherapeutic agent. TACE has been shown to increase survival and to downstage HCC in patients who exceed the Milan criteria for liver transplant. Patients who undergo the procedure are followed with CT scans and may need additional TACE procedures if the tumor persists. The median survival after TACE is 26–40 months with a tumor response rate of approximately 52%. Combining TACE with systemic therapy (
1301:
588:
1210:
371:
control or on treatments that elevate their insulin output (both states that contribute to a higher circulating insulin concentration) show far greater risk of hepatocellular carcinoma than diabetics on treatments that reduce circulating insulin concentration. On this note, some diabetics who engage in tight insulin control (by keeping it from being elevated) show risk levels low enough to be indistinguishable from the general population. This phenomenon is thus not isolated to diabetes mellitus type 2, since poor insulin regulation is also found in other conditions such as
644:
1394:) and tyrosinemia type I are risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. The diagnosis of an acute hepatic porphyria (AIP, HCP, VP) should be sought in patients with HCC without typical risk factors of hepatitis B or C, alcoholic liver cirrhosis, or hemochromatosis. Both active and latent genetic carriers of acute hepatic porphyrias are at risk for this cancer, although latent genetic carriers have developed the cancer at a later age than those with classic symptoms. Patients with acute hepatic porphyrias should be monitored for HCC.
1371:(spread) from tumors which originate elsewhere in the body. Among cancers that originate from liver tissue, HCC is the most common primary liver cancer. In the United States, the US surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database program, shows that HCC accounts for 65% of all cases of liver cancers. As screening programs are in place for high-risk persons with chronic liver disease, HCC is often discovered much earlier in Western countries than in developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa.
1166:(PVE): This technique is sometimes used to increase the volume of healthy liver, in order to improve chances of survival following surgical removal of diseased liver. For example, embolization of the right main portal vein would result in compensatory hypertrophy of the left lobe, which may qualify the patient for a partial hepatectomy. Embolization is performed by an interventional radiologist using a percutaneous transhepatic approach. This procedure can also serve as a bridge to transplant.
48:
542:
surrounding liver parenchyma. A systematic review found that the sensitivity was 60% and specificity was 97% as compared with pathologic examination of an explanted or resected liver as the reference standard. The sensitivity increases to 79% with AFP correlation. Hepatic nodules that are less than 1 centimeter in size on surveillance ultrasound require serial imaging to ensure stability and to monitor for potential transformation to HCC.
939:
236:, risk factors generally include factors which cause chronic liver disease that may lead to cirrhosis. Certain risk factors are more highly associated with HCC than others. For example, while heavy alcohol consumption is estimated to cause 60–70% of cirrhosis, the vast majority of HCC occurs in cirrhosis attributed to viral hepatitis (although there may be overlap). Recognized risk factors include:
977:
before the transplant, the medication effectively increases the rate of disease progression and decreases survival. Liver transplantation can be a curative approach for patients with advanced HCC without extrahepatic metastasis. Among patients with compensated cirrhosis, transplantation is not associated with improved survival compared to hepatectomy, but instead is significantly more expensive.
635:(LI-RADS) is a classification system for the reporting of liver lesions detected on CT and MRI. Radiologists use this standardized system to report on suspicious lesions and to provide an estimated likelihood of malignancy. Categories range from LI-RADS (LR) 1 to 5, in order of concern for cancer. A biopsy is not needed to confirm the diagnosis of HCC if certain imaging criteria are met.
618:
compared to ultrasound and CT in cirrhotic patients with whom it can be difficult to differentiate HCC from regenerative nodules. A systematic review found that the sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 70–91%) and specificity was 85% (95% CI 77–93%) compared with pathologic examination of an explanted or resected liver as the reference standard. The sensitivity is further increased if
1341:
transmission in different populations – infection at or around birth predispose to earlier cancers than if people are infected later. The time between hepatitis B infection and development into HCC can be years, even decades, but from diagnosis of HCC to death, the average survival period is only 5.9 months according to one
Chinese study during the 1970-80s, or 3 months (
336:, may sometimes be associated with coexisting malignant HCC. Evidence is limited for the true incidence of malignancy associated with benign adenomas; however, the size of hepatic adenoma is considered to correspond to risk of malignancy and so larger tumors may be surgically removed. Certain subtypes of adenoma, particularly those with
916:"Downstaging" intention: for moderately advanced disease which has not spread beyond the liver, but is too advanced to qualify for curative treatment. The person may be treated by targeted therapies in order to reduce the size or number of active tumors, with the goal of once again qualifying for liver transplant after this treatment.
973:
after liver transplantation range from 60-60% with a 50% survival rate at 10 years. The risk of HCC recurrence after liver transplantation is less than 15%. Macrovascular or extrahepatic spread (spread of the cancer to blood vessels or outside the liver, respectively) are contraindications to liver transplantation.
968:, replacing the diseased liver with a cadaveric or a living donor liver, plays an increasing role in treatment of HCC. Although outcomes following liver transplant were initially poor (20%–36% survival rate), outcomes have significantly improved with improvement in surgical techniques and adoption of the
1037:(Y-90) incorporated into embolic microspheres that lodge in the tumor vasculature, causing ischemia and delivering their radiation dose directly to the lesion with the intention of sparing the surrounding liver. Based on limited evidence, SIRT has similar efficacy to TACE. Two products are available,
744:
A number of staging classifications for HCC are available. However, due to the unique nature of the carcinoma to fully encompass all the features that affect the categorization of the HCC, a classification system should incorporate tumor size and number, presence of vascular invasion and extrahepatic
574:
in multiple phases of hepatic perfusion to improve detection and accurate classification of any liver lesions. Due to the characteristic blood flow pattern of HCC tumors, a specific perfusion pattern of any detected liver lesion may conclusively detect an HCC tumor. Alternatively, the scan may detect
5698:
Stepien M, Lopez-Nogueroles M, Lahoz A, Kühn T, Perlemuter G, Voican C, Ciocan D, Boutron-Ruault MC, Jansen E, Viallon V, Leitzmann M, Tjønneland A, Severi G, Mancini FR, Dong C, Kaaks R, Fortner RT, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Peppa E, Palli D, Krogh V, Tumino R, Sacerdote
1415:
designation as a treatment during chemotherapy for HCC. It is a thapsigargin-based prodrug with cytotoxic activity used to reduce blood flow to the tumor during treatment. Results from Phase 2 trial recommended G-202 as a first-in-class PSMA-targeted prodrug and that it move to clinical trials.
972:
at transplantation centers. Expanded
Shanghai criteria in China have resulted in overall survival and disease-free survival rates similar to those achieved using the Milan criteria. Studies from the late 2000s obtained higher survival rates ranging from 67% to 91%. Other estimates of 5 year survival
166:
and other higher income countries is increasing due to an increase in hepatitis C virus infections. The incidence of HCC due to NASH has also risen sharply in the past 20 years, with NASH being the fastest growing cause of HCC. This is thought to be due to an increased prevalence of NASH, as well as
2692:
Based on the known association of NAFLD with IR and MS, approximately two-thirds of the patients were obese and/or diabetic, 4 and a remarkable 25% of these patients had no cirrhosis... Therefore, it is particularly worrying that the most persuasive evidence for an association between NAFLD and HCC
1840:
Dyson, Jessica; Jaques, Bryan; Chattopadyhay, Dipankar; Lochan, Rajiv; Graham, Janine; Das, Debasish; Aslam, Tahira; Patanwala, Imran; Gaggar, Sameer; Cole, Michael; Sumpter, Kate; Stewart, Stephen; Rose, John; Hudson, Mark; Manas, Derek; Reeves, Helen L. (January 2014). "Hepatocellular cancer: The
976:
The risks of liver transplantation extend beyond risk of the procedure itself. The immunosuppressive medication required after surgery to prevent rejection of the donor liver also impairs the body's natural ability to combat dysfunctional cells. If the tumor has spread undetected outside the liver
617:
However, MRI has the advantage of delivering high-resolution images of the liver without ionizing radiation. HCC appears as a high-intensity pattern on T2-weighted images and a low-intensity pattern on T1-weighted images. The advantage of MRI is that it has improved sensitivity and specificity when
613:
A systematic review of CT diagnosis found that the sensitivity was 68% (95% CI 55–80%) and specificity was 93% (95% CI 89–96%) compared with pathologic examination of an explanted or resected liver as the reference standard. With triple-phase helical CT, the sensitivity was 90% or higher, but these
545:
Controversy remains as to the most effective screening protocols. For example, while some data support decreased mortality related to screening people with hepatitis B infection, the AASLD notes, “There are no randomized trials in
Western populations with cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis C
1397:
The incidence of HCC is relatively lower in the
Western Hemisphere than in Eastern Asia. However, despite the statistics being low, the diagnosis of HCC has increased since the 1980s and it is continuing to increase, making it one of the rising causes of death due to cancer. The common risk factor
951:
of the tumor is associated with better cancer prognosis, but only 5–15% of patients are suitable for surgical resection due to the extent of disease or poor liver function. Surgery is only considered if the entire tumor can be safely removed while preserving sufficient functional liver to maintain
662:
Macroscopically, liver cancer appears as a nodular or infiltrative tumor. The nodular type may be solitary (large mass) or multiple (when developed as a complication of cirrhosis). Tumor nodules are round to oval, gray or green (if the tumor produces bile), well circumscribed but not encapsulated.
1196:
The usual outcome is poor because only 10–20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery. If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually deadly within 3 to 6 months. This is partially due to late presentation with tumors, but also the lack of medical
924:
Loco-regional therapy (also referred to as liver-directed therapy) refers to any one of several minimally-invasive treatment techniques to focally target HCC within the liver. These procedures are alternatives to surgery, and may be considered in combination with other strategies, such as a later
909:
Curative intention: for limited disease, when the cancer is limited to one or more areas of within the liver, surgically removing the malignant cells may be curative. This may be accomplished by resection the affected portion of the liver (partial hepatectomy) or in some cases by orthotopic liver
2109:
Recent studies in our laboratory have identified several potential factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of HCC...For example, oxyradical overload diseases such as Wilson disease and hemochromatosis result in the generation of oxygen/nitrogen species that can cause mutations in the p53
529:
HCC remains associated with a high mortality rate, in part because initial diagnosis commonly occurs at an advanced stage of disease. As with other cancers, outcomes are significantly improved if treatment is initiated earlier in the disease process. Since the vast majority of HCC cases occur in
370:
The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in type 2 diabetics is greater (from 2.5 to 7.1 times the nondiabetic risk) depending on the duration of diabetes and treatment protocol. A suspected contributor to this increased risk is circulating insulin concentration such that diabetics with poor insulin
99:
HCC most commonly occurs in those with chronic liver disease especially those with cirrhosis or fibrosis, which occur in the setting of chronic liver injury and inflammation. HCC is rare in those without chronic liver disease. Chronic liver diseases which greatly increase the risk of HCC include
328:
The significance of these risk factors varies globally. In regions where hepatitis B infection is endemic, such as southeast China, hepatitis B is the predominant cause. In populations largely protected by hepatitis B vaccination, such as the United States, HCC is most often linked to causes of
2439:
Diabetes appears to increase the risk of HCC, and such risk is correlated with a long duration of diabetes. Relying on dietary control and treatment with sulfonylureas or insulin were found to confer the highest magnitude of HCC risk, whereas treatment with biguanides or thiazolidinediones was
956:
assessment is critical to determine both the extent of HCC and to estimate the amount of residual liver remaining after surgery. To maintain liver function, residual liver volume should exceed 25% of total liver volume in a noncirrhotic liver, greater than 40% in a cirrhotic liver. Surgery on
541:
On ultrasound, HCC often appears as a small hypoechoic lesion with poorly defined margins and coarse, irregular internal echoes. When the tumor grows, it can sometimes appear heterogeneous with fibrosis, fatty change, and calcifications. This heterogeneity can look similar to cirrhosis and the
995:
is a technique used to destroy the tumor using cold temperatures. The tumor is not removed and the destroyed cancer is left to be reabsorbed by the body. Initial results in properly selected patients with unresectable liver tumors are equivalent to those of resection. Cryosurgery involves the
2541:
Our study confirms that type 2 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for HCC and pre-exists in the majority of HCC patients. Moreover, in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, our data shows a direct association of HCC with insulin and sulphanylureas treatment and an inverse
1340:
In some parts of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa and
Southeast Asia, HCC is the most common cancer, generally affecting men more than women, and with an age of onset between the late teens and 30s. This variability is in part due to the different patterns of hepatitis B and hepatitis C
481:
While this constant cycle of damage followed by repair can lead to mistakes during repair, which in turn lead to carcinogenesis, this hypothesis is more applicable, at present, to hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C causes HCC through the stage of cirrhosis. In chronic hepatitis B, however, the
2645:
The majority of 'cryptogenic' HCC in the United States is attributed to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome... It is predicted that metabolic syndrome will lead to large increases in the incidence of HCC over the next decades. A better
4696:
Bruix, J; Qin, S; Merle, P; Granito, A; Huang, YH; Bodoky, G; Pracht, M; Yokosuka, O; Rosmorduc, O; Breder, V; Gerolami, R; Masi, G; Ross, PJ; Song, T; Bronowicki, JP; Ollivier-Hourmand, I; Kudo, M; Cheng, AL; Llovet, JM; Finn, RS; LeBerre, MA; Baumhauer, A; Meinhardt, G; Han, G; RESORCE,
1063:
in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma has evolved as technological advancements in treatment delivery and imaging have provided a means for safe and effective radiotherapy delivery in a wide spectrum of HCC patients. In metastatic cases, radiotherapy can be used for palliative
5699:
C, Panico S, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Skeie G, Merino S, Ros RZ, Sánchez MJ, Amiano P, Huerta JM, Barricarte A, Sjöberg K, Ohlsson B, Nyström H, Werner M, Perez-Cornago A, Schmidt JA, Freisling H, Scalbert A, Weiderpass E, Christakoudi S, Gunter MJ, Jenab M (April 2022).
2200:
As copper has been shown to protect against chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats, this may be the reason for the extreme rarity of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with Wilson's disease and possibly in other liver diseases with hepatic copper
2899:
Malignant transformation to HCC from a pre-existing hepatic adenoma confirmed by immunohistochemical study has previously not been reported in athletes taking anabolic steroids. Further studies using screening programmes to identify high-risk individuals are
4619:
Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, Tsao CJ, Qin S, Kim JS, et al. (January 2009). "Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".
996:
placement of a stainless steel probe into the center of the tumor and freezing the tumor using liquid nitrogen. Frequently, cryosurgery is used in conjunction with liver resection, as some of the tumors are removed while others are treated with cryosurgery.
2752:
Inhibition of IGF-1R tyrosine kinase (IGF-1R-TK) by NVP-AEW541 induces growth inhibition, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human HCC cell lines without accompanying cytotoxicity. Thus, IGF-1R-TK inhibition may be a promising novel treatment approach in
538:(AFP). Elevated levels of AFP are associated with active HCC disease, though their reliability can be inconsistent. At levels >20, sensitivity is 41–65% and specificity is 80–94%. However, at levels >200, sensitivity is 31% and specificity is 99%.
4374:
Kooby DA, Egnatashvili V, Srinivasan S, Chamsuddin A, Delman KA, Kauh J, et al. (February 2010). "Comparison of yttrium-90 radioembolization and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma".
1446:. These miniaturized organoid 'avatars' of a patient's tumor recapitulate several features of the original tumor, rendering them an attractive model for drug-sensitivity testing and precision medicine for HCC and other types of primary liver cancer.
682:(giant cell), and clear cell. In well-differentiated forms, tumor cells resemble hepatocytes, form trabeculae, cords, and nests, and may contain bile pigment in the cytoplasm. In poorly differentiated forms, malignant epithelial cells are discohesive,
4312:
Yamamoto J, Okada S, Shimada K, Okusaka T, Yamasaki S, Ueno H, Kosuge T (October 2001). "Treatment strategy for small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of long-term results after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and surgical resection".
3710:"WHO aims at controlling HBV worldwide to decrease the incidence of HBV-related chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. by integrating HB vaccination into routine infant (and possibly adolescent) immunization programs."
175:
Most cases of HCC occur in people who already have signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease. They may present with worsening symptoms or without symptoms at the time of cancer detection. HCC may present with non-specific symptoms such as
446:) promoter are seen in 47-60% of HCC cases. The HBV genome commonly inserts into hepatocytes' TERT promoter site contributing to oncogenesis. These mutations in the promoter of TERT lead to a constitutively active telomerase which maintains
1197:
expertise and facilities in the regions with high HCC prevalence. However, survival can vary, and occasionally people survive much longer than 6 months. The prognosis for metastatic or unresectable HCC has improved due to the approval of
4698:
3191:
Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, Massironi S, Colucci A, Conte D, Duca P (March 2006). "Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review".
1187:-90 radioembolization. Excluding a study of only one patient, post-treatment CT evaluation of the tumor showed a response ranging from 29 to 100% of patients evaluated, with all but two studies showing a response of 71% or greater.
512:
Methods of diagnosis in HCC have evolved with the improvement in medical imaging. The evaluation of both asymptomatic patients and those with symptoms of liver disease involves blood testing and imaging evaluation. Historically, a
1084:, an oral multikinase inhibitor, was the first systemic agent approved for first-line treatment of advanced HCC. Trials have found modest improvement in overall survival: 10.7 months vs 7.9 months and 6.5 months vs 4.2 months.
752:
Of all the staging classification systems available, the
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging classification encompasses all of the above characteristics. This staging classification can be used to guide treatment decisions.
913:"Bridging" intention: for limited disease which qualifies for potential liver transplantation, the person may undergo targeted treatment of some or all of the known tumor while waiting for a donor organ to become available.
946:
Surgical resection of HCC tumors is usually the preferred treatment for BCLC stage 0 or A disease. Surgical resection is associated with a greater than 60% survival rate at 5 years and a recurrence rate greater than 70%.
929:
or surgeons, in coordination with a medical oncologist. Loco-regional therapy may refer to either percutaneous therapies (e.g. cryoablation), or arterial catheter-based therapies (chemoembolization or radioembolization).
1045:. The latter is an FDA-approved treatment for primary liver cancer which has been shown in clinical trials to increase the survival rate of low-risk patients. SIR-Spheres are FDA-approved for the treatment of metastatic
4135:
Michelakos T, Xourafas D, Qadan M, Pieretti-Vanmarcke R, Cai L, Patel MS, et al. (June 2019). "Hepatocellular
Carcinoma in Transplantable Child-Pugh A Cirrhotics: Should Cost Affect Resection vs Transplantation?".
2798:
Our data indicate that loss of autocrine/paracrine IGFBP-3 loops may lead to HCC tumor growth and suggest that modulating production of the IGFs, IGFBP-3, and IGF-IR may represent a novel approach in the treatment of
1015:(TACE) may be used in BCLC stage B disease and for un-resectable tumors or as a temporary treatment while waiting for liver transplant ("bridge to transplant"). TACE is done by injecting an antineoplastic drug (e.g.
4048:
Vitale A, Gringeri E, Valmasoni M, D'Amico F, Carraro A, Pauletto A, et al. (2007). "Long-term results of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an update of the
University of Padova experience".
3082:
Bell, Robert J.A.; Rube, H. Tomas; Xavier-MagalhĂŁes, Ana; Costa, Bruno M.; Mancini, Andrew; Song, Jun S.; Costello, Joseph F. (1 April 2016). "Understanding TERT Promoter
Mutations: A Common Path to Immortality".
919:
Palliative intention: for more advanced disease, including spread of cancer beyond the liver or in persons who may not tolerate surgery, treatment intended to decrease symptoms of disease and maximize duration of
441:
Many genes responsible for cell proliferation, apoptosis or cell senescence and differentiation are commonly mutated in HCC and are implicated in tumor formation. Mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase
6082:
6067:
1079:
Systemic therapy for HCC is indicated in BCLC stage C disease, in which cancer has spread beyond the liver. It is also indicated in BCLC stage B disease with tumor progression after local treatments. In 2007,
391:
exacerbation), the only evidence that has been confirmed is that anabolic steroid users are more likely to have the benign hepatocellular adenomas transform into the more dangerous hepatocellular carcinoma.
1070:
for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma was associated with improved survival relative to photon-based radiation therapy which may be driven by decreased incidence of post-treatment liver decompensation.
5515:
Lau WY, Leung TW, Ho SK, Chan M, Machin D, Lau J, et al. (March 1999). "Adjuvant intra-arterial iodine-131-labelled lipiodol for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomised trial".
1456:
that were measured in people several years prior to tumor diagnosis. In another study using a mouse model, it was found that dysregulated hepatic bile acids collaboratively promote liver carcinogenesis.
4885:
Madoff DC, Hicks ME, Vauthey JN, Charnsangavej C, Morello FA, Ahrar K, et al. (September–October 2002). "Transhepatic portal vein embolization: anatomy, indications, and technical considerations".
3433:
Chan AW, Tong JH, Pan Y, Chan SL, Wong GL, Wong VW, et al. (March 2015). "Lymphoepithelioma-like hepatocellular carcinoma: an uncommon variant of hepatocellular carcinoma with favorable outcome".
1480:, also has US FDA orphan drug designation for HCC. Immunitor Inc. completed a Phase II trial, published in 2017. A randomized trial of people with advanced HCC showed no benefit for the combination of
504:
has led to relatively high rates of hepatocellular carcinoma in these regions. Other viral hepatitides such as hepatitis A have no potential to become a chronic infection, thus are not related to HCC.
4005:
Fan J, Yang GS, Fu ZR, Peng ZH, Xia Q, Peng CH, et al. (October 2009). "Liver transplantation outcomes in 1,078 hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a multi-center experience in
Shanghai, China".
3235:
Ertle JM, Heider D, Wichert M, Keller B, Kueper R, Hilgard P, et al. (2013). "A combination of α-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin is superior in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma".
882:
against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of liver cancer in the future. In those with chronic hepatitis C infection, treatment of the hepatitis C using medications reduces the risk of developing HCC.
496:
species of fungi is a carcinogen and aids carcinogenesis of hepatocellular cancer by building up in the liver. The combined high prevalence of rates of aflatoxin and hepatitis B in settings such as
1332:. Males are affected more than females usually, and it is most common between the ages of 30 and 50, Hepatocellular carcinoma causes 662,000 deaths worldwide per year about half of them in China.
2071:
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk for HCC. However, more research is required to examine issues related to the duration and treatment of diabetes, and confounding by diet and obesity
1449:
Furthermore, HCC occurs in patients with liver disease. A biomarker named six-miRNA signature allows effective treatment of patients with HCC and is able to predict its recurrence in the liver.
741:
The prognosis of HCC is affected by the staging of the tumor, the liver's function due to the effects of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis as well as the person's physical performance status.
957:
diseased or cirrhotic livers is generally associated with higher morbidity and mortality. The Singapore Liver Cancer Recurrence score can be used to estimate risk of recurrence after surgery.
1345:
survival time) in sub-Saharan Africa according to Manson's textbook of tropical diseases. HCC is one of the deadliest cancers in China, where chronic hepatitis B is found in 90% of cases. In
690:, and giant. The tumor has a scant stroma and central necrosis because of the poor vascularization. A fifth form – lymphoepithelioma like hepatocellular carcinoma – has also been described.
2726:
Höpfner M, Huether A, Sutter AP, Baradari V, Schuppan D, Scherübl H (May 2006). "Blockade of IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase has antineoplastic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma cells".
2213:
Huang YC, Tsan YT, Chan WC, Wang JD, Chu WM, Fu YC, et al. (April 2015). "Incidence and survival of cancers among 1,054 hemophilia patients: A nationwide and 14-year cohort study".
343:
Chronic liver disease is rare in children and adolescents; however, congenital liver disorders are associated with an increased the chance of developing HCC. Specifically, children with
1132:
A host of additional targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been found to be effective. For instance, in the recent phase III trial IMBrave 150, the combination of
5263:"A Phase II, Multicenter, Single-Arm Study of Mipsagargin (G-202) as a Second-Line Therapy Following Sorafenib for Adult Patients with Progressive Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma"
4220:
Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Sato S, Koike Y, et al. (March 2005). "Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases".
546:
or fatty liver disease, and thus there is some controversy surrounding whether surveillance truly leads to a reduction in mortality in this population of patients with cirrhosis.”
1435:) and other predictive biomarkers. As similar research is yielding results in various other malignant diseases, it is hoped that identifying the aberrant genes and the resultant
2955:
Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Lu SN, et al. (January 2006). "Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level".
3589:
3373:
322:, although statistically associated with higher risk of HCC, this is due to coincident chronic viral hepatitis infection related to repeated blood transfusions over lifetime.
7015:
5808:
4768:"Ramucirumab for Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Elevated Alpha Fetoprotein Following Non–Sorafenib Systemic Therapy: An Expansion Cohort of REACH-2"
2148:
The patient described here was the oldest and only the third female patient with hepatocellular carcinoma complicating Wilson's disease to be reported in the literature
5839:"Open-label Phase II clinical trial in 75 patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma receiving daily dose of tableted liver cancer vaccine, hepcortespenlisimut-L"
4699:"Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial"
745:
spread, liver function (levels of serum bilirubin and albumin, presence of ascites, and portal hypertension) and general health status of the patient (defined by the
9269:
1033:(SIRT) can be used to destroy the tumor using selective injection of the artery or arteries supplying the tumor with a radioisotope agent. The agent is typically
1636:"A Meta-Analysis on the Rate of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence after Liver Transplant and Associations to Etiology, Alpha-Fetoprotein, Income and Ethnicity"
530:
people with certain chronic liver diseases, especially those with cirrhosis, liver cancer screening is recommended in this population. In the United States, the
5237:
4478:"Rethinking the Role of Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Data Driven Treatment Algorithm for Optimizing Outcomes"
889:
may be beneficial for some patients. HCC surveillance in those with chronic liver disease with cirrhosis is indicated and generally consists of a twice-yearly
2045:
El-Serag HB, Hampel H, Javadi F (March 2006). "The association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence".
708:
6097:
316:(controversial; while some theorise the risk increases, case studies are rare and suggest the opposite where Wilson's disease actually may confer protection)
905:
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma varies by the stage of disease, a person's likelihood to tolerate surgery, and availability of liver transplantation:
7493:
531:
6193:
4859:
2658:
Stickel F, Hellerbrand C (October 2010). "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and implications".
167:
its risk factors of diabetes and obesity, in higher income countries. It is more than three times as common in males as in females, for unknown reasons.
2452:
Charitha, Gorantla Sri; Chaitanya, Nyshadham S. N.; Reddy, Aramati Bindu Madhava (2022-01-01), Nagaraju, Ganji Purnachandra; Vadde, Ramakrishna (eds.),
5942:
3693:
3164:
2767:"A possible role for insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 autocrine/paracrine loops in controlling hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation"
8692:
1002:
is well tolerated in small (<3 cm) solitary tumors. Local therapy can achieve a 5-year survival rate around 60% for patients with small HCC.
878:
Since hepatitis B and C are some of the main causes of hepatocellular carcinoma, prevention of infection is key to then prevent HCC. Thus, childhood
720:
534:(AASLD) recommends ultrasound screenings every six months for people with cirrhosis, with or without measurement of blood levels of the tumor marker
4739:
Abou-Alfa, Ghassan K.; Meyer, Tim; Cheng, Ann-Lii (5 July 2018). "Cabozantinib in Patients with Advanced and Progressing Hepatocellular Carcinoma".
3848:"Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases"
6697:
2646:
understanding of the relation between these two diseases ultimately should lead to improved screening and treatment options for patients with HCC.
696:
426:, some of which are infected by the virus, others merely bystanders. Activated immune-system inflammatory cells release free radicals, such as
9707:
8056:
9283:
2865:
Gorayski P, Thompson CH, Subhash HS, Thomas AC (January 2008). "Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with recreational anabolic steroid use".
1442:
The development of three-dimensional culture methods provides a new approach for preclinical studies of cancer therapy using patient-derived
7724:
6292:
5369:
3948:"The Singapore Liver Cancer Recurrence (SLICER) Score for relapse prediction in patients with surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma"
3390:
Chan AW, Zhang Z, Chong CC, Tin EK, Chow C, Wong N (October 2019). "Genomic landscape of lymphoepithelioma-like hepatocellular carcinoma".
410:
alterations and mutations affecting the cellular machinery cause the cell to replicate at a higher rate and/or result in the cell avoiding
4571:
Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF, et al. (July 2008). "Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma".
3571:
897:
lab testing. The utility of HCC surveillance or screening in those with chronic liver disease without cirrhosis is less well established.
5314:"Screening and identification of novel B cell epitopes in human heparanase and their anti-invasion property for hepatocellular carcinoma"
4964:
4265:"A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma"
2853:
This is the first reported case of hepatic adenoma re-growth with recidivistic steroid abuse, complicated by life-threatening hemorrhage.
1027:) does not improve survival. The risk of death after transarterial treatments, including TACE, is about 1%, usually due to liver failure.
7600:
3658:
Katyal S, Oliver JH, Peterson MS, Ferris JV, Carr BS, Baron RL (September 2000). "Extrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma".
8949:
8780:
6331:
599:
Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI may be used to evaluate the liver for HCC. On CT and MRI, HCC can have three distinct patterns of growth:
5790:
1095:. Numerous other molecular targeted drugs are being tested as alternative first- and second-line treatments for advanced HCC, such as
8820:
7749:
1103:. Regorafenib increased survival from 7.8 to 10.6 months in those who had tumor progression while on sorafenib compared to placebo.
7486:
1012:
3370:
1049:, but outside the US, SIR-Spheres are approved for the treatment of any nonresectable liver cancer including primary liver cancer.
7974:
6186:
3346:
5816:
5009:
7834:
517:
of a tumor was required to prove an HCC diagnosis. However, imaging (especially MRI) findings may be conclusive enough without
359:
2766:
8685:
6559:
5027:
2475:
1701:
17:
7519:
6471:
6211:
3746:"Bridging and downstaging treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation"
482:
integration of the viral genome into infected cells can directly induce a noncirrhotic liver to develop HCC. Alternatively,
9702:
8913:
1030:
5436:"Expression and functional role of a transcribed noncoding RNA with an ultraconserved element in hepatocellular carcinoma"
4348:
1452:
A prospective study found that increased hepatocellular cancer risk is associated with higher levels of major circulating
9692:
8970:
8531:
8023:
7979:
7479:
5741:
Xie G, Wang X, Huang F, Zhao A, Chen W, Yan J, Zhang Y, Lei S, Ge K, Zheng X, Liu J, Su M, Liu P, Jia W (October 2016).
2250:"Hepatitis B and C virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in China: a review of epidemiology and control measures"
8100:
8049:
6772:
6179:
4981:
4410:
1888:
Heidelbaugh JJ, Bruderly M (September 2006). "Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure: part I. Diagnosis and evaluation".
9289:
8815:
8772:
7586:
7444:
7291:
6005:
1968:"Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk for hepatocellular cancer, based on systematic review"
1169:
1114:
422:
can aid the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by repeatedly causing the body's own immune system to attack the
9275:
9204:
8678:
8581:
7882:
7189:
5076:
1801:"Changing global epidemiology of liver cancer from 2010 to 2019: NASH is the fastest growing cause of liver cancer"
288:
4860:"Imjudo (tremelimumab) in combination with Imfinzi approved in the US for patients with unresectable liver cancer"
8585:
8418:
7330:
6942:
6925:
6430:
6425:
6302:
1799:
Huang, Daniel Q.; Singal, Amit G.; Kono, Yuko; Tan, Darren J.H.; El-Serag, Hashem B.; Loomba, Rohit (July 2022).
554:
In a person where a higher suspicion of HCC exists, such as a person with symptoms or abnormal blood tests (i.e.
133:
3303:
El-Serag HB, Marrero JA, Rudolph L, Reddy KR (May 2008). "Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma".
2122:
Cheng WS, Govindarajan S, Redeker AG (February 1992). "Hepatocellular carcinoma in a case of Wilson's disease".
8874:
8860:
8206:
7984:
7787:
7744:
7715:
7184:
7140:
7034:
6856:
6455:
5651:"A novel RNA sequencing-based miRNA signature predicts with recurrence and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma"
5600:
Broutier L, Mastrogiovanni G, Verstegen MM, Francies HE, GavarrĂł LM, Bradshaw CR, et al. (December 2017).
999:
308:
137:
4923:"Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization for the treatment of liver malignancies: a structured meta-analysis"
1304:
Liver tumor types by relative incidence in adults in the United States, with hepatocellular carcinoma at left.
9235:
8523:
8042:
7695:
7395:
7241:
4529:"Protons versus Photons for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Liver Decompensation and Overall Survival"
3697:
117:
9312:
5701:"Prediagnostic alterations in circulating bile acid profiles in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma"
3528:
Llovet JM, BrĂş C, Bruix J (1999). "Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification".
1476:
designation for this condition and is undergoing clinical trials. Hepcortespenlisimut-L (Hepko-V5), an oral
9079:
9073:
8984:
8978:
8868:
8312:
8013:
7687:
7510:
7150:
6669:
6277:
4921:
Vente MA, Wondergem M, van der Tweel I, van den Bosch MA, Zonnenberg BA, Lam MG, et al. (April 2009).
1359:
and corns stored during prolonged wet seasons) which produces aflatoxins pose another risk factor for HCC.
1308:
HCC is one of the most common tumors worldwide. The epidemiology of HCC exhibits two main patterns, one in
1118:
559:
1871:
1532:
Shetty S, Sharma N, Ghosh K (March 2016). "Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hemophilia".
666:
Microscopically, the four architectural and cytological types (patterns) of hepatocellular carcinoma are:
663:
The diffuse type is poorly circumscribed and infiltrates the portal veins, or the hepatic veins (rarely).
9442:
9368:
9362:
9035:
8570:
8487:
8120:
7953:
7729:
7705:
6364:
2454:
626:
2554:
Donadon V, Balbi M, Ghersetti M, Grazioli S, Perciaccante A, Della Valentina G, et al. (May 2009).
2499:
Donadon V, Balbi M, Ghersetti M, Grazioli S, Perciaccante A, Della Valentina G, et al. (May 2009).
8627:
8609:
8519:
8470:
7969:
7710:
7691:
7564:
6730:
6659:
6260:
5941:
Schwartz JM, Carithers Jr RL, Sirlin CB (20 December 2022). Kressel HY, Savarese DM, Robsin MK (eds.).
5837:
Tarakanovskaya MG, Chinburen J, Batchuluun P, Munkhzaya C, Purevsuren G, Dandii D, et al. (2017).
5201:
Goh GB, Chang PE, Tan CK (December 2015). "Changing epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia".
3897:"Surgical resection of localized hepatocellular carcinoma: patient selection and special consideration"
567:
438:
gene mutations. Reactive oxygen species also cause epigenetic alterations at the sites of DNA repair.
388:
9499:
9106:
8604:
8527:
8364:
8190:
8153:
7877:
7806:
7502:
7003:
6959:
6912:
6718:
6336:
6154:
5055:
3590:"What is the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging?"
1387:
431:
5238:"Phyton Biotech Achieves Manufacturing Milestone with Thapsigargin, the Active Agent in Mipsagargin"
4585:
4086:"Liver transplantation as curative approach for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: is it justified?"
1300:
9208:
9120:
9025:
8828:
8800:
8632:
8565:
8500:
8374:
8354:
8321:
8299:
7683:
7349:
7029:
6664:
6622:
6435:
6310:
6297:
6267:
6238:
6108:
2401:"Association of diabetes duration and diabetes treatment with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma"
1163:
1129:, are second line therapies which have been shown to reduce the risk of death compared to placebo.
926:
352:
1183:
assessed 12 articles involving a total of 318 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with
885:
In the case of patients with cirrhosis, alcohol consumption is to be avoided. Also, screening for
143:
As with any cancer, the treatment and prognosis of HCC varies depending on tumor histology, size,
9004:
8110:
8018:
7767:
7536:
7274:
7051:
6792:
6584:
6243:
3123:
Heimbach JK, Kulik LM, Finn RS, Sirlin CB, Abecassis MM, Roberts LR, et al. (January 2018).
1383:
986:
683:
679:
458:(which is responsible for embryogenesis and cell homeostasis) are also seen in HCC, specifically
427:
278:
140:, markedly increase the risk of developing HCC. The five-year survival in those with HCC is 18%.
129:
121:
8670:
5376:
1176:) is an experimental technique which uses high-powered ultrasound waves to destroy tumor tissue.
587:
9398:
9376:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9198:
9136:
9030:
8991:
8794:
8493:
8317:
8257:
7859:
7647:
7609:
7354:
7078:
7061:
6445:
6321:
6272:
6233:
6203:
4580:
333:
6137:
5602:"Human primary liver cancer-derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening"
4961:
3720:
2607:"Metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma: two growing epidemics with a potential link"
2556:"Antidiabetic therapy and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease"
2501:"Antidiabetic therapy and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease"
9383:
8964:
8834:
8805:
8655:
8379:
7719:
7286:
7205:
7194:
7155:
7083:
6386:
1173:
1140:
was found to improve both overall and progression-free survival compared to sorafenib alone.
965:
886:
379:
is present) and again evidence of greater risk exists here, too. While there are claims that
5791:"ennerex Granted FDA Orphan Drug Designation for Pexa-Vec in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)"
5395:"Non-coding RNA in hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic targets"
5261:
Mahalingam D, Peguero J, Cen P, Arora SP, Sarantopoulos J, Rowe J, et al. (June 2019).
2460:
Theranostics and Precision Medicine for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Volume 2
355:, and other cirrhotic diseases of the liver are predisposed to developing HCC in childhood.
9647:
9479:
9114:
8943:
8483:
8342:
8279:
8115:
8095:
7864:
7325:
7269:
7090:
6986:
6569:
6564:
6398:
6316:
6282:
5700:
5447:
5434:
Braconi C, Valeri N, Kogure T, Gasparini P, Huang N, Nuovo GJ, et al. (January 2011).
4899:
3959:
3846:
Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, Abecassis MM, et al. (August 2018).
1209:
770:
483:
260:
671:
8:
9697:
9065:
8786:
8619:
8271:
8105:
7419:
7229:
7122:
7105:
7066:
7039:
6991:
6834:
6811:
6804:
6753:
6725:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6554:
6171:
6086:
5794:
4437:"Hepatocellular carcinoma radiation therapy: review of evidence and future opportunities"
3278:
1510:
1391:
948:
848:
313:
5451:
5338:
5313:
4792:
4767:
4527:
Sanford NN, Pursley J, Noe B, Yeap BY, Goyal L, Clark JW, et al. (September 2019).
3963:
2368:
2083:
Wang XW, Hussain SP, Huo TI, Wu CG, Forgues M, Hofseth LJ, et al. (December 2002).
643:
9459:
9454:
9168:
8924:
8452:
8284:
8247:
8143:
8125:
7924:
7906:
7846:
7675:
7671:
7431:
7296:
7279:
7264:
7251:
7234:
7100:
6735:
6627:
6599:
6533:
6359:
6255:
6220:
6102:
5992:
5914:
5889:
5865:
5838:
5767:
5742:
5675:
5650:
5626:
5601:
5541:
5470:
5435:
5351:
5289:
5262:
5183:
5129:
5102:
5051:
4838:
4504:
4477:
4289:
4280:
4264:
4245:
4161:
4112:
4085:
4062:
4030:
3982:
3947:
3923:
3896:
3877:
3823:
3796:
3772:
3745:
3671:
3635:
3608:
3572:"BCLC staging system and the Child-Pugh system ;Liver cancer ; Cancer Research UK"
3553:
3505:
3480:
3458:
3415:
3328:
3260:
3217:
3018:
2991:
2937:
2890:
2839:
2812:
2683:
2631:
2606:
2582:
2555:
2527:
2500:
2467:
2425:
2400:
2344:
2317:
2274:
2249:
2186:
2161:
2135:
1992:
1967:
1943:
1916:
1825:
1800:
1662:
1635:
1592:
1351:
1317:
746:
619:
407:
372:
155:
5529:
4717:
4633:
3609:"Staging systems for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future perspectives"
2316:
Balogh J, Victor D, Asham EH, Burroughs SG, Boktour M, Saharia A, et al. (2016).
2096:
1580:
150:
The vast majority of HCC cases and the lowest survival rates after treatment occur in
9632:
9583:
9564:
9545:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9240:
9145:
8849:
8727:
8596:
7991:
7943:
7934:
7657:
7559:
7528:
7409:
7390:
6763:
5984:
5919:
5870:
5772:
5723:
5680:
5631:
5582:
5533:
5475:
5416:
5343:
5294:
5218:
5175:
5134:
5033:
5023:
5006:
4944:
4903:
4842:
4830:
4721:
4678:
4637:
4598:
4550:
4509:
4458:
4392:
4330:
4294:
4237:
4202:
4153:
4117:
4084:
Obed A, Tsui TY, Schnitzbauer AA, Obed M, Schlitt HJ, Becker H, Lorf T (March 2008).
4066:
4022:
3987:
3928:
3869:
3828:
3777:
3675:
3640:
3545:
3510:
3450:
3419:
3407:
3350:
3320:
3252:
3209:
3205:
3146:
3064:
3023:
2972:
2929:
2882:
2844:
2778:
2743:
2675:
2636:
2587:
2532:
2471:
2430:
2399:
Hassan MM, Curley SA, Li D, Kaseb A, Davila M, Abdalla EK, et al. (April 2010).
2349:
2279:
2230:
2191:
2139:
2100:
2062:
1997:
1948:
1897:
1697:
1667:
1584:
1549:
1545:
1180:
1046:
894:
555:
535:
221:
189:
68:
6091:
5545:
5355:
5187:
4249:
4165:
3557:
3462:
3332:
3264:
2894:
2687:
1596:
9607:
9317:
8997:
8929:
8810:
8741:
8557:
8475:
8289:
8201:
7792:
7666:
7581:
7569:
7456:
7376:
7371:
7361:
7223:
7095:
7023:
6841:
6748:
6743:
6673:
6632:
6440:
6405:
5996:
5974:
5909:
5901:
5860:
5850:
5762:
5754:
5715:
5670:
5662:
5621:
5613:
5572:
5525:
5465:
5455:
5406:
5333:
5325:
5284:
5274:
5210:
5165:
5124:
5114:
4934:
4895:
4820:
4787:
4779:
4748:
4713:
4668:
4629:
4590:
4540:
4499:
4489:
4448:
4384:
4322:
4284:
4276:
4229:
4192:
4145:
4107:
4097:
4058:
4034:
4014:
3977:
3967:
3918:
3908:
3881:
3859:
3818:
3808:
3767:
3757:
3667:
3630:
3620:
3537:
3500:
3492:
3442:
3399:
3312:
3244:
3221:
3201:
3136:
3100:
3092:
3054:
3013:
3003:
2964:
2941:
2921:
2874:
2834:
2824:
2786:
2735:
2667:
2626:
2618:
2577:
2567:
2522:
2512:
2463:
2420:
2412:
2339:
2329:
2269:
2261:
2222:
2181:
2173:
2162:"Wilson's disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: possible protective role of copper"
2131:
2092:
2054:
1987:
1979:
1938:
1928:
1850:
1820:
1812:
1781:
1657:
1647:
1576:
1541:
870:
The most common sites of metastasis are the lung, abdominal lymph nodes, and bone.
450:
length and contributes to cell immortality. Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene
380:
205:
9571:
8034:
6148:
6044:
4476:
Sayan M, Yegya-Raman N, Greco SH, Gui B, Zhang A, Chundury A, et al. (2019).
3096:
2455:"Chapter 22 - LKB1/STK11-mediated signal transduction in hepatocellular carcinoma"
1146:(Imjudo) was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2022. It is
9531:
9436:
9356:
9345:
9216:
9180:
9100:
8886:
8747:
8575:
8238:
7634:
7617:
7414:
7344:
7210:
7145:
7110:
6981:
6846:
6782:
6684:
6603:
6594:
6544:
6484:
6369:
6346:
6113:
5890:"Everolimus and pasireotide for advanced and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma"
5013:
4968:
4545:
4528:
4453:
4436:
3972:
3795:
Gbolahan OB, Schacht MA, Beckley EW, LaRoche TP, O'Neil BH, Pyko M (April 2017).
3446:
3377:
3316:
1500:
1469:
953:
655:
344:
272:
8326:
5103:"Review of hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, etiology, and carcinogenesis"
4352:
1087:
The most common side effects of Sorafenib include a hand-foot skin reaction and
8767:
8252:
8181:
7948:
7911:
7841:
7739:
7679:
7622:
7551:
7541:
7451:
7366:
6920:
6893:
6758:
6693:
6689:
6579:
6549:
5440:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5411:
5394:
4388:
4263:
Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, Guo RP, Liang HH, Zhang YQ, et al. (March 2006).
3496:
2015:
1854:
1816:
1477:
1428:
1349:, chronic hepatitis C is associated with 90% of HCC cases. Foods infected with
1325:
1313:
1213:
1067:
969:
575:
an indeterminate lesion and further evaluation may be performed by obtaining a
518:
455:
435:
401:
337:
209:
177:
6076:
5905:
5743:"Dysregulated hepatic bile acids collaboratively promote liver carcinogenesis"
5329:
5214:
5154:"Comparison of hepatocellular carcinoma in Eastern versus Western populations"
4939:
4922:
4807:
Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, Kim TY, et al. (May 2020).
4149:
4102:
4018:
2739:
2058:
1983:
925:
liver transplantation. Generally, these treatment procedures are performed by
9686:
8762:
8757:
8705:
7892:
7574:
7471:
7384:
7337:
7130:
7073:
7056:
6968:
6713:
6540:
6415:
6381:
6326:
5312:
Yang JM, Wang HJ, Du L, Han XM, Ye ZY, Fang Y, et al. (September 2009).
5037:
4783:
3762:
1933:
1634:
Tan DJ, Wong C, Ng CH, Poh CW, Jain SR, Huang DQ, Muthiah MD (January 2021).
1309:
1126:
667:
571:
340:
activation mutation, are particularly associated with increased risk of HCC.
163:
47:
5666:
5577:
5560:
5460:
5279:
4494:
4326:
3813:
3607:
Kinoshita A, Onoda H, Fushiya N, Koike K, Nishino H, Tajiri H (March 2015).
2925:
2878:
2671:
362:
may have none of the typical risk factors, such as cirrhosis and hepatitis.
192:. Some symptoms that are more closely associated with liver disease include
9623:
9473:
9151:
9012:
8510:
8462:
8406:
8307:
7854:
7259:
7171:
7044:
6947:
6898:
6883:
6878:
6874:
6787:
6612:
6528:
6420:
6410:
6376:
5988:
5923:
5874:
5776:
5727:
5684:
5635:
5586:
5537:
5479:
5420:
5347:
5298:
5222:
5179:
5138:
5119:
4948:
4907:
4834:
4725:
4682:
4641:
4602:
4554:
4513:
4462:
4396:
4334:
4298:
4241:
4206:
4179:
Tanabe KK, Curley SA, Dodd GD, Siperstein AE, Goldberg SN (February 2004).
4157:
4121:
4070:
4026:
3991:
3932:
3873:
3832:
3781:
3679:
3644:
3549:
3541:
3514:
3454:
3411:
3324:
3256:
3213:
3150:
3068:
3043:"Oxidative stress and epigenetic instability in human hepatocarcinogenesis"
3027:
2976:
2933:
2912:
Shibata T, Aburatani H (June 2014). "Exploration of liver cancer genomes".
2886:
2848:
2782:
2747:
2693:
derives from studies on the risk of HCC in patients with metabolic syndrome
2679:
2640:
2591:
2536:
2434:
2353:
2283:
2265:
2234:
2104:
2066:
2001:
1952:
1901:
1671:
1588:
1553:
1439:
could lead to the identification of pharmacological interventions for HCC.
1329:
1321:
1143:
1133:
1106:
1092:
1060:
992:
651:
329:
cirrhosis such as chronic hepatitis C, obesity, and excessive alcohol use.
201:
89:
6020:
5888:
Sanoff HK, Kim R, Ivanova A, Alistar A, McRee AJ, O'Neil BH (April 2015).
5836:
4825:
4808:
4752:
4594:
3625:
3008:
2968:
2813:"Anabolic steroid abuse causing recurrent hepatic adenomas and hemorrhage"
2195:
2143:
1785:
1154:, for the treatment of adults with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
1091:. Sorafenib is thought to work by blocking growth of both tumor cells and
9663:
9612:
9600:
9595:
9588:
9576:
9550:
9520:
9422:
9261:
9173:
9156:
9091:
8752:
8448:
8223:
8135:
7919:
7872:
7815:
7759:
7439:
7201:
7179:
7010:
6930:
6574:
6475:
6228:
6132:
4134:
2992:"Involvement of DNA damage response pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma"
2248:
Tanaka M, Katayama F, Kato H, Tanaka H, Wang J, Qiao YL, Inoue M (2011).
2177:
1485:
1473:
1412:
1137:
1122:
1100:
1042:
1038:
879:
592:
501:
492:
419:
415:
348:
249:
243:
162:
is endemic and many are infected from birth. The incidence of HCC in the
159:
113:
109:
105:
92:
in adults and is currently the most common cause of death in people with
56:
6059:
5855:
4920:
4809:"Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma"
3744:
Pompili M, Francica G, Ponziani FR, Iezzi R, Avolio AW (November 2013).
2829:
2572:
2517:
1652:
9513:
9297:
9054:
8359:
8228:
8218:
8074:
8005:
7215:
6888:
6866:
6511:
6450:
5599:
5170:
5153:
4233:
4197:
4180:
3913:
2622:
2416:
2334:
1567:
Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J (March 2012). "Hepatocellular carcinoma".
1481:
1375:
1368:
1151:
1096:
1034:
890:
687:
647:
423:
319:
144:
5979:
5962:
5758:
5719:
4673:
4656:
3864:
3847:
3403:
3248:
3141:
3124:
3105:
3059:
3042:
2226:
9558:
9539:
9506:
9494:
9488:
9467:
9413:
9341:
9227:
9189:
8958:
8937:
8843:
8721:
8713:
8701:
8411:
8347:
8087:
8083:
7901:
7824:
7642:
7165:
7135:
6998:
6976:
6829:
6680:
6654:
6516:
6506:
6393:
6354:
6287:
6143:
5493:
4373:
3165:"Clinical features and diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma"
1505:
1453:
1379:
1198:
1147:
1081:
1020:
1016:
487:
467:
411:
266:
233:
125:
101:
96:. HCC is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
93:
5617:
2084:
938:
375:(specifically, when evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or
9656:
9303:
9045:
8901:
7964:
6799:
6777:
6489:
3946:
Ang SF, Ng ES, Li H, Ong YH, Choo SP, Ngeow J, et al. (2015).
1443:
1088:
1024:
447:
297:
217:
193:
185:
73:
5393:
Klingenberg M, Matsuda A, Diederichs S, Patel T (September 2017).
4047:
1841:
impact of obesity, type 2 diabetes and a multidisciplinary team".
9409:
8700:
8369:
8176:
8148:
6851:
6617:
6521:
6493:
5392:
2705:
1772:
Villanueva, Augusto (11 April 2019). "Hepatocellular Carcinoma".
1436:
1424:
1184:
675:
632:
563:
384:
197:
60:
5697:
4766:
Finn, Richard S; Yau, Thomas; Hsu, Chih-Hung (9 December 2022).
3797:"Locoregional and systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma"
3125:"AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma"
240:
Chronic viral hepatitis (estimated cause of 80% cases globally)
9018:
8646:
8439:
8233:
8066:
7317:
6935:
6821:
6159:
6071:
4884:
1465:
1432:
1356:
1342:
1109:, which is an inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases including
576:
514:
471:
466:
mutations seen in 10% of cases. Mutations of genes involved in
459:
406:
Hepatocellular carcinoma, like any other cancer, develops when
213:
181:
3190:
1839:
9669:
9428:
9060:
8167:
6767:
6497:
5943:"Clinical features and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma"
4533:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
4441:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
3794:
3081:
2990:
Yang SF, Chang CW, Wei RJ, Shiue YL, Wang SN, Yeh YT (2014).
2864:
2553:
2498:
1346:
1216:
death from liver cancer per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
1110:
497:
475:
463:
376:
5433:
4657:"Systemic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2017 Update"
4570:
3743:
2725:
7961:
4311:
3302:
1420:
451:
443:
151:
6201:
5940:
4178:
3657:
3606:
2315:
2085:"Molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma"
8895:
5649:
Bai F, Zhou H, Ma M, Guan C, Lyu J, Meng QH (June 2018).
5260:
5152:
Choo SP, Tan WL, Goh BK, Tai WM, Zhu AX (November 2016).
4219:
2440:
associated with a 70% HCC risk reduction among diabetics.
2159:
1423:
that are disregulated in HCC, antiheparanase antibodies,
6039:
Blue Faery: The Adrienne Wilson Liver Cancer Association
6038:
4475:
4083:
3234:
2247:
2121:
1398:
for HCC is hepatitis C, along with other health issues.
1367:
The most common malignant tumors in the liver represent
609:
Poorly defined tumor with an infiltrative growth pattern
454:
are seen in about 30% of cases of HCC. And mutations in
8175:
5887:
5203:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
5145:
3122:
1316:
and another in non-Western countries, such as those in
478:
are also seen in 10% and 5% of HCC cases respectively.
5370:"Huntington Medical Research Institute News, May 2005"
4349:"Interventional Radiology Treatments for Liver Cancer"
2451:
2367:
Mehta P (2019-11-10). Windle ML, Bergstrom SK (eds.).
1610:
4526:
4411:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Liver Metastases"
4351:. Society of Interventional Radiology. Archived from
3845:
2810:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
562:
levels), evaluation requires imaging of the liver by
6049:
4695:
2160:
Wilkinson ML, Portmann B, Williams R (August 1983).
2044:
1006:
532:
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
383:
abusers are at greater risk (theorized to be due to
8064:
4738:
2398:
1965:
1887:
1362:
737:
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging System
614:data have not been confirmed with autopsy studies.
2657:
2453:
1798:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1678:
196:(also called jaundice), abdominal swelling due to
55:Hepatocellular carcinoma in an individual who was
5561:"Hepatocellular carcinoma: the need for progress"
5194:
4806:
4618:
4566:
4564:
3389:
3186:
3184:
3182:
2989:
2914:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2212:
1966:White DL, Kanwal F, El-Serag HB (December 2012).
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1566:
1531:
840:Important features that guide treatment include:
570:scans. Optimally, these scans are performed with
434:, which in turn can cause DNA damage and lead to
360:fibrolamellar variant of hepatocellular carcinoma
9684:
6006:"Hepatic Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma"
5740:
4377:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
4007:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
3651:
2911:
2811:Martin NM, Abu Dayyeh BK, Chung RT (July 2008).
2082:
1694:Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
1691:
484:repeated consumption of large amounts of ethanol
6041:(hepatocellular carcinoma patient support site)
4181:"Radiofrequency ablation: the experts weigh in"
3485:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
3432:
2765:Huynh H, Chow PK, Ooi LL, Soo KC (March 2002).
2764:
7501:
5881:
5514:
5494:"Predictive Biomarkers/Translational Research"
5100:
5077:"Aflatoxins - Cancer-Causing Substances - NCI"
4732:
4561:
4262:
3527:
3179:
2494:
2492:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1710:
8686:
8050:
7487:
6187:
5648:
5311:
5151:
4004:
2954:
1917:"Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection"
1419:Current research includes the search for the
622:and diffusion-weighted imaging are combined.
6293:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
5960:
5552:
5022:. Place of publication not identified: LWW.
4914:
4854:
4852:
3296:
3034:
2983:
2905:
2858:
1633:
758:Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification
5200:
4434:
3040:
2719:
2651:
2489:
2387:
2033:
8950:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
8693:
8679:
8057:
8043:
7494:
7480:
6332:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
6194:
6180:
4982:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
4765:
4689:
3945:
3435:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
2804:
2598:
1771:
46:
8821:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
7750:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
5978:
5913:
5864:
5854:
5766:
5674:
5625:
5576:
5558:
5508:
5469:
5459:
5410:
5337:
5288:
5278:
5169:
5128:
5118:
5101:Ghouri YA, Mian I, Rowe JH (2017-01-01).
5020:Sternberg's diagnostic surgical pathology
5017:
4938:
4849:
4824:
4791:
4759:
4672:
4584:
4544:
4503:
4493:
4452:
4288:
4196:
4111:
4101:
3981:
3971:
3922:
3912:
3863:
3822:
3812:
3771:
3761:
3634:
3624:
3504:
3140:
3104:
3075:
3058:
3017:
3007:
2838:
2828:
2630:
2604:
2581:
2571:
2526:
2516:
2424:
2343:
2333:
2273:
2185:
1991:
1942:
1932:
1833:
1824:
1792:
1692:Kumar V, Fausto N, Abbas A, eds. (2015).
1661:
1651:
942:Gross anatomy of hepatocellular carcinoma
5963:"Management of hepatocellular carcinoma"
3894:
3426:
3383:
3194:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2047:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1972:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1527:
1525:
1299:
1208:
1053:
1013:Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
960:
937:
817:Portal invasion and extra-hepatic spread
800:
789:
642:
586:
7975:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
5783:
5642:
4520:
3694:"Hepatitis B: Prevention and treatment"
3686:
3228:
2706:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Diseases"
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
1534:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
414:. In particular, chronic infections of
232:Since HCC mostly occurs in people with
14:
9685:
5235:
4900:10.1148/radiographics.22.5.g02se161063
4469:
3478:
952:normal physiology. Thus, preoperative
9708:Hepatitis C virus-associated diseases
8674:
8038:
7475:
7316:
6560:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
6175:
4614:
4612:
4435:Klein J, Dawson LA (September 2013).
4428:
3739:
3737:
3481:"Staging of hepatocellular carcinoma"
3474:
3472:
3118:
3116:
2366:
1914:
1883:
1881:
1522:
933:
633:Liver image reporting and data system
549:
486:can have a similar effect. The toxin
332:Certain benign liver tumors, such as
170:
88:) is the most common type of primary
5961:Bruix J, Sherman M (November 2005).
4654:
4415:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
3801:Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
3283:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2542:relationship with metformin therapy.
2462:, Academic Press, pp. 357–367,
2318:"Hepatocellular carcinoma: a review"
2290:
1866:
1864:
1031:Selective internal radiation therapy
910:transplantation of the entire organ.
365:
263:: the most common cause of cirrhosis
147:, and overall health of the person.
8971:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
8532:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
8024:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
6003:
5843:Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
5044:
4813:The New England Journal of Medicine
4573:The New England Journal of Medicine
4341:
4138:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
3901:Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
2605:Siegel AB, Zhu AX (December 2009).
2322:Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
860:presence of extrahepatic metastases
462:mutations seen in 30% of cases and
358:Young adults afflicted by the rare
24:
8101:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma
7725:Polymerase proofreading-associated
5933:
4609:
4281:10.1097/01.sla.0000201480.65519.b8
4063:10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.05.031
3895:Ma KW, Cheung TT (December 2016).
3734:
3672:10.1148/radiology.216.3.r00se24698
3469:
3113:
2867:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2468:10.1016/b978-0-323-98807-0.00017-x
2136:10.1111/j.1600-0676.1992.tb00553.x
1878:
1335:
25:
9719:
9290:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
8816:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
7587:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
7445:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
7292:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
6032:
4971:MedlinePlus, Medical Encyclopedia
3750:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2817:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2771:Cell Growth & Differentiation
2560:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2505:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1921:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1861:
1170:High intensity focused ultrasound
1115:hepatocyte growth factor receptor
1007:Arterial catheter-based treatment
291:: up to 20% progress to cirrhosis
9276:Middle East respiratory syndrome
7883:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
7190:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
5830:
5801:
5734:
5691:
5593:
5318:Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy
4866:(Press release). 26 October 2022
4697:Investigators (7 January 2017).
4090:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery
3371:Hepatocellular carcinoma (Photo)
3206:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00467.x
1546:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.12.009
1363:North America and Western Europe
749:) and the presence of symptoms.
719:
707:
695:
294:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
124:, or exposure to toxins such as
8419:Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
6431:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
6426:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
6303:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
5486:
5427:
5386:
5362:
5305:
5254:
5229:
5094:
5069:
5000:
4974:
4955:
4878:
4800:
4741:New England Journal of Medicine
4648:
4403:
4367:
4305:
4256:
4213:
4172:
4128:
4077:
4041:
3998:
3939:
3888:
3839:
3788:
3713:
3600:
3582:
3564:
3521:
3364:
3339:
3271:
3157:
2948:
2758:
2698:
2547:
2445:
2360:
2241:
2206:
2153:
2115:
2076:
2008:
1959:
1908:
1774:New England Journal of Medicine
1204:
1125:, an antibody directed against
798:1–3 nodule, all < 3 cm
395:
227:
8875:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
8861:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
8207:Familial adenomatous polyposis
7985:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm
7788:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
7745:Familial adenomatous polyposis
7185:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
7035:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
6857:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
5559:Thomas MB, Zhu AX (May 2005).
2215:American Journal of Hematology
1627:
1603:
1560:
1406:
1000:Percutaneous ethanol injection
714:Moderately differentiated HCC.
309:Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
138:alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
13:
1:
8582:Paget's disease of the breast
8524:Pancreatic serous cystadenoma
7793:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)
7242:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
5530:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06475-7
4718:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32453-9
4634:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70285-7
3097:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-16-0003
2996:BioMed Research International
2097:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00253-6
1581:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61347-0
1516:
1201:(Nexavar®) for advanced HCC.
873:
784:Single nodule, < 3 cm
650:of hepatocellular carcinoma.
432:nitric oxide reactive species
208:, unintentional weight loss,
198:fluid in the abdominal cavity
145:how far the cancer has spread
118:non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
9080:Tropical spastic paraparesis
8985:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
8586:Extramammary Paget's disease
8313:Multiple endocrine neoplasia
8014:Primary peritoneal carcinoma
7688:traditional serrated adenoma
7151:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
6670:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
6278:Esophageal motility disorder
5565:Journal of Clinical Oncology
5498:Journal of Clinical Oncology
4546:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.01.076
4454:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.08.043
3973:10.1371/journal.pone.0118658
3447:10.1097/pas.0000000000000376
3317:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.090
1640:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1191:
900:
863:presence of daughter nodules
854:involvement of liver vessels
833:
830:
827:
819:
816:
808:
797:
786:
783:
638:
620:gadolinium contrast-enhanced
595:of hepatocellular carcinoma.
560:des-gamma carboxyprothrombin
524:
507:
289:Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
202:blood clotting abnormalities
132:. Certain diseases, such as
7:
9703:Infectious causes of cancer
9443:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
9363:Human parainfluenza viruses
9036:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
8571:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
8488:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
8121:Transitional cell carcinoma
7954:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
6019:(12): 15–17. Archived from
6013:The Hong Kong Medical Diary
4051:Transplantation Proceedings
3613:World Journal of Hepatology
1611:"Global Cancer Observatory"
1494:
1460:
1401:
1074:
980:
927:interventional radiologists
857:presence of a tumor capsule
300:(probably aided by obesity)
10:
9724:
9693:Digestive system neoplasia
8628:Medullary breast carcinoma
8610:Invasive lobular carcinoma
8520:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
8471:Signet ring cell carcinoma
7970:Serous microcystic adenoma
7565:Signet ring cell carcinoma
7503:Digestive system neoplasia
7136:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
6660:Functional colonic disease
6456:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
5412:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.04.009
4389:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.10.013
3497:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.03.045
3041:Nishida N, Kudo M (2013).
2873:(1): 74–5, discussion 75.
1855:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.08.011
1817:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.003
1696:(9th ed.). Saunders.
1374:Acute and chronic hepatic
731:
582:
399:
9646:
9622:
9530:
9453:
9408:
9397:
9226:
9188:
9167:
9135:
9107:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
9090:
9044:
8923:
8912:
8885:
8712:
8645:
8618:
8605:Lobular carcinoma in situ
8595:
8556:
8545:
8528:Serous cystadenocarcinoma
8509:
8461:
8438:
8427:
8392:
8365:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma
8335:
8298:
8270:
8189:
8166:
8154:Bartholin gland carcinoma
8134:
8082:
8073:
8065:Glandular and epithelial
8004:
7933:
7891:
7878:Focal nodular hyperplasia
7814:
7805:
7780:
7758:
7656:
7633:
7608:
7599:
7550:
7527:
7518:
7509:
7430:
7309:
7250:
7164:
7121:
6967:
6958:
6911:
6865:
6820:
6706:
6593:
6483:
6470:
6345:
6337:Acute esophageal necrosis
6219:
6210:
6123:
6053:
6045:NCI Liver Cancer Homepage
5906:10.1007/s10637-015-0209-7
5894:Investigational New Drugs
5330:10.1007/s00262-008-0651-x
5215:10.1016/j.bpg.2015.09.007
5107:Journal of Carcinogenesis
5056:World Health Organization
4986:World Health Organization
4940:10.1007/s00330-008-1211-7
4150:10.1007/s11605-018-3946-z
4103:10.1007/s00423-007-0250-x
4019:10.1007/s00432-009-0584-6
3530:Seminars in Liver Disease
3085:Molecular Cancer Research
2740:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.02.006
2059:10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.007
1984:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.001
1890:American Family Physician
1411:Mipsagargin (G-202), has
1388:hereditary coproporphyria
726:Poorly differentiated HCC
353:glycogen-storage diseases
67:
54:
45:
37:
32:
9209:Infectious mononucleosis
9026:Chandipura vesiculovirus
8856:Hepatocellular carcinoma
8801:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
8734:Hepatocellular carcinoma
8633:Medullary thyroid cancer
8566:Mammary ductal carcinoma
8501:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
8355:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
8322:Adrenocortical carcinoma
8262:Hepatocellular carcinoma
7980:Mucinous cystic neoplasm
7830:Hepatocellular carcinoma
7684:sessile serrated adenoma
6436:Gastric dumping syndrome
6311:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
6298:Diffuse esophageal spasm
6160:Hepatocellular carcinoma
6004:Liu DL (December 2005).
4962:Hepatocellular carcinoma
3763:10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7515
3576:www.cancerresearchuk.org
3479:Duseja A (August 2014).
3392:The Journal of Pathology
2728:Biochemical Pharmacology
1934:10.3748/wjg.v13.i17.2436
1164:Portal vein embolization
1157:
866:vascularity of the tumor
776:ECOG performance status
702:Well-differentiated HCC
82:Hepatocellular carcinoma
33:Hepatocellular carcinoma
9005:Encephalitis lethargica
8706:viral systemic diseases
8111:Squamous-cell carcinoma
8019:Peritoneal mesothelioma
7768:Squamous cell carcinoma
7537:Squamous cell carcinoma
7052:Alcoholic liver disease
6585:Bile acid malabsorption
6529:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
5667:10.1002/1878-0261.12315
5578:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.196
5461:10.1073/pnas.1011098108
5280:10.3390/cancers11060833
4495:10.3389/fonc.2019.00345
4327:10.1053/jhep.2001.27950
3814:10.21037/jgo.2017.03.13
2926:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.6
2879:10.1136/bjsm.2007.03932
2672:10.1136/gut.2009.199661
2254:Journal of Epidemiology
1872:"Liver cancer overview"
1384:porphyria cutanea tarda
987:Radiofrequency ablation
428:reactive oxygen species
279:Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
130:pyrrolizidine alkaloids
122:alcoholic liver disease
9377:Human orthopneumovirus
9031:Herpesviral meningitis
8992:Arbovirus encephalitis
8494:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
8318:Adrenocortical adenoma
8258:Hepatocellular adenoma
7860:Hepatocellular adenoma
7648:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
7062:Hepatic encephalopathy
6446:Buried bumper syndrome
6377:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
6261:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
6204:human digestive system
5813:www.accessdata.fda.gov
5120:10.4103/jcar.jcar_9_16
4784:10.1093/oncolo/oyac183
3542:10.1055/s-2007-1007122
2266:10.2188/jea.JE20100190
2110:tumour suppressor gene
1305:
1297:
1172:(HIFU) (as opposed to
1150:, in combination with
943:
806:B (intermediate stage)
659:
627:sensitive and specific
596:
334:hepatocellular adenoma
305:Congenital disorders:
234:cirrhosis of the liver
8835:Merkel-cell carcinoma
8656:Acinic cell carcinoma
8380:Papillary hidradenoma
7287:Pancreatic pseudocyst
7156:Porcelain gallbladder
6268:Zenker's diverticulum
5809:"Enforcement Reports"
5399:Journal of Hepatology
5382:on December 10, 2005.
5236:phyton (2016-08-22).
4826:10.1056/nejmoa1915745
4753:10.1056/NEJMoa1717002
4595:10.1056/nejmoa0708857
4482:Frontiers in Oncology
3626:10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.406
3279:"Benign Liver Tumors"
2969:10.1001/jama.295.1.65
1915:Alter MJ (May 2007).
1843:Journal of Hepatology
1786:10.1056/NEJMra1713263
1303:
1212:
1174:diagnostic ultrasound
1054:External beam therapy
966:Liver transplantation
961:Liver transplantation
941:
646:
590:
271:Iron overload state (
200:, easy bruising from
160:hepatitis B infection
158:, in countries where
18:Hepatocellular cancer
9480:Adenovirus infection
8944:Human polyomavirus 2
8773:Oropharyngeal cancer
8484:Mucinous cystadenoma
8343:Neuroendocrine tumor
8280:Renal cell carcinoma
8116:Basal-cell carcinoma
8096:Small-cell carcinoma
7865:Cavernous hemangioma
7716:Familial adenomatous
7703:Polyposis syndromes:
7091:Hepatorenal syndrome
7030:Budd–Chiari syndrome
6987:Autoimmune hepatitis
6812:Intestinal adhesions
6570:Short bowel syndrome
6399:Functional dyspepsia
6317:Esophageal stricture
6283:Nutcracker esophagus
5018:Sternberg S (2012).
4622:The Lancet. Oncology
3491:(Suppl 3): S74–S79.
2178:10.1136/gut.24.8.767
1978:(12): 1342–1359.e2.
1378:(acute intermittent
809:Multi-nodular tumor
781:0 (very early stage)
603:A single large tumor
572:intravenous contrast
261:Alcohol use disorder
9066:Post-polio syndrome
8702:Infectious diseases
8620:Medullary carcinoma
8106:Verrucous carcinoma
7230:Choledocholithiasis
7101:Metabolic disorders
7067:Acute liver failure
7040:Portal hypertension
6992:Alcoholic hepatitis
6835:Radiation proctitis
6754:Mesenteric ischemia
6726:Gastroenterocolitis
6555:Blind loop syndrome
6365:Ménétrier's disease
6273:Barrett's esophagus
5856:10.2147/JHC.S122507
5452:2011PNAS..108..786B
4321:(4 Pt 1): 707–713.
3964:2015PLoSO..1018658A
3009:10.1155/2014/153867
2830:10.3748/wjg.14.4573
2573:10.3748/wjg.15.2506
2518:10.3748/wjg.15.2506
1653:10.3390/jcm10020238
1575:(9822): 1245–1255.
1511:Portal hypertension
1392:variegate porphyria
1294: more than 110
1228: less than 7.5
828:Severe liver damage
760:
747:ECOG classification
470:remodeling such as
250:Chronic hepatitis C
244:Chronic hepatitis B
104:infection such as (
9199:Epstein–Barr virus
9169:Respiratory system
8806:Burkitt's lymphoma
8453:Cystadenocarcinoma
8285:Endometrioid tumor
8248:Cholangiocarcinoma
8136:Complex epithelial
8126:Inverted papilloma
7925:Gallbladder cancer
7907:Cholangiocarcinoma
7847:Liver angiosarcoma
7781:Upper and/or lower
7730:Serrated polyposis
7405:Undefined location
7396:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
7297:Pancreatic fistula
7280:Pancreatic abscess
7235:Biliary dyskinesia
7206:Mirizzi's syndrome
6707:Large and/or small
6387:Dieulafoy's lesion
6256:Boerhaave syndrome
6124:External resources
5797:on March 25, 2014.
5655:Molecular Oncology
5171:10.1002/cncr.30237
5012:2020-02-24 at the
4967:2016-07-05 at the
4927:European Radiology
4355:on 8 February 2014
4234:10.1002/cncr.20892
4198:10.1002/cncr.11919
3914:10.2147/JHC.S96085
3380:ATLAS OF PATHOLOGY
3376:2021-11-01 at the
3047:Digestive Diseases
2623:10.1002/cncr.24687
2417:10.1002/cncr.24982
2335:10.2147/JHC.S61146
2091:. 181–182: 43–47.
2020:Medicine Specifics
1352:Aspergillus flavus
1318:sub-Saharan Africa
1306:
1298:
944:
934:Surgical resection
825:D (terminal stage)
814:C (advanced stage)
756:
660:
597:
550:Higher risk people
373:metabolic syndrome
252:(about 25% cases)
171:Signs and symptoms
156:sub-Saharan Africa
9680:
9679:
9642:
9641:
9393:
9392:
9324:Influenza virus A
9241:Human coronavirus
9131:
9130:
9121:Herpes of the eye
8668:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8641:
8640:
8597:Lobular carcinoma
8541:
8540:
8388:
8387:
8162:
8161:
8032:
8031:
8000:
7999:
7992:Pancreatoblastoma
7944:exocrine pancreas
7801:
7800:
7776:
7775:
7595:
7594:
7560:Gastric carcinoma
7469:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7305:
7304:
6907:
6906:
6764:Bowel obstruction
6466:
6465:
6169:
6168:
6026:on 15 April 2021.
5980:10.1002/hep.20933
5759:10.1002/ijc.30219
5720:10.1002/ijc.33885
5524:(9155): 797–801.
5504:(11). April 2005.
5164:(22): 3430–3446.
5029:978-1-4511-5289-0
4819:(20): 1894–1905.
4778:(12): e938–e948.
4674:10.1159/000481244
4269:Annals of Surgery
4013:(10): 1403–1412.
3865:10.1002/hep.29913
3756:(43): 7515–7530.
3404:10.1002/path.5313
3249:10.1159/000346080
3142:10.1002/hep.29086
3060:10.1159/000355243
2823:(28): 4573–4575.
2734:(10): 1435–1448.
2666:(10): 1303–1307.
2617:(24): 5651–5661.
2566:(20): 2506–2511.
2511:(20): 2506–2511.
2477:978-0-323-98807-0
2369:"Pathophysiology"
2227:10.1002/ajh.23947
1927:(17): 2436–2441.
1811:(7): 969–977.e2.
1780:(15): 1450–1462.
1703:978-1-4557-2613-4
1181:systematic review
1093:new blood vessels
1047:colorectal cancer
895:Alpha-fetoprotein
838:
837:
556:alpha-fetoprotein
536:alpha-fetoprotein
366:Diabetes mellitus
246:(about 50% cases)
79:
78:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
9715:
9406:
9405:
9401:digestive system
9318:Orthomyxoviridae
9284:SARS coronavirus
9270:MERS coronavirus
9186:
9185:
8998:Orthomyxoviridae
8921:
8920:
8887:Immune disorders
8811:Hodgkin lymphoma
8787:Kaposi's sarcoma
8695:
8688:
8681:
8672:
8671:
8588:
8558:Ductal carcinoma
8554:
8553:
8534:
8490:
8476:Krukenberg tumor
8436:
8435:
8290:Renal oncocytoma
8202:Linitis plastica
8191:Gastrointestinal
8187:
8186:
8173:
8172:
8080:
8079:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8036:
8035:
7812:
7811:
7711:MUTYH-associated
7696:Cronkhite–Canada
7667:Colorectal polyp
7606:
7605:
7582:Linitis plastica
7570:Gastric lymphoma
7525:
7524:
7516:
7515:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7473:
7472:
7457:Pneumoperitoneum
7314:
7313:
7224:Common bile duct
7106:Wilson's disease
7096:Peliosis hepatis
6965:
6964:
6842:Proctalgia fugax
6749:Abdominal angina
6674:Ogilvie syndrome
6623:Pseudomembranous
6481:
6480:
6441:Gastric volvulus
6406:Pyloric stenosis
6217:
6216:
6202:Diseases of the
6196:
6189:
6182:
6173:
6172:
6051:
6050:
6027:
6025:
6010:
6000:
5982:
5973:(5): 1208–1236.
5957:
5955:
5953:
5928:
5927:
5917:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5858:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5815:. Archived from
5805:
5799:
5798:
5793:. Archived from
5787:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5705:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5678:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5463:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5375:. Archived from
5374:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5341:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5282:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5173:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5122:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4978:
4972:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4894:(5): 1063–1076.
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4828:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4712:(10064): 56–66.
4703:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4588:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4497:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4228:(6): 1201–1209.
4217:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4144:(6): 1135–1142.
4132:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4105:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4057:(6): 1892–1894.
4045:
4039:
4038:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3916:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3816:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3765:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3696:. Archived from
3690:
3684:
3683:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3594:www.medscape.com
3586:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3387:
3381:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3349:. Archived from
3343:
3337:
3336:
3311:(6): 1752–1763.
3305:Gastroenterology
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3053:(5–6): 447–453.
3038:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3011:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2842:
2832:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2785:. Archived from
2762:
2756:
2755:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2634:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2530:
2520:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2411:(8): 1938–1946.
2396:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2337:
2313:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2016:"NAFLD vs. NASH"
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1529:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1214:Age-standardized
949:Surgical removal
893:with or without
761:
755:
723:
711:
699:
381:anabolic steroid
314:Wilson's disease
206:loss of appetite
50:
30:
29:
21:
9723:
9722:
9718:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9683:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9638:
9618:
9526:
9500:Gastroenteritis
9458:
9455:Gastroenteritis
9449:
9437:Cytomegalovirus
9400:
9389:
9357:Paramyxoviridae
9346:Avian influenza
9222:
9217:Cytomegalovirus
9181:viral pneumonia
9179:
9176:nasopharyngitis
9175:
9172:
9163:
9127:
9101:Cytomegalovirus
9086:
9040:
8928:
8915:
8908:
8881:
8748:Cervical cancer
8708:
8699:
8669:
8660:
8637:
8614:
8591:
8580:
8576:Comedocarcinoma
8549:
8547:
8537:
8518:
8505:
8482:
8457:
8431:
8429:
8423:
8394:
8384:
8331:
8294:
8266:
8239:Somatostatinoma
8182:adenocarcinomas
8180:
8158:
8144:Warthin's tumor
8130:
8069:
8063:
8033:
8028:
7996:
7929:
7887:
7797:
7772:
7754:
7652:
7629:
7618:Duodenal cancer
7610:Small intestine
7591:
7546:
7505:
7500:
7470:
7461:
7426:
7415:Internal hernia
7301:
7246:
7211:Biliary fistula
7169:
7160:
7146:Adenomyomatosis
7141:Cholesterolosis
7117:
7111:Hemochromatosis
6982:Viral hepatitis
6954:
6903:
6861:
6847:Rectal prolapse
6816:
6783:Fecal impaction
6773:Intussusception
6736:Crohn's disease
6702:
6685:Toxic megacolon
6597:
6595:Large intestine
6589:
6534:Curling's ulcer
6487:
6485:Small intestine
6474:
6462:
6370:Gastroenteritis
6341:
6206:
6200:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6119:
6118:
6062:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6008:
5951:
5949:
5936:
5934:Further reading
5931:
5886:
5882:
5835:
5831:
5822:
5820:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5739:
5735:
5703:
5696:
5692:
5647:
5643:
5618:10.1038/nm.4438
5612:(12): 1424–35.
5606:Nature Medicine
5598:
5594:
5557:
5553:
5513:
5509:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5432:
5428:
5391:
5387:
5379:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5310:
5306:
5259:
5255:
5246:
5244:
5234:
5230:
5199:
5195:
5150:
5146:
5099:
5095:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5059:
5058:. February 2006
5050:
5049:
5045:
5030:
5014:Wayback Machine
5005:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4969:Wayback Machine
4960:
4956:
4919:
4915:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4805:
4801:
4764:
4760:
4737:
4733:
4701:
4694:
4690:
4655:Kudo M (2017).
4653:
4649:
4617:
4610:
4586:10.1.1.531.1130
4569:
4562:
4525:
4521:
4474:
4470:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4310:
4306:
4261:
4257:
4218:
4214:
4177:
4173:
4133:
4129:
4082:
4078:
4046:
4042:
4003:
3999:
3958:(4): e0118658.
3944:
3940:
3893:
3889:
3844:
3840:
3793:
3789:
3742:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3703:
3701:
3700:on 24 July 2013
3692:
3691:
3687:
3656:
3652:
3605:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3526:
3522:
3477:
3470:
3431:
3427:
3388:
3384:
3378:Wayback Machine
3369:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3233:
3229:
3189:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3121:
3114:
3080:
3076:
3039:
3035:
2988:
2984:
2953:
2949:
2910:
2906:
2863:
2859:
2809:
2805:
2792:
2790:
2763:
2759:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2656:
2652:
2603:
2599:
2552:
2548:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2450:
2446:
2397:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2314:
2291:
2246:
2242:
2211:
2207:
2158:
2154:
2120:
2116:
2081:
2077:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1964:
1960:
1913:
1909:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1838:
1834:
1805:Cell Metabolism
1797:
1793:
1770:
1711:
1704:
1690:
1679:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1565:
1561:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1501:Hemihypertrophy
1497:
1491:
1470:oncolytic virus
1463:
1429:non-coding RNAs
1409:
1404:
1365:
1338:
1336:Africa and Asia
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1207:
1194:
1160:
1127:VEGF receptor 2
1077:
1056:
1009:
983:
963:
936:
903:
887:hemochromatosis
876:
795:A (early stage)
734:
727:
724:
715:
712:
703:
700:
672:pseudoglandular
656:Trichrome stain
641:
606:Multiple tumors
585:
579:of the lesion.
552:
527:
519:histopathologic
510:
404:
398:
368:
345:biliary atresia
298:Type 2 diabetes
273:hemochromatosis
230:
173:
134:hemochromatosis
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9721:
9711:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9672:
9660:
9652:
9650:
9644:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9636:
9628:
9626:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9616:
9604:
9592:
9580:
9568:
9561:
9555:
9554:
9542:
9536:
9534:
9528:
9527:
9525:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9503:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9470:
9464:
9462:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9418:
9416:
9403:
9395:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9380:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9348:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9232:
9230:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9194:
9192:
9183:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9141:
9139:
9137:Cardiovascular
9133:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9123:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9096:
9094:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9082:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9063:
9050:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9009:
9008:
9007:
8994:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8940:
8934:
8932:
8918:
8916:nervous system
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8891:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8768:Vaginal cancer
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8724:
8718:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8698:
8697:
8690:
8683:
8675:
8666:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8658:
8652:
8650:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8624:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8601:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8562:
8560:
8551:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8515:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8467:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8445:
8443:
8433:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8398:
8396:
8395:skin appendage
8390:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8339:
8337:
8336:Other/multiple
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8315:
8310:
8304:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8276:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8255:
8253:Klatskin tumor
8250:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8195:
8193:
8184:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8140:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8092:
8090:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8062:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8039:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7949:Adenocarcinoma
7939:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7927:
7915:
7914:
7912:Klatskin tumor
7909:
7897:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7850:
7849:
7844:
7842:Hepatoblastoma
7839:
7838:
7837:
7820:
7818:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7740:Adenocarcinoma
7733:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7713:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7662:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7639:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7623:Adenocarcinoma
7614:
7612:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7567:
7562:
7556:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7542:Adenocarcinoma
7539:
7533:
7531:
7522:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7476:
7467:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7452:Hemoperitoneum
7449:
7448:
7447:
7436:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7322:
7320:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7256:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7176:
7174:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7054:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7008:
7007:
7006:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6973:
6971:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6923:
6921:Blood in stool
6917:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6894:Anal dysplasia
6891:
6886:
6881:
6871:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6826:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6761:
6759:Angiodysplasia
6756:
6751:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6694:Diverticulosis
6690:Diverticulitis
6687:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6667:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6580:Milroy disease
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6550:Tropical sprue
6547:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6503:
6501:
6478:
6472:Lower GI tract
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6225:
6223:
6214:
6212:Upper GI tract
6208:
6207:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6151:
6140:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6105:
6094:
6079:
6063:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:Classification
6048:
6047:
6042:
6034:
6033:External links
6031:
6029:
6028:
6001:
5958:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5900:(2): 505–509.
5880:
5829:
5800:
5782:
5753:(8): 1764–75.
5733:
5714:(8): 1255–68.
5690:
5661:(7): 1125–37.
5641:
5592:
5571:(13): 2892–9.
5551:
5507:
5485:
5446:(2): 786–791.
5426:
5405:(3): 603–618.
5385:
5361:
5324:(9): 1387–96.
5304:
5253:
5242:Phyton Biotech
5228:
5209:(6): 919–928.
5193:
5144:
5093:
5081:www.cancer.gov
5068:
5043:
5028:
4999:
4973:
4954:
4933:(4): 951–959.
4913:
4877:
4848:
4799:
4772:The Oncologist
4758:
4731:
4688:
4667:(1): 135–146.
4647:
4608:
4579:(4): 378–390.
4560:
4519:
4468:
4427:
4402:
4383:(2): 224–230.
4366:
4340:
4304:
4275:(3): 321–328.
4255:
4212:
4191:(3): 641–650.
4171:
4127:
4096:(2): 141–147.
4076:
4040:
3997:
3938:
3887:
3858:(2): 723–750.
3838:
3807:(2): 215–228.
3787:
3733:
3712:
3685:
3666:(3): 698–703.
3650:
3619:(3): 406–424.
3599:
3581:
3563:
3536:(3): 329–338.
3520:
3468:
3441:(3): 304–312.
3425:
3398:(2): 166–172.
3382:
3363:
3338:
3295:
3270:
3243:(2): 121–131.
3227:
3200:(3): 513–523.
3178:
3156:
3135:(1): 358–380.
3112:
3091:(4): 315–323.
3074:
3033:
2982:
2947:
2920:(6): 340–349.
2904:
2857:
2803:
2777:(3): 115–122.
2757:
2718:
2697:
2650:
2597:
2546:
2488:
2476:
2444:
2386:
2359:
2289:
2260:(6): 401–416.
2240:
2221:(4): E55–E59.
2205:
2172:(8): 767–771.
2152:
2114:
2075:
2053:(3): 369–380.
2032:
2007:
1958:
1907:
1896:(5): 756–762.
1877:
1874:. Mayo Clinic.
1860:
1849:(1): 110–117.
1832:
1791:
1709:
1702:
1677:
1626:
1602:
1559:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1478:cancer vaccine
1462:
1459:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1364:
1361:
1337:
1334:
1326:Southeast Asia
1314:Western Europe
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:Proton therapy
1065:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1028:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
997:
990:
982:
979:
970:Milan criteria
962:
959:
935:
932:
922:
921:
917:
914:
911:
902:
899:
875:
872:
868:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
845:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
768:
765:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
718:
716:
713:
706:
704:
701:
694:
640:
637:
611:
610:
607:
604:
584:
581:
551:
548:
526:
523:
521:confirmation.
509:
506:
456:Wnt signalling
402:Carcinogenesis
397:
394:
367:
364:
326:
325:
324:
323:
317:
311:
303:
302:
301:
295:
292:
283:
282:
281:
276:
269:
264:
255:
254:
253:
247:
229:
226:
210:abdominal pain
178:abdominal pain
172:
169:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9720:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9671:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9661:
9659:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9635:
9634:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9605:
9602:
9598:
9597:
9593:
9590:
9586:
9585:
9581:
9578:
9574:
9573:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9547:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9518:
9516:
9515:
9511:
9509:
9508:
9504:
9501:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9475:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9456:
9452:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9396:
9386:
9385:
9381:
9379:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9369:Parainfluenza
9367:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9242:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9219:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9205:EBV infection
9203:
9202:
9201:
9200:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9177:
9170:
9166:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9089:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9061:Poliomyelitis
9059:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8926:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8911:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8884:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8763:Vulvar cancer
8761:
8759:
8758:Penile cancer
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8696:
8691:
8689:
8684:
8682:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8644:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8550:and medullary
8544:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8426:
8420:
8417:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8391:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8060:
8055:
8053:
8048:
8046:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7893:Biliary tract
7890:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7835:Fibrolamellar
7833:
7832:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7693:
7692:Peutz–Jeghers
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7575:MALT lymphoma
7573:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7497:
7492:
7490:
7485:
7483:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7326:Diaphragmatic
7324:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7315:
7312:
7308:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7131:Cholecystitis
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7074:Liver abscess
7072:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7057:Liver failure
7055:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6714:Enterocolitis
6712:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6541:Malabsorption
6539:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6416:Gastroparesis
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6382:Cushing ulcer
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6327:Megaesophagus
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5938:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5819:on 2022-09-26
5818:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5378:
5371:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4888:Radiographics
4881:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4613:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3722:
3716:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3353:on 2017-07-11
3352:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3166:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2789:on 2021-04-15
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:North America
1302:
1282: 67.5–75
1276: 60–67.5
1270: 52.5–60
1264: 45–52.5
1258: 37.5–45
1252: 30–37.5
1246: 22.5–30
1240: 15–22.5
1222: no data
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
984:
978:
974:
971:
967:
958:
955:
950:
940:
931:
928:
918:
915:
912:
908:
907:
906:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
871:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
842:
841:
824:
823:
813:
812:
805:
804:
794:
793:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
754:
750:
748:
742:
739:
738:
722:
717:
710:
705:
698:
693:
692:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:fibrolamellar
664:
657:
653:
649:
645:
636:
634:
630:
628:
623:
621:
615:
608:
605:
602:
601:
600:
594:
589:
580:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
547:
543:
539:
537:
533:
522:
520:
516:
505:
503:
499:
495:
494:
490:from certain
489:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
363:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
330:
321:
318:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
304:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
256:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
239:
238:
237:
235:
225:
223:
222:feeling tired
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:feeling tired
187:
183:
179:
168:
165:
164:United States
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
9662:
9655:
9631:
9624:Pancreatitis
9606:
9594:
9582:
9570:
9563:
9544:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9493:
9472:
9435:
9421:
9382:
9375:
9361:
9355:
9322:
9316:
9296:
9282:
9268:
9239:
9215:
9197:
9152:Pericarditis
9144:
9113:
9099:
9072:
9053:
9011:
8996:
8977:
8963:
8942:
8925:Encephalitis
8894:
8867:
8855:
8848:
8827:
8793:
8779:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8407:Hidrocystoma
8401:
8327:HĂĽrthle cell
8308:Prolactinoma
8261:
8213:
8198:
7960:
7942:
7918:
7900:
7871:
7853:
7829:
7823:
7736:
7702:
7676:hyperplastic
7665:
7658:Colon/rectum
7404:
7383:
7260:Pancreatitis
7222:
7172:biliary tree
7045:Nutmeg liver
7022:
6948:Hematochezia
6899:Pruritus ani
6884:Anal abscess
6879:Anal fistula
6875:Anal fissure
6788:Constipation
6742:
6613:Appendicitis
6421:Gastroptosis
6411:Achlorhydria
6250:
6239:Eosinophilic
6153:
6142:
6131:
6107:
6096:
6081:
6066:
6021:the original
6016:
6012:
5970:
5966:
5950:. Retrieved
5946:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5821:. Retrieved
5817:the original
5812:
5803:
5795:the original
5785:
5750:
5747:Int J Cancer
5746:
5736:
5711:
5708:Int J Cancer
5707:
5693:
5658:
5654:
5644:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5568:
5564:
5554:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5501:
5497:
5488:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5377:the original
5364:
5321:
5317:
5307:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5245:. Retrieved
5241:
5231:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5085:. Retrieved
5083:. 2015-03-20
5080:
5071:
5060:. Retrieved
5046:
5019:
5002:
4992:November 11,
4990:. Retrieved
4985:
4976:
4957:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4868:. Retrieved
4863:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4747:(1): 54–63.
4744:
4740:
4734:
4709:
4705:
4691:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4628:(1): 25–34.
4625:
4621:
4576:
4572:
4539:(1): 64–72.
4536:
4532:
4522:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4447:(1): 22–32.
4444:
4440:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4414:
4405:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4357:. Retrieved
4353:the original
4343:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3753:
3749:
3724:. Retrieved
3721:"Prevention"
3715:
3702:. Retrieved
3698:the original
3688:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3488:
3484:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3366:
3355:. Retrieved
3351:the original
3341:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3282:
3273:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3197:
3193:
3169:. Retrieved
3159:
3132:
3128:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3050:
3046:
3036:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2963:(1): 65–73.
2960:
2956:
2950:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2900:recommended.
2898:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2797:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:the original
2774:
2770:
2760:
2751:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2540:
2508:
2504:
2481:, retrieved
2459:
2447:
2438:
2408:
2404:
2377:. Retrieved
2372:
2362:
2325:
2321:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2147:
2130:(1): 42–45.
2127:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2088:
2078:
2070:
2050:
2046:
2024:. Retrieved
2022:. 2019-11-11
2019:
2010:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1893:
1889:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1777:
1773:
1693:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1537:
1533:
1490:
1464:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1418:
1410:
1396:
1373:
1366:
1355:(especially
1350:
1339:
1330:Amazon basin
1307:
1288: 75–110
1234: 7.5–15
1205:Epidemiology
1195:
1144:Tremelimumab
1142:
1134:atezolizumab
1131:
1107:Cabozantinib
1105:
1086:
1078:
1061:radiotherapy
1059:The role of
993:Cryoablation
975:
964:
945:
923:
904:
884:
877:
869:
839:
757:
751:
743:
740:
736:
735:
665:
661:
652:Liver biopsy
631:
625:MRI is more
624:
616:
612:
598:
553:
544:
540:
528:
511:
491:
480:
440:
436:carcinogenic
405:
396:Pathogenesis
369:
357:
347:, infantile
342:
331:
327:
231:
228:Risk factors
174:
149:
142:
98:
90:liver cancer
85:
81:
80:
9521:Coronavirus
9262:Common cold
9174:acute viral
9157:Myocarditis
9001:(probable)
8753:Anal cancer
8449:Cystadenoma
8402:sweat gland
8393:Adnexal and
8224:Glucagonoma
7920:gallbladder
7873:hyperplasia
7440:Peritonitis
7202:Cholestasis
7180:Cholangitis
7123:Gallbladder
7011:Fatty liver
6931:Hematemesis
6913:GI bleeding
6719:Necrotizing
6648:Lymphocytic
6643:Collagenous
6638:Microscopic
6575:Steatorrhea
6476:Enteropathy
6322:Inlet patch
6244:Herpetiform
6229:Esophagitis
6133:MedlinePlus
4864:AstraZeneca
1615:gco.iarc.fr
1540:: 129–133.
1486:pasireotide
1474:orphan drug
1413:orphan drug
1407:Preclinical
1138:bevacizumab
1123:ramucirumab
1101:regorafenib
1043:TheraSphere
1039:SIR-Spheres
880:vaccination
767:Description
684:pleomorphic
680:pleomorphic
593:contrast CT
502:West Africa
493:Aspergillus
424:liver cells
416:hepatitis B
349:cholestasis
285:Metabolic:
194:yellow skin
106:hepatitis B
57:hepatitis C
38:Other names
9698:Hepatology
9687:Categories
9648:Urogenital
9514:Astrovirus
9474:Adenovirus
9298:SARS-CoV-2
9055:Poliovirus
8930:meningitis
8432:and serous
8375:Cylindroma
8360:Oncocytoma
8272:Urogenital
8229:Gastrinoma
8219:Insulinoma
8075:Epithelium
8006:Peritoneum
7432:Peritoneal
7410:Incisional
7331:Congenital
7275:Hereditary
7252:Pancreatic
7216:Haemobilia
6889:Hemorrhoid
6867:Anal canal
6805:Infectious
6793:Functional
6628:Ulcerative
6512:Duodenitis
6451:Gastrinoma
5967:Hepatology
5952:6 February
5823:2022-03-09
5273:(6): 833.
5247:2020-04-10
5087:2023-08-21
5062:2007-05-24
5007:Table 37.2
4870:26 October
4359:4 February
4315:Hepatology
3852:Hepatology
3357:2014-02-04
3171:4 February
3167:. UptoDate
3129:Hepatology
3106:1822/45048
3002:: 153867.
2793:2017-05-23
2483:2023-04-06
2375:. MedScape
2089:Toxicology
2026:2021-06-22
1646:(2): 238.
1620:2021-06-24
1517:References
1482:everolimus
1454:bile acids
1376:porphyrias
1369:metastases
1328:, and the
1152:durvalumab
1117:(MET) and
1097:lenvatinib
1035:Yttrium-90
891:ultrasound
874:Prevention
771:Child-Pugh
688:anaplastic
648:Micrograph
591:Triphasic
408:epigenetic
400:See also:
320:Hemophilia
59:positive.
9559:RNA virus
9540:DNA virus
9532:Hepatitis
9507:Norovirus
9495:Rotavirus
9489:RNA virus
9468:DNA virus
9414:Esophagus
9342:Influenza
9228:RNA virus
9190:DNA virus
8959:RNA virus
8938:DNA virus
8844:RNA virus
8722:DNA virus
8714:Oncovirus
8430:mucinous,
8412:Syringoma
8348:Carcinoid
8300:Endocrine
8088:carcinoma
8084:Papilloma
7965:neoplasms
7902:bile duct
7825:malignant
7807:Accessory
7737:Neoplasm:
7720:Gardner's
7643:Carcinoid
7529:Esophagus
7420:Richter's
7377:Spigelian
7372:Obturator
7362:Umbilical
7195:Ascending
7166:Bile duct
6999:Cirrhosis
6977:Hepatitis
6960:Accessory
6830:Proctitis
6681:Megacolon
6655:Dysentery
6565:Whipple's
6517:Jejunitis
6507:Enteritis
6394:Dyspepsia
6355:Gastritis
6288:Achalasia
6221:Esophagus
6144:eMedicine
5849:: 59–69.
5038:953861627
4843:218633632
4581:CiteSeerX
3704:28 August
3660:Radiology
3420:174815950
3347:"Li-Rads"
3237:Digestion
2373:Emedicine
2328:: 41–53.
1506:Oncovirus
1444:organoids
1431:(such as
1427:markers,
1380:porphyria
1199:Sorafenib
1192:Prognosis
1148:indicated
1082:sorafenib
1021:sorafenib
1017:cisplatin
920:survival.
901:Treatment
639:Pathology
629:than CT.
525:Screening
508:Diagnosis
488:aflatoxin
468:chromatin
412:apoptosis
338:β-catenin
267:Aflatoxin
126:aflatoxin
102:hepatitis
94:cirrhosis
69:Specialty
63:specimen.
9657:BK virus
9460:diarrhea
9304:COVID-19
9046:Myelitis
8548:lobular,
8463:Mucinous
8214:pancreas
8177:Adenomas
7935:Pancreas
7706:Juvenile
7680:juvenile
7635:Appendix
7511:GI tract
7350:Indirect
7345:Inguinal
7079:Pyogenic
7024:Vascular
6800:Diarrhea
6778:Volvulus
6744:Vascular
6683: /
6672: /
6633:Ischemic
6600:Appendix
6490:Duodenum
6360:Atrophic
6234:Candidal
5989:16250051
5947:uptodate
5924:25613083
5875:28443252
5777:27273788
5728:34843121
5685:29719937
5636:29131160
5587:15860847
5546:54270315
5538:10459961
5480:21187392
5421:28438689
5356:19074169
5348:19169879
5339:11030199
5299:31212948
5223:26651253
5188:42804844
5180:27622302
5139:28694740
5113:(1): 1.
5052:"Cancer"
5010:Archived
4965:Archived
4949:18989675
4908:12235336
4835:32402160
4793:10249425
4726:27932229
4683:29258077
4661:Oncology
4642:19095497
4603:18650514
4555:30684667
4514:31275846
4463:23219567
4397:20022765
4335:11584366
4299:16495695
4250:37178385
4242:15690326
4207:14745883
4166:52275656
4158:30218342
4122:18043937
4071:17692645
4027:19381688
3992:25830231
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3933:28097107
3874:29624699
3833:28480062
3782:24282343
3680:10966697
3645:25848467
3558:23889399
3550:10518312
3515:25755615
3463:40384842
3455:25675010
3412:31168847
3374:Archived
3333:10418520
3325:18471552
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3257:23406785
3214:16542288
3151:28130846
3069:24281019
3028:24877058
2977:16391218
2934:24473361
2895:21900098
2887:18178686
2849:18680242
2783:11959812
2748:16530734
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2641:19834957
2592:19469001
2537:19469001
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2201:overload
2105:12505283
2067:16527702
2002:23041539
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1902:16970019
1672:33440759
1597:24927898
1589:22353262
1554:26754251
1495:See also
1461:Clinical
1437:proteins
1402:Research
1089:diarrhea
1075:Systemic
1025:brivanib
981:Ablation
847:spread (
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257:Toxins:
218:vomiting
186:vomiting
120:(NASH),
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9410:Pharynx
8914:Central
8546:Ductal,
8442:general
8428:Cystic,
8370:Apudoma
8149:Thymoma
7672:adenoma
7552:Stomach
7391:Petit's
7367:Femoral
7270:Chronic
7084:Amoebic
6852:Anismus
6618:Colitis
6545:Coeliac
6522:Ileitis
6494:Jejunum
6347:Stomach
6251:Rupture
6149:med/787
6114:D006528
6103:M8170/3
5997:5106445
5915:4487887
5866:5396941
5768:5493524
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5448:Bibcode
5290:6627768
5267:Cancers
5130:5490340
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4035:1216580
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3773:3837250
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2942:8611393
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2711:May 12,
2632:3397779
2583:2686909
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2379:May 12,
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2196:6307837
2187:1420230
2144:1314321
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1944:4146761
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1663:7828059
1425:protein
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583:Imaging
418:and/or
385:insulin
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8647:Acinar
8511:Serous
8440:Cystic
8234:VIPoma
8199:tract:
8168:Glands
8067:cancer
7962:cystic
7855:benign
7385:Lumbar
7355:Direct
7338:Hiatus
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515:biopsy
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460:CTNNB1
214:nausea
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9399:Human
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7520:Upper
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7265:Acute
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6604:Colon
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6098:ICD-O
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6024:(PDF)
6009:(PDF)
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5704:(PDF)
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1064:care.
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5954:2014
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