Hepatitis D - Knowledge

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the subviral particles can form viral-like particles that are almost identical to mature HDV, but they are not infectious. Researchers had concluded that the determinant of infectivity of HDV was within the N-terminal pre-S1 domain of the large protein (L). It was found to be a mediator in binding to the cellular receptor. Researchers Georges Abou Jaoudé and Camille Sureau published an article in 2005 that studied the role of the antigenic loop, found in HDV envelope proteins, in the infectivity of the virus. The antigenic loop, like the N-terminal pre-S1 domain of the large protein, is exposed at the virion surface. Jaoudé and Sureau's study provided evidence that the antigenic loop may be an important factor in HDV entry into the host cell and by mutating parts of the antigenic loop, the infectivity of HDV may be minimized.

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cases of chronic hepatitis D infection are thought to be due to superinfection in those already with hepatitis B. Hepatitis B and D co-infection is likely to lead to acute hepatitis, but is usually self limited with regards to the hepatitis D infection. Chronic hepatitis B and D is associated with a worse prognosis than chronic hepatitis B alone. Infection with both viruses is characterized by a poor prognosis with 75% of those with chronic hepatitis D developing liver cirrhosis within 15 years and a much higher risk of developing liver cancer. Persistent HDV viremia is the most important risk factor for disease progression in those with co-infection or superinfection. Other factors that are responsible for a poor prognosis in chronic hepatitis D include male sex, older age at time of infection, alcohol use,

269: 451:, which are much smaller than viruses. Its genome is unique among animal viruses because of its high GC nucleotide content. Its nucleotide sequence is about 70% self-complementary, allowing the genome to form a partially double-stranded, rod-like RNA structure. HDV strains are highly divergent; fusions of different strains exist and sequences had been deposited in public databases employing different start sites for the circular viral RNA involved. This had resulted in something of chaos with respect to molecular classification of this virus, a situation which has been resolved recently with the adoption of a proposed reference genome and a uniform classification system. 849: 291: 505: 471:. Initially thought to use just RNA polymerase II, now RNA polymerases I and III have also been shown to be involved in HDV replication. Normally RNA polymerase II utilizes DNA as a template and produces mRNA. Consequently, if HDV indeed utilizes RNA polymerase II during replication, it would be the only known animal pathogen capable of using a DNA-dependent polymerase as an RNA-dependent polymerase. 1116:(Russia). Genotype III has been found exclusively in South America (Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela). Some genomes from Taiwan and the Okinawa islands have been difficult to type but have been placed in genotype 2. However it is now known that there are at least 8 genotypes of this virus (HDV-1 to HDV-8). Phylogenetic studies suggest an African origin for this pathogen. 467:. Mapping by mutagenesis of this domain has shown that amino acid residues 9–15 make up the receptor-binding site. After entering the hepatocyte, the virus is uncoated and the nucleocapsid translocated to the nucleus due to a signal in HDAg Since the HDV genome does not code for an RNA polymerase to replicate the virus' genome, the virus makes use of the host cellular 858:

in low income regions of the globe in which HBV prevalence remains high. Currently the Amazon basin and low income regions of Asia and Africa have high rates of HDV, owing to concurrently high rates of HBV. Globally, five percent of those with chronic hepatitis B infection also have hepatitis D and 12.5% of people with HIV are also co-infected with hepatitis D.

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HDAg-L, in contrast, is produced during the later stages of an infection, acts as an inhibitor of viral replication, and is required for assembly of viral particles. Thus RNA editing by the cellular enzymes is critical to the virus' life cycle because it regulates the balance between viral replication and virion assembly.

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Genotypes, with the exception of type 1, appear to be restricted to certain geographical areas: HDV-2 (previously HDV-IIa) is found in Japan, Taiwan and Yakutia; HDV-4 (previously HDV-IIb) in Japan and Taiwan; HDV-3 in the Amazonian region; HDV-5, HDV-6, HDV-7 and HDV-8 in Africa. Genotype 8 has also

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Worldwide prevalence of HDV among HBV carriers in 2015. Eight genotypes have been identified worldwide by comparative phylogenetic analysis. Genotype 1 is the most frequent and has variable pathogenicity, Genotypes 2 and 4 are found in East Asia causing relatively mild disease. Genotype 3 is found in

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therapy. Evidence suggests that pegylated interferon alpha is effective in reducing the viral load and the effect of the disease during the time the drug is given, but the benefit generally stops if the drug is discontinued. The efficiency of this treatment does not usually exceed about 20%, and late

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The HDV envelope protein has three of the HBV surface proteins anchored to it. The S region of the genome is most commonly expressed and its main function is to assemble subviral particles. HDV antigen proteins combine with the viral genome to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) which when enveloped with

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HDV is prevalent worldwide. However, the prevalence is decreasing in many higher income countries due to hepatitis B vaccination programs (although rates remain high in some groups such as those who inject drugs or immigrants from HDV endemic reigions). Infection with HDV is a major medical scourge

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Superinfections, in which hepatitis D viral infection occurs in someone who has chronic hepatitis B (as opposed to co-infection, in which a person is infected with hepatitis B and D simultaneously), are more likely to progress to chronic hepatitis D and are associated with a worse prognosis. 90% of

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Women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant should undergo testing for HBV to know if they carry the virus, this will allow prevention strategies to be implemented during the birth of the child. The CDC recommends that all women who are pregnant be tested for hepatitis B viral infection and

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RNA, and a linear polyadenylated antigenomic RNA, which is the mRNA containing the open reading frame for the HDAg. Synthesis of antigenomic RNA occurs in the nucleolus, mediated by RNA polymerase I, whereas synthesis of genomic RNA takes place in the nucleoplasm, mediated by RNA polymerase II. HDV

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Koh, Christopher; Canini, Laetitia; Dahari, Harel; Zhao, Xiongce; Uprichard, Susan L.; Haynes-Williams, Vanessa; Winters, Mark A.; Subramanya, Gitanjali; Cooper, Stewart L.; Pinto, Peter; Wolff, Erin F.; Bishop, Rachel; Ai Thanda Han, Ma; Cotler, Scott J.; Kleiner, David E.; Keskin, Onur; Idilman,

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should do so using sterile equipment to prevent the transmission of hepatitis B and D via infected bodily fluids. Hepatitis B and D can also be transmitted from contaminated needles, so those who inject drugs should seek help to stop drug use or use sterile needles and avoid sharing needles with

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and HDV is that, while viroids produce no proteins, HDV is known to produce one protein, namely HDAg. It comes in two forms; a 27kDa large-HDAg, and a small-HDAg of 24kDa. The N-terminals of the two forms are identical, they differ by 19 more amino acids in the C-terminal of the large HDAg. Both

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contains host phospholipids, as well as three proteins taken from the hepatitis B virus—the large, medium, and small hepatitis B surface antigens. This assembly surrounds an inner ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particle, which contains the genome surrounded by about 200 molecules of hepatitis D antigen

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Hepatitis D virus was first reported in 1977 as a nuclear antigen in patients infected with HBV who had severe liver disease. This nuclear antigen was then thought to be a hepatitis B antigen and was called the delta antigen. Subsequent experiments in chimpanzees showed that the hepatitis delta

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changes the stop codon to UGG, allowing the large-HDAg to be produced. Despite having 90% identical sequences, these two proteins play diverging roles during the course of an infection. HDAg-S is produced in the early stages of an infection and enters the nucleus and supports viral replication.

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Asselah, Tarik; Chulanov, Vladimir; Lampertico, Pietro; Wedemeyer, Heiner; Streinu-Cercel, Adrian; Pântea, Victor; Lazar, Stefan; Placinta, Gheorghe; Gherlan, George S.; Bogomolov, Pavel; Stepanova, Tatyana; Morozov, Viacheslav; Syutkin, Vladimir; Sagalova, Olga; Manuilov, Dmitry (2024-07-11).

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Screening for hepatits D requires testing for anti-HDV antibodies, which indicate past exposure to the virus or current infection. If anti-HDV antibodies are present, then active HDV infection is confirmed by measuring hepatitis D RNA levels. Testing for HDV is only indicated in those who are

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In the 1987 Boca do Acre study, scientists did an epidemiological survey and reported delta virus infection in 24% of asymptomatic HBV carriers, 29% of acute nonfulminant hepatitis B cases, 74% of fulminant hepatitis B cases, and 100% of chronic hepatitis B cases. The delta virus seems to be

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The routes of transmission of hepatitis D are similar to those for hepatitis B. Infection is largely restricted to persons at high risk of hepatitis B infection, particularly injecting drug users and persons receiving clotting factor concentrates. Worldwide more than 15 million people are

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HDV infecting a person with chronic hepatitis B (superinfection) is considered the most serious type of viral hepatitis due to its severity of complications. These complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a rapid progression to liver

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As previously stated, patients previously diagnosed with hepatitis B are at risk for hepatitis D infection. Hepatitis D infection risk increases if a person uses injecting drugs, is a hemophiliac, if they are a hemodialysis patient, or through sexual contact with other infected persons.

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Vaccination against hepatitis B protects against hepatitis D viral infection as hepatitis D requires hepatitis B viral infection to be present in order to infect and replicate in people. Universal vaccination against hepatitis B virus is recommended by the

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An analysis of 36 strains of genotype 3 estimated that the most recent common ancestor of these strains originated around 1930. This genotype spread exponentially from early 1950s to the 1970s in South America. The substitution rate was estimated to be

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in chronic infections. In combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has the highest fatality rate of all the hepatitis infections, at 20%. A recent estimate from 2020 suggests that currently 48 million people are infected with this virus.

746:(also known as the FibroScan) have not been validated as quantitative measures of liver fibrosis in those with chronic hepatitis D infection. In those with whom liver fibrosis or cirrhosis is suspected, a liver biopsy is usually needed. 738:

hepatitis B surface antigen positive (those who have had previous or active infection with hepatitis B) as HDV requires hepatitis B viral infection to infect people. Non-invasive measures of liver fibrosis, such as the biomarker based

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Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Purcell RH, London WT, Sly LD, Gerin JL (Nov–Dec 1981). "Experimental HBV and delta infections of chimpanzees: occurrence and significance of intrahepatic immune complexes of HBcAg and delta antigen".

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Degasperi E, Anolli MP, Uceda Renteria SC, et al. Bulevirtide monotherapy for 48 weeks in patients with HDV-related compensated cirrhosis and clinically significant portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022;77(6):1525-1531.

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Other treatments for hepatitis D which are currently under development include pegylated interferon lambda (λ), which binds to receptors on the hepatocyte surface leading to an intracellular signaling cascade via the

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antigen (HDAg) was a structural part of a pathogen that required HBV infection to produce a complete viral particle. The entire genome was cloned and sequenced in 1986. It was subsequently placed in its own genus:

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Celik I, Karatayli E, Cevik E, Kabakçi SG, Karatayli SC, Dinç B, et al. (December 2011). "Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis delta viruses isolated from nine Turkish patients".

4506: 4487: 672:. However, HDV is much more common in the immediate Mediterranean region, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and the northern part of South America. In all, about 20 million people may be infected with HDV. 3748:

Bensabath G, Hadler SC, Soares MC, Fields H, Dias LB, Popper H, Maynard JE (1987). "Hepatitis delta virus infection and Labrea hepatitis. Prevalence and role in fulminant hepatitis in the Amazon Basin".

1534: 447:; with a genome of approximately 1700 nucleotides, HDV is the smallest "virus" known to infect animals. It has been proposed that HDV may have originated from a class of plant pathogens called 2295:

Branch AD, Benenfeld BJ, Baroudy BM, Wells FV, Gerin JL, Robertson HD (February 1989). "An ultraviolet-sensitive RNA structural element in a viroid-like domain of the hepatitis delta virus".

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The RNA polymerases treat the RNA genome as double-stranded DNA due to the folded rod-like structure it is in. Three forms of RNA are made; circular genomic RNA, circular complementary

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Heidrich B, Yurdaydın C, Kabaçam G, Ratsch BA, Zachou K, Bremer B, Dalekos GN, Erhardt A, Tabak F, Yalcin K, Gürel S, Zeuzem S, Cornberg M, Bock CT, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H (July 2014).

4031:"Evidence of an Exponential Decay Pattern of the Hepatitis Delta Virus Evolution Rate and Fluctuations in Quasispecies Complexity in Long-Term Studies of Chronic Delta Infection" 641:

isoforms are produced from the same reading frame which contains an UAG stop codon at codon 196, which normally produces only the small-HDAg. However, editing by cellular enzyme

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Three genotypes (I–III) were originally described. Genotype I has been isolated in Europe, North America, Africa and some Asia. Genotype II has been found in Japan, Taiwan, and

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of the L-HDAg. REP2139-Ca is a nucleic acid polymer that prevents the release of hepatitis B surface antigen (which is required for assembly of hepatitis D viral particles).

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Homs M, Rodriguez-Frias F, Gregori J, Ruiz A, Reimundo P, Casillas R, Tabernero D, Godoy C, Barakat S, Quer J, Riveiro-Barciela M, Roggendorf M, Esteban R, Buti M (2016).

3557: 2709:"Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades" 1361:

Makino S, Chang MF, Shieh CK, Kamahora T, Vannier DM, Govindarajan S, Lai MM (1987). "Molecular cloning and sequencing of a human hepatitis delta (delta) virus RNA".

604: 1438:"Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep)" 5148: 2402:"A single antigenomic open reading frame of the hepatitis delta virus encodes the epitope(s) of both hepatitis delta antigen polypeptides p24 delta and p27 delta" 1897:

Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, He W, Jing Z, Gao Z, Huang Y, Qi Y, Peng B, Wang H, Fu L, Song M, Chen P, Gao W, Ren B, Sun Y, Cai T, Feng X, Sui J, Li W (November 2012).

1173:(HBV family) virus to replicate. These agents have rod-like structure, a delta antigen, and a ribozyme. HDV and all such relatives are classified in their own 3378:"Oral prenylation inhibition with lonafarnib in chronic hepatitis D infection: a proof-of-concept randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2A trial" 1038:

which may kill in less than a week, and which characteristically affects children and young adults, and more males than females. It is accompanied also by an

782:. Bulevirtide may be given with pegylated interferon alpha as the two are thought to have a synergistic effect, leading to greater treatment response rates. 1084:

of a particular type (microsteatosis, characterized by small fat droplets inside the cells), and infiltration of large numbers of inflammatory cells called

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RNA is synthesized first as linear RNA that contains many copies of the genome. The genomic and antigenomic RNA contain a sequence of 85 nucleotides, the

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MYR Pharmaceuticals receives Conditional Marketing Authorisation by the European Commission for bulevirtide in the European Union for Hepatitis B and D

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Barros LM, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Pinho JR, Alvarado-Mora MV, Dos Santos A, Mendes-Corrêa MC, Caldas AJ, Sousa MT, Santos MD, Ferreira AS (September 2011).

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been isolated from South America. This genotype is usually only found in Africa and may have been imported into South America during the slave trade.

4571: 6087: 7061: 6940: 1184: 763: 694:. The hepatitis B vaccine is routinely given soon after birth (usually within 24 hours) to protect against hepatitis B and D viral infection. 7074: 6953: 5162: 5682: 793:) was safe, well tolerated and has led to a significant improvement in biochemical variables and an increase in liver function parameters. 3846:"Hepatitis B Virus and Delta Infection: Special Considerations in the Indigenous and Isolated Riverside Populations in the Amazon Region" 5721: 4828: 4659: 2707:

Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V, Gault E, Anaïs P, Drugan T, Trinchet JC, Roulot D, Tamby M, Milinkovitch MC, Dény P (March 2004).

4699: 2887:"Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices" 7035: 6927: 1167:

A few other viruses with similarity to HDV have been described in species other than humans. Unlike HDV, none of them depend on a

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Wang KS, Choo QL, Weiner AJ, Ou JH, Najarian RC, Thayer RM, Mullenbach GT, Denniston KJ, Gerin JL, Houghton M (Oct 9–15, 1986).

3052: 4350:"[The evolution of knowledge about viral hepatitis in Amazon region: from epidemiology and etiology to the prophilaxy]" 1128:

10 substitutions per site per year. The mutation rate varied with position : the hypervariable region evolved faster (4.55

2451:"Inhibition of hepatitis delta virus RNA editing by short inhibitory RNA-mediated knockdown of ADAR1 but not ADAR2 expression" 5949: 4564: 2828: 2572: 2500:"By inhibiting replication, the large hepatitis delta antigen can indirectly regulate amber/W editing and its own expression" 1781: 552: 5861: 5601: 3198: 624: 4792: 428:(HDAg) for each genome. The central region of HDAg has been shown to bind RNA. Several interactions are also mediated by a 2248:"RNA-templated replication of hepatitis delta virus: genomic and antigenomic RNAs associate with different nuclear bodies" 4849: 1208: 1999:"Fine mapping of pre-S sequence requirements for hepatitis B virus large envelope protein-mediated receptor interaction" 6162: 5569: 6834: 6681: 5168: 4694: 4651: 4303: 7087: 6579: 5154: 5083: 4557: 4178:

Karimzadeh H, Kiraithe MM, Oberhardt V, Salimi Alizei E, Bockmann J, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, et al. (May 2019).

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bile transporter. HDV recognizes its receptor via the N-terminal domain of the large hepatitis B surface antigen,

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Lehmann E, Brueckner F, Cramer P (November 2007). "Molecular basis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase II activity".

2048:"Characterization of nuclear targeting signal of hepatitis delta antigen: nuclear transport as a protein complex" 4180:"Mutations in Hepatitis D Virus Allow It to Escape Detection by CD8+ T Cells and Evolve at the Population Level" 3784:

Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Soares MC, Bensabath G, de Carvalho-Mello IM, Brito EM, Souza OS, et al. (November 2009).

1487:"Estimating the Global Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Clinical Outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection" 6574: 6530: 6424: 6246: 5845: 4753: 4739: 2647:"Role of the antigenic loop of the hepatitis B virus envelope proteins in infectivity of hepatitis delta virus" 1848:"Recombinant identification, molecular classification and proposed reference genomes for hepatitis delta virus" 775: 480: 612: 6785: 6631: 5114: 1261: 5191: 3473: 6540: 6059: 5667: 4958: 4952: 4863: 4857: 4747: 3225: 1899:"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus" 3986:

Chao YC, Tang HS, Hsu CT (August 1994). "Evolution rate of hepatitis delta virus RNA isolated in Taiwan".

3427:"REP 2139: Antiviral Mechanisms and Applications in Achieving Functional Control of HBV and HDV Infection" 2867: 5754: 5321: 5247: 5241: 4914: 1699:"Phylogeny of viroids, viroidlike satellite RNAs, and the viroidlike domain of hepatitis delta virus RNA" 843: 706: 701:

have been shown to prevent the transmission of hepatitis B, and most likely hepatitis D viral infection.

487:, which self-cleaves the linear RNA into monomers. These monomers are then ligated to form circular RNA. 853:

South America in association with severe hepatitis. Genotypes 5, 6, 7, 8 have been found only in Africa.

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or other personal care items which may have been contaminated by potentially infectious bodily fluids.

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Paraskevopoulou S, Pirzer F, Goldmann N, Schmid J, Corman VM, Gottula LT, et al. (July 2020).

2598:"Mutational analysis of delta antigen: effect on assembly and replication of hepatitis delta virus" 1062: 4139:"Hepatitis Delta virus genotype 8 infection in Northeast Brazil: inheritance from African slaves?" 268: 6664: 6441: 6182: 5974: 5633: 4883: 3937:

Alvarado-Mora MV, Romano CM, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JR (August 2011).

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Poisson F, Roingeard P, Baillou A, Dubois F, Bonelli F, Calogero RA, Goudeau A (November 1993).

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Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, Schalm SW (March 2000).

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Weiner AJ, Choo QL, Wang KS, Govindarajan S, Redeker AG, Gerin JL, Houghton M (February 1988).

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can control the virus, but it has been found HDV mutates to escape detection by CD8+ T cells.

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Le Gal F, Gault E, Ripault MP, Serpaggi J, Trinchet JC, Gordien E, Dény P (September 2006).

2812: 7022: 7000: 6914: 6715: 6659: 6480: 6376: 5959: 5954: 5788: 5706: 5672: 5526: 5358: 4993: 4822: 4244: 4042: 3950: 3684: 2351: 2304: 2104: 1710: 1370: 591: 423:. The HDV virion is a small, spherical, enveloped particle with a 36 nm diameter; its 285: 4444: 2125: 8: 6809: 6619: 6512: 6495: 6456: 6429: 6381: 6224: 6201: 6194: 6143: 6115: 6037: 6032: 6027: 5944: 5561: 4944: 4665: 4510: 3826: 3102:"Late HDV RNA relapse after peginterferon alpha-based therapy of chronic hepatitis delta" 2207:"The hepatitis delta virus RNA genome interacts with the human RNA polymerases I and III" 1124:

10 substitutions per site per year. Another study found an overall evolution rate of 3.18

1012: 949: 710: 149: 4248: 4046: 3954: 3939:"Dynamics of hepatitis D (delta) virus genotype 3 in the Amazon region of South America" 3688: 2797: 2355: 2308: 2108: 1714: 1485:

Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, Li S, Ma Z, Wang W, Peppelenbosch MP, Liu J, Pan Q (April 2020).

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10 substitutions per site per year). A third study suggested a mutation rate between 9.5

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10 substitutions per site per year) than the hepatitis delta antigen coding region (2.60

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within 12 hours of birth to prevent transmission of the virus from mother to child.

533: 6846: 6766: 6761: 6751: 6613: 6485: 6413: 6231: 6138: 6133: 6063: 6022: 5830: 5795: 5486: 5196: 4876: 4808: 4689: 4620: 4396: 4361: 4326: 4262: 4252: 4199: 4191: 4155: 4150: 4138: 4109: 4101: 4060: 4050: 3995: 3958: 3903: 3865: 3857: 3797: 3758: 3714: 3692: 3637: 3599: 3591: 3529: 3521: 3485: 3438: 3397: 3389: 3347: 3337: 3288: 3246: 3162: 3113: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3023: 3015: 2968: 2906: 2898: 2769: 2728: 2720: 2676: 2668: 2617: 2609: 2560: 2519: 2511: 2470: 2462: 2421: 2413: 2369: 2359: 2312: 2267: 2259: 2218: 2177: 2169: 2142: 2120: 2112: 2067: 2059: 2018: 2010: 1961: 1950:"Characterization of a hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus receptor binding site" 1948:

Engelke M, Mills K, Seitz S, Simon P, Gripon P, Schnölzer M, Urban S (April 2006).

1920: 1910: 1869: 1859: 1818: 1769: 1728: 1718: 1647: 1606: 1506: 1498: 1457: 1449: 1398: 1378: 1333: 1294: 1174: 831: 587: 43: 7014: 5450: 2613: 2417: 2063: 1807:"Cloning and sequencing of RNA of hepatitis delta virus isolated from human serum" 6985: 6804: 6734: 6600: 6535: 6500: 6371: 6236: 6172: 6074: 5993: 5984: 5934: 5874: 5759: 5736: 5410: 5315: 5235: 5224: 5095: 5059: 4979: 4765: 4626: 4526: 4229:"Mammalian deltavirus without hepadnavirus coinfection in the neotropical rodent 4195: 4055: 3963: 3938: 3923: 1846:

Miao Z, Zhang S, Ma Z, Hakim MS, Wang W, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q (January 2019).

1684: 1611: 1594: 1047: 960:, where it occurs mostly in the area south of the Amazon River, in the states of 642: 545: 160:(HBV). Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV ( 117: 3673:"Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (delta) viral genome" 3525: 3442: 3276: 3019: 2774: 2757: 2223: 2206: 1823: 1806: 6890: 6841: 6756: 6310: 6283: 6148: 6083: 6079: 5969: 5939: 4646: 4237:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (2005). "Deltavirus".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2340:"Human hepatitis delta virus RNA subfragments contain an autocleavage activity" 1703:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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in many cases. The disease is highly lethal: in a study carried out in 1986 at

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Current established treatments for chronic hepatitis D include conventional or

721: 669: 468: 424: 165: 153: 4537: 4500: 4496: 3907: 3578:, Canese MG, Aricò S, Crivelli O, Trepo C, Bonino F, Verme G (December 1977). 2959:

Asselah, Tarik; Rizzetto, Mario (6 July 2023). "Hepatitis D Virus Infection".

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10 substitutions per site per year) and the autocatalytic region (1.11

6555: 6525: 6388: 6366: 6219: 6070: 6044: 5906: 5896: 5783: 5744: 5677: 5437: 5418: 5385: 5373: 5367: 5346: 5292: 5220: 5106: 5068: 4837: 4816: 4722: 4600: 4592: 4580: 3861: 3697: 3672: 1435: 1382: 1081: 1035: 1032: 1016: 934: 786: 739: 410: 173: 129: 6861: 4136: 1758:"The role of the HBV envelope proteins in the HDV replication cycle" 1636:"Structural basis of the oligomerization of hepatitis delta antigen" 1595:"Characterization of RNA-binding domains of hepatitis delta antigen" 1266:

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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and clinically significant portal hypertension, the treatment with (

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Abbas Z, Khan MA, Salih M, Jafri W (December 2011). Abbas Z (ed.).

1680: 1574:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021 1020: 1000: 996: 984: 823: 540: 484: 3273: 1066: 1057:

The main discovery of delta virus and HBV association was done by

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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prevents hepatitis D viral particle assembly by inhibiting the

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Tommolino E, Piper MH, Sears D (2021-04-03). Anand BS (ed.).

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Like hepatitis B, HDV gains entry into liver cells via the

413:(or virus-like particles) classified together as the genus 5591: 4087: 3892: 2399: 725:

others. Those with hepatitis B or D should also not share

405:

The hepatitis delta viruses, or HDV, are eight species of

4774: 4220: 3191: 2855: 893:

Lábrea's black fever, Lábrea hepatitis, Santa Marta fever

801:

and activation of anti-viral cell mediated immunity. The

4382: 2549:"Structure and replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA" 2497: 1804: 1360: 1319: 1046:, also in the Amazon, 39 patients out of 44 died in the 1696: 156:) because it can propagate only in the presence of the 2205:

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This article incorporates text from the public domain

705:

that all infants of women with HBV infection be given

3326:"Experimental Drugs for the Treatment of Hepatitis D" 1543:

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461:

sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)

4469: 4389:

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4354:

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Viral Hepatitis: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention

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Survivors may develop 3985: 3514:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 3057:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3008:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2045: 1627: 1586: 1278: 5722:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis 5584: 5570: 4829:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 4572: 4558: 4312: 4130: 3053:"Interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis D" 2697: 2448: 2390: 2156:Filipovska J, Konarska MM (January 2000). 1527: 503: 267: 4700:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type 4400: 4365: 4330: 4266: 4256: 4203: 4154: 4113: 4081: 4064: 4054: 3962: 3886: 3869: 3801: 3696: 3603: 3533: 3489: 3401: 3351: 3341: 3215: 3166: 3117: 3076: 3027: 2910: 2868:"Hepatitis D - American Liver Foundation" 2773: 2732: 2680: 2662: 2621: 2523: 2474: 2425: 2373: 2363: 2271: 2222: 2181: 2124: 2071: 2022: 1965: 1924: 1914: 1873: 1863: 1822: 1732: 1722: 1651: 1610: 1510: 1461: 1337: 1322:"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Deltavirus" 785:In patients with HDV-related compensated 759:relapse after therapy has been reported. 4022: 3979: 3507: 3471: 3424: 3368: 2884: 847: 643:adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) 4293: 3474:"Epidemiology of the Hepatitis D virus" 2837: 1566: 1564: 980:of hepatitis B (HBV) with hepatitis D. 952:discovered in the 1950s in the city of 400: 176:, with an increased risk of developing 7108: 3149:Pascarella S, Negro F (January 2011). 3002:Yurdaydin C, Idilman R (August 2015). 2755: 2546: 1755: 983:Lábrea fever has a sudden onset, with 742:or non-invasive liver imaging such as 95:Antivirals, pegylated interferon alpha 6866: 6865: 6706: 5950:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth 5565: 4553: 3844:Cabezas C, Braga W (September 2020). 3503: 3501: 2878: 2810: 1284: 3330:Journal of Experimental Pharmacology 2449:Jayan GC, Casey JL (December 2002). 1561: 1231: 1229: 4850:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 3550: 2645:Jaoudé GA, Sureau C (August 2005). 1203: 1201: 1199: 498:Hepatitis delta virus delta antigen 13: 3498: 2819:. 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Springer Nature Switzerland AG 3168:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02320.x 2516:10.1128/JVI.78.15.8120-8134.2004 1196: 668:, and is mostly associated with 289: 276:Schematic representation of the 5821:Gastric antral vascular ectasia 5816:Portal hypertensive gastropathy 5693:Gastroesophageal reflux disease 4402:10.1590/S0037-86822004000100019 4367:10.1590/S0037-86822004000700003 4332:10.1590/s0037-86822004000700015 4286: 4171: 3837: 3818: 3790:The Journal of General Virology 3777: 3721: 3664: 3620: 3568: 3465: 3382:The Lancet. 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HDV is considered to be a 128:). HDV is one of five known 7: 5322:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis 5242:Human parainfluenza viruses 4915:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 3988:Journal of Medical Virology 3526:10.1101/cshperspect.a021576 3443:10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00156 3216:Francisco EM (2020-05-29). 3020:10.1101/cshperspect.a021543 2775:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.033 2224:10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.007 1824:10.1099/0022-1317-71-7-1603 844:Epidemiology of Hepatitis D 707:hepatitis B immune globulin 254: 10: 7147: 6526:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis 6050:Functional colonic disease 5846:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 3247:"Bulevirtide - MYR Pharma" 2756:Taylor JM (January 2006). 1852:Journal of Viral Hepatitis 1674: 1015:(ALF). In the last phase, 861: 841: 799:JAK-STAT signaling pathway 756:pegylated interferon alpha 650:Antigenic loop infectivity 6969: 6874: 6820: 6699: 6640: 6554: 6511: 6357: 6348: 6301: 6255: 6210: 6096: 5983: 5873: 5860: 5735: 5727:Acute esophageal necrosis 5609: 5600: 5525: 5501: 5409: 5332: 5287: 5276: 5105: 5067: 5046: 5014: 4986:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 4969: 4923: 4802: 4791: 4764: 4591: 4473: 4430:Fact sheet on Hepatitis D 4427:World Health Organization 3908:10.1007/s00705-011-1120-y 3222:European Medicines Agency 3203:European Medicines Agency 2174:10.1017/S1355838200991167 1262:"Hepatitis (Viral) NIDDK" 1073:, and her collaborators. 933: 925: 917: 909: 897: 889: 884: 768:European Medicines Agency 692:World Health Organization 618: 598: 580: 575: 571: 551: 539: 527: 519: 514: 502: 497: 352: 347: 284: 275: 266: 261: 99: 91: 81: 73: 63: 53: 37: 29: 24: 5826:Gastric dumping syndrome 5701:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 5688:Diffuse esophageal spasm 5088:Infectious mononucleosis 4905:Chandipura vesiculovirus 4735:Hepatocellular carcinoma 4680:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 4613:Hepatocellular carcinoma 4294:Specter SC, ed. (1999). 3508:Rizzetto M (July 2015). 2885:Schillie, Sarah (2018). 1535:"ICTV 9th Report (2011) 1063:Instituto Evandro Chagas 16:Human infectious disease 6442:Alcoholic liver disease 5975:Bile acid malabsorption 5919:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer 4884:Encephalitis lethargica 4585:viral systemic diseases 4258:10.1073/pnas.2006750117 4231:Proechimys semispinosus 3478:WikiJournal of Medicine 3431:ACS Infectious Diseases 2758:"Hepatitis delta virus" 2565:10.1007/3-540-29802-9_1 2317:10.1126/science.2492676 1774:10.1007/3-540-29802-9_6 1724:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5631 1092:containing delta virus 356:Deltavirus cameroonense 6452:Hepatic encephalopathy 5836:Buried bumper syndrome 5767:Peptic (gastric) ulcer 5651:Mallory–Weiss syndrome 5594:human digestive system 5256:Human orthopneumovirus 4910:Herpesviral meningitis 4871:Arbovirus encephalitis 4313:da Fonseca JC (2004). 4106:10.3201/eid1209.060112 4000:10.1002/jmv.1890430414 3850:Clinical Liver Disease 3803:10.1099/vir.0.013615-0 3642:10.1002/hep.1840010602 2903:10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1 2365:10.1073/pnas.86.6.1831 1104:in the Amazon region. 1088:, comprised mainly by 854: 744:transient elastography 697:Latex or polyurethane 381:Deltavirus senegalense 262:Hepatitis delta virus 247:Vaccine (hepatitis B) 6906:Hepatitis delta virus 6876:Hepatitis delta virus 6677:Pancreatic pseudocyst 6546:Porcelain gallbladder 5658:Zenker's diverticulum 4714:Merkel-cell carcinoma 4462:NCBI Taxonomy Browser 4456:Hepatitis delta virus 3596:10.1136/gut.18.12.997 3491:10.15347/wjm/2020.001 3293:10.1056/NEJMoa2314134 2973:10.1056/NEJMra2212151 2553:Hepatitis Delta Virus 1762:Hepatitis Delta Virus 1503:10.1093/infdis/jiz633 1287:Journal of Hepatology 1209:"Hepatitis D | NIDDK" 1017:neurological symptoms 851: 386:Deltavirus taiwanense 278:Hepatitis delta virus 245:Hyperimmune globulin 238:Passive immunization 122:hepatitis delta virus 6481:Hepatorenal syndrome 6420:Budd–Chiari syndrome 6377:Autoimmune hepatitis 6202:Intestinal adhesions 5960:Short bowel syndrome 5789:Functional dyspepsia 5707:Esophageal stricture 5673:Nutcracker esophagus 5359:Adenovirus infection 4823:Human polyomavirus 2 4652:Oropharyngeal cancer 3896:Archives of Virology 3796:(Pt 11): 2638–2643. 2264:10.1128/JVI.02650-05 2015:10.1128/JVI.01902-09 1454:10.1136/gut.46.3.420 1339:10.1099/jgv.0.001150 991:(lack of appetite), 670:intravenous drug use 401:Structure and genome 371:Deltavirus japanense 366:Deltavirus italiense 286:Virus classification 241:Active immunization 6620:Choledocholithiasis 6491:Metabolic disorders 6457:Acute liver failure 6430:Portal hypertension 6382:Alcoholic hepatitis 6225:Radiation proctitis 6144:Mesenteric ischemia 6116:Gastroenterocolitis 5945:Blind loop syndrome 5755:Ménétrier's disease 5663:Barrett's esophagus 4945:Post-polio syndrome 4581:Infectious diseases 4249:2020PNAS..11717977P 4243:(30): 17977–17983. 4047:2016PLoSO..1158557H 3955:2011InfGE..11.1462A 3689:1986Natur.323..508W 3472:Rizzetto M (2020). 3343:10.2147/JEP.S235550 3155:Liver International 2872:liverfoundation.org 2713:Journal of Virology 2651:Journal of Virology 2602:Journal of Virology 2504:Journal of Virology 2455:Journal of Virology 2406:Journal of Virology 2356:1989PNAS...86.1831W 2309:1989Sci...243..649B 2252:Journal of Virology 2117:10.1038/nature06290 2109:2007Natur.450..445L 2052:Journal of Virology 2003:Journal of Virology 1916:10.7554/eLife.00049 1715:1991PNAS...88.5631E 1375:1987Natur.329..343M 1293:(Suppl 1): S212–9. 1019:such as agitation, 1013:acute liver failure 956:, in the Brazilian 711:hepatitis B vaccine 666:developed countries 445:closed circular RNA 443:, single-stranded, 417:, within the realm 376:Deltavirus peruense 185: 6795:Undefined location 6786:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft 6687:Pancreatic fistula 6670:Pancreatic abscess 6625:Biliary dyskinesia 6596:Mirizzi's syndrome 6097:Large and/or small 5777:Dieulafoy's lesion 5646:Boerhaave syndrome 5078:Epstein–Barr virus 5048:Respiratory system 4685:Burkitt's lymphoma 4360:(Suppl 2): 14–26. 2547:Taylor JM (2006). 1549:on 30 January 2019 1059:Gilberta Bensabath 1011:. Death occurs by 950:tropical infection 904:Infectious disease 855: 439:The HDV genome is 391:Deltavirus togense 361:Deltavirus carense 212:Incubation Period 184: 48:infectious disease 7126:Satellite viruses 7103: 7102: 6868:Taxon identifiers 6859: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6695: 6694: 6297: 6296: 6154:Bowel obstruction 5856: 5855: 5559: 5558: 5521: 5520: 5272: 5271: 5203:Influenza virus A 5120:Human coronavirus 5010: 5009: 5000:Herpes of the eye 4547: 4546: 4325:(Suppl 2): 93–5. 3388:(10): 1167–1174. 3119:10.1002/hep.27102 2830:978-0-12-375147-8 2811:Tayor JM (2009). 2574:978-3-540-29801-4 2461:(23): 12399–404. 1967:10.1002/hep.21112 1865:10.1111/jvh.13010 1783:978-3-540-29801-4 1756:Sureau C (2006). 1605:(Pt 11): 2473–8. 1497:(10): 1677–1687. 1332:(12): 1565–1566. 943: 942: 879:Medical condition 762:In May 2020, the 634: 633: 630: 629: 625:structure summary 483:, that acts as a 398: 397: 252: 251: 158:hepatitis B virus 111: 110: 83:Diagnostic method 77:Hepatitis D virus 19:Medical condition 7138: 7116:Protein families 7096: 7095: 7083: 7082: 7070: 7069: 7057: 7056: 7044: 7043: 7031: 7030: 7018: 7017: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6962: 6961: 6949: 6948: 6936: 6935: 6923: 6922: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6863: 6862: 6847:Pneumoperitoneum 6704: 6703: 6614:Common bile duct 6496:Wilson's disease 6486:Peliosis hepatis 6355: 6354: 6232:Proctalgia fugax 6139:Abdominal angina 6064:Ogilvie syndrome 6013:Pseudomembranous 5871: 5870: 5831:Gastric volvulus 5796:Pyloric stenosis 5607: 5606: 5592:Diseases of the 5586: 5579: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5285: 5284: 5280:digestive system 5197:Orthomyxoviridae 5163:SARS coronavirus 5149:MERS coronavirus 5065: 5064: 4877:Orthomyxoviridae 4800: 4799: 4766:Immune disorders 4690:Hodgkin lymphoma 4666:Kaposi's sarcoma 4574: 4567: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4414: 4404: 4379: 4369: 4344: 4334: 4309: 4298:. Humana Press. 4281: 4280: 4270: 4260: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4207: 4190:(6): 1820–1833. 4184:Gastroenterology 4175: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4058: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3873: 3862:10.1002/cld.1009 3841: 3835: 3834: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3745: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3700: 3698:10.1038/323508a0 3683:(6088): 508–14. 3668: 3662: 3661: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3590:(12): 997–1003. 3572: 3566: 3565: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3345: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3224:. Archived from 3213: 3207: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3170: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3121: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3063:(12): CD006002. 3048: 3042: 3041: 3031: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2956: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2864: 2853: 2852: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2818: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2777: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2666: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2527: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2478: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2377: 2367: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2303:(4891): 649–52. 2292: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2226: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2185: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2128: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2075: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2026: 2009:(4): 1989–2000. 1994: 1988: 1987: 1969: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1928: 1918: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1877: 1867: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1826: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1726: 1694: 1688: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1655: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1614: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1568: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1545:. Archived from 1531: 1525: 1524: 1514: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1465: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1383:10.1038/329343a0 1358: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1233: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1205: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1027:and hemorrhagic 882: 881: 832:immunodeficiency 573: 572: 507: 495: 494: 409:single-stranded 294: 293: 271: 259: 258: 199:Delta hepatitis 186: 183: 87:Immunoglobulin G 44:Gastroenterology 22: 21: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7131:Viral hepatitis 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7091: 7086: 7078: 7073: 7065: 7060: 7052: 7047: 7039: 7034: 7026: 7021: 7013: 7008: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6965: 6957: 6952: 6944: 6939: 6931: 6926: 6918: 6913: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6870: 6860: 6851: 6816: 6805:Internal hernia 6691: 6636: 6601:Biliary fistula 6559: 6550: 6536:Adenomyomatosis 6531:Cholesterolosis 6507: 6501:Hemochromatosis 6372:Viral hepatitis 6344: 6293: 6251: 6237:Rectal prolapse 6206: 6173:Fecal impaction 6163:Intussusception 6126:Crohn's disease 6092: 6075:Toxic megacolon 5987: 5985:Large intestine 5979: 5924:Curling's ulcer 5877: 5875:Small intestine 5864: 5852: 5760:Gastroenteritis 5731: 5596: 5590: 5560: 5555: 5517: 5497: 5405: 5379:Gastroenteritis 5337: 5334:Gastroenteritis 5328: 5316:Cytomegalovirus 5279: 5268: 5236:Paramyxoviridae 5225:Avian influenza 5101: 5096:Cytomegalovirus 5060:viral pneumonia 5058: 5055:nasopharyngitis 5054: 5051: 5042: 5006: 4980:Cytomegalovirus 4965: 4919: 4807: 4794: 4787: 4760: 4627:Cervical cancer 4587: 4578: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4482: 4468: 4452: 4422: 4417: 4306: 4289: 4284: 4225: 4221: 4176: 4172: 4135: 4131: 4086: 4082: 4041:(6): e0158557. 4027: 4023: 3984: 3980: 3935: 3931: 3902:(12): 2215–20. 3891: 3887: 3842: 3838: 3823: 3819: 3782: 3778: 3746: 3737: 3726: 3722: 3669: 3665: 3625: 3621: 3573: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3506: 3499: 3470: 3466: 3423: 3419: 3373: 3369: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3272: 3268: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3229: 3214: 3210: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3147: 3143: 3098: 3094: 3049: 3045: 3014:(10): a021543. 3000: 2996: 2957: 2928: 2883: 2879: 2866: 2865: 2856: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2809: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2754: 2750: 2705: 2698: 2664:10.1.1.570.4147 2657:(16): 10460–6. 2643: 2639: 2594: 2590: 2575: 2545: 2541: 2510:(15): 8120–34. 2496: 2492: 2447: 2443: 2398: 2391: 2336: 2332: 2293: 2289: 2258:(13): 6478–86. 2244: 2240: 2203: 2199: 2154: 2150: 2103:(7168): 445–9. 2093: 2089: 2044: 2040: 1995: 1991: 1946: 1942: 1895: 1891: 1844: 1840: 1803: 1799: 1784: 1754: 1750: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1673: 1669: 1632: 1628: 1591: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1483: 1479: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1369:(6137): 343–6. 1359: 1355: 1318: 1314: 1283: 1279: 1270: 1268: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1217: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1165: 1163:Related species 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1110: 929:HBV vaccination 880: 877: 864: 846: 840: 819: 752: 735: 709:(HBIG) and the 687: 678: 661: 652: 510: 493: 469:RNA polymerases 457: 403: 288: 257: 118:viral hepatitis 33:Hepatitis delta 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7144: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7084: 7071: 7058: 7045: 7032: 7019: 7006: 6991: 6975: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6950: 6937: 6924: 6911: 6896: 6880: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6842:Hemoperitoneum 6839: 6838: 6837: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6712: 6710: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6566: 6564: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6313: 6311:Blood in stool 6307: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6284:Anal dysplasia 6281: 6276: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6216: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6151: 6149:Angiodysplasia 6146: 6141: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6084:Diverticulosis 6080:Diverticulitis 6077: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6057: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5970:Milroy disease 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5940:Tropical sprue 5937: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5893: 5891: 5868: 5862:Lower GI tract 5858: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5615: 5613: 5604: 5602:Upper GI tract 5598: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5539: 5531: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5297: 5295: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5073: 5071: 5062: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5020: 5018: 5016:Cardiovascular 5012: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4975: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4929: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4797: 4795:nervous system 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4647:Vaginal cancer 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4529: 4518: 4503: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474:Classification 4467: 4466: 4450: 4442: 4432: 4423: 4421: 4420:External links 4418: 4416: 4415: 4380: 4345: 4310: 4304: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4219: 4170: 4149:(1–2): 333–9. 4143:Virus Research 4129: 4100:(9): 1447–50. 4080: 4021: 3994:(4): 397–403. 3978: 3929: 3885: 3856:(3): 117–122. 3836: 3817: 3776: 3735: 3720: 3663: 3619: 3567: 3549: 3520:(7): a021576. 3497: 3464: 3437:(5): 675–687. 3417: 3367: 3316: 3306: 3287:(2): 133–143. 3266: 3238: 3208: 3205:. 26 May 2020. 3190: 3141: 3092: 3043: 2994: 2926: 2877: 2874:. 23 May 2022. 2854: 2836: 2829: 2803: 2789: 2748: 2719:(5): 2537–44. 2696: 2637: 2588: 2573: 2539: 2490: 2441: 2389: 2330: 2287: 2238: 2197: 2148: 2087: 2038: 1989: 1940: 1889: 1858:(1): 183–190. 1838: 1797: 1782: 1748: 1709:(13): 5631–4. 1689: 1667: 1626: 1585: 1560: 1526: 1477: 1428: 1404: 1353: 1312: 1277: 1253: 1225: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1170:Hepadnaviridae 1164: 1161: 1109: 1106: 978:superinfection 941: 940: 937: 931: 930: 927: 923: 922: 921:approx. 1 week 919: 915: 914: 911: 907: 906: 901: 895: 894: 891: 887: 886: 878: 876: 873: 863: 860: 842:Main article: 839: 836: 818: 815: 751: 748: 734: 731: 722:body piercings 716:Those who get 686: 683: 677: 676:People at risk 674: 660: 657: 651: 648: 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 616: 615: 602: 596: 595: 585: 578: 577: 569: 568: 555: 549: 548: 543: 537: 536: 531: 525: 524: 521: 517: 516: 512: 511: 508: 500: 499: 492: 491:Delta antigens 489: 456: 453: 441:negative sense 432:region at the 425:viral envelope 407:negative-sense 402: 399: 396: 395: 394: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 350: 349: 345: 344: 337: 333: 332: 325: 321: 320: 313: 306: 305: 300: 296: 295: 282: 281: 273: 272: 264: 263: 256: 253: 250: 249: 243: 233: 232: 229: 228:Carrier State 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 205: 204:Type of Virus 201: 200: 197: 193: 192: 189: 166:superinfection 154:subviral agent 120:caused by the 109: 108: 103: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 67: 61: 60: 57: 51: 50: 41: 35: 34: 31: 27: 26: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7143: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6716:Diaphragmatic 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521:Cholecystitis 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6464:Liver abscess 6462: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6447:Liver failure 6445: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6104:Enterocolitis 6102: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5931:Malabsorption 5929: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806:Gastroparesis 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:Cushing ulcer 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5717:Megaesophagus 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5248:Parainfluenza 5246: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5084:EBV infection 5082: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940:Poliomyelitis 4938: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642:Vulvar cancer 4640: 4638: 4637:Penile cancer 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4436:ICTV Report: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4305:0-89603-424-0 4301: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3949:(6): 1462–8. 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3757:(4): 479–83. 3756: 3752: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3636:(6): 567–74. 3635: 3631: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3558:"Hepatitis D" 3553: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3263: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3228:on 2020-06-15 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2845:"Hepatitis B" 2840: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2807: 2799: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608:(2): 646–53. 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350:(6): 1831–5. 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058:(2): 914–21. 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1960:(4): 750–60. 1959: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1817:(7): 1603–6. 1816: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1646:(7): 821–30. 1645: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1418: 1414: 1413:"Hepatitis D" 1408: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1242: 1238: 1237:"Hepatitis D" 1232: 1230: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1160: 1158: 1155:HDV-specific 1153: 1149: 1117: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080:tissue, with 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 872: 870: 859: 850: 845: 835: 833: 829: 825: 814: 812: 811:farnesylation 808: 804: 800: 794: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 757: 747: 745: 741: 730: 728: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 702: 700: 695: 693: 682: 673: 671: 667: 656: 647: 644: 639: 626: 623: 621: 617: 614: 610: 606: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 586: 583: 579: 574: 570: 567: 563: 559: 556: 554: 550: 547: 544: 542: 538: 535: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 506: 501: 496: 488: 486: 482: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 452: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 426: 422: 421: 416: 412: 408: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 351: 346: 343: 342: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 329:Kolmioviridae 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 314: 311: 308: 307: 304: 301: 298: 297: 292: 287: 283: 279: 274: 270: 265: 260: 248: 244: 242: 239: 235: 234: 230: 227: 226: 222: 220:Transmission 219: 218: 214: 211: 210: 206: 203: 202: 198: 195: 194: 190: 188: 187: 182: 179: 175: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116:is a type of 115: 107: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 66: 65:Complications 62: 58: 56: 52: 49: 45: 42: 40: 36: 32: 28: 23: 6970: 6875: 6794: 6773: 6650:Pancreatitis 6612: 6562:biliary tree 6435:Nutmeg liver 6412: 6338:Hematochezia 6289:Pruritus ani 6274:Anal abscess 6269:Anal fistula 6265:Anal fissure 6178:Constipation 6132: 6003:Appendicitis 5811:Gastroptosis 5801:Achlorhydria 5640: 5629:Eosinophilic 5541: 5534: 5510: 5503:Pancreatitis 5485: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5442: 5423: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5372: 5351: 5314: 5300: 5261: 5254: 5240: 5234: 5201: 5195: 5175: 5161: 5147: 5118: 5094: 5076: 5031:Pericarditis 5023: 4992: 4978: 4951: 4932: 4890: 4875: 4856: 4842: 4821: 4804:Encephalitis 4773: 4746: 4727: 4706: 4672: 4658: 4619: 4605: 4531: 4520: 4505: 4486: 4461: 4455: 4448:: Deltavirus 4445: 4438: 4435: 4392: 4388: 4357: 4353: 4322: 4318: 4295: 4287:Bibliography 4240: 4236: 4230: 4222: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4038: 4034: 4024: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3830: 3820: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3754: 3750: 3729: 3723: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3587: 3583: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3517: 3513: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3385: 3381: 3370: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3309: 3284: 3280: 3269: 3261: 3255:. Retrieved 3250: 3241: 3230:. Retrieved 3226:the original 3221: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3112:(1): 87–97. 3109: 3105: 3095: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2967:(1): 58–70. 2964: 2960: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2871: 2848: 2839: 2814: 2806: 2792: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2716: 2712: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2552: 2542: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2412:(2): 594–9. 2409: 2405: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2168:(1): 41–54. 2165: 2161: 2151: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1761: 1751: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1670: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1576:. Retrieved 1551:. Retrieved 1547:the original 1542: 1536: 1529: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1448:(3): 420–6. 1445: 1441: 1431: 1420:. Retrieved 1416: 1407: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1269:. Retrieved 1265: 1256: 1246:10 September 1244:. Retrieved 1240: 1218:10 September 1216:. Retrieved 1212: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1157:CD8+ T cells 1154: 1150: 1118: 1111: 1098: 1086:morula cells 1085: 1075: 1056: 1044:Boca do Acre 1040:encephalitis 982: 958:Amazon basin 948:is a lethal 946:Lábrea fever 945: 944: 885:Lábrea fever 875:Lábrea fever 868: 865: 856: 838:Epidemiology 820: 795: 784: 761: 753: 736: 715: 703: 696: 688: 679: 662: 659:Transmission 653: 635: 473: 458: 438: 418: 414: 404: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 340: 339: 328: 316: 309: 299:(unranked): 277: 246: 240: 237: 191:Hepatitis D 178:liver cancer 170: 125: 121: 113: 112: 7049:iNaturalist 6995:Wikispecies 6900:Wikispecies 6830:Peritonitis 6592:Cholestasis 6570:Cholangitis 6513:Gallbladder 6401:Fatty liver 6321:Hematemesis 6303:GI bleeding 6109:Necrotizing 6038:Lymphocytic 6033:Collagenous 6028:Microscopic 5965:Steatorrhea 5866:Enteropathy 5712:Inlet patch 5634:Herpetiform 5619:Esophagitis 5400:Coronavirus 5141:Common cold 5053:acute viral 5036:Myocarditis 4880:(probable) 4632:Anal cancer 4395:(1): 67–9. 3562:www.who.int 3336:: 461–468. 3251:AdisInsight 3218:"Hepcludex" 3199:"Hepcludex" 3161:(1): 7–21. 2897:(1): 1–31. 2849:www.who.int 2768:(1): 71–6. 2217:(1): 12–5. 1417:www.who.int 1241:www.who.int 1180:Ribozyviria 1090:macrophages 1069:, state of 1025:convulsions 1009:prostration 1007:and severe 999:of blood), 993:hematemesis 974:coinfection 910:Usual onset 890:Other names 803:prenylation 791:bulevirtide 780:hepatocytes 772:bulevirtide 515:Identifiers 476:antigenomic 430:coiled-coil 420:Ribozyviria 411:RNA viruses 317:Ribozyviria 223:Parenteral 215:2–12 weeks 162:coinfection 152:(a type of 114:Hepatitis D 106:Bulevirtide 30:Other names 25:Hepatitis D 7110:Categories 7001:Deltavirus 6971:Deltavirus 6822:Peritoneal 6800:Incisional 6721:Congenital 6665:Hereditary 6642:Pancreatic 6606:Haemobilia 6279:Hemorrhoid 6257:Anal canal 6195:Infectious 6183:Functional 6018:Ulcerative 5902:Duodenitis 5841:Gastrinoma 5527:Urogenital 5393:Astrovirus 5353:Adenovirus 5177:SARS-CoV-2 4934:Poliovirus 4809:meningitis 4533:DiseasesDB 4439:Deltavirus 3630:Hepatology 3576:Rizzetto M 3257:2020-08-06 3232:2020-08-06 3106:Hepatology 1954:Hepatology 1909:: e00049. 1553:30 January 1537:Deltavirus 1422:2020-09-20 1271:2020-06-19 1191:References 926:Prevention 869:Deltavirus 807:lonafarnib 805:inhibitor 685:Prevention 588:structures 455:Life cycle 434:N terminus 415:Deltavirus 341:Deltavirus 101:Medication 7121:Hepatitis 6986:Q18822400 6810:Richter's 6767:Spigelian 6762:Obturator 6752:Umbilical 6585:Ascending 6556:Bile duct 6389:Cirrhosis 6367:Hepatitis 6350:Accessory 6220:Proctitis 6071:Megacolon 6045:Dysentery 5955:Whipple's 5907:Jejunitis 5897:Enteritis 5784:Dyspepsia 5745:Gastritis 5678:Achalasia 5611:Esophagus 5438:RNA virus 5419:DNA virus 5411:Hepatitis 5386:Norovirus 5374:Rotavirus 5368:RNA virus 5347:DNA virus 5293:Esophagus 5221:Influenza 5107:RNA virus 5069:DNA virus 4838:RNA virus 4817:DNA virus 4723:RNA virus 4601:DNA virus 4593:Oncovirus 4446:Viralzone 3301:0028-4793 3136:205892640 2989:259354401 2659:CiteSeerX 1685:IPR002506 1640:Structure 1183:, by the 1144:10 to 1.2 1108:Evolution 1082:steatosis 1061:, of the 1054:disease. 1036:hepatitis 1033:fulminant 935:Prognosis 899:Specialty 817:Prognosis 787:Cirrhosis 750:Treatment 740:FibroTest 733:Diagnosis 546:IPR002506 436:of HDAg. 236:Immunity 174:cirrhosis 150:satellite 144:, D, and 132:viruses: 130:hepatitis 92:Treatment 69:Cirrhosis 39:Specialty 7041:10216387 6980:Wikidata 6946:11459946 6933:10071458 6891:Q1607636 6885:Wikidata 6740:Indirect 6735:Inguinal 6469:Pyogenic 6414:Vascular 6190:Diarrhea 6168:Volvulus 6134:Vascular 6073: / 6062: / 6023:Ischemic 5990:Appendix 5880:Duodenum 5750:Atrophic 5624:Candidal 5536:BK virus 5339:diarrhea 5183:COVID-19 4925:Myelitis 4464:. 12475. 4411:15042190 4376:15586892 4341:15586904 4277:32651267 4214:30768983 4165:21798297 4124:17073101 4075:27362848 4035:PLOS ONE 4016:22539505 3973:21645647 3916:21984217 3880:33005393 3831:Medscape 3812:19605587 3732:: 735–8. 3658:83892580 3544:26134842 3459:52183556 3451:30199230 3412:26189433 3362:33889032 3185:29142477 3177:20880077 3128:24585488 3087:22161394 3038:26253093 2981:37407002 2921:29939980 2784:16364738 2762:Virology 2743:14963156 2691:16051838 2583:16903218 2534:15254184 2485:12414985 2282:16775335 2233:19246067 2211:Virology 2192:10668797 2135:18004386 2033:20007265 1984:23549907 1976:16557545 1935:23150796 1884:30260538 1792:16903223 1681:InterPro 1578:5 August 1521:31778167 1472:10673308 1348:30311870 1307:14708706 1094:antigens 1021:delirium 1001:headache 997:vomiting 989:anorexia 985:jaundice 970:Rondônia 966:Amazonas 918:Duration 824:diabetes 605:RCSB PDB 541:InterPro 485:ribozyme 348:Species 324:Family: 255:Virology 196:Synonym 55:Symptoms 7067:1034713 7054:1145546 6781:Petit's 6757:Femoral 6660:Chronic 6474:Amoebic 6242:Anismus 6008:Colitis 5935:Coeliac 5912:Ileitis 5884:Jejunum 5737:Stomach 5641:Rupture 5289:Pharynx 4793:Central 4527:D003699 4268:7395443 4245:Bibcode 4205:6486497 4115:3294742 4066:4928832 4043:Bibcode 4008:7964650 3951:Bibcode 3871:7508778 3771:3599343 3715:4265339 3707:3762705 3685:Bibcode 3650:7030907 3605:1411847 3535:4484953 3403:4700535 3353:8057838 3078:6823236 3029:4588130 2912:5837403 2682:1182656 2632:8289368 2436:2447291 2384:2648383 2352:Bibcode 2325:2492676 2305:Bibcode 2297:Science 2273:1488965 2183:1369892 2143:4393153 2105:Bibcode 2082:1731113 2024:2812397 1926:3485615 1875:7379554 1833:2374010 1743:1712103 1711:Bibcode 1662:9687364 1621:8245865 1512:7184909 1463:1727859 1399:4368061 1391:3627276 1371:Bibcode 1114:Yakutia 1102:endemic 1052:chronic 862:History 828:obesity 766:of the 718:tattoos 699:condoms 638:viroids 534:PF01517 449:viroids 336:Genus: 280:virion 7093:600308 6920:539833 6775:Lumbar 6745:Direct 6728:Hiatus 6708:Hernia 6560:Other 6326:Melena 6212:Rectum 5695:(GERD) 4953:HTLV-I 4898:Rabies 4748:HTLV-I 4516:070.31 4409: 4374: 4339: 4321:. 37. 4302: 4275: 4265: 4212: 4202: 4163: 4122: 4112: 4073: 4063: 4014: 4006: 3971: 3922: 3914: 3878: 3868: 3810: 3769: 3713: 3705: 3677:Nature 3656: 3648: 3612: 3602: 3542: 3532: 3457: 3449: 3410: 3400: 3360: 3350: 3299: 3183: 3175: 3134: 3126: 3085: 3075: 3036: 3026: 2987: 2979: 2919: 2909: 2827: 2782: 2741: 2734:369207 2731: 2689: 2679: 2661: 2630: 2623:236498 2620: 2581: 2571: 2532: 2525:446097 2522: 2483: 2476:136899 2473: 2434: 2427:250573 2424: 2382: 2375:286798 2372: 2323: 2280: 2270: 2231: 2190: 2180: 2141: 2133: 2097:Nature 2080: 2073:240792 2070: 2031: 2021: 1982: 1974: 1933: 1923: 1882: 1872: 1831: 1790: 1780: 1766:113–31 1741: 1731: 1660: 1619: 1519: 1509: 1470: 1460: 1397: 1389: 1363:Nature 1346: 1305: 968:, and 954:Lábrea 913:sudden 727:razors 620:PDBsum 594: 584: 566:SUPFAM 523:HDV_ag 520:Symbol 207:ssRNA 74:Causes 7088:WoRMS 7080:39759 7062:IRMNG 7028:67496 6959:12475 6941:IRMNG 6700:Other 6655:Acute 6406:MASLD 6359:Liver 6333:Lower 6316:Upper 6158:Ileus 5994:Colon 5888:Ileum 5703:(LPR) 5549:Mumps 5308:Mumps 5278:Human 4708:MCPyV 4501:B18.0 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