Hendrik Verwoerd - Knowledge

140: 3943: 2353: 2085: 3949: 2114:

they confirm good expectations. Dr. Verwoerd at present is restful. There is no need for any immediate operation.' Once his condition stabilised, Verwoerd was transferred to a Pretoria hospital. The neurologists who treated Verwoerd later stated that his escape had been 'absolutely miraculous'. Specialist surgeons were called in to remove the bullets. At first, there was speculation that Verwoerd would lose his hearing and sense of balance, but this was to prove groundless. He returned to public life on 29 May, less than two months after the shooting.

2341: 2251:

the hope that after Verwoerd's "disappearance" "a change of policy would take place." He added, "I wanted to see a government representing all the South African people. I do not think the Nationalist Government is representative of the people and I wanted to see a different government … I did not care about the consequences, for what would happen to me afterwards. I didn't care much and didn't give it a second thought that I would be caught. I was so disgusted with the racial policy that I went through with my plans to kill the prime minister."

809:, joined him in Germany and they were married in Hamburg on 7 January 1927. Later that year, he continued his studies in the United Kingdom, and then proceeded to the United States. His lecture notes and memoranda at Stellenbosch University stressed that there were no biological differences between the big racial groups, and concluded that "this was not really a factor in the development of a higher social civilization by the Caucasians." Verwoerd's views on race were more likely influenced by his experience of American attitudes towards 802:. Most of these professors were not allowed to teach anymore once the Nazis came to power in 1933.. Claims that Verwoerd studied eugenics during his German sojourn and later based his apartheid policy on Nazi ideology, are still being evaluated by scholars. Critics contend that eugenics was usually taught at medical faculties during this period. Christoph Marx asserts that Verwoerd kept a conspicuous distance from eugenic theories and racist social technologies, emphasising environmental influences rather than hereditary abilities. 512: 611:

apartheid to international audiences, he branded it as a policy of "good-neighbourliness", stating that as different races and cultures have different beliefs and values, they could only reach their full potential if they lived and developed apart from each other. He stated that the white minority had to be protected from the nonwhite majority by pursuing a "policy of separate development" and keeping power in the hands of whites. Apartheid saw the complete disfranchisement of the nonwhite population.

1864: 747: 1922:

would be entirely separated, with blacks living in native reserves, with separate political and economic structures, which, they believed, would entail severe short-term pain, but would also lead to independence of white South Africa from black labour in the long-term. Verwoerd belonged to a third faction, which sympathised with the purists, but allowed for the use of black labour, while implementing the purist goal of vertical separation.

1101: 917: 27: 1029:(HNP) concluded an election pact with the Afrikaner Party in 1947. They won the elections with a very narrow majority of five seats in Parliament, although they only got 40 percent of the voter support. This was due to the loaded constituencies in cities, which was to the advantage of rural constituencies. The nine Afrikaner Party MPs thus made it possible for Malan's HNP to form a coalition government with the Afrikaner Party of 2284: 1014: 1162: 1282: 664: 2198: 1048:. Most party leaders agreed that the nationalist policies were responsible for the National Party's victory. To further cement their nationalist policies, Herenigde Nasionale Party leader Daniel Malan called for stricter enforcement of job reservation protecting the rights of the white working class, and the rights of white workers to organise their own labour unions outside of company control. 2170:. The election marked a major strengthening of power for the ruling NP, which gained a two-thirds majority in parliament for the first time. During this period, the National Party government continued to foster the development of a military industrial complex, that successfully pioneered developments in native armaments manufacturing, including aircraft, small arms, armoured vehicles, and even 2042:

and stormed out of the conference. For many white South Africans, especially those of British extraction, leaving the Commonwealth imposed a certain psychological sense of isolation as South Africa left a club that it had belonged to since 1910 and of which it had been a prominent member. The Republic of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1961, the anniversary of the signing of the

2365:

black South Africans, Verwoerd was and still is regarded as the epitome of evil, the white supremacist who become a symbol of apartheid itself. Apparently, most white South Africans now speak of Verwoerd as an embarrassment and only a minority still praise him. However, in 2004 Verwoerd was elected by popular poll as one of the top 20 South Africans of all time in the TV show

2110:, leapt up and knocked the pistol from the gunman's hand. After the pistol fell to the floor, Harrison, with the help of Major Carl Richter, the Prime Minister's personal bodyguard, civilians and another policeman overpowered the gunman. He was taken to the Marshall Square police station and later transferred to the Forensic Medical Laboratory due to his peculiar behaviour. 2126:

could not be held criminally liable for having shot the prime minister. On 26 September 1960, he was committed to a mental hospital in Bloemfontein. On 1 October 1961, his 53rd birthday, he committed suicide, shortly before parole was to be considered. His cause of death is disputed, since many suicides during the apartheid era were actually murders and killings by police.

774:, England, and another one to continue his studies in Germany. He opted for the latter, as Verwoerd wanted to continue his research under a number of renowned German psychology and philosophy professors of the time, and possibly due to his own anti-British views at the time. Verwoerd left for Germany in 1926, and proceeded to research psychology and sociology at the 2258:(SACP) between 1936 and 1942 to his time in London in the early 1960s, when he had attended meetings of the Committee of African Organizations and had held "the posters up" at "anti-colonial", "anti-apartheid" and "anti-racial" meetings; in South Africa from 1939 to 1942, he had "engaged actively in Communistic propaganda"; he had fought on the Communist side in the 2373:, who was married to Verwoerd's grandson Willem, joined the African National Congress (ANC) (like her ex-husband). She recalled that bearing the surname Verwoerd always produced awkward stares in ANC circles when she introduced herself and she had to explain that she was indeed the granddaughter-in-law of the Verwoerd who was the prime minister. 2125:

Pratt claimed that he had been shooting 'the epitome of apartheid'. However, in his defence, he stated that he only wanted to injure, not kill, Verwoerd. The court accepted the medical reports submitted to it by five different psychiatrists, all of which confirmed that Pratt lacked legal capacity and

2070:

After South Africa became a republic, Verwoerd refused to accept black ambassadors from Commonwealth member states. Verwoerd's overt moves to block non-whites from representing South Africa in sports—starting with cricket—started the international movement to ostracise South Africa from international

2364:

in the Northern Cape province houses the Verwoerd collection—memorabilia collected during Verwoerd's lifetime which is now on display in the house where his widow lived for the last years before her death in 2000 at the age of 98. Verwoerd's legacy in South Africa today is a controversial one as for

2041:

of Canada declaring that racism was incompatible with Commonwealth membership. Verwoerd abandoned the application to rejoin the Commonwealth after the Indo-Canadian resolution was accepted mostly by votes from non-white nations (Canada was the only majority white country to vote for the resolution),

2113:

Within minutes of the assassination attempt, Verwoerd—still conscious and blood gushing from his face—was rushed to the nearby Johannesburg Hospital. Two days later, the hospital issued a statement which described his condition as 'indeed satisfactory—further examinations were carried out today and

2453:

Journalist Daniel A. Gross proposed that the campaign against Verwoerd as the "architect of apartheid" was going too far in the sense that it was too convenient to blame all the wrongs and injustices of apartheid on one man who was designated as being especially evil, stating that many people were

2250:

Over the days that followed the assassination, Tsafendas was questioned by the police while in custody, while the police turned every possible stone in order to obtain as much information as possible. Under questioning, Tsafendas made coherent statements explaining that he had committed his act in

2157:

From 1964, the US and UK discontinued their arms trade with South Africa. Economic sanctions against South Africa were also frequently debated in the UN as an effective way of putting pressure on the apartheid government. In 1962, the UN General Assembly requested that its members sever political,

2000:

as an example of the sort of "horrors" that allegedly would ensue in South Africa if apartheid was ended. He then linked the Congo situation to the criticism of apartheid in Britain, arguing the Congolese "horrors" were what the British government was intent upon inflicting on white South Africans

1925:

Verwoerd's vision of a South Africa divided into multiple ethno-states appealed to the reform-minded Afrikaner intelligentsia, and it provided a more coherent philosophical and moral framework for the National Party's racist policies, while also providing a veneer of intellectual respectability to

1921:

faction, while favouring segregation, also favoured the participation of black Africans in the economy as long as black labour could be controlled to advance the economic gains of Afrikaners. A second faction were the "purists", who believed in "vertical segregation", under which blacks and whites

1086:

One black South African woman who worked as an anti-apartheid activist, Nomavenda Mathiane, in particular criticized Verwoerd for the Bantu Education Act of 1953, which caused generations of black South Africans to suffer an inferior education, saying: "After white people had taken the land, after

1082:

The Bantu Education Act ensured that black South Africans had only the barest minimum of education, thus entrenching the role of blacks in the apartheid economy as a cheap source of unskilled labour. In June 1954, Verwoerd in a speech stated: "The Bantu must be guided to serve his own community in

614:

Verwoerd heavily repressed opposition to apartheid during his premiership. He ordered the detention and imprisonment of tens of thousands of people and the exile of further thousands, while at the same time greatly empowering, modernizing, and enlarging the white apartheid state's security forces

841:

Afrikaans politics from 1910 to 1948 were divided between the "liberals" such as Jan Smuts who argued for a reconciliation with Britain vs. the "extremists" who expressed anti-British sentiments due to the Boer War. Both the "liberals" and the "extremists" believed that South Africa was a "white

720: 679:

on 8 September 1901. Verwoerd was South Africa's only foreign-born prime minister. He was the second child of Anje Hendriks Strik (1873-1940) and Wilhelmus Johannes Verwoerd (1874-1961). His older brother was Leendert (Len) Verwoerd (1899-1986) and his younger sister, the only one born in South

2262:

of 1947–49; and in London he had been a close associate and assistant of the ANC's local representative, Tennyson Makiwane. In short, and according to his own words, he was "anti-colonial, against slavery and in favour of all colonies which were controlled by Belgium, France and Portugal to be

766:

with distinctions in Sociology, Psychology and Philosophy, and then completed his Masters cum laude. He then went on completing his Doctorate in Psychology in 1925 at Stellenbosch University. Verwoerd's over three hundred page Doctorate thesis titled "Die Afstomping van die Gemoedsaandoeninge"

610:

Verwoerd became prime minister in 1958. His desire to ensure white, and especially Afrikaner dominance in South Africa, to the exclusion of the nonwhite majority, was a major aspect of his support for a republic. To that same end, Verwoerd greatly expanded apartheid. When attempting to justify

845:

In 1936, Verwoerd joined by a group of Stellenbosch University professors protested against the immigration of German Jews to South Africa, who were fleeing Nazi persecution. His efforts in the field of national welfare drew him into politics and in 1936 he was offered the first editorship of

627:

was imprisoned for life for sabotage. Verwoerd's South Africa had one of the highest prison populations in the world and saw a large number of executions and floggings. By the mid-1960s Verwoerd's government to a large degree had put down internal civil resistance to apartheid by employing

826: 1244:

Verwoerd gradually gained popularity with the Afrikaner electorate and continued to expand his political support. With his overwhelming constituency victory in the 1958 election and the death shortly thereafter of Prime Minister J. G. Strijdom, Verwoerd was nominated, together with

2421:

Many major roads, places and facilities in cities and towns of South Africa were named after Verwoerd; in post-apartheid South Africa, there has been a campaign to take down statues of Verwoerd and rename buildings and streets named after him. Famous examples include

2377: 2017:

were slightly outnumbered by Afrikaners. The vast majority of English South Africans were against South Africa becoming a republic and were still loyal to the British Crown, especially in Natal, where anti-republican and secessionist sentiment was very strong.

1079:, which was to have a deleterious effect on the ability of black South Africans to be educated. Verwoerd himself noted that the purpose of the Bantu Education Act was to ensure that blacks would have only just enough education to work as unskilled labourers. 2121:

and shortly after Verwoerd received a death threat with a red note reading, "Today we kill Verwoerd". Pratt appeared for a preliminary hearing in the Johannesburg Magistrates' Court on 20 and 21 July 1960, once it was clear that the attempt was not fatal.

680:

Africa, was Hendrika Johanna Lucretia (Lucie) Verwoerd (1908-1959). His father was a shopkeeper and a deeply religious man who decided to move his family to South Africa in 1903 because of his sympathy towards the Afrikaner nation in the wake of the

833:

Verwoerd returned with his wife to South Africa in 1928 and was appointed to the chair of Applied Psychology and Psycho Technique at the University of Stellenbosch where, six years later, he became Professor of Sociology and Social Work. During the

2075:

in 1976, and whenever South African teams did participate in sports, protests and disruptions were the result. When supporters of South Africa decried their exclusion, the usual response was: "Who started it?", in reference to Verwoerd.

2054:

in 1910. The Anglophobic Verwoerd timed the declaration of a republic with the anniversary of the Treaty of Vereeniging as a form of revenge for the defeat of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State in the Boer War. The last

2004:

In order to bolster support for a republic, the voting age for whites was lowered from 21 to 18, benefiting younger Afrikaans speakers, who were more likely to favour a republic, and the franchise was extended to whites in

1055:

later that year, and became the minister of native affairs under Prime Minister Malan in 1950, until his appointment as prime minister in 1958. In that position, he helped to implement the Nationalist Party's programme.

2217:

stabbed Verwoerd in the neck and chest four times before being subdued by other members of the Assembly. Four members of Parliament who were also trained doctors rushed to the aid of Verwoerd and started administering

842:

man's country", though the latter were more stridently committed to white supremacy. Verwoerd belonged to the anti-British faction in Afrikaans politics who wanted to keep as much distance as possible from Britain.

1966:'s long-term goals since originally coming to power in 1948. In January 1960, Verwoerd announced that a referendum would be called to determine the republican issue, the objective being a republic within the 762:, where he was regarded as a brilliant social science academic, and it was widely claimed that he possessed a photographic memory. Verwoerd was fluent in Afrikaans, Dutch, English and German. He obtained his 838:, Verwoerd became active in social work among poor white South Africans. He devoted much attention to welfare work and was often consulted by welfare organizations, while he served on numerous committees. 4126: 1910:

for his role in shaping the implementation of apartheid policy when he was minister of native affairs and then prime minister. Verwoerd once described apartheid as a "policy of good neighbourliness".

1241:

were potential successors. The Young Turks of the Transvaal got the upper hand and thus J. G. Strijdom was elected as the new leader of the National Party, succeeding Malan as Prime Minister.

250: 2454:

involved in creating and maintaining the apartheid system. Gross concluded that blaming everything on Verwoerd was in effect excusing the actions of everyone else who supported apartheid.

2107: 2189:

in Pretoria. Following the meeting, a joint communique was issued by the two governments with special emphasis on "co-operation without interference in each others' internal affairs".

882:

in September 1939, Verwoerd protested against South Africa's role in the conflict when the country declared war on Germany, siding with its former colonial power, the United Kingdom.

556:, and implementing its policies, as Minister of Native Affairs (1950–1958) and then as prime minister (1958–1966). Furthermore, Verwoerd played a vital role in helping the far-right 635:'s premiership, Verwoerd's role in expanding and legally entrenching the system, including his theoretical justifications and opposition to the limited form of integration known as 2095:

On 9 April 1960, Verwoerd opened the Union Exposition in Milner Park, Johannesburg, to mark the jubilee of the Union of South Africa. After Verwoerd delivered his opening address,

731:

In 1917, the family moved back to South Africa, since the congregation in Bulawayo had appointed a second minister of religion. His father took up a position in the church in

770:

Due to the work undertaken by Verwoerd in his doctoral thesis , he was awarded two scholarships for post-doctoral research abroad—one by the Abe Bailey Trust to study at the

4076: 1087:

white people had impoverished us in South Africa, the only way out of our poverty was through education. And he came up with the idea of giving us an inferior education."

1033:. The two parties amalgamated in 1951 as the National Party, although Havenga was not comfortable with NP policy to remove coloured voters from the common voters' roll. 3180: 1083:

all respects. There is no place for him in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour. Within his own community, however, all doors are open".

2154:

against South Africa, and in the same year, a Special Committee Against Apartheid was established to encourage and oversee plans of action against the authorities.

2657: 2014: 607:. Following the Nationalist electoral victory in 1948, Verwoerd assumed high positions in the government and wielded strong influence over South African society. 3548:

Special report of the Director-General on the application of the Declaration concerning the policy of "apartheid" of the Republic of South Africa, Volumes 17–22.

1996:

Verwoerd also ensured that South African media gave generous coverage of the breakdown of society in the Congo in the summer of 1960 following independence from

1913:

At the time that the NP came to power in 1948, there were factional differences in the party about the implementation of systemic racial segregation. The larger

4101: 4066: 743:

epidemic, the younger Verwoerd only sat for his matriculation exams in February 1919, achieving first position in the Orange Free State and fifth in country.

2071:

sporting competition. The last Olympic Games in which the country participated—until the abolition of apartheid—was in 1960. South Africa was expelled from

1253:

from the Orange Free State, as candidates to head the party. Verwoerd got the most votes in the second round and thus succeeded Strijdom as Prime Minister.

878:, the paper helped "solidify the sentiments of most South Africans, that changes to the socio-economic system were vitally needed." With the start of the 2254:

At the same time, the South African police gathered a plethora of evidence of Tsafendas's long history of political activism, from his membership of the

2138:

visited South Africa where he could not reach an agreement with Prime Minister Verwoerd. On 6 November 1962, the United Nations General Assembly passed

4116: 4086: 4046: 3528: 1198: 1190: 2418:

On the 50th anniversary of Verwoerd's assassination in 2016, some in South Africa argued that Tsafendas should be regarded as an anti-apartheid hero.

2376: 767:(Afrikaans: The numbing of the Emotion) was at the time regarded as a monumental academic achievement in field of Applied Psychology in South Africa. 2026: 1392: 895:

for libel after it accused him of being a Nazi propagandist. In his judgment dismissing the case, Justice Mallin stated that Verwoerd "did support

1349: 4041: 2139: 644: 628:

extraordinary legislative power, draconian laws, psychological intimidation, and the relentless efforts of the white state's security apparatus.

4081: 4056: 4011: 3652: 2147: 1194: 3309: 2056: 1359: 2266:

Nevertheless, none of these became known during a summary trial where Tsafendas escaped the death penalty on the grounds of insanity. Judge

2171: 1937: 1344: 4051: 3783: 3083: 2099:, a rich English businessman and farmer from the Magaliesberg, near Pretoria, attempted to assassinate Verwoerd, firing two shots from a 1947: 701: 2673: 2824:

Marx, C. (2011). "Hendrik Verwoerd's Long March to Apartheid: Nationalism and Racism in South Africa". In Berg, M.; Wendt, S. (eds.).

3346: 2242:

in Pretoria. The still blood-stained carpet where Verwoerd lay after his murder remained in Parliament until it was removed in 2004.

1294: 540:, was a Dutch-born South African politician, scholar in applied psychology, philosophy, and sociology, and newspaper editor who was 4096: 4091: 4061: 1449: 3257: 4111: 2462:

Verwoerd is depicted on the obverses of a pair of .800 fine Silver 1 Rand coins dated 1967, which was struck to commemorate him.

2270:

ordered Tsafendas to be imprisoned indefinitely at the "State President's pleasure"; in 1999 he died aged 81 still in detention.

2234:

Verwoerd's state funeral, attended by a quarter of a million people, was held in Pretoria on 10 September 1966, during which his

1834: 810: 648: 4021: 2647: 2514:

Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Circumstances of the Death of the Late Dr. The Honourable Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd

2294: 1942: 1750: 1499: 1484: 1025:

was held on 26 May 1948 and saw the Nationalist Party together with the Afrikaner Party winning the general elections. Malan's

981: 549: 91: 1930:. Verwoerd felt that the political situation of South Africa had become stagnant over the past century and called for reform. 4131: 4071: 4036: 4016: 3504: 3240: 3184: 3139: 3114: 3010: 2977: 2833: 2539: 1072: 953: 63: 899:, he did make his paper a tool of Nazis in South Africa, and he knew it" (cited by Scheub 2010, 42; Bunting 1964, 106–107). 139: 3864: 2235: 1975: 1524: 1304: 3742: 2435: 2167: 1893: 1404: 1309: 1230: 1022: 511: 960: 70: 3754: 3612:

National University of Lesotho. Institute of Southern African Studies. Documentation and Publications Division (1966).

3600: 1867: 1434: 3408:

Sanctions and honorary whites: diplomatic policies and economic realities in relations between Japan and South Africa.

1989:, created a siege mentality in South Africa. Verwoerd seized upon this to booster his case for a republic, presenting 3164: 2952: 2858: 2808: 2568: 2327: 2210: 1509: 1479: 1148: 1122: 1000: 934: 620: 110: 44: 1130: 2030: 1824: 1454: 967: 77: 3616:. Documentation and Publications Division, Institute of Southern African Studies, National University of Lesotho. 2703: 2584: 2488: 2143: 2064: 1814: 1439: 1334: 1036:

Running on the platform of self-determination and apartheid as it was termed for the first time, Prime Minister

3873: 3824: 2772: 2117:

David Pratt was initially held under the emergency regulations, declared on 30 March 1960, nine days after the

1985:

speech. The speech, which implicitly criticized apartheid, together with the worldwide criticism following the

1504: 1126: 938: 541: 155: 48: 4026: 2255: 2219: 1963: 1657: 1534: 1519: 1494: 949: 853: 557: 422: 59: 2033:, which was necessary given the intention to declare a republic following a resolution jointly sponsored by 3662: 3529:

UN Chief Faces Apartheid Snag; Hammarskjöld Says He Got No Accord on Race Policies During South Africa Trip

3232:

State, Civil Society and Apartheid in South Africa: An Examination of Dutch Reformed Church-State Relations

2439: 2022: 1799: 1414: 787: 736: 705: 3034: 2598: 2407:, the Afrikaner settlement founded by her son-in-law. She was visited by the first democratically elected 1059:

Among the laws that were drawn and enacted during Verwoerd's time as minister for native affairs were the

4121: 4106: 4031: 2103:

pistol at point-blank range, one bullet perforating Verwoerd's right cheek and the second his right ear.

1933:

Under the Premiership of Verwoerd, the following legislative acts relating to apartheid were introduced:

1672: 1514: 1459: 1369: 1364: 1060: 1374: 896: 489: 1702: 2773:"Mental health care during apartheid in South Africa: An illustration of how 'science' can be abused" 2557:"Mental Health Care During Apartheid in South Africa: An Illustration of How 'Science' Can Be Abused" 2408: 2239: 2202: 2178: 1622: 1469: 1464: 1444: 1419: 1399: 1026: 616: 390: 643:, have led him to be described as the "Architect of Apartheid". His actions prompted the passing of 3857: 2309: 1809: 1429: 1111: 903:

had triumphantly headlined every Nazi victory and constantly attacked "British Jewish liberalism."

697: 366: 3693: 2352: 1632: 3942: 2238:-draped casket was laid on an artillery carriage towed by a military truck. He was buried in the 1982: 1967: 1886: 1839: 1607: 1115: 927: 891: 759: 751: 37: 2623: 2874: 2423: 2223: 2096: 2088: 2060: 1539: 1052: 852:, a position which he took up in 1937, with the added responsibility of helping to rebuild the 3574:

The Long Road to Durban – The United Nations Role in Fighting Racism and Racial Discrimination

2944: 2084: 974: 84: 3885: 3573: 3230: 3003:

Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part II, Austria, America and the Rise of Hitler, 1899–1933

2761:, Vol. 4, Durban: Butterworth, pp. 730–740; P. W. Grobbelaar, Man van die Volk, 13–15 (1966). 2681: 2556: 2484: 2404: 2361: 2051: 2043: 1804: 1794: 1489: 1409: 1354: 863: 783: 775: 647:, condemning apartheid, and ultimately leading to South Africa's international isolation and 584: 580: 565: 484: 474: 3283: 2800: 2209:

On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was stabbed to death in Cape Town, shortly after entering the

603:" interests, and protested against South Africa's declaration of war on Nazi Germany during 4006: 4001: 2366: 2118: 1986: 1771: 1572: 1529: 1379: 1319: 1041: 779: 771: 667:

The Verwoerd family in 1908. Left to right : Wilhelmus, Hendrik, Lucie, Len, and Anje.

479: 403: 296: 3350: 2305: 8: 3850: 3461:"Aanslag: Nuwe stap met gearresteerde. Aangehou kragtens noodmaatreëls. Was nie in hof." 1849: 1076: 2135: 3759: 3533: 1879: 1314: 1265: 1040:

and his party benefited from their support in the rural electorates, defeating General

724: 689: 588: 532: 3157:

History after Apartheid: Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa

1557: 791: 3596: 3510: 3500: 3236: 3160: 3135: 3110: 3042: 3016: 3006: 2983: 2973: 2948: 2937: 2854: 2829: 2804: 2564: 2535: 2345: 2214: 2006: 1760: 1474: 1229:

announced his retirement from politics following the National Party's success in the

652: 3948: 3912: 3698: 3469:, 11 April 1960; "Verwoerd saved from ordeal at the Pratt inquiry – 8 subpoenaed." 2370: 2038: 2034: 1971: 1662: 1592: 1030: 835: 806: 763: 576: 2794: 568:'s last prime minister, from 1958 to 1961, when he proclaimed the founding of the 3842: 3657: 3419: 2529: 2512: 2400: 2385: 2340: 2259: 2186: 2182: 2047: 1829: 1819: 1329: 1064: 709: 681: 553: 434: 3181:"Culture, Communication and Media Studies – Freedom Square – Back to the Future" 651:. On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was stabbed several times by parliamentary aide 3927: 3817: 2427: 2412: 2381: 1692: 1682: 1652: 1637: 1617: 1612: 1602: 1577: 1238: 848: 624: 548:

and nicknamed the "father of apartheid". Verwoerd played a significant role in

281: 219: 127: 3514: 3206: 3020: 1246: 1166: 234: 3995: 3834: 3046: 2661: 2389: 2267: 1844: 1717: 1667: 1339: 1324: 1234: 1214: 1210: 1068: 875: 867: 799: 376: 362: 3482:

I. Maisels, A life at law: The memoirs of I.A. Maisels, QC., 102–107 (1998).

2987: 552:

apartheid, the country's system of institutionalized racial segregation and

3975: 3957: 3877: 3578: 2796:

The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion

2652: 2447: 2431: 2151: 1990: 1745: 1707: 1697: 1687: 1587: 1226: 1206: 1202: 1178: 1037: 879: 795: 655:. He died shortly after, and Tsafendas was jailed until his death in 1999. 604: 569: 408: 240: 191: 2301: 1218: 3980: 3922: 3902: 2972:. Weinberg, Paul. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 143. 2100: 1647: 1642: 1627: 1562: 1250: 1182: 1013: 740: 713: 676: 632: 342: 276: 204: 2001:(via their opposition to apartheid), fanning the flames of Anglophobia. 3134:. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. p. 1661. 1755: 1722: 1597: 1582: 1567: 1424: 1170: 1045: 941: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 746: 561: 466: 2029:

in London, Verwoerd abandoned an attempt for South Africa to become a

1981:

In an address to both Houses of Parliament, Macmillan gave his famous

716:. Verwoerd received the top marks for English literature in Rhodesia. 3917: 3907: 3892: 3703: 2142:, condemning South African apartheid policies. On 7 August 1963, the 2010: 1907: 1776: 1740: 1677: 1273: 1233:. In the succession debate that followed Malan's retirement in 1954, 1186: 732: 672: 596: 545: 358: 338: 1100: 916: 26: 2443: 2356:

South African postage stamps commemorating Hendrik Verwoerd in 1966

1959: 1916: 871: 754:

in 1923. Verwoerd is located in the middle row, 3rd from the right.

719: 693: 685: 638: 380: 4127:

Perpetrators of political repression in apartheid-era South Africa

3638:

Havens, Murray Clark; Leiden, Carl; Schmitt, Karl Michael (1970).

1161: 2561:

Evil, Law and the State: Perspectives on State Power and Violence

1997: 1281: 1165:

The first Verwoerd Cabinet in 1958. Front (left to right) :

663: 615:(police and military). He banned black organizations such as the 560:

come to power in 1948, serving as their political strategist and

3107:

Performing South Africa's Truth Commission: Stages of Transition

572:, remaining its prime minister until his assassination in 1966. 2393: 2197: 1766: 825: 814: 727:, in 1908 or 1909. Left to right : Len, Lucie and Hendrik. 3784:"How Should South Africa Remember the Architect of Apartheid?" 3275: 3084:"How Should South Africa Remember the Architect of Apartheid?" 2177:

Three days before his death, Verwoerd had held talks with the

3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3159:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 22. 2899: 2897: 2895: 708:, where he was awarded the Beit Scholarship, established by 3730:

The Man Who Killed Apartheid: The Life of Dimitri Tsafendas

3497:

The man who killed apartheid: the life of Dimitri Tsafendas

3422:, "His Cherubic Smile Seemed To Say, 'It's All So Simple". 3109:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 31, 226. 2072: 600: 536:; 8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966), also known as 3365: 2892: 3349:. Africanhistory.about.com. 13 April 2012. Archived from 3301: 2875:"Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd | South African History Online" 2648:"Obituary: Long-jailed assassin of South African premier" 1044:

and his United Party. General Smuts lost his own seat of

700:, where his father became an assistant evangelist in the 564:, becoming party leader upon his premiership. He was the 3339: 2943:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 3310:"Afrikaner domination died with Verwoerd 50 years ago" 2616: 2828:. Oxford/New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 284–291. 2782:. Oxford: Inter-disciplinary Press. pp. 117–133. 862:

was a publication which supported the aspirations of

4077:

Members of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa

3249: 2799:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 2517:. Government Printer, South Africa. 22 January 1966. 2213:

at 14:15. A uniformed parliamentary messenger named

2624:"Hendrik Verwoerd | prime minister of South Africa" 692:. By the end of 1912, the Verwoerd family moved to 599:

organization dedicated to advancing the Afrikaner "

51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3872: 2936: 2158:fiscal and transportation ties with South Africa. 1906:Hendrik Verwoerd is often called the architect of 3448:"Verwoerd knew of threats but did not withdraw." 2025:was accepted by Parliament. In March 1961 at the 3993: 3627:Fault lines: journeys into the new South Africa. 2050:to an end in 1902, and the establishment of the 16:Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966 2970:Fault lines: journeys into the new South Africa 2921:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 60–63. 2851:A Concise Dictionary of South African Biography 2091:is overpowered after he shoots Hendrik Verwoerd 1914: 645:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761 636: 3465:, 11 April 1960; "No news of Pratt in court." 2585:"Apartheid: "A Policy of Good Neighborliness"" 2079: 4067:South African collaborators with Nazi Germany 3858: 3284:"Remembering Verwoerd –Opinion | Politicsweb" 2641: 2027:1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 1887: 623:, and it was under him that future president 544:and is commonly regarded as the architect of 3499:. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jacana Media. 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 1938:Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959 866:, agricultural and labour rights. Combining 3743:Betsie Verwoerd, Apartheid Ruler's Wife, 98 3727: 3494: 3222: 3005:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 101. 2704:"24 Hours Special – Verwoerd Assassination" 2599:"Commanding Heights: South Africa | on PBS" 2446:, now Steve Biko Hospital, and the town of 1948:Extension of University Education Act, 1959 1129:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 263:19 October 1950 – 3 September 1958 3865: 3851: 3228: 2853:. Cape Town: Francolin. pp. 275–276. 2742: 2727: 2656:, 11 October 1999. Retrieved 8 July 2009. 2166:The National Party under Verwoerd won the 1894: 1880: 138: 4117:Academic staff of Stellenbosch University 4102:South African anti–World War II activists 4087:National Party (South Africa) politicians 4047:Assassinated leaders of political parties 3060: 2328:Learn how and when to remove this message 2161: 2129: 2106:Colonel G. M. Harrison, president of the 1149:Learn how and when to remove this message 1001:Learn how and when to remove this message 820: 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 3755:"Beloved Country Repays Mandela in Kind" 3572:Jackson, Peter; Faupin, Mathieu (2007). 3281: 2930: 2928: 2375: 2351: 2348:, in 2008. The bust was removed in 2011. 2339: 2300:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2226:, but was pronounced dead upon arrival. 2196: 2083: 1160: 1012: 824: 745: 718: 662: 3629:University of California Press. p. 154. 3625:Goodman, David; Weinberg, Paul (2002). 3347:"Apartheid Legislation in South Africa" 3307: 3258:"Verwoerd and his policies appalled me" 3235:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 83–. 3154: 3129: 2967: 2916: 1835:Music in the movement against apartheid 502:Professor, politician, newspaper editor 4042:Assassinated South African politicians 3994: 3653:"South Africa: Death to the Architect" 3282:Giliomee, Hermann (6 September 2016). 3255: 3000: 2792: 2527: 2430:, renamed Port Elizabeth Airport, the 2312:to additional sources at this section. 1943:Bantu Investment Corporation Act, 1959 889:, sued the English-language newspaper 631:Although apartheid began in 1948 with 579:, socially conservative leader and an 447: 176: – 6 September 1966 4082:Members of the Senate of South Africa 4057:Dutch collaborators with Nazi Germany 4012:Politicians assassinated in the 1960s 3846: 3781: 3723: 3721: 3490: 3488: 3081: 2934: 2925: 2848: 2770: 2759:Dictionary of South African Biography 2554: 2457: 1073:Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 906: 671:Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd was born in 531: 3645: 3546:International Labour Office (1985). 3308:du Toit, Pieter (6 September 2016). 3132:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 3104: 2823: 2674:"South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" 2277: 2013:speakers. This was done even though 1127:adding citations to reliable sources 1094: 939:adding citations to reliable sources 910: 49:adding citations to reliable sources 20: 3782:Gross, Daniel (14 September 2016). 3661:. 16 September 1966. Archived from 3595:. Oxford University Press. p. 177. 2732:. Human & Rousseau. p. 13. 1310:Coloured vote constitutional crisis 13: 4052:Deaths by stabbing in South Africa 3718: 3485: 3410:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 54. 3208:Hendrik Verwoerd Defines Apartheid 2728:Grobbelaar, Pieter Willem (1967). 2293:relies largely or entirely upon a 2108:Witwatersrand Agricultural Society 14: 4143: 3802: 3683:Goodman; Weinberg (2002), p. 155. 3563:Indiana University Press. p. 323. 3183:. Ccms.ukzn.ac.za. Archived from 1993:as the ruler of a hostile power. 1090: 3947: 3941: 3527:Feron, James (24 January 1961). 3256:Sparks, Allister (12 May 2015). 2778:. In Gozaydin en Madeira (ed.). 2531:Verwoerd: Architect of Apartheid 2440:H. F. Verwoerd academic hospital 2282: 2031:republic within the Commonwealth 1863: 1862: 1825:Internal resistance to apartheid 1280: 1099: 915: 510: 25: 4097:Prime ministers of South Africa 4092:People murdered in South Africa 4062:Dutch emigrants to South Africa 3775: 3747: 3736: 3686: 3677: 3632: 3619: 3606: 3585: 3566: 3553: 3540: 3521: 3476: 3455: 3442: 3429: 3413: 3400: 3387: 3327: 3199: 3173: 3148: 3123: 3098: 3082:Gross, D. (14 September 2016). 3027: 2994: 2961: 2939:Heads of States and Governments 2919:Rise of the South African Reich 2910: 2867: 2842: 2817: 2786: 2764: 2751: 2736: 2721: 2696: 2144:United Nations Security Council 1926:the previously crude policy of 1335:Church Street, Pretoria bombing 926:needs additional citations for 786:. In Hamburg, he studied under 443: 36:needs additional citations for 4112:Stellenbosch University alumni 3825:Prime Minister of South Africa 3593:Twentieth-century South Africa 3561:South Africa: no turning back. 2666: 2591: 2577: 2548: 2521: 2505: 2477: 2172:nuclear and biological weapons 2134:In 1961, UN Secretary-General 2009:, most of whom were German or 1189:. Back (left to right) : 542:Prime Minister of South Africa 156:Prime Minister of South Africa 1: 4022:Afrikaner Broederbond members 3732:. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. 3640:The politics of assassination 2935:Lentz, Harris M. III (1994). 2256:South African Communist Party 2220:cardiopulmonary resuscitation 885:In 1943, Verwoerd, editor of 658: 4132:University of Hamburg alumni 4072:Antisemitism in South Africa 4037:Assassinated prime ministers 4017:1966 murders in South Africa 3728:Dousemetzis, Harris (2018). 3550:International Labour Office. 3495:Dousemetzis, Harris (2018). 2534:. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 2483:As the head of state of the 2465: 2344:Bust of Hendrik Verwoerd in 2245: 2023:1960 South Africa referendum 1800:Apartheid in popular culture 1256: 1075:of 1953. Verwoerd wrote the 1051:Verwoerd was elected to the 7: 3130:Leonard, Thomas M. (2010). 3105:Cole, Catherine M. (2010). 2678:overcomingapartheid.msu.edu 2563:. Rodopi. pp. 87–100. 2559:. In Parry, John T. (ed.). 2399:In 1992, Verwoerd's widow, 2263:afforded self-government." 2080:First assassination attempt 2063:, took office as the first 1953: 1370:Saint James Church massacre 1365:Assassination of Chris Hani 1061:Population Registration Act 750:The Student Council of the 10: 4148: 3694:"Verwoerd carpet replaced" 3395:The Fighting Never Stopped 3382:The Fighting Never Stopped 3155:Coombes, Annie E. (2003). 2905:The Fighting Never Stopped 2826:Racism in the Modern World 2392:during Mandela's visit to 2229: 1375:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis 490:University of Stellenbosch 251:Minister of Native Affairs 168:2 September 1958 3956: 3939: 3884: 3831: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3591:Beinart, William (2001). 3035:"SOUTH AFRICA: God's Man" 2409:president of South Africa 2273: 2222:. Verwoerd was rushed to 2179:Prime Minister of Lesotho 1623:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 1027:Herenigde Nasionale Party 723:The Verwoerd children in 617:African National Congress 583:. He was a member of the 518: 506: 498: 465: 457: 428: 418: 396: 386: 373:Manner of death 372: 348: 321: 316: 312: 302: 290: 267: 256: 249: 225: 213: 200: 187: 161: 153: 149: 137: 125: 3958:Republic of South Africa 3393:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 3380:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 2903:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 2192: 2150:calling for a voluntary 1978:, visited South Africa. 1810:Cape Qualified Franchise 1023:general election of 1948 1017:Hendrik Verwoerd in 1945 798:; and in Leipzig, under 570:Republic of South Africa 529:Afrikaans pronunciation: 525:Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd 367:Republic of South Africa 326:Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd 3642:. Prentice-Hall. p. 47. 3559:Johnson, Shaun (1989). 3334:Encyclopædia Britannica 3001:Leeson, Robert (2015). 2968:Goodman, David (2002). 2917:Bunting, Brian (1964). 2780:Evil, law and the state 2628:Encyclopedia Britannica 2491:Charles Robberts Swart. 2415:, at her home in 1995. 1840:Nostalgia for apartheid 760:Stellenbosch University 752:Stellenbosch University 739:. Due to the worldwide 621:Pan Africanist Congress 308:Michel D. C. de Wet Nel 3406:Osada, Masako (2002). 2793:Moodie, T. D. (1975). 2757:Beyers, C. J. (1981). 2528:Kenney, Henry (2016). 2438:, now the Gariep Dam, 2424:H. F. Verwoerd Airport 2396: 2357: 2349: 2224:Groote Schuur Hospital 2206: 2162:1966 general elections 2130:Solidifying the system 2092: 2061:Charles Robberts Swart 2015:English South Africans 1976:British Prime Minister 1915: 1815:Disinvestment campaign 1540:State Security Council 1222: 1053:Senate of South Africa 1018: 830: 821:Return to South Africa 755: 728: 668: 637: 595:), a secret white and 592: 391:Heroes' Acre, Pretoria 205:Charles Robberts Swart 3886:Union of South Africa 3384:Vintage Books. p. 88. 3288:www.politicsweb.co.za 3041:. 15 September 1958. 2907:Vintage Books. p. 87. 2555:Burke, Alban (2006). 2485:Union of South Africa 2379: 2355: 2343: 2200: 2168:1966 general election 2087: 2052:Union of South Africa 2046:that had brought the 2044:Treaty of Vereeniging 1805:Apartheid legislation 1795:Afrikaner nationalism 1355:Cape Town peace march 1345:Trojan Horse Incident 1305:1948 general election 1164: 1016: 864:Afrikaner nationalism 828: 776:University of Hamburg 749: 722: 702:Dutch Reformed Church 684:. Verwoerd went to a 666: 585:Afrikaner Broederbond 581:Afrikaner nationalist 566:Union of South Africa 485:University of Hamburg 475:University of Leipzig 277:Daniel François Malan 4027:Apartheid government 3397:Vintage Books. p. 92 2879:www.sahistory.org.za 2367:Great South Africans 2306:improve this article 2201:Verwoerd's grave at 2119:Sharpeville massacre 1987:Sharpeville massacre 1703:Eugène Terre'Blanche 1573:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 1380:Shell House massacre 1350:Khotso House bombing 1320:Sharpeville massacre 1123:improve this section 1042:Jan Christiaan Smuts 935:improve this article 805:Verwoerd's fiancée, 772:University of Oxford 758:Verwoerd studied at 704:. Verwoerd attended 550:socially engineering 480:University of Berlin 297:Ernest George Jansen 45:improve this article 3353:on 6 September 2015 3229:T. Kuperus (1999). 2743:Grobbelaar (1967). 1970:. Two weeks later, 1850:Sullivan Principles 1077:Bantu Education Act 815:National Socialists 790:; in Berlin, under 533:[fərˈvuːrt] 4122:Nazi propagandists 4107:Shooting survivors 4032:Assassinated Nazis 3810:Political offices 3760:The New York Times 3534:The New York Times 3424:Life International 3211:, 10 December 2010 2849:Joyce, P. (1999). 2771:Burke, A. (2006). 2684:on 1 December 2016 2660:3 October 2015 at 2458:Depiction on coins 2397: 2358: 2350: 2236:South African flag 2207: 2093: 1958:The creation of a 1435:Conservative Party 1315:1956 Treason Trial 1223: 1199:A. J. R. van Rhijn 1021:The South African 1019: 950:"Hendrik Verwoerd" 907:Government service 856:in the Transvaal. 831: 811:racial segregation 756: 729: 725:Wynberg, Cape Town 706:Milton High School 690:Wynberg, Cape Town 688:primary school in 669: 649:economic sanctions 60:"Hendrik Verwoerd" 3989: 3988: 3963:(under Apartheid) 3841: 3840: 3832:Succeeded by 3614:Lesotho clippings 3506:978-1-4314-2754-3 3242:978-0-230-37373-0 3187:on 22 August 2009 3141:978-0-415-97662-6 3116:978-0-253-22145-2 3012:978-1-137-32508-2 2979:978-0-520-23203-7 2835:978-0-85745-076-0 2541:978-1-86842-716-1 2450:, now Centurion. 2346:Meyerton, Gauteng 2338: 2337: 2330: 2215:Dimitri Tsafendas 2211:House of Assembly 2007:South-West Africa 1904: 1903: 1761:South-West Africa 1231:elections of 1953 1159: 1158: 1151: 1011: 1010: 1003: 985: 737:Orange Free State 653:Dimitri Tsafendas 522: 521: 282:Johannes Strijdom 220:Johannes Strijdom 121: 120: 113: 95: 4139: 3971:Hendrik Verwoerd 3964: 3951: 3945: 3933:Hendrik Verwoerd 3896: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3815:Preceded by 3807: 3806: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3665:on 24 April 2007 3649: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3492: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3459: 3453: 3452:, 11 April 1960. 3446: 3440: 3433: 3427: 3426:, 3 October 1966 3417: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3079: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3031: 3025: 3024: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2942: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2777: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2680:. Archived from 2670: 2664: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2492: 2481: 2371:Melanie Verwoerd 2333: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2136:Dag Hammarskjöld 2057:Governor-General 2039:John Diefenbaker 2035:Jawaharlal Nehru 1972:Harold Macmillan 1920: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1866: 1865: 1663:Albertina Sisulu 1658:Benjamin Moloise 1593:Arthur Goldreich 1284: 1261: 1260: 1191:J. J. Serfontein 1175:Hendrik Verwoerd 1154: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1103: 1095: 1071:of 1952 and the 1006: 999: 995: 992: 986: 984: 943: 919: 911: 880:Second World War 836:Great Depression 829:Verwoerd in 1924 807:Betsie Schoombie 642: 575:Verwoerd was an 535: 530: 514: 451: 449: 445: 435:Betsie Schoombie 355: 352:6 September 1966 336:8 September 1901 335: 333: 317:Personal details 305: 293: 270: 261: 241:Johannes Vorster 228: 216: 209: 196: 183: 181: 175: 173: 166: 144:Verwoerd in 1960 142: 132:Hendrik Verwoerd 123: 122: 116: 109: 105: 102: 96: 94: 53: 29: 21: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4136: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3962: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3890: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3837: 3828: 3820: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3763:. 23 March 1999 3753: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3737: 3726: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3607: 3590: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3541: 3526: 3522: 3507: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3434: 3430: 3420:Anthony Sampson 3418: 3414: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3080: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3013: 2999: 2995: 2980: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2933: 2926: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2791: 2787: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2741: 2737: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2526: 2522: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2495: 2489:State President 2482: 2478: 2468: 2460: 2401:Betsie Verwoerd 2386:Betsie Verwoerd 2334: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308:by introducing 2299: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2260:Greek Civil War 2248: 2232: 2195: 2187:Union Buildings 2183:Leabua Jonathan 2164: 2140:Resolution 1761 2132: 2082: 2065:State President 2048:Second Boer War 1983:Winds of Change 1962:was one of the 1956: 1900: 1855: 1854: 1830:Kairos Document 1820:Freedom Charter 1790: 1782: 1781: 1765: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1558:Vernon Berrangé 1553: 1545: 1544: 1505:Security Branch 1395: 1385: 1384: 1330:Soweto uprising 1300: 1299: 1259: 1225:Prime Minister 1195:M. D. C. de Wet 1155: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1120: 1104: 1093: 1065:Group Areas Act 1007: 996: 990: 987: 944: 942: 932: 920: 909: 897:Nazi propaganda 823: 792:Wolfgang Köhler 710:diamond magnate 682:Second Boer War 661: 554:white supremacy 528: 494: 453: 441: 437: 419:Political party 414: 357: 353: 337: 331: 329: 328: 327: 303: 291: 286: 268: 262: 257: 245: 226: 214: 207: 194: 179: 177: 171: 169: 167: 162: 145: 133: 130: 117: 106: 100: 97: 54: 52: 42: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4145: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3954: 3953: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3881: 3874:Prime Minister 3870: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3821: 3818:J. G. Strijdom 3816: 3812: 3811: 3804: 3803:External links 3801: 3798: 3797: 3774: 3746: 3735: 3717: 3706:. 28 July 2004 3685: 3676: 3644: 3631: 3618: 3605: 3601:978-0192893185 3584: 3565: 3552: 3539: 3520: 3505: 3484: 3475: 3463:Die Transvaler 3454: 3441: 3437:Bird on a wing 3428: 3412: 3399: 3386: 3364: 3338: 3326: 3300: 3274: 3248: 3241: 3221: 3198: 3172: 3165: 3147: 3140: 3122: 3115: 3097: 3059: 3026: 3011: 2993: 2978: 2960: 2953: 2924: 2909: 2891: 2866: 2859: 2841: 2834: 2816: 2809: 2785: 2763: 2750: 2745:This was a Man 2735: 2730:This was a Man 2720: 2695: 2665: 2640: 2615: 2590: 2587:. 11 May 2015. 2576: 2569: 2547: 2540: 2520: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2493: 2487:. Replaced by 2475: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2428:Port Elizabeth 2413:Nelson Mandela 2382:Nelson Mandela 2336: 2335: 2304:. Please help 2290: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2268:Andries Beyers 2247: 2244: 2231: 2228: 2194: 2191: 2163: 2160: 2148:Resolution 181 2131: 2128: 2081: 2078: 1964:National Party 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1789:Related topics 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1713:H. F. Verwoerd 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1693:Adelaide Tambo 1690: 1685: 1683:Robert Sobukwe 1680: 1675: 1673:J. G. Strijdom 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1653:Raymond Mhlaba 1650: 1645: 1640: 1638:Nelson Mandela 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618:Albert Luthuli 1615: 1613:Ahmed Kathrada 1610: 1605: 1603:Bantu Holomisa 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1578:F. W. de Klerk 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1495:National Party 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1258: 1255: 1239:J. G. Strijdom 1157: 1156: 1107: 1105: 1098: 1092: 1091:Prime minister 1089: 1031:Klasie Havenga 1009: 1008: 991:September 2017 923: 921: 914: 908: 905: 901:Die Transvaler 887:Die Transvaler 860:Die Transvaler 854:National Party 849:Die Transvaler 822: 819: 712:and financier 660: 657: 625:Nelson Mandela 558:National Party 538:H. F. Verwoerd 520: 519: 516: 515: 508: 504: 503: 500: 496: 495: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 471: 469: 463: 462: 459: 455: 454: 439: 433: 432: 430: 426: 425: 420: 416: 415: 413: 412: 406: 400: 398: 394: 393: 388: 384: 383: 374: 370: 369: 356:(aged 64) 350: 346: 345: 325: 323: 319: 318: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 294: 288: 287: 285: 284: 279: 273: 271: 269:Prime Minister 265: 264: 254: 253: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 231: 229: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 202: 198: 197: 189: 185: 184: 159: 158: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143: 135: 134: 131: 128:The Honourable 126: 119: 118: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4144: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3928:Hans Strijdom 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3913:Barry Hertzog 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3836: 3835:B. J. Vorster 3827: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3808: 3786:. Smithsonian 3785: 3778: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3739: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3543: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3479: 3473:10 July 1960. 3472: 3471:Sunday Times, 3468: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3439:, 205 (1992). 3438: 3432: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3336:1963, p. 354. 3335: 3330: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3225: 3210: 3209: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3168: 3166:0-8223-3060-1 3162: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3086:. Smithsonian 3085: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2954:0-89950-926-6 2950: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2860:1-86859-037-2 2856: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2810:0-520-03943-2 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2754: 2747:. p. 14. 2746: 2739: 2731: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2662:archive.today 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2570:9789042017481 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2390:Carel Boshoff 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2332: 2329: 2321: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2295:single source 2291:This section 2289: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037:of India and 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1845:Project Coast 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1751:Robben Island 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1718:B. J. Vorster 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668:Walter Sisulu 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393:Organisations 1389: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1340:Vaal uprising 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1325:Rivonia Trial 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1235:N. C. Havenga 1232: 1228: 1220: 1216: 1215:Frans Erasmus 1212: 1211:P. K. Le Roux 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1153: 1150: 1142: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1108:This section 1106: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:Pass Laws Act 1067:in 1950, the 1066: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1005: 1002: 994: 983: 980: 976: 973: 969: 966: 962: 959: 955: 952: – 951: 947: 946:Find sources: 940: 936: 930: 929: 924:This section 922: 918: 913: 912: 904: 902: 898: 894: 893: 888: 883: 881: 877: 876:protectionism 873: 869: 868:republicanism 865: 861: 857: 855: 851: 850: 843: 839: 837: 827: 818: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 800:Felix Krueger 797: 793: 789: 788:William Stern 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 765: 761: 753: 748: 744: 742: 738: 734: 726: 721: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 674: 665: 656: 654: 650: 646: 641: 640: 634: 629: 626: 622: 618: 612: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 577:authoritarian 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 526: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 436: 431: 427: 424: 421: 417: 410: 407: 405: 404:South African 402: 401: 399: 395: 392: 389: 387:Resting place 385: 382: 378: 377:Assassination 375: 371: 368: 364: 363:Cape Province 360: 351: 347: 344: 340: 324: 320: 315: 311: 307: 301: 298: 295: 289: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 272: 266: 260: 255: 252: 248: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 230: 224: 221: 218: 212: 206: 203: 199: 193: 190: 186: 165: 160: 157: 152: 148: 141: 136: 129: 124: 115: 112: 104: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: 65: 62: – 61: 57: 56:Find sources: 50: 46: 40: 39: 34:This article 32: 28: 23: 22: 19: 3976:John Vorster 3970: 3932: 3878:South Africa 3823: 3788:. Retrieved 3777: 3765:. Retrieved 3758: 3749: 3738: 3729: 3708:. Retrieved 3697: 3688: 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3663:the original 3656: 3647: 3639: 3634: 3626: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3592: 3587: 3579:UN Chronicle 3577: 3568: 3560: 3555: 3547: 3542: 3532: 3523: 3496: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3449: 3444: 3436: 3435:Allan Bird, 3431: 3423: 3415: 3407: 3402: 3394: 3389: 3381: 3355:. Retrieved 3351:the original 3341: 3333: 3329: 3317:. Retrieved 3313: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3287: 3277: 3265:. Retrieved 3261: 3251: 3231: 3224: 3213:, retrieved 3207: 3201: 3189:. Retrieved 3185:the original 3175: 3156: 3150: 3131: 3125: 3106: 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3050:. Retrieved 3038: 3029: 3002: 2996: 2969: 2963: 2938: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2882:. Retrieved 2878: 2869: 2850: 2844: 2825: 2819: 2795: 2788: 2779: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2744: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2707: 2698: 2686:. Retrieved 2682:the original 2677: 2668: 2653:The Guardian 2651: 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2627: 2618: 2606:. Retrieved 2602: 2593: 2579: 2560: 2550: 2530: 2523: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2461: 2452: 2448:Verwoerdburg 2432:Verwoerd Dam 2420: 2417: 2398: 2360:The town of 2359: 2324: 2315: 2292: 2265: 2253: 2249: 2240:Heroes' Acre 2233: 2208: 2203:Heroes' Acre 2176: 2165: 2156: 2152:arms embargo 2133: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2094: 2069: 2020: 2003: 1995: 1991:Elizabeth II 1980: 1968:Commonwealth 1957: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1912: 1905: 1746:District Six 1712: 1708:Desmond Tutu 1698:Oliver Tambo 1688:Helen Suzman 1588:Bram Fischer 1243: 1227:Daniel Malan 1224: 1207:Ben Schoeman 1203:Jan de Klerk 1179:E. G. Jansen 1174: 1145: 1139:October 2018 1136: 1121:Please help 1109: 1085: 1081: 1058: 1050: 1038:Daniel Malan 1035: 1020: 997: 988: 978: 971: 964: 957: 945: 933:Please help 928:verification 925: 900: 890: 886: 884: 859: 858: 847: 844: 840: 832: 817:in Germany. 804: 796:Otto Lipmann 769: 757: 730: 670: 630: 613: 609: 605:World War II 574: 562:propagandist 537: 524: 523: 411:(until 1903) 354:(1966-09-06) 304:Succeeded by 258: 227:Succeeded by 195:(until 1961) 192:Elizabeth II 163: 107: 98: 88: 81: 74: 67: 55: 43:Please help 38:verification 35: 18: 4007:1966 deaths 4002:1901 births 3981:P. W. Botha 3960:(1961–1984) 3923:D. F. Malan 3903:Louis Botha 3888:(1910–1961) 3710:2 September 3669:2 September 3357:6 September 3191:16 December 2708:BBC Archive 2608:1 September 2603:www.pbs.org 2403:, moved to 2318:August 2018 2205:in Pretoria 2097:David Pratt 2089:David Pratt 1648:Thabo Mbeki 1643:Govan Mbeki 1633:D. F. Malan 1628:Mac Maharaj 1563:P. W. Botha 1490:Broederbond 1251:C. R. Swart 1247:Eben Dönges 1183:C. R. Swart 1167:Eben Dönges 741:Spanish flu 714:Alfred Beit 677:Netherlands 633:D. F. Malan 593:Brotherhood 397:Nationality 343:Netherlands 292:Preceded by 235:Eben Dönges 215:Preceded by 208:(from 1961) 101:August 2018 3996:Categories 3895:from 1948) 3829:1958–1966 3515:1049908753 3052:4 February 3021:3902668325 2884:12 January 2436:Free State 2380:President 1756:Sophiatown 1723:Jacob Zuma 1608:Joel Joffe 1598:Chris Hani 1583:Ruth First 1568:Steve Biko 1425:Black Sash 1171:Paul Sauer 1046:Standerton 961:newspapers 659:Early life 499:Occupation 467:Alma mater 332:1901-09-08 180:1966-09-06 172:1958-09-02 71:newspapers 3918:Jan Smuts 3908:Jan Smuts 3893:Apartheid 3704:Cape Town 3047:0040-781X 2499:Citations 2466:Footnotes 2310:citations 2302:talk page 2246:Aftermath 2185:, at the 2011:Afrikaans 1908:apartheid 1777:Vlakplaas 1741:Bantustan 1678:Joe Slovo 1274:Apartheid 1257:Apartheid 1219:Tom Naudé 1187:Eric Louw 1110:does not 733:Brandfort 673:Amsterdam 597:Calvinist 589:Afrikaans 546:apartheid 507:Signature 359:Cape Town 339:Amsterdam 259:In office 201:President 164:In office 3767:9 August 3467:The Star 3450:The Star 3215:22 March 2988:49834339 2658:Archived 2444:Pretoria 2181:, Chief 1960:republic 1954:Republic 1928:baasskap 1917:baasskap 1868:Category 1772:Sun City 1266:a series 1264:Part of 1063:and the 892:The Star 872:populism 698:Rhodesia 694:Bulawayo 686:Lutheran 639:baasskap 619:and the 458:Children 423:National 381:stabbing 237:(acting) 154:6th 3891:(under 3319:19 June 3293:19 June 3267:19 June 2713:18 June 2434:in the 2230:Funeral 2146:passed 1998:Belgium 1974:, then 1131:removed 1116:sources 975:scholar 784:Leipzig 675:in the 452: 440: 188:Monarch 178: ( 170: ( 85:scholar 3790:29 May 3699:News24 3599: 3513: 3503: 3314:News24 3262:News24 3239: 3163: 3138: 3113: 3090:29 May 3045: 3019: 3009: 2986: 2976: 2951: 2947:–452. 2857: 2832: 2807: 2688:7 July 2633:7 July 2567: 2538: 2405:Orania 2394:Orania 2362:Orania 2274:Legacy 1767:Soweto 1735:Places 1552:People 1500:COSATU 1450:FOSATU 1360:CODESA 1295:Events 977: 970: 963: 956: 948: 782:, and 780:Berlin 446: 429:Spouse 87: 80: 73: 66: 58: 2776:(PDF) 2471:Notes 2193:Death 982:JSTOR 968:books 813:than 450:) 442:( 438: 409:Dutch 92:JSTOR 78:books 3792:2008 3769:2017 3712:2021 3671:2021 3658:Time 3597:ISBN 3511:OCLC 3501:ISBN 3359:2012 3321:2018 3295:2018 3269:2018 3237:ISBN 3217:2023 3193:2009 3161:ISBN 3136:ISBN 3111:ISBN 3092:2008 3054:2024 3043:ISSN 3039:Time 3017:OCLC 3007:ISBN 2984:OCLC 2974:ISBN 2949:ISBN 2886:2024 2855:ISBN 2830:ISBN 2805:ISBN 2715:2021 2690:2017 2635:2017 2610:2023 2565:ISBN 2536:ISBN 2388:and 2073:FIFA 2021:The 1535:SACP 1525:SAMA 1520:SAIC 1515:SADF 1510:SACC 1405:APLA 1249:and 1237:and 1217:and 1185:and 1114:any 1112:cite 954:news 874:and 794:and 764:B.A. 601:volk 448:1927 349:Died 322:Born 64:news 3876:of 2945:451 2801:154 2442:in 2426:in 2101:.22 1530:SAP 1485:UDF 1480:PAC 1470:HNP 1465:PFP 1445:ECC 1430:CCB 1420:BBB 1415:AWB 1410:IFP 1400:ANC 1125:by 937:by 379:by 47:by 3998:: 3757:. 3720:^ 3702:. 3696:. 3655:. 3576:. 3531:. 3509:. 3487:^ 3367:^ 3312:. 3286:. 3260:. 3062:^ 3037:. 3015:. 2982:. 2927:^ 2894:^ 2877:. 2803:. 2706:. 2676:. 2650:, 2626:. 2601:. 2411:, 2384:, 2369:. 2174:. 2067:. 2059:, 1475:MK 1460:RP 1455:PP 1440:DP 1268:on 1213:, 1209:, 1205:, 1201:, 1197:, 1193:, 1181:, 1177:, 1173:, 1169:, 870:, 778:, 735:, 696:, 591:: 444:m. 365:, 361:, 341:, 3866:e 3859:t 3852:v 3794:. 3771:. 3714:. 3673:. 3603:. 3582:. 3537:. 3517:. 3361:. 3323:. 3297:. 3271:. 3245:. 3195:. 3169:. 3144:. 3119:. 3094:. 3056:. 3023:. 2990:. 2957:. 2888:. 2863:. 2838:. 2813:. 2717:. 2692:. 2637:. 2612:. 2573:. 2544:. 2331:) 2325:( 2320:) 2316:( 2298:. 1895:e 1888:t 1881:v 1221:. 1152:) 1146:( 1141:) 1137:( 1133:. 1119:. 1004:) 998:( 993:) 989:( 979:· 972:· 965:· 958:· 931:. 587:( 527:( 461:7 334:) 330:( 182:) 174:) 114:) 108:( 103:) 99:( 89:· 82:· 75:· 68:· 41:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index