770:". . . the date received on Sample 4440b from Nanook clearly indicates that sinew was being spun and plied at least as early, if not earlier, than yarn at this site. We feel that the most parsimonious explanation of this data is that the practice of spinning hair and wool into plied yarn most likely developed naturally within this context of complex, indigenous, Arctic fiber technologies, and not through contact with European textile producers. Our investigations indicate that Paleoeskimo (Dorset) communities on Baffin Island spun threads from the hair and also from the sinews of native terrestrial grazing animals, most likely musk ox and arctic hare, throughout the Middle Dorset period and for at least a millennium before there is any reasonable evidence of European activity in the islands of the North Atlantic or in the North American Arctic."
42:
598:
533:"They sailed away from land; then to the Vestribygd and to Bjarneyjar (the Bear Islands). Thence they sailed away from Bjarneyjar with northerly winds. They were out at sea two half-days. Then they came to land, and rowed along it in boats, and explored it, and found there flat stones, many and so great that two men might well lie on them stretched on their backs with heel to heel. Polar-foxes were there in abundance. This land they gave name to, and called it Helluland (stone-land)."
1088:... Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University in Rhode Island, lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Hayeur Smith and her colleagues were looking at scraps of yarn, perhaps used to hang amulets or decorate clothing, from ancient sites on Baffin Island and the Ungava Peninsula. The idea that you would have to learn to spin something from another culture was a bit ludicrous," she said. "It's a pretty intuitive thing to do.
420:
570:"Thereupon he (and his son Vignor in separate ships) sailed until they came into the Greenland Sea (which lay between Iceland and Greenland) when they turned south and sailed around the land and to the west... They sailed then until they came to Helluland and laid their course into the Skuggifjord..."
1167:
On the program, host Carol Off interviewed Dr. Sutherland Off asked Dr. Sutherland whether she might have been fired from the
Canadian Museum of Civilization (which was renamed the Canadian Museum of History last year) because her research was out of step with government views of Canadian history.
1257:
However, the date received on Sample 4440b from Nanook clearly indicates that sinew was being spun and plied at least as early, if not earlier, than yarn at this site. We feel that the most parsimonious explanation of this data is that the practice of spinning hair and wool into plied yarn most
1291:
In fact, Fitzhugh thinks the cord at the centre of
Sutherland's "eureka" moment is a Dorset artifact. "We have very good evidence that this kind of spun cordage was being used hundreds of years before the Norse arrived in the New World, in other words 500 to 600 CE, at the least," he
692:
used for sharpening metal tools, and
European-style masonry and turf construction, which indicated to her that the Vikings had been on Baffin for an extended period and likely had an established trading relationship with the Dorset natives in the area.
797:
caves in France. This yarn consisted of three s-twist strands that were z-plied, much like the way a three-ply yarn is made now, whereas the Baffin Island yarn was a simple two-ply yarn. The eight sod buildings and artifacts found in the 1960s at
355:
589:(1906), "the whole of the northern coast of America, west of Greenland, was called by the ancient Icelandic geographers Helluland it Mikla, or Great Helluland; and the island of Newfoundland simply Helluland, or Litla Helluland."
785:, wrote that there is insufficient published evidence to support Sutherland's claims, and that the Dorset were using spun cordage by the 6th century. In 1992, Elizabeth Wayland Barber wrote that a piece of three-ply
567:(Hudson Strait), it is in Helluland's Obygdir (uninhabited regions)... he has gone there because he wishes to escape you. But now you may track him to his house if you wish and see what comes of it."
506:
Helluland was said to be the first of three lands in North
America visited by Eriksson. He decided against trying to settle there because he found the land inhospitable. He continued south to
362:
1101:
735:, a medical missionary and scholar living in Newfoundland and Labrador in the early 20th century wrote in his work "The Romance of Labrador" that Helluland likely corresponds to
684:, which led her to explore in depth the potential that the Norse had settled on Baffin Island. Over a number of years searching in collections and digging at sites such as
573:"When they reached the land (which they were seeking in the Skuggifjord) father and son went ashore and walked until they saw a fortified structure very strongly built..."
1151:
697:
Sutherland's new findings further strengthen the case for a Viking camp on Baffin Island. "While her evidence was compelling before, I find it convincing now," said
1351:
If Hóp is found it would be the second Viking settlement to be discovered in North
America. The other is at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland.
762:, wrote that she does not think the ancient Arctic people, the Dorset and Thule, needed to be taught how to spin yarn: "It's a pretty intuitive thing to do."
736:
348:
1200:
1258:
likely developed naturally within this context of complex, indigenous, Arctic fiber technologies, and not through contact with
European textile producers.
1208:
Dorset, Norse, or Thule? Technological
Transfers, Marine Mammal Contamination, and AMS Dating of Spun Yarn and Textiles from the Eastern Canadian Arctic
725:(Nunguvik) in the far north of Baffin Island. When Sutherland was asked if she might have been fired from the Canadian Museum of Civilization, now the
709:
Sutherland and the
Helluland Archaeology Project among others have identified several potential pre-Columbian European archaeological sites including
1309:, Princeton University Press, "We now have at least two pieces of evidence that this important principle of twisting for strength dates to the
848:
1111:
564:
23:
909:
253:
1422:
865:
1317:
caves in southern France a long piece of
Palaeolithic cord neatly twisted in the S direction from three Z-plied strands "
1068:
1002:
41:
642:
31:
1369:
820:
782:
653:
529:
The Saga of Erik the Red, 1880 translation into
English by J. Sephton from the original Icelandic 'Eiríks saga rauða'.
1322:
1076:
763:
1306:
Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean
1276:
A researcher says she's found evidence that Norse sailors may have settled in Canada's Arctic. Others aren't so sure
759:
677:
1241:
944:
673:
538:
1125:
681:
1378:
1412:
324:
1106:
1018:
181:
1402:
1382:
1335:
1129:
747:. He described its south side as home to "endless acres of flat stones", south of which lie the wooded
726:
698:
407:
around AD 1000 on the North Atlantic coast of North America. As some writers refer to all land beyond
100:
729:, because her research was out of step with government views of Canadian history, Sutherland agreed.
845:
1365:
475:
232:
1407:
1373:
1045:
778:
583:
971:
1397:
921:
806:, remains the only confirmed Norse site in North America outside of those found in Greenland.
688:, she found numerous artifacts, such as tally sticks, signs of iron and bronze metallurgy and
994:
987:
815:
799:
523:
80:
1313:. In 1953, the Abbé Glory was investigating floor deposits in a steep corridor of the famed
396:
196:
1185:
866:
http://www.myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/4316-skalholt-map/4316-skalholt-map.pdf
619:
597:
225:
143:
186:
8:
993:. 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2: Penguin Books Canada Ltd. pp.
774:
702:
669:
545:"Ragnar brought Helluland's obygdir under his sway and destroyed all the giants there..."
334:
329:
319:
299:
191:
1033:"The Norse Discovery of America: Book II. Icelandic Records: Saga of Thorfinn Karlsefne"
961:
1233:
1155:
1050:
1012:
718:
457:
404:
309:
260:
206:
201:
176:
90:
85:
1271:
666:. Historians suggest the contact had no major cultural ramifications for either side.
1318:
998:
744:
680:
collected in archaeological digs on Baffin Island that corresponded to that found in
271:
95:
1237:
1417:
1223:
1215:
1069:"Ancient Arctic people may have known how to spin yarn long before Vikings arrived"
963:
The Finding of Wineland the Good: The History of the Icelandic Discovery of America
825:
758:
In 2018, Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University, who specializes in the study of
732:
689:
602:
314:
115:
1304:
852:
710:
685:
436:
110:
50:
1032:
424:
239:
138:
657:
625:
606:
491:
294:
289:
1219:
1391:
638:
610:
551:
447:
304:
105:
556:
1339:
1310:
1279:
917:
803:
483:
400:
171:
166:
880:
790:
148:
133:
1152:"Canadian Museum of History reveals researcher was fired for harassment"
662:
464:
266:
246:
1228:
722:
1199:
Smith, Michèle Hayeur; Smith, Kevin P.; Nilsen, Gørill (August 2018).
419:
967:
630:
495:
442:
408:
549:
Written in the last half of the 13th century an anonymous Icelandic
431:
1211:
1073:
Old theories being questioned in light of carbon-dated yarn samples
748:
714:
513:
508:
453:
392:
383:
70:
897:
This land they gave name to, and called it Helluland (stone-land).
1314:
794:
752:
646:
541:), written no earlier than the mid-14th century a fragment says:
518:
487:
471:
411:
as Vinland; Helluland is sometimes considered a part of Vinland.
388:
65:
387:) is the name given to one of the three lands, the others being
740:
563:"I will tell you where Ogmund has gone. He has gone into the
843:
National Museum of Natural History, Arctic Studies Center.
786:
1336:"Archaeologists Closer to Finding Lost Viking Settlement"
721:, Willows Island at the southern part of Baffin Island,
559:
and his son Vignor to track down an enemy named Ogmund:
637:). Most scholars agree that Helluland corresponds to
427:
showing Latinized Norse placenames in North America:
914:
L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada
577:
986:
793:era, that ended about 10,000 BP, was found at the
629:characterized Helluland as a land of flat stones (
1389:
1198:
1150:Stueck, Wendy; Taylor, Kate (4 December 2014).
984:
777:, Director of the Arctic Studies Center at the
356:
1149:
1102:"Evidence of Viking Outpost Found in Canada"
743:around 100 miles (161 km) south of the
701:, professor emeritus of archaeology, ... at
592:
1062:
1060:
875:
873:
1297:
1143:
660:of the region, people whom the sagas term
363:
349:
1269:
1227:
501:
494:and means "Land of Flat Rocks/Stones" in
254:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
1179:
1057:
870:
596:
418:
1192:
1180:Grenfell, Sir Wilfred Thomason (1934).
1099:
1390:
1048:et al. (2012) "Falling into Vínland",
985:Hermann Palsson, Paul Edwards (1985).
959:
656:probably made contact with the native
382:
1333:
1100:Pringle, Heather (October 19, 2012).
1066:
953:
652:From the testimony of the sagas, the
1366:"Markland and Helluland Archaeology"
1270:Armstrong, Jane (20 November 2012).
676:, found in the museum's collections
537:In the Saga of Halfdan Eysteinsson (
1201:"Journal of Archaeological Science"
942:
13:
1370:National Museum of Natural History
920:. 12 December 2003. Archived from
821:Norse colonization of the Americas
783:National Museum of Natural History
14:
1434:
1359:
1303:Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1992)
960:Reeves, Arthur Middleton (1890).
802:, located on the northern tip of
764:Journal of Archaeological Science
47:Leiv Eirikson discovering America
910:"Is L'Anse aux Meadows Vinland?"
846:Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga
781:, and a Senior Scientist at the
578:In ancient Icelandic scholarship
482:The name Helluland was given by
40:
16:Norse discovery in North America
1423:2nd millennium in North America
1379:"Helluland Archaeology Project"
1327:
1263:
1173:
1126:"Helluland Archaeology Project"
1118:
1093:
674:Canadian Museum of Civilization
1039:
1025:
978:
936:
902:
859:
837:
682:Norse settlements in Greenland
587:The Norse Discovery of America
1:
831:
405:Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson
1334:Jarus, Owen (6 March 2018).
946:Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar
555:, describes the attempts of
539:Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar
414:
7:
1067:Weber, Bob (22 July 2018).
885:The Icelandic Saga Database
809:
582:According to a footnote in
10:
1439:
1383:Canadian Museum of History
1184:(1st ed.). New York:
1130:Canadian Museum of History
881:"The Saga of Erik the Red"
727:Canadian Museum of History
1220:10.1016/J.JAS.2018.06.005
593:Current scholarly opinion
1017:: CS1 maint: location (
717:at the far north of the
584:Arthur Middleton Reeves'
476:Great Northern Peninsula
403:and further explored by
380:Old Norse pronunciation:
233:Saga of the Greenlanders
1374:Smithsonian Institution
1182:The Romance of Labrador
779:Smithsonian Institution
468:(location undetermined)
887:. Sveinbjörn Þórðarson
772:
707:
614:
575:
547:
535:
502:According to the sagas
479:
989:Seven Viking Romances
768:
695:
600:
561:
543:
531:
486:during his voyage to
422:
384:[ˈhelːoˌlɑnd]
1413:Viking Age in Canada
1272:"Vikings in Canada?"
1186:Macmillan Publishers
1114:on October 21, 2012.
751:and, further south,
733:Sir Wilfred Grenfell
620:Saga of Erik the Red
226:Saga of Erik the Red
182:Freydís Eiríksdóttir
144:Kensington Runestone
101:Gunnbjörn's skerries
1107:National Geographic
943:Hardman, George L.
775:William W. Fitzhugh
737:Kangalaksiorvik Bay
703:Memorial University
670:Patricia Sutherland
641:in the present-day
335:William W. Fitzhugh
320:Patricia Sutherland
300:Carl Christian Rafn
49:, 1893 painting by
1403:History of Nunavut
1168:Sutherland agreed
1156:The Globe and Mail
1051:Acta Archaeologica
1046:Jónas Kristjánsson
851:2015-12-24 at the
816:L'Anse aux Meadows
800:L'Anse aux Meadows
789:that dates to the
719:Labrador Peninsula
643:Canadian territory
615:
480:
458:Labrador Peninsula
397:Bjarni Herjólfsson
310:Anne Stine Ingstad
261:Book of Icelanders
207:Helgi and Finnbogi
202:Thorfinn Karlsefni
197:Bjarni Herjólfsson
177:Thorvald Eiriksson
91:Western Settlement
86:Eastern Settlement
81:L'Anse aux Meadows
32:Norse colonization
1004:978-0-14-044474-2
745:Torngat Mountains
490:according to the
437:mythical location
399:, encountered by
373:
372:
272:Greenlandic Norse
187:Gunnbjörn Ulfsson
128:Alleged artifacts
96:Middle Settlement
1430:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1240:. Archived from
1231:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1110:. Archived from
1097:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1064:
1055:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1008:
992:
982:
976:
975:
957:
951:
950:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
906:
900:
899:
894:
892:
877:
868:
863:
857:
841:
826:Skraeling Island
760:ancient textiles
753:Vinland the Good
603:Remote Peninsula
470:• Promontory of
386:
381:
365:
358:
351:
315:Birgitta Wallace
44:
34:of North America
19:
18:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1388:
1387:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1302:
1298:
1284:
1282:
1268:
1264:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1079:
1065:
1058:
1054:83, pp. 145-177
1044:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1010:
1009:
1005:
983:
979:
958:
954:
941:
937:
927:
925:
908:
907:
903:
890:
888:
879:
878:
871:
864:
860:
853:Wayback Machine
842:
838:
834:
812:
711:Tanfield Valley
686:Tanfield Valley
654:Norse explorers
595:
580:
504:
469:
461:
451:
445:
440:
428:
417:
379:
369:
340:
339:
285:
277:
276:
220:
212:
211:
162:
154:
153:
129:
121:
120:
111:Tanfield Valley
61:
53:
51:Christian Krohg
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:Saga locations
1405:
1400:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1361:
1360:External links
1358:
1356:
1355:
1326:
1296:
1262:
1191:
1172:
1142:
1117:
1092:
1056:
1038:
1024:
1003:
977:
952:
935:
924:on 22 May 2007
901:
869:
858:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
823:
818:
811:
808:
766:, August 2018:
658:Dorset culture
626:Greenland Saga
617:The Icelandic
607:Sam Ford Fjord
594:
591:
579:
576:
503:
500:
492:Greenland Saga
462:• Land of the
429:• Land of the
416:
413:
371:
370:
368:
367:
360:
353:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
295:Adam of Bremen
292:
290:Galvano Fiamma
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
192:Snæbjörn galti
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Baffin Island
1396:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1323:0-691-00224-X
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1247:on 2019-01-13
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:. p. 59.
1187:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1006:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
981:
973:
969:
965:
964:
956:
948:
947:
939:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
898:
886:
882:
876:
874:
867:
862:
855:
854:
850:
847:
840:
836:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
807:
805:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
767:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
704:
700:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
665:
664:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
639:Baffin Island
636:
632:
628:
627:
622:
621:
612:
611:Baffin Island
608:
604:
601:Coast of the
599:
590:
588:
585:
574:
571:
568:
566:
560:
558:
554:
553:
552:fornaldarsaga
546:
542:
540:
534:
530:
527:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
510:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
473:
467:
466:
459:
455:
449:
448:Baffin Island
446:• Helluland (
444:
438:
434:
433:
426:
421:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
377:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
346:
344:
343:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:Robert McGhee
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
305:Helge Ingstad
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:
258:
256:
255:
251:
249:
248:
244:
242:
241:
237:
235:
234:
230:
228:
227:
223:
222:
216:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
158:
157:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
125:
124:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
106:Great Ireland
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
38:
35:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1350:
1343:. Retrieved
1340:Live Science
1329:
1311:Palaeolithic
1305:
1299:
1290:
1283:. Retrieved
1275:
1265:
1256:
1249:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1207:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1159:. Retrieved
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1120:
1112:the original
1105:
1095:
1087:
1080:. Retrieved
1072:
1049:
1041:
1027:
988:
980:
962:
955:
945:
938:
926:. Retrieved
922:the original
918:Parks Canada
913:
904:
896:
889:. Retrieved
884:
861:
844:
839:
804:Newfoundland
773:
769:
757:
731:
708:
696:
668:
661:
651:
634:
624:
618:
616:
609:, northeast
586:
581:
572:
569:
562:
550:
548:
544:
536:
532:
528:
524:Newfoundland
517:
507:
505:
484:Leif Erikson
481:
463:
430:
425:Skálholt Map
401:Leif Erikson
375:
374:
259:
252:
245:
240:Flateyjarbók
238:
231:
224:
172:Leif Erikson
167:Erik the Red
139:Skálholt Map
75:
46:
1229:10037/14501
791:Paleolithic
565:Skuggifjord
284:Researchers
149:Vinland Map
134:Maine penny
116:Straumfjörð
1392:Categories
1345:14 January
1285:15 January
1251:12 January
970:. p.
928:20 January
891:12 January
832:References
723:Pond Inlet
699:James Tuck
690:whetstones
557:Örvar-Oddr
522:(possibly
512:(probably
395:, seen by
330:Gwyn Jones
219:Literature
1280:Maclean's
1161:3 January
1082:2 January
1013:cite book
968:H. Frowde
672:, of the
663:skrælings
631:Old Norse
496:Old Norse
443:Greenland
423:The 1590
415:Etymology
409:Greenland
376:Helluland
161:Explorers
76:Helluland
1238:52035803
1212:Elsevier
849:Archived
810:See also
749:Markland
715:Avayalik
623:and the
514:Labrador
509:Markland
465:Skræling
454:Markland
393:Markland
267:Skræling
247:Hauksbók
71:Markland
24:a series
22:Part of
1418:Exonyms
1315:Lascaux
1135:18 July
795:Lascaux
647:Nunavut
519:Vinland
488:Vinland
472:Vinland
389:Vinland
66:Vinland
1321:
1236:
1001:
516:) and
60:Places
26:on the
1292:says.
1245:(PDF)
1234:S2CID
1204:(PDF)
741:fiord
635:hella
474:(the
456:(the
1347:2019
1319:ISBN
1287:2019
1253:2019
1163:2019
1137:2018
1084:2019
1019:link
999:ISBN
930:2008
893:2019
787:yarn
739:, a
678:yarn
432:Risi
391:and
1224:hdl
1216:doi
1077:CBC
705:."
645:of
605:in
526:).
435:(a
1394::
1381:,
1372:,
1368:,
1349:.
1338:.
1289:.
1278:.
1274:.
1255:.
1232:.
1222:.
1214:.
1210:.
1206:.
1165:.
1154:.
1128:.
1104:.
1086:.
1075:.
1071:.
1059:^
1015:}}
1011:{{
997:.
995:86
972:91
966:.
916:.
912:.
895:.
883:.
872:^
755:.
713:,
649:.
633::
498:.
452:•
441:•
1226::
1218::
1139:.
1035:.
1021:)
1007:.
974:.
949:.
932:.
856:.
613:.
478:)
460:)
450:)
439:)
378:(
364:e
357:t
350:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
