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have neither need nor desire to leave this property, but to the contrary, stay within it, even when they would have the opportunity to escape, or return to this “safe haven”, should they by accident have escaped. He consequently emphasized that the quality of the enclosures (“furnishing”, structure) is equally, or even more important than quantity (space, dimensions) and substantiated this with observations in the natural habitat. Among many other things he made clear that animals in the natural habitat do not need huge spaces, and all their needs can be satisfied within close range, that, in fact, animals do not move about for pleasure but to satisfy their needs. Zoo biology therefore implies that the life of animals in their natural surroundings must be studied in order to provide them with appropriate keeping conditions in human care. In
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259:"Hunger and love" can take only second place. The satisfaction of hunger and sexual appetite can be postponed; not so escape from a dangerous enemy, and all animals, even the biggest and fiercest, have enemies. As far as higher animals are concerned, escape must thus at any rate be considered as the most important behavior biologically.
176:, the aim of this concept — guided by the maxim “changing cages into territories” — was to meet the biological and ethological requirements of the exhibited animals. Hediger's publications influenced the keeping of wild animals in human care in particular also in the construction of enclosures and the planning of zoos.
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are not to be considered as “captives” but as “owners of property”, namely the territory of their enclosures. They mark and defend this territory as they do in the natural environment and if the enclosures contain these elements which are of importance to them also in their natural environment, they
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In the 1950s, he began promoting the concept of training zoo animals to elicit biologically suitable behavior and to afford the animal exercise and mental occupation. Further, he observed that in some cases training increased the opportunity for the
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He reintroduced the new concept of zoo biology and dealt with such matters as food, causes of death, zoo architecture, the meaning of animal to man and man to animal, the exhibition value of animals, and the behavior of humans in zoos.
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in 2015, to honor
Hediger's merit in the field of taxonomy of frogs and herpetological research in the Southern Pacific in 1931–1932. Also named after Hediger are the praying mantis genus
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In the 1960s, he defined the seven aspects of a zoological garden considering people, money, space, methods, administration, animals and research, in that order.
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132:, observed during interactions between members of the same species. Hediger's biological social distance theories were used as a basis for
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Hediger described a number of standard interaction distances used in one form or another between animals. Two of these are
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324:(2000). "The semiotics of animal freedom: A zoologist’s attempt to perceive the semiotic aim of H. Hediger".
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in animal behavior and is known as the "father of zoo biology". Hediger was formerly the director of
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The Swiss
Pioneer in Nonverbal Communication Studies: Heini Hediger (1908–1992)
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Studies of the psychology and behaviour of captive animals in zoos and circuses
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273:. Basel: Benno Schwabe & Co. English edition: Hediger, Heini (1950).
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to give needed medical treatments to the animal. He also referred to zoo
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kept in human care and published his concept of a new, special branch of
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Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior
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Ehrung Heini
Hedigers: Dieser Frosch erhält seinen berühmten Namen
124:, used when animals of different species meet, whereas others are
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285:. London: Butterworths Scientific Publications. ASIN B0007IXEUS.
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167:, called “zoo biology”. The main statement is that animals in
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The
Psychology and Behaviour of Animals in Zoos and Circuses
439:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
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in 1951, based partly on
Hediger's species-habitat work.
435:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
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Brown, Siler, Richards, Diesmos & Cannatella, 2015"
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hospital design, such as was used in the design of the
287:(German edition: Zirich, Buechergilde Gutenberg, 1954)
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In the 1940s he defined the four main tasks of zoos:
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In 1942 Heini
Hediger developed the science of wild
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486:Graziano, Michael S.A.; Cooke, Dylan, F. (2006). "
136:'s 1966 anthropological social distance theories.
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88:(30 November 1908 – 29 August 1992) was a Swiss
277:. Translated by G. Sircom. London: Butterworth.
872:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
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987:Academic staff of the University of Zurich
877:International Society for Applied Ethology
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371:. New York: Anchor Books. ASIN B0006BNQW2.
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982:Academic staff of the University of Basel
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301:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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463:. Dover Publications. p. 39.
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389:(in German). research.amnh.org
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139:In the 1950s, psychologist
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638:Evolutionary neuroscience
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299:Man and Animal in the Zoo
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275:Wild Animals in Captivity
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247:Parapistocalamus hedigeri
244:, and the venomous snake
143:developed the concept of
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188:as “disciplined play”.
149:Weyburn mental hospital
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571:Animal welfare science
447:. ("Hediger", p. 119).
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104:(1944–1953) and
294:. Dover Publications.
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831:William Homan Thorpe
596:Behavioural genetics
556:Animal consciousness
551:Animal communication
457:Hediger, H. (1968).
369:The Hidden Dimension
327:Sign Systems Studies
306:Literature about him
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418:via sda. 2016-07-05
416:Limmattaler Zeitung
108:(1954–1973).
100:(1938–1943),
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628:Emotion in animals
606:Cognitive ethology
318:. New York: Legas.
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92:noted for work in
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445:978-1-4214-0135-5
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322:Turovski, Aleksei
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497:: 845–859.
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314:(2001).
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