Healthcare in Canada

1599:, based in the US, found that Canada's wait time for all categories of services ranked either at the bottom or second to the bottom of the 11 surveyed countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Canada's wait time on emergency services was the longest of the 11 nations, with 29% of Canadians reporting that they waited for more than four hours the last time they went to an emergency department. Canada also had the longest wait time for specialist appointments, with 56% of all Canadians waiting for more than four weeks. Canada ranked last in all other wait time categories, including same- or next-day appointments, same-day answers from doctors, and elective surgeries, except for access to after-hour care, where Sweden ranks lower. The 2016 study also noted that despite government investment, Canada's wait-time improvements were negligible when compared to the 2010 survey. 1789:

constituted through a cisnormative and heteronormative framework. As a result, LGBT populations are less likely to access primary healthcare services due to the fear of discrimination. In addition, recent data shows that healthcare professionals lack adequate knowledge and cultural competence when it comes to addressing health issues predominantly affecting the LGBT community. Cultural competence is an important consideration in assessing the quality of care received by the LGBT community, as a lack of cultural competency in healthcare professionals and systems leads to a reduced life expectancy, a lower quality of life, and an increased risk of acute and chronic illness amongst LGBT persons. Research has also highlighted that higher rates of chronic illness seen in LGBT persons is associated with discrimination, minority stress, avoidance of healthcare providers, and irregular access to healthcare services.

2090:" (Canadians who winter in warm climates) and other Canadians who are out their home province or territory for a total of more than 183 days in twelve months lose all coverage, which is reinstated after a three-month waiting period. Students attending a university or college outside their home province are generally covered by the health insurance program of their home province, however, "Typically this coverage (while out-of-province but within Canada) is for physician and hospital services only." The Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, for example, states, "Therefore, when travelling outside of Ontario but within Canada, the ministry recommends that you obtain private supplementary health insurance for non-physician/non-hospital services." Such services might include prescription drugs, or ground and air ambulance services that might be covered in one's home province. 2168: 681:. Those who need dental care are usually responsible for the finances and some may benefit from the coverage available through employment, under provincial plans, or private dental care plans. "As opposed to its national system of public health insurance, dental care in Canada is almost wholly privately financed, with approximately 60% of dental care paid through employment-based insurance, and 35% through out-of-pocket expenditures. Of the approximately 5% of publicly financed care that remains, most has focused on socially marginalized groups (e.g., low-income children and adults), and is supported by different levels of government depending on the group insured." It is true that compared to primary care checkups, dental care checkups depend on the ability of people being able to pay those fees. 1741:

rural northern communities, they struggle to attract and retain healthcare professionals, leaving a great shortage in services that results in far lesser access to care. In the Inuit Nunangat, it was found that just 23% of Inuit had a medical doctor they regularly visited. Additionally, due to the lack of healthcare access in northern communities, many are forced into lengthy transportation to southern Ontario to receive necessary care. One study examined an Inuit community in Rigolet, Canada, and looked at the direct and indirect costs of these long-distance healthcare visits, including missed paid employment, mental well-being costs, transportation costs and others. Altogether, this community experiences healthcare costs greater than other Canadian non-Indigenous and urban areas.

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example, mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety, eating disorders, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases are all of higher prevalence and a major concern amongst LGBT persons. These health issues are not sufficiently addressed either, as healthcare professionals (such as physicians) may be unaware of these individuals' sexual orientation. In 2008, Analysis of Canadian Community Health Service data showed that: LGB persons were more likely to seek out mental health services than heterosexuals; lesbians have lower reported rates of using family physicians. bisexuals report higher levels of unmet healthcare needs compared to heterosexuals(2); and LGB persons perceive they have less equitable access to healthcare services compared to heterosexual persons.

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physical presence in any given 12-month period. Exceptions may be made for mobile workers, if the individual can provide documentation from his or her employer verifying that the individual's work requires frequent travel in and out of the province. Transients, self-employed itinerant workers (e.g. farm workers) who move from province to province several times within a year, and peripatetic retired or unemployed individuals who move from province to province (e.g. staying with various relatives, or living in a recreational vehicle) may find themselves ineligible for health coverage in any province or territory, even though they are Canadian citizens or landed immigrants physically present in Canada 365 days a year. "

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visits to the dentist. "According to the National Public Health Service in 1996/1997, it showed a whopping difference of people who were in different classes. About half of Canadians aged 15 or older (53%) reported having dental insurance. Coverage tended to be highest among middle-aged people. At older ages, the rate dropped, and only one-fifth of the 65-or-older age group (21%) was covered." Attributes that can contribute to these outcomes is household income, employment, as well as education. Those individuals who are in the middle class may be covered through the benefits of their employment whereas older individuals may not due to the fact of retirement.

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increased efficiency of the current system was set as a goal, the death rate could be decreased by 18%-35%. The study notes that supporting physician leadership and facilitating engagement of the care providers could reap great gains in efficiency. Additionally, the study suggested facilitating the exchange of information and interaction between health providers and government figures as well as flexible funding would also contribute to the improvement and solve the problem of differences in regional care by allowing regions to determine the needs of their general populace and meet those needs more efficiently by allowing target-specific allocation of funds.

50: 1447:, one of the best hospitals in the world, the Singapore General Hospital, and the Charité hospital in Berlin instead of waiting for an appointment with specialists in her home province of Ontario. In 2007, she filed a lawsuit against the Ontario government when OHIP refused to re-imburse her $ 100,000. The media attention from the Americans for Prosperity advertisements resulted in further scrutiny of Holmes' story. A 2009 CBC report consulted medical experts who found discrepancies in her story, including that Rathke's cleft cyst was neither cancerous or life-threatening. The mortality rate for patients with a Rathke's cleft cyst is zero percent. 661:(depending on the province) applies to the services of psychotherapists. Some coverage for mental health care and substance abuse treatment may be available under other government programs. For example, in Alberta, the province provides funding for mental health care through Alberta Health Services. Most or all provinces and territories offer government-funded drug and alcohol addiction rehabilitation, although waiting lists may exist. The cost of treatment by a psychologist or psychotherapist in Canada has been cited as a contributing factor in the high suicide rate among first responders such as police officers, 1631:

health, as well as a heightened level of stress associated with their gender and marital roles. Moreover, research has shown that women with low income and who work full-time outside of the house have poorer health status in comparison to their male counterparts. The added responsibilities women hold as primary caregivers in households not only creates additional stress, but also indirectly increases the difficulty of the scheduling and meeting of medical appointments; these implications explain women's poorer self-rated health status in comparison to men, as well as their report of their unmet healthcare needs.

1504:, where one or no ambulances are available for emergency calls, doubling and triple year-over-year in major cities such as Calgary, Ottawa, Windsor, and Hamilton. As an example, cumulatively, Ottawa spent seven weeks lacking ambulance response abilities, with individual periods lasting as long as 15 hours, and a six-hour ambulance response time in one case. Ambulance unload delays, due to hospitals lacking capacity and cutting their hours, have been linked to deaths, but the full impact is unknown as provincial authorities, have not responded to requests to release ambulance offload data to the public. 460: 1949:

Canadian noninstitutionalized population, including 17,276 Canadian residents, reported that 0.5% sought medical care in the U.S. in the previous year. Of these, less than a quarter had travelled to the U.S. expressly to get that care. This was supported by an additional analysis performed from the American side, using a structured telephone survey of all ambulatory care clinical facilities located in specific heavily populated U.S. urban corridors bordering Canada and discharge data for 1994–1998 from major border states, and contacted key informants at each of

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1975 to 2012, show that the pace of growth is slowing. Modest economic growth and budgetary deficits are having a moderating effect. For the third straight year, growth in healthcare spending will be less than that in the overall economy. The proportion of Canada's gross domestic product will reach 11.6% in 2012 down from 11.7% in 2011 and the all-time high of 11.9% in 2010. Total spending in 2007 was equivalent to 10.1% of the gross domestic product which was slightly above the average for OECD countries, and below the 16.0% of GDP spent in the United States.

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access to primary care., compounded by new graduates opting against selecting family medicine, and communities in rural, remote and northern regions, experience particularly acute shortages. Limitations on which and how many physicians can complete Canada's required two year medical residency may prevent trained doctors from acquiring a license to practice medicine, leading to an effective shortage. Burnout and mental health reasons may also play a role, as in 2021, 48% of physicians polled by the Canadian Medical Association screened positive for depression.

1620: 436:(CIHI) is a not-for-profit, independent organization established by the provincial, territorial, and federal government to make healthcare information publicly available. The CIHI was established in 1994 to serve as a national "coordinating council and an independent institute for health information" in response to the 1991 report, "Health Information for Canada" produced by the National Task Force on Health Information. In 1994, the CIHI merged the Hospital Medical Records Institute (HMRI) and The Management Information Systems (MIS) Group. 1957:

perception that Canadian residents seek care extensively in the United States." The majority of Canadians who seek healthcare in the U.S. are already there for other reasons, including business travel or vacations. A smaller proportion seek care in the U.S. for reasons of confidentiality, including abortions, mental illness, substance abuse, and other problems that they may not wish to divulge to their local physician, family, or employer. Canadians offered free care in the U.S. paid by the Canadian government have sometimes declined it.

1761:, especially those in poverty, receive inadequate levels of treatment. A research study by Lori Ross and Margaret Gibson notes that of all demographics, LGBT members need mental health services the most due to systemic discrimination. According to the study, LGBT members often need to turn to mental health services that are mainly private and not covered by publicly funded healthcare. Low-income LGBT members might be unable to afford these private programs; subsequently, their mental health issues may remain unaddressed or even worsen. 14766: 2447: 220: 1806:

the most significant aspects of healthcare, however its relation to immigrant status is not well defined. The "healthy immigrant effect" is a term that recognizes how immigrants on average enter Canada with better health than those born in the country. However, over time, this health advantage experienced by immigrants may begin to decline. Multiple factors contribute to this health decline, including: racialization and discrimination, stress of immigration, barriers accessing healthcare practitioners and others.

534:, but physicians may charge a small fee to the patient for reasons such as missed appointments, doctor's notes, and prescription refills done over the phone. Some physicians charge "annual fees" as part of a comprehensive package of services they offer their patients and their families. Legally, such charges must be completely optional and can only be for non-essential health options, however, some clinics have allegedly broken these rules, and provincial agencies have pursued injunctions and investigations. 1745:

they discovered that a large part of the problem comes from the healthcare system. They found that many Indigenous people simply do not trust mainstream health service due to stereotyping, racism and that they feel intimidated. One participant described their experiences as "being treated with contempt, judged, ignored, stereotyped, racialized, and minimized." Finally the Health Council of Canada went on to describe that this lack of equitable access comes as an extension of systemic racism in Canada.

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immigrants, including but not limited to: African women, Latin American men, Iranian immigrants and South Asian immigrants have been shown in studies to underuse mental health services due to the limited amount of services offered outside of the English language, which hinders their access to mental health care. One study discussed how immigrants avoided, or did not benefit from, mental health counselling services as there lacks an adequate amount of professional interpretation services.

2992:. 2 bar charts: For both: From bottom menus: Countries menu > choose OECD. Check box for "latest data available". Perspectives menu > Check box to "compare variables". Then check the boxes for government/compulsory, voluntary, and total. Click top tab for chart (bar chart). For GDP chart choose "% of GDP" from bottom menu. For per capita chart choose "US dollars/per capita". Click fullscreen button above chart. Click "print screen" key. Click top tab for table, to see data. 1749:

types of health practitioners. They described how important it is for the health system to implement culturally safe care. They also discussed how many stereotyping problems occur in medical school and that Canada requires further Indigenous-centred training. They recommend higher education and awareness training amongst medical schools and healthcare institutions to address the growing healthcare disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada.

717:(RMTs) varies by province. For example, in Ontario the provincial health plan, OHIP, does cover physiotherapy following hospital discharge and occupational therapy but does not cover massage therapy. To be eligible for coverage for physiotherapy in Ontario, insured individuals must have been discharged as an inpatient of a hospital after an overnight stay and require physiotherapy for the condition, illness or injury, or be age 19 or younger or age 65 or older. 816:, Canada "does not have a single health care system" according to a 2018 Library of Parliament report. The provinces and territories provide "publicly funded health care" through provincial and territorial public health insurance systems. The total health expenditure in Canada includes expenditures for those health services not covered by either federal funds or these public insurance systems, that are paid by private insurance or by individuals out-of-pocket. 14778: 398:(CHA), is to "protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers." The federal government ensures compliance with its requirements that all Canadians have "reasonable access to medically necessary hospital, physician, and surgical-dental services that require a hospital" by providing cash to provinces and territories through the 749:

supplies for six months or longer. The program does not have age or income restrictions. As with other health coverage, veterans and others covered by federal programs are not eligible under the provincial program. Only certain types of equipment and supplies are covered, and within categories only approved models of equipment from approved vendors are covered, and vendors may not charge more than specified prices established by the government.

847:, (CHA) which sets the conditions with which provincial/territorial health insurance plans must comply if they wish to receive their full transfer payments from the federal government. The CHA does not allow charges to insured persons for insured services (defined as medically necessary care provided in hospitals or by physicians). Most provinces have responded through various prohibitions on such payments. 2461: 1282:) did not give either the federal or provincial governments responsibility for healthcare, as it was then a minor concern. However, the Act did give the provinces responsibility for regulating hospitals, and the provinces claimed that their general responsibility for local and private matters encompassed healthcare. The federal government felt that the health of the population fell under the " 1172: 1715:

disparities, hindering low-income individuals' access to prescription drug coverage and specialist care. Evidently, racialized persons are twice as likely as non-racialized persons to face these challenges. These issues are further compounded by historical and systemic contexts and a lack of diversity among healthcare workers, shaping negative healthcare experiences for Black individuals.

1164: 2012:—have been rushed to the United States since the spring of 2006 because they could not obtain intensive-care beds here. Before patients with bleeding in or outside the brain have been whisked through U.S. operating-room doors. Some wait times for these patients in Canada waiting as long as eight hours in emergency wards Canadian health-care workers found solutions for them in the U.S. 1095:

procedures who have been squeezed for operating room time—have accordingly looked for alternative revenue sources. The CMA presidency rotates among the provinces, with the provincial association electing a candidate who is customarily ratified by the CMA general meeting. Day's selection was sufficiently controversial that he was challenged—albeit unsuccessfully—by another physician.

790:. Native peoples are a federal responsibility and the federal government guarantees complete coverage of their health needs. For the last twenty years and despite health care being a guaranteed right for First Nations due to the many treaties the government of Canada signed for access to First Nations lands and resources, the amount of coverage provided by the Federal government's 758:

services. In their 2009 report on home care in Canada, the Canadian Healthcare Association (CHA ) said that there was an increase in chronic disease rates as Canada's population aged. Home care is generally considered to be a lower cost alternative at a time when governments are concerned about the cost of healthcare and is generally the preferred option for seniors.

591:) is one of the few countries with a universal healthcare system that does not include coverage of prescription medication (other such countries are Russia and some of the former USSR republics). Residents of Quebec who are covered by the province's public prescription drug plan pay an annual premium of $ 0 to $ 660 when they file their Quebec income tax return. 1681:

can result in lower cognitive functions, stunted growth and exacerbated asthma. Higher income levels allow for the purchase of higher-quality resources, including food products, produce and shelter, as well as faster access to services. Higher education is often thought to lead to greater health literacy, resulting in the adoption of healthier lifestyles.

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seniors and aging, health workforce, health inequality, quality and safety, mental health and addictions, pharmaceuticals, international comparisons, emergency care, patient experience, residential care, population health, community care, patient outcomes, access and wait times, children and youth, and First Nations, Inuit and Métis.

451:(HCC)—an independent national agency—was established to monitor and report on Canada's healthcare system. For over a decade, until 2014, the HCC produced 60 reports on access and wait times, health promotion, seniors healthcare, aboriginal healthcare, home and community care, pharmaceuticals management, and primary health care. 1810:

Immigrants tend to settle in suburbs, and long term immigrants tend to migrate toward suburban areas. These areas offer the most affordable housing options for immigrants, however this creates a "spatial mismatch" between patients and physicians since physicians and medical services are primarily concentrated in urban areas.

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pharmaceuticals has increased. Of the three biggest health care expenses, the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased the most. In 1997, the total price of drugs surpassed that of doctors. In 1975, the three biggest health costs were hospitals ($ 5.5B/44.7%), physicians ($ 1.8B/15.1%), and medications ($ 1.1B/8.8%).

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patient's healthcare providers, such as assuming the sexuality of the patient and predicting their sexual behaviours. In these scenarios, it can be very difficult for LGBT persons to feel comfortable in a clinical setting because they may experience a decline in self-confidence and trust in their healthcare providers.

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supplemental insurance. While this shift has affected both genders, women have been more affected. Compared to men, women are generally less financially stable, and individual payments are a greater burden. Furthermore, many women work part-time or in fields that do not offer supplemental insurance, such as

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that doctors and medical professionals in Canada may have an added incentive to encourage patients to self-select an early or possibly even unnecessary instance of euthanasia as a cost cutting procedure due to governmental budget pressures based around a system of socialized medicine. Scott Shackford of

1459:. The 2021 edition of the report found that the average waiting time between referral from a general practitioner and delivery of elective treatment by a specialist rose from 9.3 weeks in 1993 to 25.6 weeks in 2021. Waiting times ranged from a low of 18.5 weeks in Ontario to 53.2 weeks in Nova Scotia. 7076:

Lindsay McCreith, 66, of Newmarket and Shona Holmes, 43, of Waterdown filed a joint statement of claim yesterday against the province of Ontario. Both say their health suffered because they are denied the right to access care outside of Ontario's "government-run monopolistic" health-care system. They

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covers residents of Canada, which are persons "lawfully entitled to be or to remain in Canada who makes his home and is ordinarily present in the province, but does not include a tourist, a transient or a visitor to the province." When traveling within Canada, a Canadian's health card from his or her

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Disparities between men and women's access to healthcare in Canada have led to criticism, especially regarding healthcare privatization. While most healthcare expenses remain covered by Medicare, certain medical services previously paid for publicly have been shifted to individuals and employer-based

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Prescription medications have been consistently expensive in Canada, which has the third-highest drug costs of any OECD nation, and a 2018 study found that almost 1 million Canadians gave up food or heat to afford prescription medications. In 2021, over one in five (21%) adults in Canada reported not

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A 2003 Gallup poll found 57% of Canadians compared to 50% in the UK, and 25% of Americans, were either "very" or "somewhat" satisfied with "the availability of affordable healthcare in the nation". Only 17% of Canadians were "very dissatisfied" compared to 44% of Americans. In 2003, 48% of Americans,

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is used in medical care. By contrast, in Canada, only 9.5 percent of GNP is used on the Medicare system, "in part because there is no profit incentive for private insurers." Lightman also notes that the in-kind delivery system eliminates much of the advertising that is prominent in the US and the low

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The CHA requires that public provincial and territorial health insurance policies must cover all "medicines used within the hospital setting...out‑of‑hospital drug expenditures are paid for by private insurance and individuals, as well as by provincial health insurance for certain population groups".

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According to the CIHI 2019 report, since 1997, the 70–30 split between public and private sector healthcare spending has remained relatively consistent with approximately 70% of Canada's total health expenditures from the public sector and 30% from the private sector. Public-sector funding, which has

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program has diminished drastically for optometry, dentistry, and medicines. Status First Nations individuals qualify for a set number of visits to the optometrist and dentist, with a limited amount of coverage for glasses, eye exams, fillings, root canals, etc. For the most part, First Nations people

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deems that essential physician and hospital care be covered by the publicly funded system, but each province has reasons to determine what is considered essential, and where, how and who should provide the services. There are some provinces that are moving towards private health care away from public

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The government guarantees the quality of care through federal standards. The government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and their physician. In each province, each doctor handles the insurance

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In 1996, in response to an interest in renewing its healthcare system, the federal government established the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHRSF) in the 1996 federal budget to conduct research in collaboration with "provincial governments, health institutions, and the private sector"

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There have been projects led by The Canadian Coalition for Green Health Care with the aim to reduce the environmental impacts of providing healthcare, such as reducing toxic chemicals when cleaning and promoting sustainable foods in hospitals. They recently studied medical imaging equipment's energy

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article entitled "Canada's Private Clinics Surge as Public System Falters" said that the "Cambie Surgery Center"—"Canada's most prominent private hospital— was operating in plain view of health authorities as a "rogue enterprise". By 2006, Cambie, which was founded by Dr. Brian Day, Cambie's medical

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went to the United States for breast cancer surgery in June 2007. Stronach's spokesperson Greg MacEachern was quoted in the article saying that the U.S. was the best place to have this type of surgery done. Stronach paid out-of-pocket for the surgery. Stronach had stated in an interview that she was

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Along with the highly publicized 2005 case of Shona Holmes, who campaigned against the Canadian healthcare system on behalf of the Americans for Prosperity's PAC from 2009 through 2012, there have been other high-profiled incidents in which Canadian politicians have visited the Mayo Clinic and other

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According to researcher Judith MacDonnell, LGBT members, especially childbearing lesbians, have trouble navigating through health policy. MacDonnell states that LGBT women encounter challenges at every point of the childbearing process in Canada and have to rely on personal and professional means to

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lack equitable access to healthcare services for a variety of reasons. One major reason for this inequitable access is due to Indigenous locations of residence. Statistics Canada reported that the majority of Métis live in urban centres, while almost half of First Nations people live on reserves. In

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Canada's hospital beds per capita have decreased 63% since 1976, to 44% fewer beds than the OECD average. Overcrowding, or "hallway medicine," is common in hospitals, and hospital patients are instructed to sleep on concrete floors, in storage rooms, as hospitals often operate at over 100% capacity,

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promoted a two-tiered system with more privatization, arguing that "although Canada ranks among the most expensive universal-access health-care systems in the OECD, its performance for availability and access to resources is generally below that of the average OECD country, while its performance for

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A 2015 Fraser Institute article focused on Canadians who sought healthcare in other countries and reported that the percentage of Canadian patients who travelled abroad to receive non-emergency medical care was 1.1% in 2014, and 0.9% in 2013, with British Columbia being the province with the highest

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Private clinics are permitted and are regulated by the provinces and territories. Private clinics can charge above the agreed-upon fee schedule if they are providing non-insured services, treating non-insured persons, or based in Quebec, due to a court decision. This may include those eligible under

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Over the past two decades, at least some provinces have introduced some universal prescription drug insurance. Nova Scotia has Family Pharmacare, introduced in 2008 by Rodney MacDonald's Progressive Conservative government. However, residents do not automatically receive it through their health care

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Since the 2010s, Statistics Canada health research on aging has focused on "chronic diseases," "social isolation" and senior's mental health needs, and "transitions to institutional care" including long-term care. The eight chronic conditions that are prevalent in one out of ten seniors include high

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In his widely cited 1987 book, Malcolm G. Taylor traced the roots of Medicare and federal-provincial negotiations involving "issues of jurisdiction, cost allocations, revenue transfers, and taxing authorities" that resulted in the current system that provides healthcare to "Canadians on the basis of

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to find out that occupational hazards home care nurses experience, although depending on the type of geographical setting (rural, town, suburban, urban areas), it is common to find that aggressive pets, environmental tobacco smoke, oxygen equipment, unsafe neighborhoods, and pests, hinder a quality

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The health sector has contributed to pollution in various ways, with Hospitals and Pharmaceutical companies as the largest drivers of its emissions according to the PLOS Medicine study. There is also the impact of medical waste, anesthetics used in surgery, and unsustainable materials which are all

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Based on OECD 2018 data, in terms of life expectancy at birth by gender, women in France is 85.9, Switzerland's 85.7, Canada's 84.1, the Netherlands's 83.4, Germany's 83.3, and the U.S.' 81.2 years. The Commonwealth Fund report ranked Canada at slightly above average in life expectancy and the U.S.

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In its 2016 international health survey, the Commonwealth Fund found that 18 percent of patients in Canada had waited four months or longer for elective surgery in the previous two years, compared to 3 percent of patients in the United States, 6 percent in Switzerland, 4 percent in the Netherlands,

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In 2018, The OECD average represented 8.8% of GDP or CAN$ 5,175 per person with 27% private and 73% public. Canada's health spending represented 10.7% of GDP or $ 6,448 per person with 30% private and 70% public. The U.S. spending represented 16.9% of GDP or $ 13,722 per person with 51% private and

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of 30 or higher—a measure of obesity—compared to 40% in the U.S. This is twice the rate reported in Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. Canada ranked 4th in the eleven countries for the number of suicides per 100,000 compared, with a rate of 11.8 per 100,000 compared to the U.S. rate of 13.9 which was

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magazine reported on September 7, 2022, that, "Unfortunately, the philosophical argument for the right to die can also end up colliding with troubling decisions in a country where the government funds and controls access to healthcare. That is reportedly happening in Canada, where some citizens say

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Another study conducted in Montreal examined the reasons behind why immigrants were reluctant to access mental health services. They found a multitude of reasons as to why immigrants were hesitant to seek help, including the fact that their perception of Western doctors' over willingness to utilize

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In 2004, the First Ministers came to an agreement with the federal government on a ten-year plan to improve Canada's healthcare. Areas of focus included wait times, home care, primary care reform, national pharmaceuticals strategy, prevention, promotion and public health, aboriginal health, and the

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Healthcare spending in Canada (in 1997 dollars) has increased each year between 1975 and 2009, from $ 39.7 billion to $ 137.3 billion, or per capita spending from $ 1,715 to $ 4089. In 2013 the total reached $ 211 billion, averaging $ 5,988 per person. Figures in National Health Expenditure Trends,

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It's been suggested that the apparent success of the private telehealth provider Maple, with its hundreds of thousands of paying users, indicates the existence of a rapidly growing private healthcare tier. Maple has come under criticism for affordability, as appointments with a general practitioner

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Canada's population is aging, like that of many other countries. By 2016, there were about six million seniors in Canada, which then had a population of approximately 34 million. This significantly influences Canada's healthcare services; by 2019, Canada's aging population represented a modest

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Health Canada, under the direction of the Health Minister, is the ministry responsible for overseeing Canada's healthcare, including its public policies and implementations. This includes the maintenance and improvement of the health of the Canadian population, which is "among the healthiest in the

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2021 report comparing the healthcare systems of the 11 most developed countries ranked Canada second-to-last. Identified weaknesses of Canada's system were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a

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Climate change is a growing concern all around the world, and its causes vary from multiple factors. It has been identified that Climate change is the single greatest public health threat of the 21st century. The healthcare sector in Canada contributes to climate change, and it was responsible for

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by forbidding private health insurance for medically necessary health services. The ruling raised concerns for some and hope for others that there could be an increase in private sector participation in the health system. Chief Justice McLachlin ruled that "ccess to a waiting list is not access to

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Healthcare needs and comorbidities are often underdiagnosed in those living with intellectual disabilities. A study conducted in Quebec, Canada investigated healthcare utilization and access amongst people with intellectual disabilities in comparison to the general population. Of the study sample,

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formed a tiered system that classified refugees and separated care based on these classifications. Differing levels of care were provided to refugees based on each refugee's home country and other factors. The act also reduced healthcare coverage for refugees provided by the Interim Federal Health

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Immigrants in Canada face multiple barriers to accessing mental health services. As with primary care access, the language barrier between healthcare providers and immigrants remains one of the greatest challenges in delivering mental health care and often leads to underuse. Many subpopulations of

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Inadequate access to primary care and treatment interventions has been and continues to be a prevalent issue amongst minority populations in Canada. As a result, many immigrants are faced with constant barriers with regard to receiving high-quality care. The patient experience is revered as one of

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The underlying message in terms of providing equitable care, and access to care, for patients in the LGBT community is that healthcare providers and systems must be aware of the appropriate methods through which to administer care. The specific needs of LGBT persons must be appreciated in order to

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and structure of medical intake forms have the consequence of alienating LGBT populations." Colpitts adds that in the previous study of queer and transgender women in Nova Scotia, patients experienced significant discomfort in their meetings with healthcare providers and feared that because of the

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Another prominent reason for inequitable access to care is the persistence of racism that remains in Canada. In 2012, The Health Council of Canada conducted a series of meetings across the country with a variety of healthcare workers, researchers and Aboriginal people. Through their conversations,

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The reasoning behind the socioeconomic gap is complex and multifaceted. Certain relationships between socioeconomic status and health outcomes can be relatively easily explained through direct exposures. For example, lead or pollutant exposure tends to be more common in rural neighbourhoods, which

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Gender gaps in healthcare are significantly influenced by socioeconomic status, geographical location, and ethnicity. It has been hypothesized that women experience a higher rate of health-related issues because of their reduced access to the material and social conditions of life that foster good

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In the 1980s and the 1990s, wait times for certain surgeries, such as knee and hip replacements, had increased. The year before the 2002 Romanow Royal Commission report was released, in 2001, the Ontario Health Coalition (OHC) called for increased provincial and federal funding for Medicare and an

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By 2019, Canada's aging population represented a modest increase in healthcare costs of about 1% a year. It is also the greatest at the extremes of age at a cost of $ 17,469 per capita in those older than 80 and $ 8,239 for those less than 1 year old in comparison to $ 3,809 for those between

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Basic services are provided by private doctors (since 2002 they have been allowed to incorporate), with the entire fee paid for by the government at the same rate. Most family doctors receive a fee per visit. These rates are negotiated between the provincial governments and the province's medical

858:

A 2006 in-depth CBC report, the Canadian system is for the most part publicly funded, yet most of the services are provided by private enterprises. In 2006, most doctors do not receive an annual salary, but receive a fee per visit or service. According to Dr. Albert Schumacher, former president of

688:

Under the government healthcare system in Canada, routine dental care is not covered. There are a couple of provinces that offer child prevention programs such as Nova Scotia and Quebec. Other provinces make patients pay for medical dental procedures that are performed in the hospital. Some dental

684:

Studies in Quebec and Ontario provide data on the extent of dental health care. For example, studies in Quebec showed that there was a strong relation among dental services and the socioeconomic factors of income and education whereas in Ontario older adults heavily relied on dental insurance with

608:("General Practitioners") are assigned to individuals using provincial waitlist registry systems. If a patient wishes to see a specialist or is counseled to see a specialist by their GP, a referral is made by a GP in the local community. Preventive care and early detection are considered critical. 2394:

saying, without evidence, that, "This is a country in which dogs can get a hip replacement in under a week and in which humans can wait two to three years." The Canadian Health Coalition responded to Day's claims, pointing out that "access to veterinary care for animals is based on the ability to

1908:

reported in August, 2022 that, "...human rights advocates say the country’s regulations lack necessary safeguards, devalue the lives of disabled people and are prompting doctors and health workers to suggest the procedure to those who might not otherwise consider it." Critics have raised concerns

1841:

in Canada experience numerous barriers to healthcare, such as gaps in knowledge regarding healthcare needs, which may not be always considered by public health initiatives and policies. Immigrants and refugees are among the groups most at risk for negative health effects resulting from persistent

1748:

A 2015 study examined 80 Indigenous women who experienced neurological conditions. Participants described their lack of access to health services to stem from the racism and sexism experienced in the system. In the same study, the researchers interviewed multiple key informants, including various

1714:

treatments such as medications for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, compared to White patients. Additionally, limited participatory visits with physicians and clinical trials, undermining treatment validation. Despite Canada's universal healthcare access, socioeconomic status exacerbates these

1094:

Some provincial medical associations have argued for permitting a larger private role. To some extent, this has been a reaction to strong cost control; CIHI estimates that 99% of physician expenditures in Canada come from public sector sources, and physicians—particularly those providing elective

1029:

average salary was $ 328,000. Out of the gross amount, doctors pay for taxes, rent, staff salaries and equipment. Recent reports indicate that Canada has an imbalanced supply of specialists to general physicians, and a severe shortage of family doctors, with 10 million Canadians projected to lack

439:

Reports include topics such as the evaluating and suggested improvements for the efficiency of healthcare services. Regions that were similar in factors such as education levels and immigration numbers were found to have different efficiency levels in health care provision. The study concluded if

1821:

Many immigrants report experiencing social isolation in Canada while also lacking social support from friends or family, which significantly impacts their mental health and also impacts their access to mental health services. Other racialized immigrants, specifically seniors, may be reluctant to

1817:

Since healthcare services in Canada are paid in-part by the federal and provincial governments and by health insurance systems, economic and financial barriers are generally not considered to be a severe issue dealt with by the immigrant community. However, local availability (i.e., spatial

1566:

In December 2002, the Romanow Report recommended that "provincial and territorial governments should take immediate action to manage wait lists more effectively by implementing centralized approaches, setting standardized criteria, and providing clear information to patients on how long they can

1415:

with a combination of "soaring costs" in the healthcare system and an increasing number of Americans without health insurance because of job loss during the recession, the long wait lists of Canada's so-called "socialized" healthcare system became a key Republican argument against Obama's health

443:

For 24 years, the CIHI has produced an annual detailed report updating "National Health Expenditure Trends" which includes data tables with the most recent report published in January 2021. Other CIHI research topics include hospital care, organ and joint replacements, health system performance,

3536:

Created by the 2003 First Ministers' Accord on Health Care Renewal, the Health Council of Canada is an independent national agency that reports on the progress of health care renewal. The Council provides a system wide perspective on health care reform in Canada, and disseminates information on

1956:

s "America's Best Hospitals" to inquire about the number of Canadians seen in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The authors characterized this rate of medical travel as "barely detectable relative to the use of care by Canadians at home" and that the results "do not support the widespread

1866:

One study suggested open dialogue among policymakers, clinicians, and researchers and working with settlement programs to effectively respond to challenges encountered by the healthcare system regarding refugees. The study notes that supporting primary care and focusing on social accountability

1784:

The healthcare needs of the LGBT community are affected by a number of social, behavioural, and structural factors. Various bodies of literature have identified the health disparities associated with the LGBT community, and how these individuals receive disproportionate healthcare services. For

1407:

from 1993 until 2008, told PBS that the American health industry felt threatened by Canada's healthcare system as it "exposed shortcomings in the private U.S. health system and potentially threatened their profits." He said that corporate PR used the tactic of repeating misinformation about the

1228:

An August 31, 2020 PBS article comparing the American healthcare system to Canada's, cited the director of the University of Ottawa's Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics, Colleen Flood, who said that there was "no perfect health care system", and the "Canadian system is not without flaws."

1103:

Because healthcare is deemed to be under provincial/territorial jurisdiction, negotiations on behalf of physicians are conducted by provincial associations such as the Ontario Medical Association. The views of Canadian doctors have been mixed, particularly in their support for allowing parallel

981:

By 1997, the total cost of pharmaceuticals surpassed the total cost of physician services and has remained in second place, after hospitals in terms of total annual health expenditures. The proportion spent on hospitals and physicians has declined between 1975 and 2009 while the amount spent on

926:

The proportion spent on hospitals and physicians has declined between 1975 and 2009 while the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased. Of the three biggest health care expenses, the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased the most. In 1997, the total price of drugs surpassed that of

757:

Home care is an "extended" service, and is therefore not an insured service under the Canada Health Act. Home care is not considered to be a medically necessary service, like hospital and physician services, and provincial and territorial governments are under no obligation to provide home care

542:

Health cards are issued by provincial health ministries to individuals who enroll for the program, though newcomers must wait up to three months after they arrive in the province, and everyone receives the same level of care once they receive one. Most essential basic care is covered, including

1948:

journal, said that their research results did "not support the widespread perception that Canadian residents seek care extensively in the United States." The Katz study—based on an analysis of data from the 1996–1997 National Population Health Survey (NPHS)—a large survey representative of the

1476:

Identified weaknesses of Canada's system were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a lack of prescription drugs coverage. Limited dental coverage was added in 2023 An increasing problem in

953:

study in 2010 noted that there were variations in care across the different provinces in Canada. The study found that there was a difference in hospital admission rates depending on the number of people and what province they lived in. Typically, provinces with low population counts had higher

854:

The top categories of private sector expenditures account for 66% of this spending, and include pharmaceuticals, and professional services such as dental and vision care services. Only 10% of these services are paid for by the public sector. In 2017, 41% of private sector expenses were paid by

850:

Private-sector health care dollars, which has represented about 30% of total health expenditure, "consists primarily of health expenditures by households and private insurance firms". In 2018, private sector funding for health care, accounted for 31% of the total health expenditures. "includes

830:

The provinces and territories health spending accounted for approximately "64.2% of total health expenditure" in 2018. Public sources of revenue for the public healthcare system include provincial financing which represented 64.2% of the total in 2018. This includes funds transferred from the

773:

and home care in an increasingly complex care system. Home care aids face intense job precarity, inadequate staffing levels as well as increasingly complex needs including different types of routinized, assembly-lines types of work, and cost-cutting on equipment and supplies. They also work in

748:

There are wide discrepancies in coverage for various assistive devices such as wheelchairs and respiratory equipment in Canada. Ontario, which has one of the most generous programs, pays 75% of the cost for listed equipment and supplies for persons with a disability requiring such equipment or

2085:

Each province has residency and physical presence requirements to qualify for health care coverage. For example, to qualify for coverage in Ontario, with certain exceptions, one must be physically present in Ontario for 153 days in any given 12-month period. Most provinces require 183 days of

1813:

Language is another strong barrier faced by immigrant populations due to the poor distribution of same-language physicians. Immigrants often face challenges in terms of understanding English medical terms. These linguistic differences are yet another contributing factor to the discordance and

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epidemic in Toronto, Black people accounted for 14% of cases and 15% of hospitalizations, despite comprising 9% of the city's population. These findings highlight that Black Canadians face insensitivity and discrimination from healthcare providers, dissuading individuals from seeking care and

1792:

Another important consideration in addressing the quality of care received by the LGBT community is patient-physician communication. Many health risks LGBT persons face come as a result of avoidance and/or dissatisfaction of healthcare services; this is in part due to assumptions made by the

598:

Pharmaceutical medications are covered by public funds in some provinces for the elderly or indigent, through employment-based private insurance or paid for out-of-pocket. In Ontario, eligible medications are provided at no cost for covered individuals aged 24 and under. Most drug prices are

514:

Competitive practices such as advertising are kept to a minimum, thus maximizing the percentage of revenues that go directly towards care. Costs are paid through funding from federal and provincial general tax revenues, which include income taxes, sales taxes, and corporate taxes. In British

1809:

The most prevalent barriers faced by immigrants with regard to accessing primary care services are related to geography and geographic distribution, language, and culture. Moreover, the distribution of physicians has a direct impact on the utilization of primary care services by immigrants.

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Men and women also experience different wait times for diagnostic tests; longer wait times have been associated with a higher risk of health complications. One Canadian study reports, "mean wait times are significantly lower for men than for women pertaining to overall diagnostic tests: for

945:

Hospital care is delivered by publicly funded hospitals in Canada. Most of the public hospitals, each of which are independent institutions incorporated under provincial Corporations Acts, are required by law to operate within their budget. Amalgamation of hospitals in the 1990s has reduced

692:

In 2022, however, the federal government announced the creation of a new Canada Dental Benefit which reimburses low- to middle-income parents up to $ 650 of dental fees per child. This was a transitional policy on the way to universal, public coverage of dental care. In 2023, the government

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met to discuss the potential for an increase in private clinics in Canada's healthcare system A European study presented at the meeting was "expected to call for private clinics, such as the chain of radiology centres owned by Ouellet, to play a bigger role in Canada's health-care system."

1788:

Another barrier that exists with regard to the healthcare disparities experienced by LGBT persons is the stigma that continues to persist in society. Moreover, LGBT populations may fear that their health needs are not considered in primary health since healthcare has been historically been

1727:

Studies highlight that evidence-informed health promotion initiatives and interventions targeting racism's impact on health and within Canadian healthcare are crucial for promoting health equity, rebuilding trust within the healthcare system, and improving public health outcomes in Canada.

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It has been previously documented that one's socioeconomic status significantly impacts their health. Another recent study re-assessed this relationship and found similar results that demonstrated that people with higher levels of education or income experience longer life expectancies and

1151:

Since 1999, 70% of Canada's total health expenditures is from the public sector and 30% from the private sector. This was slightly below the OECD average of public health spending in 2009. Public sector funding included most hospital and physician costs with the other 30% primarily paid by

1879:

Compared to the general population, women with intellectual disabilities aged 18–69 years were found to undergo cervical cancer screening less often. Results demonstrated them to be 1.5 times less likely to undergo a Pap test in the past three years compared to similar aged women without

1718:

In contemporary Canadian healthcare, research indicates that everyday racism adversely affects the health outcomes of Black Canadians and other racialized communities. For instance, in Ontario, Black people, constituting 5% of the population, represented one-quarter of new HIV diagnoses.

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Longer, more complex pathways can also be used to explain potential relationships between socioeconomic status and health outcomes. Duration of poverty has been related to increased chronic stress levels. Recent studies have described how these stress levels can result in the biological

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and in some regions as high as 200% capacity. In 2023, more than 1.3 million Canadians "gave up" waiting for emergency care, and left without being seen. The crisis is projected to continue to build, as Canada's hospitals are unable to operate safely at 90% or greater ongoing capacity.

329:

Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS), 69 percent of Canadians self-reported that they had excellent or very good physical health—an improvement from 60 percent in 2018. In 2019, 80 percent of Canadian adults self-reported having at least one major risk factor for chronic disease:

2116:

From 2000 to 2015, the number of preventable deaths caused by treatable health conditions—diabetes, high blood pressure or some cancers—dropped from 109 to 72 deaths per 100,000. In 2016, of the eleven countries, the U.S. "had the highest rate of avoidable deaths at 112 per 100,000".

511:. Provinces provide partial coverage for children, those living in poverty, and seniors. Programs vary by province. In Ontario, for example, most prescriptions for youths under the age of 24 are covered by the Ontario health insurance plan if no private insurance plan is available. 1860:(ER) visits due to a lack of provisions of healthcare to refugees. This created concerns among Canadian citizens that the overall cost of healthcare will rise due. According to one study, the cuts to IFHP also made funding uncertain for programs that helped pay for ER costs. 1677:. The study discovered a distinct stepwise gradient in Canada, with life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy incrementally increasing as social position improves. They also found that this socioeconomic gap in healthcare had gotten wider in the previous 15 years. 1384:

Canada has robust debates between those who support the one-tier public healthcare, such as the Canadian Health Coalition, a group that formed following the publication of the Romanov Report in 2002, and a number of pro-privatization organizations, such as the conservative

1887:

People with Down syndrome also reported the lowest usage of physiotherapy services compared to other measured population groups, which is a concern given that Down syndrome is associated with a variety of musculoskeletal problems that may be improved with physiotherapy.

1610:

found that the average waiting time between referral from a general practitioner and delivery of elective treatment by a specialist rose from 9.3 weeks in 1993 to 25.6 weeks in 2021. Waiting times ranged from a low of 18.5 weeks in Ontario to 53.2 weeks in Nova Scotia.

289:

Canadian Medicare provides coverage for approximately 70 percent of Canadians' healthcare needs, and the remaining 30 percent is paid for through the private sector. The 30 percent typically relates to services not covered or only partially covered by Medicare, such as

1846:; differences in race, socioeconomic status, income, citizenship status, and other social factors further exacerbate healthcare inequalities. Compared to immigrants, refugees often require additional healthcare due to previous conditions in their countries of origin. 1559:(HDI), found that long waiting times for health services was an important policy issue in most OECD countries. In 2017, Canada ranked above the average on OECD indicators for wait-times and access to care, with average scores for quality of care and use of resources. 1538:

Canada's healthcare system ranks poorly among peer nations on medical technology access indicators, ranking second-to-last in the G20 for MRI units and radiotherapy equipment, fifth-to-last for CT scanners, and has 33% fewer mammography machines than the G20 average.

1257:

The 2024 OurCare Initiative Survey found that, in some provinces, 30% of Canadians lacked access to primary care, 63% lacked access to after-hours or weekend care, and that 65% believed they couldn't get a same or next-day appointment when they urgently needed care.

1876:

approximately 30 percent reported not having had a comprehensive medical examination in the past year, which is what is currently advised in the 2018 Canadian consensus guidelines for practitioners providing primary care for those with intellectual disabilities.

2427:

4.6% of national greenhouse gas emission in 2009 to 2015.With the relationship between air pollution and human health, it was estimated by researchers that "every year, health care emissions result in 23 000 years of life lost due to disability or early death".

795:

use normal hospitals and the federal government then fully compensates the provincial government for the expense. The federal government also covers any user fees the province charges. The federal government maintains a network of clinics and health centers on

1685:"wear-and-tear" for these individuals constantly exposed to social and environmental stressors. Increased stress and lower SES has been correlated with increased blood pressure, worser cholesterol profiles and increased risk for other cardiovascular diseases. 8643: 689:

services that are possibly not covered by Medicare may include cavity fillings, routine dental check-ups, restorative dental care, and preventive care, dentures, dental implants, bridges, crowns, veneers, and in-lays, X-rays, and orthodontic procedures.

515:

Columbia, taxation-based funding was (until January 1, 2020) supplemented by a fixed monthly premium that was waived or reduced for those on low incomes. In Ontario, there is an income tax identified as a health premium on taxable income above $ 20,000.

1020:

Canada, like its North American neighbor the United States, has a ratio of practising physicians to a population that is below the OECD average but a level of practising nurses that is higher than the OECD average, though below the US average in 2016.

425:, publishes a series of surveys of the healthcare system in Canada. Although life-threatening cases are dealt with immediately, some services needed are non-urgent and patients are seen at the next-available appointment in their local chosen facility. 1822:

access mental health services due to the stigmatization that surrounds these issues. Another significant barrier reported was the difficulty immigrants faced in finding mental health providers that were appropriately trained in cultural sensitivity.

1706:

found that all 24 Black women participants experienced objectification, maltreatment, and unequal power dynamics in healthcare, mirroring historical patterns of oppression and exposing racial treatment disparities amid challenging healthcare access.

1229:

However, Canadians "feel grateful for what they have." At times, the complacency has resulted in Canadians not demanding for "better outcomes for lower costs". She said that, Canadians are "always relieved that at least is not the American system."

930:

By 2018, drugs (both prescription and non-prescription) had become the second largest expenditure representing 15.3% of the total, hospitals at 26.6% represented the largest sector by expenses, and physician services represented 15.1% of the total.

1072:, the CMA itself has been a strong advocate of maintaining a strong publicly funded system, including lobbying the federal government to increase funding, and being a founding member of (and active participant in) the Health Action Lobby (HEAL). 1045:

In 2018, to draw attention to the low pay of nurses and the declining level of service provided to patients, more than 700 physicians, residents and medical students in Quebec signed an online petition asking for their pay raises to be canceled.

965:

According to the December 2020 CIHI report, in 2019 public drug programs expenditures were $ 15 billion, representing a one-year increase of 3%. The drug that contributed to about 26% of the increase in spending were drugs for diabetes. In 2018,

1240:, there was "compelling evidence" that Canadians "across all demographics" prefer a "public over a for-profit health-care system." A Strategic Counsel survey found 91% of Canadians prefer their healthcare system instead of a U.S. style system. 555:

costs are not covered in any province other than Quebec, though they are now partially covered in some other provinces. In some provinces, private supplemental plans are available for those who desire private rooms if they are hospitalized.

9953: 1321:. This gave a bloc transfer to the provinces, giving them more flexibility but also reducing the federal influence on the health system. Almost all government health spending goes through Medicare, but there are several smaller programs. 803:

system. Regardless of federal efforts, healthcare for First Nations has generally not been considered effective. Despite being a provincial responsibility, the large health costs have long been partially funded by the federal government.

729:

up to $ 135 per patient per year, plus $ 30 for x-rays. Although the elderly, as well as diabetic patients, may have needs that greatly exceed that limit, such costs would have to be covered by patients or private supplemental insurance.

1523:

Temporary hospital and emergency room closures are common in Canada, with over 1,100 in Ontario alone in 2023, and in 2022, the president of the Canadian Medical Association described Canada's healthcare system with the following quote;

603:

announced an initiative for select provinces to work together to create a larger buying block for more leverage to control costs of pharmaceutical drugs. More than 60 percent of prescription medications are paid for privately in Canada.

835:

represented approximately 70% of total health expenditure since 1997, "includes payments by governments at the federal, provincial/territorial and municipal levels and by workers' compensation boards and other social security schemes".

1659:

The shift from public to private financing has also meant additional labor for women due to families relying on them as caregivers. Less public financing has shifted care to women, leaving "them with more support to provide at home."

669:. According to a CBC report, some police forces "offer benefits plans that cover only a handful of sessions with community psychologists, forcing those seeking help to join lengthy waiting lists to seek free psychiatric assistance." 286:, known as the Romanow Report, revealed that Canadians consider universal access to publicly funded health services as a "fundamental value that ensures national health care insurance for everyone wherever they live in the country." 595:

as they must register separately for it, and it covers a limited range of prescriptions. No premiums are charged. A deductible and out-of-pocket maximum for copayments are set as a percentage of taxable income of two years before.

1217:

overall administrative costs in the in-kind delivery system. Since there are no means tests and no bad-debt problems for doctors under the Canadian in-kind system, doctors billing and collection costs are reduced to almost zero.

882:

automobile insurance or worker's compensation, in addition to those who are not Canadian residents, or providing non-insured services. This provision has been controversial among those seeking a greater role for private funding.

8850: 1818:

accessibility) of physicians and individual patient preferences such as ethnicity and language spoken by physicians are both impactful factors contributing to the precipitous decrease in primary healthcare access by immigrants.

572:

health care. The result is that there is a wide variance in what is covered across the country by the public health system, particularly in more controversial or expensive areas, such as mental health, substance use treatment,

7540: 1024:

A record number of doctors was reported in 2012 with 75,142 physicians, though this includes doctors who have partially or completely opted out of the public health system, which has occurred at record numbers in Quebec. The

1008:

The third largest healthcare expenditure in Canada are physician services which represented 15.1% of the total in 2018. From 1997 through 2009, the proportion of total annual health expenditures spent on physicians declined.

744:

guidelines in provinces covering 84% of Canada's population (excepting British Columbia, Prince Edward Island and Yukon Territory). Wait times are extensive for gender care in Canada, and can be as long as eight years.

9389: 1507:

Plans to address ambulance access that included using taxis instead of ambulances to transport patients have drawn support from local leaders, but rejection from local residents and Ontario's provincial authorities.

1250:

A 2016 Canadian Institute for Health Information survey found that Canadians wait longer to access health care services than citizens in 11 other countries including France, Germany, the United States and Australia.

1155:

There is considerable variation across the provinces/territories as to the extent to which such costs as out of hospital prescription medications, assistive devices, physical therapy, long-term care, dental care and

1488:(HIT), all 10 provinces still have their own separate incompatible HIT systems. A recent study showed that a shift to shared open source medical software could save Canada's healthcare system millions of dollars. 1454:

has focused on investigating the Canadian healthcare system's historic and problematic wait times by publishing an annual report based on a nationwide survey of physicians and health care practitioners, entitled

15062: 15032: 14937: 1663:

Women's additional healthcare requirements, such as pregnancy, further exacerbate the gender gap. Despite comprising approximately half of Canada's population, women receive the majority of Canadian healthcare.

1634:

1087:. The report stated that 1,370 obstetricians were practising in Canada and that number is expected to fall by at least one-third within five years. The society is asking the government to increase the number of 1571:(CHT) to improve wait times for access to essential services, a challenge that most other OECD countries shared at that time. By 2006, the federal government had invested C$ 5.5 billion to decrease wait times. 1293:

ruled that the federal government had the responsibility of protecting the health and well-being of the population, and that the provinces had the responsibility of administering and delivering healthcare.

1065:(CMA); it describes its mission as "To serve and unite the physicians of Canada and be the national advocate, in partnership with the people of Canada, for the highest standards of health and health care." 1567:

expect to wait." In response to the report, in September 2004, the federal government came to an agreement with the provinces and territories add an additional C$ 41 billion over a ten-year period, to the

2253:

According to the Commonwealth report, 11 wealthy countries have a higher number of physicians per 1000 people, than Canada. Norway has 4.8, Canada has 2.7 and the U.S. has 2.6 physicians per 1000 people.

8369: 498:

claim against the provincial insurer. There is no need for the person who accesses healthcare to be involved in billing and reclaim. Private health expenditure accounts for 30% of health care financing.

9636: 1152:

individuals through their private or workplace insurance or out-of-pocket. Half of private health expenditure comes from private insurance and the remaining half is supplied by out-of-pocket payments.

993:

Public provincial and territorial health insurance covers "43% of out‑of‑hospital medicine"; private insurance covers 35%; and the remainder, which represents 22% is paid by individuals out-of-pocket.

1201:

Total health spending per resident varies from $ 7,378 in Newfoundland and Labrador to $ 6,321 in British Columbia. Public drug spending increased by 4.5% in 2016, driven largely by prescriptions for

831:

federal government to the provinces in the form of the CHT. Direct funding from the federal government, as well as funds from municipal governments and social security funds represented 4.8% in 2018.

1091:

spots for obstetrics and gynecologists by 30 percent a year for three years and also recommended rotating placements of doctors into smaller communities to encourage them to take up residence there.

1702:

encounter pervasive discrimination from overt acts like harassment to subtle daily indignities, eroding trust and discouraging Black Canadians from seeking medical care. A quantitative study in the

15037: 2030:; this cross-border purchasing has been estimated at $ 1 billion annually. Some states like Florida have signed bills to import prescription drugs from Canada but are awaiting federal approval. 2130: 871:... The situation we are seeing now are more services around not being funded publicly but people having to pay for them, or their insurance companies. We have sort of a passive privatization." 9896:

Husbands, Winston; Lawson, Daeria O.; Etowa, Egbe B.; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Baidoobonso, Shamara; Tharao, Wangari; Yaya, Sanni; Nelson, LaRon E.; Aden, Muna; Etowa, Josephine (October 1, 2022).

9839:

Husbands, Winston; Lawson, Daeria O.; Etowa, Egbe B.; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Baidoobonso, Shamara; Tharao, Wangari; Yaya, Sanni; Nelson, LaRon E.; Aden, Muna; Etowa, Josephine (October 1, 2022).

9578:

Husbands, Winston; Lawson, Daeria O.; Etowa, Egbe B.; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Baidoobonso, Shamara; Tharao, Wangari; Yaya, Sanni; Nelson, LaRon E.; Aden, Muna; Etowa, Josephine (October 1, 2022).

7502: 3962: 2108:

to the U.S. system. According to a report by the New York-based independent health-care advocacy group, The Commonwealth Fund, that compared 11 rich countries, over 25% of Canadians report a

567:

Basic health coverage is not affected by loss or change of jobs, cannot be denied due to unpaid premiums, and is not subject to lifetime limits or exclusions for pre-existing conditions. The

2218:

Based on Statistics Canada data from 2017 to 2019, women in Canada have a life expectancy at 65 of 22.2 years or 87.5 years and men at 65 have a life expectancy of 19.5 years or 84.5 years.

14927: 9078: 2312:

with the support of the Canadian Constitution Foundation, a "conservative organization which funds litigation involving individual freedoms, economic liberty, and equality before the law".

6323: 1236:

poll found that 86.2% of Canadians "supported or strongly supported" "public solutions" to make Canadian "public health care stronger." According to the survey report, commissioned by the

2489: 132: 12145: 14837: 11937:

Sullivan, William F.; Diepstra, Heidi; Heng, John; Ally, Shara; Bradley, Elspeth; Casson, Ian; Hennen, Brian; Kelly, Maureen; Korossy, Marika; McNeil, Karen; Abells, Dara (April 2018).

1198:

Healthcare costs per capita vary across Canada with Quebec ($ 4,891) and British Columbia ($ 5,254) at the lowest level and Alberta ($ 6,072) and Newfoundland ($ 5,970) at the highest.

526:

provide assistance such as transportation for patients. There are no deductibles on basic health care and co-pays are extremely low or non-existent (supplemental insurance such as Fair

15027: 10498:

Rapid Response Service. The Rapid Response: Facilitators and barriers to health care for lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people. Toronto, ON: Ontario HIV Treatment Network; March 2014.

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ruling. Quebec was influenced by the success of the blend of private and public healthcare services in France, and Brian Day was influenced by similar health services in New Zealand.

1195:

The planning and funding of most publicly insured health services are the responsibility of provinces and territories. There is a regional variation in health system characteristics.

6574: 12433: 10701: 4948: 11549: 6003: 314:. About 65-75 percent of Canadians have some form of supplementary health insurance related to the aforementioned reasons; many receive it through their employers or use secondary 10277:"Empathy, dignity, and respect : creating cultural safety for Aboriginal people in urban health care : H174-39/2012E-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca" 6240: 2113:

the highest of the eleven wealthy countries. In both Canada and the United States there has been an increase in "deaths of despair" which includes substance abuse and overdoses.

7711: 6134: 1237: 12338: 15047: 14440: 8917: 13089: 13067: 3697: 1376:

won the federal election on a "platform that pushed for a mix of public and private health care, provided that health care stays publicly funded and universally accessible".

560:

and some forms of elective surgery are not considered essential care and are generally not covered. For example, Canadian health insurance plans do not cover non-therapeutic

15042: 733:

As of 2014, most, but not all provinces and territories provide some coverage for sex reassignment surgery (also known as gender confirming surgery) and other treatment for

3537:

leading practices and innovation across the country. The Councillors are appointed by the participating provincial and territorial governments and the Government of Canada.

1212:

According to a 2003 article by Lightman, "In-kind delivery in Canada is superior to the American market approach in its efficiency of delivery." In the US, 13.6 percent of

15052: 1484:

There is enormous waste in Canada's healthcare system related to medical records. Although the Canadian federal government has invested more than $ 2.1 billion developing

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King, Nia; Vriezen, Rachael; Edge, Victoria L.; Ford, James; Wood, Michele; Team, IHACC Research; Government, Rigolet Inuit Community; Harper, Sherilee (May 16, 2018).

4371:

The practice of most psychiatrists in Ontario is focused on prescribing medications and consulting with family physicians, psychologists and other health professionals.

867:"Front line practitioners whether they're GP's or specialists, by and large, are not salaried. They're small hardware stores. Same thing with labs and radiology clinics 15017: 15012: 15007: 14713: 14450: 12615: 2227: 1968:

twice in 1999 for medical care. Chrétien allegedly kept the visits a secret, with one occurring during a publicly announced ski trip to Vancouver. Canadian Liberal MP

14997: 10347:"In spite of the system: A qualitatively-driven mixed-methods analysis of the mental health services experiences of LGBTQ people living in poverty in Ontario, Canada" 989:

issued by the House of Commons Standing Committee on Health "spending on medicines dispensed outside hospitals accounted for 85% of total drug expenditures in 2017."

474:. The same data reported that by July 2020, 16% of Canadians were 14-years-old or under, 66.5% were between the ages of 15 and 65, and 17.5% were 65 years and older. 15002: 14892: 14591: 12664: 6742: 970:

drugs were the 2nd highest contributor to increase in pharmaceutical spending. In 2019, this decreased by 18% as fewer people took these drugs. In 2019, spending on

2852: 1728:

Additionally, collecting ethically disaggregated ethno-racial data for monitoring outcomes is essential for positive changes within the Canadian healthcare system.

1343:

In 1996, when faced with a large budget shortfall, the Liberal federal government merged the health transfers with the transfers for other social programs into the

14967: 14872: 14847: 6915: 5852: 4354: 2202: 2171: 2154: 2140: 2126: 1039:

associations, usually on an annual basis. The fee for service model has been criticized for deterring physicians from becoming family doctors in British Columbia.

374: 7090: 4299: 2357:

In 2006, the Government of British Columbia threatened to shut down one private clinic because it was planning to start accepting private payments from patients.

14982: 14907: 14887: 13778: 2511: 2099: 1359: 325:(CIHI), by 2019, Canada's aging population represents an increase in healthcare costs of approximately one percent a year, which is a modest increase. In a 2020 283: 12071: 6519: 3992: 7834: 4197: 1548: 248: 13023: 12998: 9027: 518:

In addition to funding through the tax system, hospitals and medical research are funded in part by charitable contributions. For example, in 2018, Toronto's

14972: 6971: 6688: 5711: 1076: 799:. At the provincial level, there are also several much smaller health programs alongside Medicare. The largest of these is the health care costs paid by the 741: 13640: 6200: 5484: 1863:

In July 2014, Canada's Federal Court ruled that denying health services to asylum seekers was "cruel and unusual treatment" and therefore unconstitutional.

11755: 7386: 3970: 1130:

said, "One of the things that we've got to do, of course, is ensure that we're competitive ... to attract and keep doctors here in Ontario ..."

14668: 13575: 4612: 11729: 8668:

Ho, E.; Coyte, P. C.; Bombardier, C.; Hawker, G.; Wright, J. G. (November 1994). "Ontario patients' acceptance of waiting times for knee replacements".

7128: 6414: 3732: 2435:

consumption. When patients and hospital staff travel to hospitals and clinics they release greenhouse gas, which can be viewed as part of the equation.

1336:. The federal government directly administers health to groups such as the military, and inmates of federal prisons. They also provide some care to the 1115:, making the OMA union a monopoly. Critics argue that this measure has restricted the supply of doctors to guarantee its members' incomes. In 2008, the 911:

From 1988 to 2016, the amount of out‑of‑pocket expenses paid by individuals had grown by about 4.6% annually. By 2016, it amounted to $ 972 per capita.

318:

related to extended coverage for families receiving social assistance or vulnerable demographics, such as seniors, minors, and those with disabilities.

13289: 7885: 2105: 1830:

pharmaceutical medications, while they believed in the curative powers of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as God and traditional folk medicine.

1589:

in 2015. Organizations like this focus on facilitating doctor-patient communication to decrease unnecessary care in Canada and to decrease wait times.

1055: 897:

By 2016, "health care dollars from private insurance were $ 788 per capita" in 2016, which represents an annual growth rate of 6.4% from 1988 to 2016.

386:

lack of prescription drugs coverage. An increasing problem in Canada's health system is a shortage of healthcare professionals and hospital capacity.

11606:

Harris, Helen (2015). "Harming Refugee and Canadian Health: the Negative Consequences of Recent Reforms to Canada's Interim Federal Health Program".

11581: 5596: 3804: 2023: 1187:

perspective to analyze cost reduction, it has been shown that savings made by individual hospitals result in actual cost increases to the provinces.

11345:"If I Was Going to Kill Myself, I Wouldn't Be Calling You. I am Asking for Help: Challenges Influencing Immigrant and Refugee Women's Mental Health" 7277: 4431: 4036: 3477: 14445: 6794: 6030: 4511: 4405: 3947: 2337: 2270: 1420:

article described how American insurance companies were concerned that they would not be as profitable if his healthcare reforms were implemented.

641:

excludes care provided in a "hospital or institution primarily for the mentally disordered." Some institutional care is provided by provinces. The

13140: 12843: 12642: 10535:"Effects of perceived discrimination on mental health and mental health services utilization among gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons" 8317: 6766: 2766: 12699:. Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart 6320: 2026:, either over the Internet or by travelling there to buy them in person, because prescription drug prices in Canada are substantially lower than 482:

blood pressure, arthritis, back problems, eye problems, heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes and urinary incontinence, with many seniors having

13231: 12191: 7667: 7329:

Law, Michael R.; Cheng, Lucy; Kolhatkar, Ashra; Goldsmith, Laurie J.; Morgan, Steven G.; Holbrook, Anne M.; Dhalla, Irfan A. (January 1, 2018).

6148: 3844: 2402:

in-depth article, private medical providers in British Columbia and Quebec were expanding their services encouraged by the Supreme Court's 2005

13645: 13396:"Life cycle environmental emissions and health damages from the Canadian healthcare system: An economic-environmental-epidemiological analysis" 7725: 4975:

Lowndes, Ruth; Struthers, James (Spring 2016). "Changes and Continuities in the Workplace of Long-Term Residential Care in Canada, 1970–2015".

1309: 1304:

In 1975, Health Canada, which was then known as National Health and Welfare, established the National Health Research and Development Program.

143: 11199:"The Resettlement of Central American Men in Canada: From Emotional Distress to Successful Integration | Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees" 1512:“That kind of creative solution is exactly what we need. I was a little bit surprised that the province wasn’t in agreement with that option,” 14816: 13599: 2027: 1851: 10887:"Analysing spatial accessibility to health care: a case study of access by different immigrant groups to primary care physicians in Toronto" 10020:"An exploration of policy options to assist district health authorities in attending to the health needs of African Canadians: a case study" 9981:"An exploration of policy options to assist district health authorities in attending to the health needs of African Canadians: a case study" 5652: 5471: 4062: 3630: 2146:

In comparison, in 2006, Canada spent approximately 10.0% of GDP on healthcare in 2006. The average of OECD countries at that time was 8.9%.

1431:

became the poster child of the Americans for Prosperity support for Republican presidential candidates against then-candidate and President

13738: 8037: 7989: 3040: 2516: 2245:

rate per 100,000 live births in Canada was 8.3 deaths. Since 2008, the rate has been between "4.5 and 8.7 deaths per 100,000 live births".

1999:

because at that time, in 2007, there were hospitals with enough neonatal intensive beds to accommodate the extremely rare quadruple birth.

1254:

In a 2021 Ipsos poll, 71% of Canadians agreed that their health care system is too bureaucratic to respond to the needs of the population.

1123:

agreed to a four-year contract with a 12.25% doctors' pay raise, which was expected to cost Ontarians an extra $ 1 billion. Ontario's then-

489:

Ninety percent of Canadians agree that Canada should have a "national seniors strategy to address needs along the full continuum of care."

422: 12785: 8195: 1592:

In 2014, wait times for knee replacements were much longer in Nova Scotia, compared to Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

927:

doctors. In 1975, the three biggest health costs were hospitals ($ 5.5B/44.7%), physicians ($ 1.8B/15.1%), and medications ($ 1.1B/8.8%).

903:

In many provinces purchasing duplicate health insurance for care already covered by the government's health insurance plan is prohibited.

13718: 10306:"Understanding the intergenerational effects of colonization: Aboriginal women with neurological conditions—their reality and resilience" 8247: 7590: 6007: 5877: 4951:(2009). Home care in Canada: from the margins to the mainstream (Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Healthcare Association. p. 152. 4167: 4128: 3549: 2289: 377:. Canada has performed close to the average on the majority of OECD health indicators since the early 2000s, and ranks above average for 9898:"Black Canadians' Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities" 9841:"Black Canadians' Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities" 9580:"Black Canadians' Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities" 7230: 6488: 3870: 402:(CHT) based on their fulfilling certain "criteria and conditions related to insured health services and extended health care services." 15057: 12108: 9661:

Boakye, Priscilla N; Prendergast, Nadia; Bandari, Bahareh; Anane Brown, Eugenia; Odutayo, Awura-ama; Salami, Sharon (August 18, 2023).

8272: 8220: 7304: 4101: 939:

Hospitals have consistently been the top healthcare expenditure representing 26.6% of total healthcare expenditures in Canada in 2018.

241: 12365: 8758: 5485:"Real Solutions for What Ails Canada's Health Care Systems – Lessons from Sweden and the United Kingdom | Montreal Economic Institute" 962:

By 2018, drugs—both prescription and non-prescription—were the second largest healthcare expenditure in Canada at 15.3% of the total.

373:

billion, or 12.7 percent of Canada's GDP for that year. In 2022 Canada's per-capita spending on health expenditures ranked 12th among

13828: 13798: 13733: 13605: 12342: 7054:"Patients suing province over wait times: Man, woman who couldn't get quick treatment travelled to U.S. to get brain tumours removed" 5327: 4463: 3482: 3443: 3358: 3140: 2809: 2771: 820: 433: 366: 322: 12939: 12452: 10587:"Improving pathways to primary health care among LGBTQ populations and health care providers: key findings from Nova Scotia, Canada" 8370:"Three stabbed teens were driven from a party to a nearby hospital, only to find that the ER was closed. Their story is one of many" 7641: 7615: 923:—$ 30B in 2009 up from $ 26.5B, representing 16.5% in 2007, and physician services—$ 26B in 2009, up from $ 21.5B or 13.4% in 2007. 14987: 13093: 13075: 8299: 4816:"Sex-reassignment surgeries funded in all but two provinces - But gaps remain in which surgeries covered where for trans Canadians" 3704: 2167: 725:

Coverage varies for care related to the feet. In Ontario, as of 2019, Medicare covers between $ 7–16 of each visit to a registered

519: 13045: 8396: 4815: 3039:

Schneider, Eric C.; Shah, Arnav; Doty, Michelle M.; Roosa Tikkanen; Fields, Katharine; Williams II, Reginald D. (August 4, 2021).

1389:, that call for a two-tiered healthcare system. American organizations that support privatization of health services, such as the 13674: 13609: 12533: 6662: 6074: 5977: 3896: 3750: 2813: 2332: 2210:

at the bottom of the list with a life expectancy of 78.6 years. Of the eleven countries, the U.S. spends the most of healthcare.

1412: 1290: 8465: 6100: 4868:"Wait times for bottom surgery in Canada can be as long as eight years. The impact on individuals can be deadly | Xtra Magazine" 1012:

In 2007, physician services cost $ 21.5B representing 13.4% of total health expenditures. By 2009, that had increased to $ 26B.

12281: 7963: 7201: 7063: 6285: 6048: 2308:

On September 5, 2007, the attorneys of Lindsay McCreith and Shona Holmes filed a statement of claim at the Ontario Superior in

10132:"Identifying barriers to healthcare delivery and access in the Circumpolar North: important insights for health professionals" 6457: 697:, which began a staggered enrolment rollout in December 2023, to pay costs for covered dental services of eligible residents. 13619: 7240: 6183: 5631: 5337: 4956: 4690: 3492: 3316: 3241: 2933: 2823: 2645: 2618: 2579: 2364:

is unconstitutional. In 2016, the Government of Quebec was sued for passing Bill 20, which allows and regulates add-on fees.

2283: 2264: 1058:, which is responsible for licensing physicians, setting practice standards, and investigating and disciplining its members. 234: 17: 10512: 7859: 6663:"How Canada Compares Results From The Commonwealth Fund's 2016 International Health Policy Survey of Adults in 11 Countries" 3233:

Health Insurance and Canadian Public Policy: The Seven Decisions That Created the Health Insurance System and Their Outcomes

3217:

Health Insurance and Canadian Public Policy: The Seven Decisions That Created the Health Insurance System and Their Outcomes

1991:

One 2008, KOMO-TV report said that some Canadian pregnant women were "forced" to give birth in U.S. One pregnant woman from

1984:, the premier of Quebec, needed cancer treatment, he went to the U.S. to get it. In 2010, Newfoundland and Labrador Premier 14877: 13753: 12688: 12042: 9390:"Chapter 4: The Chief Public Health Officer's report on the state of public health in Canada 2008 – Education and literacy" 8089: 2385:, who owns the largest private hospital in Canada and who vocally supports increasing private healthcare in Canada. A 2006 1985: 1938: 1157: 486:. Those with chronic conditions are "associated with higher use of home-care services and need for formal-care providers." 10059:"Addressing the Duality of Access to Healthcare for Indigenous Communities: Racism and Geographical Barriers to Safe Care" 6748: 1916:

health officials are actively encouraging people with disabilities and other chronic medical issues to consider suicide."

1781:

receive information that they can understand, such as in reproductive health clinics and postpartum or parenting support.

14227: 13857: 10207:"The hidden costs: Identification of indirect costs associated with acute gastrointestinal illness in an Inuit community" 8414: 8011: 6714: 6640: 2484: 94: 12889: 12759: 11043:"Primary mental health care information and services for St. John's visible minority immigrants: gaps and opportunities" 10944:"Immigrant and refugee social networks: determinants and consequences of social support among women newcomers to Canada" 8344: 7053: 5827: 4358: 14397: 13808: 11343:

Donnelly, Tam Truong; Hwang, Jihye Jasmine; Este, Dave; Ewashen, Carol; Adair, Carol; Clinton, Michael (May 10, 2011).

11098:"Improving Immigrant Populations' Access to Mental Health Services in Canada: A Review of Barriers and Recommendations" 8877:"Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health" 7912: 7098: 6890:

Deadly Spin: An Insurance Company Insider Speaks Out on How Corporate PR Is Killing Health Care and Deceiving Americans

5952: 5515: 4307: 1528:"We've been saying for a while that we're concerned about collapse. And in some places, collapse has already happened," 12311: 11884:"Healthcare services utilization among people with intellectual disability and comparison with the general population" 11290:"Types and factor structure of barriers to utilization of health services among aging South Asians in Calgary, Canada" 8785: 5907: 5788: 3306: 3189: 2150: 1768:

experience ambiguous or alienating language in their health policies. According to Colpitts, the "heteronormative and

919:

The highest health expenditures were hospitals—$ 51B in 2009 up from $ 45.4B, representing 28.2% in 2007, followed by

14942: 14809: 14166: 13823: 13748: 13743: 13728: 8947: 8415:"Five N.B. hospitals close or reduce hours ahead of weekend citing staffing shortage - New Brunswick | Globalnews.ca" 8063: 6126: 5291: 4383: 3922: 2686: 2479: 2328: 2302: 2058: 1344: 1283: 7120: 5925: 5426: 2377:

included an interview with Michael McBane and Brian Day on the future of health care in Canada. In August 2007, the

1243:

A 2009 Harris-Decima poll found 82% of Canadians preferred their healthcare system to the one in the United States.

14749: 14703: 14367: 13803: 13773: 12141: 9329:

French, Simone A.; Tangney, Christy C.; Crane, Melissa M.; Wang, Yamin; Appelhans, Bradley M. (February 26, 2019).

7938: 2709: 12079: 8492: 6979: 6831: 942:

Hospital capacity in Canada peaked in 1970. Since then, per-capita hospital bed capacity has been reduced by 63%.

14947: 14616: 13838: 13314: 12914: 11453:

McKeary, Marie (2010). "Barriers to Care: The Challenges for Canadian Refugees and their Health Care Providers".

7685: 7179: 6211: 3602: 3409: 2233:

In comparison, in the U.S. during the same period, the rate decreased slowly from 22.49 to 6.98 deaths per 1000.

1867:

training in medical schools will help ensure the sustainability of the healthcare system's response to refugees.

654: 12738: 8617: 8440: 5616:

Geographic Variations in Health Care: What do We Know and What Can be Done to Improve Health System Performance?

4867: 1656:. As such, women are less likely to have private insurance to cover the costs of drugs and healthcare services. 14190: 12470: 8703: 7913:"Crowded hospitals, paramedic shortage to blame for lack of Sask. ambulance service, says health-care official" 6570: 6395:

Kenneth, MacInnes; McAlister, Vivian (February 1, 2001). "Myopia of Health-Care Reform Using Business Models".

5736: 4638: 2888: 1318: 13570: 10345:

Ross, Lori E.; Gibson, Margaret F.; Daley, Andrea; Steele, Leah S.; Williams, Charmaine C. (August 14, 2018).

3002: 2262:

There have been several court cases that have challenged Canadian and provincial health systems including the

1104:

private financing. The history of Canadian physicians in the development of Medicare has been described by C.

855:

private insurance companies. The amount of out-of-pocket spending represented 49% of private sector spending.

15083: 14264: 14067: 13818: 11939:"Primary care of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: 2018 Canadian consensus guidelines" 9148: 7091:"New lawsuit threatens Ontario private care ban: "Ontario Chaoulli" case seeks to catalyze healthcare reform" 6942: 6422: 2506: 1880:

disabilities. For breast cancer screening, women living with severe or profound intellectual disabilities or

1485: 1337: 1267: 179: 110: 33: 8140: 5061:"The evolving role of health care aides in the long-term care and home and community care sectors in Canada" 3022: 1347:, and overall funding levels were cut. This placed considerable pressure on the provinces and combined with 14802: 14340: 14315: 14247: 13708: 13115: 12813: 10105: 7835:"Paramedics warn overwhelmed Ontario hospitals causing spillover effects, fewer ambulances | Globalnews.ca" 7405: 7027: 6544: 6369:"Ambulance Services Billing - Ontario Health Insurance (OHIP) - Publications - Public Information - MOHLTC" 6236: 4716: 3521: 2731: 2414: 2378: 1737: 1301:

had a large healthcare network, but this was merged into the general system with the creation of Medicare.

1062: 900:

According to a 2004 OECD report, 75% of Canadians had some form of supplementary private health insurance.

860: 662: 11235:"Knowledge of determinants of mental health among Iranian immigrants of BC, Canada: "a qualitative study"" 10702:"Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System" 8798: 8517: 5600: 4018: 637:. In Canada, psychiatrists tend to focus on the treatment of mental illness with medication. However, the 14739: 14320: 14195: 14053: 13667: 13141:"Inside the nearly eight-year long fight of Brian Day, the doctor who would free Canadians from medicare" 13024:"B.C. Supreme Court rules against legalizing private health care following decade-long battle | CTV News" 8787:

Huffington Post: How to Reduce Wait Times in Canadian Health Care, May 16, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.

8345:"Hundreds rally in Surrey, B.C., as health minister under fire for continued ER closures across province" 6888: 5322: 4438: 3498: 2395:

pay. Dogs are put down if their owners can't pay. Access to care should not be based on ability to pay."

1951: 1464: 1202: 1116: 791: 769:, in Canada, the supply of home care aids (HCA)s was not meeting the demand required to provide adequate 265: 88: 66: 13394:

Eckelman, Matthew J.; Sherman, Jodi D.; MacNeill, Andrea J. (July 31, 2018). Patz, Jonathan Alan (ed.).

10406:""I feel like I am surviving the health care system": understanding LGBTQ health in Nova Scotia, Canada" 5367: 4664: 4409: 2595: 1411:

As healthcare debate in the United States reached the top of the U.S. domestic policy agenda during the

14683: 14637: 14475: 14330: 14254: 14155: 14139: 13843: 13813: 13783: 13764: 13571:

Canadian Federalism and Public Health Care: The Evolution of Federal-Provincial Relations | re:politics

13523:"Healthcare system leadership and climate change: five lessons for improving health systems resiliency" 11400:"Understanding Immigrants' Reluctance to Use Mental Health Services: A Qualitative Study from Montreal" 11198: 10180: 8166: 7712:"Hospital capacity crisis in Quebec continues, but hospitals across the country are feeling the strain" 3668: 2776: 1710:

Black Canadians encounter significant racial treatment disparities, including lower rates of receiving

1640: 11824:

Baxter, Helen; Lowe, Kathy; Houston, Helen; Jones, Glyn; Felce, David; Kerr, Michael (February 2006).

10733: 7753:"Without more acute care beds, hospitals are on their own to grapple with emergency department crises" 5614:

Alari, A.; Lafortune, G. & Srivastava, D. (2014). "Canada: Geographic variations in health care".

5389: 4276: 15022: 14932: 14842: 14581: 14533: 14499: 14237: 14072: 13969: 13894: 12312:"Some Canadian mothers forced to give birth in U.S. | KOMO-TV - Seattle, Washington | News" 11529: 8567: 7261:

A PRESCRIPTION FOR CANADA: ACHIEVING PHARMACARE FOR ALL (Government of Canada report, retrieved 2023)

6744:

A 10-year plan to strengthen health care - 2004 First Ministers' Meeting on the Future of Health Care

4584: 3065:

A PRESCRIPTION FOR CANADA: ACHIEVING PHARMACARE FOR ALL (Government of Canada report, retrieved 2023)

2671: 2370:

are used in some provinces as in place of or in parallel with the traditional fee for service model.

1578:

promised that all ten provinces and three territories would establish wait-time guarantees by 2010.

694: 600: 315: 11219: 8493:"'This is a crisis': Head of medical association warns that the health-care system faces 'collapse'" 3380: 1416:

reforms. The Huffington Post described it as the "American politics of Canadian healthcare." A 2009

1171: 863:, an "estimated 75% of Canadian health care services are delivered privately but funded publicly." 14862: 14734: 14362: 14161: 14092: 14082: 14077: 14062: 13361: 12665:"Waiting for health-care reform: Patients are paying the price for our public health-care monopoly" 9784:"Exploring Biologic Treatment Hesitancy Among Black and Indigenous Populations in Canada: a Review" 9720:"Exploring Biologic Treatment Hesitancy Among Black and Indigenous Populations in Canada: a Review" 9282:

Lanphear, B. P.; Kahn, R. S.; Berger, O.; Auinger, P.; Bortnick, S. M.; Nahhas, R. W. (June 2001).

7668:"Some of Ontario's biggest hospitals are filled beyond capacity nearly every day, new data reveals" 7527: 6368: 4080: 3576: 3522:"Seniors in need, caregivers in distress: What are the home care priorities for seniors in Canada?" 2712:. The Health of Canadians – The Federal Role. 17.2 Universality: Parliament of Canada. October 2002 2536: 2069:. Recent legalization of marijuana in some states of the U.S. has reduced this type of travelling. 2009: 1394: 800: 577: 448: 13587: 13522: 9149:"Socioeconomic disparities in life and health expectancy among the household population in Canada" 8851:"ARCHIVED - Measuring Health Inequalities Among Canadian Women: Developing a Basket of Indicators" 8115: 8012:"Hamilton paramedics' code zeroes — 1 or no ambulances for emergencies — tripled over all of 2021" 6174:

Private Practice, Public Payment: Canadian Medicine and the Politics of Health Insurance 1911-1966

3553: 1439:. In 2005, Holmes had paid $ 100,000 out-of-pocket for immediate treatment for a condition called 1163: 1042:

CTV news reported that, in 2006, family physicians in Canada made an average of $ 202,000 a year.

14917: 14325: 14291: 14178: 13793: 13701: 10780: 10130:

Huot, S.; Ho, H.; Ko, A.; Lam, S.; Tactay, P.; MacLachlan, J.; Raanaas, R. K. (January 1, 2019).

8876: 8441:"Emergency rooms in rural B.C. were closed for equivalent of around 4 months in 2022, data shows" 7809: 5660: 5012:"Occupational hazards for home care nurses across the rural-to-urban gradient in Ontario, Canada" 3634: 2367: 2278: 2230:

rate for Canada dropped gradually from 20.9 deaths per 1000 live births to 4.98 deaths per 1000.

2175: 1674: 1586: 1556: 1298: 787: 523: 299: 12471:"Colorado wants to import prescription drugs from Canada. How it could work, and why it may not" 11730:"Cuts to Refugee Health Care Found Unconstitutional: Canadian Doctors for Refugee Care v Canada" 11704: 11642: 10276: 7331:"The consequences of patient charges for prescription drugs in Canada: a cross-sectional survey" 5762: 5059:

Berta, Whitney; Laporte, Audrey; Deber, Raisa; Baumann, Andrea; Gamble, Brenda (June 14, 2013).

3283: 1773:

language of health policy, they would not be able to receive adequate healthcare based on their

599:

negotiated with suppliers by each provincial government to control costs but more recently, the

14902: 14729: 14673: 14661: 14651: 14556: 14526: 14377: 14347: 14335: 14296: 14232: 14173: 14129: 13660: 12713: 12556:"How do I resume my health care coverage when returning to Canada following a lengthy absence?" 12487: 11480:

Lane, Ginny; Farag, Marwa; White, Judy; Nisbet, Christine; Vatanparast, Hassan (October 2018).

11153:"Depression: the 'invisible grey fog' influencing the midlife health of African Canadian women" 7616:"Patients lay for hours on Misericordia Hospital ER floor: 'It was disgusting' | Globalnews.ca" 7446: 7001: 5010:

Wong, Matthew; Saari, Margaret; Patterson, Erin; Puts, Martine; Tourangeau, Ann E. (May 2017).

4355:"Frequently Asked Questions: What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?" 2921: 2474: 2360:

Since 2008, Dr. Brian Day has been suing the British Columbia government on the basis that the

2158: 1568: 1440: 1274: 824: 710: 573: 415:

world as measured by longevity, lifestyle and effective use of the public health care system."

399: 355: 83: 12999:"B.C. Supreme Court rules against legalizing private health care following decade-long battle" 12170: 9103:

McIntosh, Cameron N.; Finès, Philippe; Wilkins, Russell; Wolfson, Michael C. (December 2009).

8729: 5885: 5413: 4717:"Canada's new dental care plan could impact nearly 9 million Canadians — are you one of them?" 4175: 4102:"Paying to treat infertility: Coverage varies widely across Canada - National | Globalnews.ca" 2569: 14977: 14404: 14286: 14242: 14200: 14185: 13935: 11206: 10305: 5978:"Fee-for-service model is deterring aspiring family doctors from setting up practice: report" 5926:"Canada is short of doctors — and it's turning away hundreds of its own physicians each year" 5697: 4241: 2923: 2635: 2544: 1551:(OECD) that examined wait times in member nations—all of which are democratic countries with 1120: 279: 169: 13625: 12555: 12116: 11643:"The Cost and Impact of the Interim Federal Health Program Cuts on Child Refugees in Canada" 8774: 8542: 6172: 3332: 2949: 2829: 1307:

In 1977, cost-sharing agreement between the federal and provincial governments, through the

467:

By February 2024, the median age in Canada was 40.6 years in 2023 compared to 39.5 in 2006.

459: 14922: 14912: 14852: 14509: 14492: 14424: 14419: 14146: 14116: 13909: 12577: 12506: 11657: 10898: 10358: 10218: 9663:"Obstetric racism and perceived quality of maternity care in Canada: Voices of Black women" 9427: 7686:"3 Montreal ERs hit above 200% capacity, despite pleas to avoid if you can | Globalnews.ca" 2494: 1996: 1974: 1897: 1703: 975: 954:

hospital admission rates due to there being a lack of doctors and hospitals in the region.

823:

reported that healthcare spending is expected to reach $ 242 billion, or 11.5% of Canada's

766: 658: 530:

may have deductibles, depending on income). In general, user fees are not permitted by the

522:

embarked on campaign to raise $ 1.3 billion to equip a new hospital. Charities such as the

381:, but the number of doctors and hospital beds are considerably below the OECD average. The 378: 174: 117: 49: 12434:"Gov. DeSantis signs bill that would allow Florida to pursue importing prescription drugs" 8592: 6862: 4467: 3163: 470:

By July 2020, there were 6,835,866 individuals who were 65 years old and older and 11,517

8: 14897: 14596: 14514: 14470: 14409: 14222: 14102: 13959: 10781:"Accessibility and use of primary healthcare for immigrants living in the Niagara Region" 9105:"Income disparities in health-adjusted life expectancy for Canadian adults, 1991 to 2001" 9053:"Health Care Privatization: Women Are Paying the Price | Canadian Women's Health Network" 7431: 2857: 2197: 2020:

Some U.S. citizens travel to Canada for healthcare-related mainly to access lower costs.

1552: 1436: 813: 775: 359: 311: 11661: 10902: 10362: 10222: 9695: 9662: 9431: 8196:"Ontario regions face ambulance pressures and province won't release offload delay data" 7785: 7479: 7151: 6446:

Ernie Lightman, 2003 Social policy in Canada Toronto: Oxford University Press pg 130-131

4889: 4741: 3963:"B.C.'s medical services watchdog sues Vancouver clinic, alleging illegal extra billing" 1797:

enhance the quality of care and provide it in a non-judgemental, gender-neutral manner.

1477:

Canada's health system is a shortage of healthcare professionals and hospital capacity.

14867: 14611: 14487: 14414: 14352: 14259: 14213: 14134: 14097: 14021: 13498: 13430: 13395: 12023: 11963: 11938: 11919: 11850: 11825: 11680: 11623: 11435: 11380: 11325: 11270: 11133: 11078: 11023: 10924: 10858: 10734:"The same but different: clinician–patient communication with gay and lesbian patients" 10683: 10621: 10586: 10478: 10432: 10405: 10381: 10346: 10249: 10206: 10156: 9930: 9873: 9816: 9752: 9612: 9482: 9458: 9415: 9365: 9330: 9210: 9177: 9003: 8976: 8823: 8755: 7363: 5242: 5217: 5193: 5168: 5144: 5119: 5095: 5060: 5041: 4992: 4561: 4534: 3247: 3112: 3079: 2500: 2242: 2046: 2034: 2004: 1843: 1619: 1428: 1225:

According to a 2020 survey, 75% of Canadians "were proud of their health-care system."

1124: 184: 164: 127: 12409: 12384: 12260: 10749: 7964:"Ottawa has already hit 'level zero' with no available ambulances 526 times this year" 7886:"'Isn't a blip': Sask. NDP says no ambulance was available 1,132 times since February" 6972:"Americans Lives vs. Insurance Company Profits: The Real Battle in Health Care Reform" 6078: 5804: 4329: 3757: 2981: 14708: 14678: 14626: 14586: 14576: 14548: 14521: 14357: 14303: 14278: 13997: 13987: 13691: 13615: 13550: 13542: 13503: 13485: 13435: 13417: 13290:"Private Vancouver clinic loses constitutional challenge of public health-care rules" 13239: 13209: 12848: 12696: 12414: 12241: 12015: 12007: 11968: 11950: 11923: 11911: 11903: 11855: 11837: 11806: 11685: 11627: 11511: 11503: 11427: 11419: 11372: 11364: 11317: 11309: 11262: 11254: 11180: 11172: 11168: 11125: 11117: 11070: 11062: 11015: 11007: 10963: 10955: 10916: 10850: 10842: 10800: 10761: 10753: 10675: 10667: 10626: 10608: 10562: 10554: 10482: 10437: 10386: 10327: 10304:

Bourassa, Carrie; Blind, Melissa; Dietrich, Devin; Oleson, Eric (December 17, 2015).

10254: 10236: 10161: 10086: 10078: 10039: 10000: 9935: 9917: 9878: 9860: 9821: 9803: 9782:

Akuffo-Addo, Edgar; Udounwa, Theodora; Chan, Jocelyn; Cauchi, Laura (April 1, 2023).

9757: 9739: 9718:

Akuffo-Addo, Edgar; Udounwa, Theodora; Chan, Jocelyn; Cauchi, Laura (April 1, 2023).

9700: 9682: 9617: 9599: 9560: 9502: 9463: 9445: 9370: 9352: 9311: 9303: 9264: 9256: 9215: 9197: 9124: 9116: 9008: 8896: 8685: 8677: 8397:"Staff shortages at 2 N.B. hospitals lead to closures of labour and obstetrics units" 8141:"Health authorities across Canada cut hours of emergency departments | Globalnews.ca" 7790: 7772: 7484: 7466: 7368: 7350: 7278:"Some Canadian Health Care Patients Say They're Being Encouraged To Just Die Already" 7236: 6802: 6795:"How the Koch brothers built the most powerful rightwing group you've never heard of" 6179: 6104: 5808: 5627: 5333: 5247: 5198: 5149: 5100: 5082: 5033: 4996: 4952: 4566: 4215: 3941: 3488: 3312: 3237: 3117: 3099: 2929: 2893: 2862: 2819: 2725: 2682: 2641: 2614: 2575: 2540: 2087: 1911: 1711: 1596: 1184: 1026: 770: 737:. In Ontario, sex reassignment surgery requires prior approval before being covered. 714: 503: 395: 382: 339: 335: 331: 326: 291: 274: 269: 206: 201: 194: 122: 78: 72: 13167: 12971: 12700: 12289: 12027: 11384: 11274: 11137: 11082: 10986:"Barriers to access to mental health services for ethnic seniors: the Toronto study" 10928: 10862: 10796: 10646:"Ending LGBT invisibility in health care: The first step in ensuring equitable care" 10457:"LGBT Health Care Access: Considering the Contributions of an Invitational Approach" 8892: 7591:"Canadian health care struggles to find a cure for hallway medicine | Globalnews.ca" 6715:"Massive new survey finds widespread frustration with access to primary health care" 6296: 6052: 5427:"Controversial for-fee service connects Ontario doctors and patients via video chat" 3782: 3284:"Healthy Canadians: Canadian government report on comparable health care indicators" 761:

One in four caregivers provide care related to aging. A 2016 study published in the

14744: 14621: 14571: 14566: 14150: 13879: 13833: 13534: 13493: 13477: 13425: 13407: 13201: 12404: 12396: 12231: 12220:"Phantoms in the Snow: Canadians' Use of Health Care Services in the United States" 11999: 11958: 11895: 11845: 11796: 11675: 11665: 11615: 11493: 11462: 11439: 11411: 11356: 11329: 11301: 11246: 11164: 11109: 11096:

Thomson, Mary Susan; Chaze, Ferzana; George, Usha; Guruge, Sepali (December 2015).

11054: 11027: 10997: 10906: 10834: 10792: 10745: 10687: 10657: 10616: 10598: 10546: 10468: 10427: 10417: 10376: 10366: 10317: 10244: 10226: 10151: 10143: 10070: 10031: 9992: 9925: 9909: 9868: 9852: 9811: 9795: 9747: 9731: 9690: 9674: 9607: 9591: 9550: 9540: 9494: 9453: 9435: 9360: 9342: 9331:"Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: the SHoPPER study" 9295: 9246: 9205: 9189: 9178:"The Social Determinants of Health: It's Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes" 8998: 8988: 8888: 8090:"No Ottawa ambulances available for more than 15 straight hours at end of December" 7780: 7764: 7474: 7458: 7358: 7342: 5800: 5763:"Canada's family doctor shortage: 10 million will soon lack access to primary care" 5619: 5237: 5229: 5188: 5180: 5139: 5131: 5090: 5072: 5045: 5023: 4984: 4841: 4556: 4546: 3107: 3091: 3048: 2985: 2346: 1969: 1934: 1905: 1884:

were found to be screened significantly less than those in the general population.

1607: 1451: 1386: 1348: 734: 605: 557: 307: 12639: 10147: 8644:"Time to Patient's First Orthopedic Surgical Appointment – Health Quality Ontario" 5169:"Access to health care among status Aboriginal people with chronic kidney disease" 1961: 1930: 1500:

In addition, ambulance access in Canada is also inconsistent and decreasing, with

1408:

publicly funded Canadian system by focusing on wait times for elective surgeries.

14782: 14601: 14538: 14504: 14308: 14033: 14011: 14006: 13591: 13412: 13336: 12890:"B.C. Supreme Court rules against legalizing private healthcare in landmark case" 12863: 12646: 12616:"Canada lags behind peers in doctors per capita, but average in physician visits" 11670: 11360: 10911: 10886: 10371: 10231: 8762: 8116:"ERs face worse wait-times this summer, as 'waiting-room' medicine gets creative" 6327: 5712:"780 doctors opted out of medicare in Quebec. Only 14 have in the rest of Canada" 2466: 2109: 1981: 1926: 1774: 1699: 1623: 1127: 706: 650: 630: 189: 137: 12534:"Studying, Working or Travelling to Another Province or Territory Within Canada" 11151:

Etowa, Josephine; Keddy, Barbara; Egbeyemi, Julius; Eghan, Felicia (June 2007).

10131: 9498: 9284:"Contribution of residential exposures to asthma in us children and adolescents" 6916:"The 2008 Presidential Candidates' Health Reform Proposals: Choices for America" 6689:"Les québécois en faveur d'une implication du privé dans le secteur de la Santé" 4763: 3135: 2889:

Canadians report lower self-perceived mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

1856:

Program (IFHP). The changes in refugee healthcare programs created in a rise in

394:

The primary objective of the Canadian healthcare policy, as set out in the 1984

14656: 14606: 14028: 14016: 13982: 13788: 13538: 11415: 11344: 11002: 10985: 10322: 9913: 9856: 9799: 9735: 9595: 9420:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

9193: 8993: 7462: 7447:"Economic Efficiency of an Open-Source National Medical Lab Software in Canada" 6884: 5623: 4789: 2390:

director and president, had a staff of 120 doctors. Day was quoted in the 2006

2139:

In 2022, Canada's per-capita spending on health expenditures ranked 12th among

2066: 1857: 1758: 1575: 1400: 1390: 1373: 1233: 1088: 1084: 997: 796: 677:

Among the OECD countries, Canada ranks second to last in the public funding of

483: 295: 14794: 12003: 11619: 11305: 11250: 11113: 11058: 10838: 10603: 10550: 10422: 10074: 10035: 9996: 9678: 9637:"Social determinants and inequities in health for Black Canadians: A Snapshot" 9529:"Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature" 9347: 8776:, CMAJ: More Hospitals Choosing Wisely, June 8, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015. 7939:"Calgary EMS had no ambulances available more than 3,500 times this past year" 7387:"Almost 1 million Canadians give up food, heat to afford prescriptions: study" 5681: 5599:. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. July 26, 2010. Archived from 5218:"Addressing inequities in access to quality health care for indigenous people" 3410:"Improving Health System Efficiency in Canada Perspectives of Decision-Makers" 2922:

David Gregory; Tracey Stephens; Christy Raymond-Seniuk; Linda Patrick (2019).

2271:

Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia (Medical Services Commission)

2008:

said that, "More than 150 critically ill Canadians—many with life-threatening

1941:

have been criticized for being cynical, ironic, hypocritical, and/or elitist.

15077: 14770: 14124: 14038: 13889: 13546: 13489: 13421: 13243: 13168:"Primary Care Payment Models in Ontario - Health Care Professionals - MOHLTC" 12011: 11954: 11907: 11841: 11582:"Current refugee health care system still violates court decision: advocates" 11507: 11423: 11399: 11368: 11313: 11258: 11176: 11121: 11066: 11011: 10959: 10920: 10846: 10757: 10671: 10612: 10558: 10331: 10275:

Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (July 1, 2002).

10240: 10082: 10043: 10004: 9921: 9897: 9864: 9840: 9807: 9783: 9743: 9719: 9686: 9603: 9579: 9545: 9528: 9449: 9356: 9307: 9260: 9201: 9120: 8681: 7776: 7470: 7354: 6806: 5216:

Peiris, David; Alex Brown; BMed MPH; Alan Cass; MBBS PhD (November 4, 2008).

5086: 4384:"Canada Health Act Exclusion of Certain Psychiatric Services Draws Attention" 3822: 3381:"Health System Efficiency in Canada: Why Does Efficiency Vary Among Regions?" 3103: 2866: 2497:- tabular comparisons of the US, Canada, and other countries not shown above. 2452: 1881: 1769: 1080: 544: 418: 303: 224: 59: 12236: 12219: 11987: 11883: 11826:"Previously unidentified morbidity in patients with intellectual disability" 11289: 11234: 11152: 11097: 11042: 10943: 10822: 10662: 10534: 10473: 10456: 10106:"The Daily — Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census" 10058: 10019: 9980: 9440: 9283: 9104: 9079:"Key Health Inequalities in Canada: A National Portrait – Executive Summary" 8064:"Woman in south Ottawa had to wait 6 hours for ambulance after hip fracture" 6330:. Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). Retrieved: May 28, 2013. 5853:"Can new approaches to medical curriculum solve the family doctor shortage?" 5077: 4915: 4551: 3272:

Annual Report 2014-2015 (Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Health. 2015.

2268:

and the high-profile, multi-year lawsuit against the provincial government,

2082:

home province or territory is accepted for hospital and physician services.

2037:

is legal in Canada but illegal in some of the U.S., many U.S. citizens with

14561: 13992: 13919: 13641:

Exploring the 70/30 Split: How Canada's Health Care System Is Financed 2006

13554: 13507: 13465: 13439: 13213: 12490: 12418: 12315: 12245: 12019: 11972: 11915: 11859: 11810: 11689: 11515: 11498: 11482:"Chronic health disparities among refugee and immigrant children in Canada" 11481: 11431: 11376: 11321: 11266: 11184: 11129: 11074: 11019: 10967: 10854: 10804: 10765: 10679: 10630: 10566: 10441: 10390: 10258: 10165: 10090: 9939: 9882: 9825: 9761: 9704: 9621: 9467: 9374: 9315: 9299: 9268: 9251: 9234: 9219: 9128: 9012: 8900: 8765:, Office of the Prime Minister, April 4, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2007. 7794: 7752: 7488: 7372: 7346: 7058: 6836: 6435:

Spending on drugs is expected to outpace spending on hospitals and doctors.

5812: 5597:"Public Information - Public - Hospitals - Questions and Answers - Details" 5251: 5202: 5153: 5104: 5037: 4570: 3845:"SickKids hospital rallying 'crews' around $ 1.3-billion fundraising drive" 3438: 3121: 2853:"Everything you ever wanted to know about Canadian health care in one post" 1432: 1424: 1332:, that are required to meet the general guidelines laid out in the federal 1105: 700: 646: 626: 561: 13481: 12218:

Katz, S. J.; Cardiff, K.; Pascali, M.; Barer, M. L.; Evans, R. G. (2002).

10942:

Hynie, Michaela; Crooks, Valorie A.; Barragan, Jackeline (December 2011).

9564: 9506: 9235:"Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates" 8689: 7330: 5444: 3603:"2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, by Age and Sex" 3251: 3231: 3128: 1261: 1111:

In 1991, the Ontario Medical Association agreed to become a province-wide

894:

In Canada private health insurances is mainly provided through employers.

14087: 13899: 13604: 12104: 11801: 11784: 11550:"Federal Court rules against government's cuts to refugee health program" 11466: 10181:"Inuit health: Selected findings from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey" 9555: 4988: 4489: 4153: 3095: 2808: 2054: 1965: 1937:'s visit to the Mayo in 2007, and then Newfoundland and Labrador Premier 1765: 1444: 1206: 1175:

Total Canadian health care expenditures in 1997 dollars from 1975 to 2009

1112: 967: 678: 552: 471: 13205: 12400: 10645: 7768: 7271: 7269: 7267: 5233: 5184: 5135: 3751:"Exploring the 70/30 Split: How Canada's Health Care System Is Financed" 3353: 2989: 1563:

end to provincial funding cuts as solutions to unacceptable wait times.

1397:

have focused criticism of the Canadian healthcare system on wait times.

1054:

Each province regulates its medical profession through a self-governing

786:

The largest group the federal government is directly responsible for is

346:(OECD) countries attributing to approximately 2.7 million cases of 13723: 12578:"Do I need private health care coverage when travelling within Canada?" 11398:

Whitley, Rob; Kirmayer, Laurence J; Groleau, Danielle (March 1, 2006).

8518:"Health equipment - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) units - OECD Data" 8038:"'Level zero' ambulance problem worsens dramatically in Ottawa in 2022" 7990:"'Level zero' ambulance problem worsens dramatically in Ottawa in 2022" 7229:

Barua, Bacchus; Hasan, Sazid; Timmermans, Ingrid (September 21, 2017),

6615:"Never mind the anecdotes: Do Canadians like their health-care system?" 6597:"Never mind the anecdotes: Do Canadians like their health-care system?" 3052: 2567: 2131:

Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)

2062: 1925:

highly specialized hospitals in the United States. Media reports about

1901: 1653: 920: 726: 634: 527: 13264: 13192:

Steinbrook, Robert (April 20, 2006). "Private Health Care in Canada".

11899: 10533:

Burgess, Diana; Tran, Alisia; Lee, Richard; van Ryn, Michelle (2007).

7726:"More than 1.3 M Canadians abandoned waits in emergency rooms in 2023" 5028: 5011: 1919: 1463:

proportion of its citizens making such trips. A 2017 Fraser Institute

14392: 12844:"B.C. trial over private health care could reshape Canadian medicare" 12692: 11233:

Jafari, Siavash; Baharlou, Souzan; Mathias, Richard (February 2010).

8975:

Kazanjian, Arminée; Morettin, Denise; Cho, Robert (August 25, 2004).

8707: 7642:"Fredericton ER filthy and overflowing during holidays, visitors say" 7264: 6967: 5828:"Meet some of the 6 million Canadians who don't have a family doctor" 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3219:(2 ed.). Kingston and Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press. 2925:

Fundamentals: Perspectives on the Art and Science of Canadian Nursing

2421: 2382: 2342: 1814:

miscommunication between immigrants and English-speaking physicians.

1403:, who had worked for multinational American health insurance company 1352: 971: 666: 548: 508: 12940:"Private health care battle draws to a close after a decade in B.C." 11756:"Ottawa's refugee health-care cuts 'cruel and unusual,' court rules" 6489:"How Canada got universal health care and what the U.S. could learn" 4512:"Troubled cops need more government help, mental health experts say" 2490:

Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States

2301:

case was settled on September 10, 2020, when Justice Steeves of the

2072: 447:

In 2003, at the First Ministers' Accord on Health Care Renewal, the

14646: 13884: 12171:"Rationing Health Care: Price Controls Are Hazardous to Our Health" 9660: 9052: 8318:"ER closures adding stress throughout Alberta's health care system" 7124: 6458:"COVID-19 crisis has failed to erode faith in Canadian health care" 6031:"Hundreds of Canadian doctors demand lower salaries. (Yes, lower.)" 4720: 4406:"Frequently Asked Questions: Who pays for psychological treatment?" 2571:

Researching Quality in Care Transitions: International Perspectives

2050: 1720: 1533:

Dr. Alika Lafontaine, President of the Canadian Medical Association

507:

does not cover prescription drugs, home care, or long-term care or

347: 13315:"Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia – BC Injury Law" 12915:"Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia – BC Injury Law" 12689:

Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier

10779:

Lum, Irene D.; Swartz, Rebecca H.; Kwan, Matthew Y.W. (May 2016).

8568:"Health equipment - Computed tomography (CT) scanners - OECD Data" 8300:"N.S. emergency department closures, wait times up from last year" 8273:"Province nixes Ottawa paramedic plan to use taxis for some calls" 8221:"Province nixes Ottawa paramedic plan to use taxis for some calls" 6520:"Public health care scores big in poll as MDs study privatization" 4532: 3649: 2410:

provided a consumer guide to private healthcare services in 2006.

2236: 2120: 2015: 996:

Pharmaceutical costs are set at a global median by the government

13940: 13904: 13874: 7021: 7019: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5215: 3897:"Private B.C. clinics accused of charging patients improper fees" 3073: 3071: 2373:

An April 2006 perspective on private healthcare in Canada in the

2257: 2053:

have travelled to Canada for medical treatment. One of those was

1992: 1838: 1468:

use of resources and quality and clinical performance is mixed."

1329: 12457:

bills to reduce medication prices, including buying from Canada"

11785:"Canada's response to refugees at the primary health care level" 11641:

Evans, A.; Caudarella, A.; Ratnapalan, S.; Chan, K. (May 2014).

10984:

Sadavoy, Joel; Meier, Rosemary; Ong, Amoy Yuk Mui (March 2004).

7406:"The Daily — Study: Inequities in pharmaceutical access and use" 6856: 6854: 6548: 6397:

Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

4198:"Why, in a sea of pink, are so many cancer patients in the red?" 3993:"Home-care coverage gap remains for patients who move provinces" 3692: 3690: 2161:. 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022. 1891: 1369:

First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) at Health Canada.

1181:

Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

987:

Pharmacare Now: Prescription Medicine Coverage for All Canadians

409: 13914: 13683: 11783:

Pottie, Kevin; Gruner, Doug; Magwood, Olivia (March 15, 2018).

10823:"The deterioration of health status among immigrants to Canada" 10585:

Gahagan, Jacqueline; Subirana-Malaret, Montse (June 13, 2018).

8875:

Denton, Margaret; Prus, Steven; Walters, Vivienne (June 2004).

8756:

Canada's New Government announces Patient Wait Times Guarantees

8248:"Ottawa hasn't given up on proposal to use taxis as ambulances" 6760: 6758: 6130: 5740: 5618:. OECD Health Policy Studies. Paris: OECD Publishing: 137–169. 4947: 3756:. The Canadian Institute for Health Information. Archived from 3038: 2201:

Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.

2038: 1896:

Canada since at least 2016 has legally allowed for a so-called

1870: 588: 581: 564:. These can be paid out-of-pocket or through private insurers. 351: 264:

is delivered through the provincial and territorial systems of

13166:

Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.

12382: 8918:"Off-Campus Access: Login to e-Resources - McMaster Libraries" 7565: 7232:

Comparing Performance of Universal Health Care Countries, 2017

7016: 6832:"Republicans steal Barack Obama's internet campaigning tricks" 6767:"Koch Group Brings Canadian to Charlotte to Attack Health Law" 6367:

Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.

5878:"More health specialists not the answer to health system woes" 5640: 5571: 4300:"Canada's Premiers - The pan-Canadian Pharmaceutical Alliance" 4063:"Does your province cover the cost of infertility treatments?" 3080:"Overworked health workers are "past the point of exhaustion"" 3068: 1247:

52% of Canadians, and 42% of Britons say they were satisfied.

1133: 13945: 12966: 12964: 12962: 12960: 11640: 10520:

Health Information and Research Division at Statistics Canada

9416:"Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory" 6851: 3687: 3601:

Martel, Laurent; Malenfant, Éric Caron (September 22, 2009).

3575:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 21, 2024).

1481:

having any prescription insurance to cover medication costs.

1404: 1340:

and veterans, but these groups mostly use the public system.

1167:

Canadian per capita health care spending by age group in 201X

974:

increased from 9% to 17% of public spending for treatment of

429:

to identify the successes and failures in the health system.

12786:"United States of America Under-5 mortality rate, 1950-2020" 12043:"'Disturbing': Experts troubled by Canada's euthanasia laws" 10732:

Bonvicini, Kathleen A; Perlin, Michael J (October 1, 2003).

10104:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017).

9781: 9717: 9147:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (January 15, 2020).

8466:"1,199 emergency room closures in Ontario this year: Report" 7404:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 2, 2022).

6755: 6513: 6511: 6509: 5467: 5465: 3629:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 2, 2019).

3136:"Taking the pulse: A snapshot of Canadian health care, 2023" 13614:. Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Institute for Health Information. 13116:"Quebec groups worried about overbilling take legal action" 12650: 10513:"Health care use among gay, lesbian and bisexual Canadians" 10404:

Colpitts, Emily; Gahagan, Jacqueline (September 22, 2016).

10303: 10179:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 26, 2014).

9895: 9838: 9577: 9102: 6127:"Obstetrician shortage endangers moms, babies: report says" 5685: 3600: 2977: 2818:. Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Institute for Health Information. 2702: 2679:

Government of Canada Public Services and Procurement Canada

2322: 2319:

the CCF "backed a challenge to Alberta's healthcare laws".

2042: 1325: 950: 343: 13521:

Tochkin, Jeff; Richmond, John; Hertelendy, Attila (2023).

12957: 7328: 6960: 6737: 6735: 6571:"Canadians prefer Obama over own leaders: poll - CTV News" 6482: 6480: 6478: 2178:. $ 6,319 for Canada in 2022. $ 12,555 for the US in 2022. 2024:

Many U.S. citizens purchase prescription drugs from Canada

1142: 13652: 13520: 13232:"Canada's Private Clinics Surge as Public System Falters" 13185: 11882:

Maltais, Julie; Morin, Diane; Tassé, Marc J. (May 2020).

9414:

Evans, Gary W.; Schamberg, Michelle A. (April 21, 2009).

9281: 6910: 6908: 6589: 6506: 5462: 3733:"Five things Canadians get wrong about the health system" 3675:(Report). Presentation to the National Statistics Council 3183: 3181: 2093: 1213: 851:

primarily private insurance and household expenditures."

362:

and diabetes account for 65 percent of deaths in Canada.

13596:

Data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information

13353: 12808: 12806: 12609: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12501: 12499: 11936: 11888:

Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities

11342: 11095: 11041:

Reitmanova, Sylvia; Gustafson, Diana L. (October 2009).

7445:

Peplinski, Jack E.; Pearce, Joshua M. (April 21, 2023).

6934: 6641:"Healthcare System Ratings: U.S., Great Britain, Canada" 5613: 5058: 4764:"Get physiotherapy: Get government-funded physiotherapy" 2880: 2335:

violation claims in the high-profile, multi-year trial,

2127:

List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

701:

Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and massage therapy

13584: 13393: 12217: 12165: 12163: 11150: 10584: 9233:

Lidsky, Theodore I.; Schneider, Jay S. (January 2003).

8816: 8667: 8543:"Health equipment - Radiotherapy equipment - OECD Data" 6732: 6475: 6415:"Total health spending in Canada reaches $ 242 billion" 5285: 5283: 5281: 4490:"Directory [of drug rehab centers by province]" 4408:. The Ontario Psychological Association. Archived from 4357:. The Ontario Psychological Association. Archived from 3236:. McGill Queen's University Press (MQUP). p. 579. 2672:

Building on values: the future of health care in Canada

2512:

Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada

2100:

Comparison of Canadian and American health care systems

1604:

Waiting Your Turn: Wait Times for Health Care in Canada

1457:

Waiting Your Turn: Wait Times for Health Care in Canada

1360:

Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada

1262:

A timeline of significant events in Canadian healthcare

812:

While the Canadian healthcare system has been called a

12714:"Health status - Life expectancy at birth - OECD Data" 11823: 11397: 9328: 7432:"Evaluating EHRs and EMRs in Canada's e-Health System" 6905: 6178:. Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. 6149:"CBC Private health-care advocate wins CMA presidency" 5474:

OECD Health Project, 2004. Retrieved January 21, 2008.

5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5009: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3333:"About the Canadian Institute for Health Information'" 3178: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2633: 2327:

On September 10, 2020, Justice John J. Steeves of the

1764:

Researcher Emily Colpitts states that LGBT members in

1646: 1643:, 70.3 days for women compared to 29.1 days for men." 1549:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

1471: 1355:

in health costs, has caused problems with the system.

344:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

12803: 12592: 12496: 11986:

Agarwal Gupta, Neerja; Kabra, Madhulika (June 2014).

11232: 10532: 10344: 9635:

Canada, Public Health Agency of (September 8, 2020).

9483:"Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators" 8722: 8593:"Health equipment - Mammography machines - OECD Data" 7149: 7113: 5111: 4639:"Are Dental Implants Covered by Insurance in Canada?" 4437:. Ontario Society of Psychotherapists. Archived from 4037:"Philpott, provinces hit impasse over health funding" 3230:

Taylor, Malcolm G.; Maslove, Allan (April 1, 2009) .

2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 1933:'s visit to the Mayo Clinic in 1999, then Liberal MP 1929:, the premier of Quebec in 1994, then Prime Minister 1324:

Provinces developed their own programs, for example,

1077:

Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada

334:, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating or excessive 12882: 12160: 12142:"Stronach went to U.S. for cancer treatment: report" 11479: 10274: 10178: 10103: 9146: 8974: 7403: 7228: 6825: 6823: 6789: 6787: 6449: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 3871:"Travel and accommodation - Canadian Cancer Society" 3628: 3574: 3348: 3346: 2568:

Karina Aase; Justin Waring; Lene Schibevaag (2017).

2442: 1719:

Additionally, throughout the first 14 months of the

1688: 13225: 13223: 12752: 12383:Morgan, Steven; Hurley, Jeremiah (March 16, 2004). 12109:"PM proves health care not equal for all Canadians" 12066: 12064: 11782: 11040: 10941: 10204: 6545:"Canada overwhelmingly supports public health care" 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5296:. Ottawa, Ontario: Library of Parliament. p. 8 5258: 4970: 4968: 3714: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3577:"Population estimates on July 1, by age and gender" 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 2910: 1920:

Canadians receiving healthcare in the United States

1362:, also known as the Romanow Report, was published. 12192:"Heart surgery to sideline N.L. premier for weeks" 12099: 12097: 11985: 11608:Journal of International Migration and Integration 8167:"'People are dying': Life and death at level zero" 7526:Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) - Canada | Data ( 7045: 6171: 6004:"Que. doctors lagging in fee-for-service payments" 4216:"New Nova Scotia Family Pharmacare Program Begins" 3513: 2654: 2422:Canadian healthcare contribution to Climate Change 1667: 1491: 1190: 653:unless the practitioner is also a medical doctor. 13165: 12731: 11881: 8874: 8618:"Waiting Times for Health Services: Next in Line" 6820: 6784: 6366: 4934: 4535:"Equity in dental care among Canadian households" 4129:"P.E.I. to cover gender reconstructive surgeries" 3343: 3078:Duong, Diana; Vogel, Lauren (February 26, 2023). 3023:"Health at a Glance - OECD Indicators by country" 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2952:. 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British Columbia 2299:Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia 406:need, irrespective of financial circumstances." 350:(types 1 and 2 combined). Four chronic diseases— 14824: 13466:"How health care contributes to climate change" 12778: 12094: 11530:"Promoting the health of refugees and migrants" 10983: 10731: 10403: 9788:Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 9724:Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 9232: 7860:"Paramedics take their concerns to Legislature" 7444: 7193: 7082: 6943:"The American Politics of Canadian Health Care" 5691: 5675: 5323:National Health Expenditure Trends 1975 to 2019 4669:Canadian Association of Public Health Dentistry 3478:National Health Expenditure Trends 1975 to 2019 2887:Findlay, Leanne; Arim, Rubab (April 24, 2020). 2237:Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 2121:Healthcare spending compared to other countries 2016:Americans visiting Canada to receive healthcare 1379: 1061:The national doctors association is called the 369:reported that healthcare spending reached $ 308 13307: 12837: 12835: 12640:OECD Health Data 2007: How Does Canada Compare 11157:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 9954:"COVID 19: Ethno-Racial Identity & Income" 9413: 8610: 6883: 6388: 6262: 6260: 6258: 5160: 4154:"Russia may introduce free prescription drugs" 3923:"Telus ditches fee-based doctor program in BC" 2964: 2317:William Murray v. Alberta (Minister of Health) 2305:ruled against legalizing private health care. 2258:Legal challenges to Canada's healthcare system 2228:under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births 1724:exacerbating disparities in health outcomes. 1365:The Canadian Health Coalition formed in 2002. 1310:Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act 843:Private sector funding is regulated under the 752: 587:Canada (with the exception of the province of 14810: 13668: 13282: 13257: 12856: 12252: 12181: 12131: 12078:(editorial). February 3, 2010. Archived from 11486:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 10778: 10461:Journal of Invitational Theory & Practice 6863:"Hidden costs of Canada's Health Care System" 5516:"Canadian health-care spending to top $ 180B" 4689:Agency, Canada Revenue (September 20, 2022). 4585:"Dental Insurance and use of Dental Services" 4533:Quiñonez, Carlos; Grootendorst, Paul (2011). 4060: 3594: 3431: 3229: 2613:. Optimum Pub. International. p. Intro. 2608: 2561: 2248: 2221: 2028:prescription drug prices in the United States 1892:Added incentive to encourage assisted suicide 1736:It is well documented in the literature that 1049: 876:Dr. Albert Schumacher. CBC. December 1, 2006. 720: 410:Monitoring and measuring healthcare in Canada 389: 242: 13585:Canadian Health Services Research Foundation 12385:"Internet pharmacy: prices on the up-and-up" 12213: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12205: 7051: 6342: 5908:"Maria Mathews: Calling all country doctors" 5415:The Audit, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024. 4088:The Public Service Health Care Plan Bulletin 3946:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3298: 3017: 3015: 2844: 2761: 2627: 2517:List of countries with universal health care 1871:People living with intellectual disabilities 1614: 985:According to the April 2018 report entitled 914: 13090:"B.C. gov't gets tough with private clinic" 13068:"B.C. gov't gets tough with private clinic" 12832: 12451:Writer, Kevin MillerStaff (June 24, 2019). 12103: 11988:"Diagnosis and management of Down syndrome" 10820: 10136:International Journal of Circumpolar Health 10129: 8977:"Health Care Utilization by Canadian Women" 7121:"Anti-medicare ad an exaggeration: experts" 7088: 6633: 6547:. Nupge.ca. August 13, 2009. Archived from 6255: 6237:"Ont. doctors get 12.25 per cent wage hike" 6006:. Ctv.ca. December 21, 2006. Archived from 5659:(Report). December 17, 2020. 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Percent of GDP 1944:An often-cited 2002 study reported in the 1852:Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act 1098: 978:, Crohn's disease and similar conditions. 249: 235: 13606:Canadian Institute for Health Information 13497: 13429: 13411: 12934: 12932: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12408: 12235: 12202: 11962: 11849: 11800: 11679: 11669: 11497: 11287: 11001: 10910: 10661: 10620: 10602: 10472: 10431: 10421: 10380: 10370: 10321: 10248: 10230: 10155: 10017: 9978: 9929: 9872: 9815: 9751: 9694: 9611: 9554: 9544: 9457: 9439: 9364: 9346: 9250: 9209: 9176:Braveman, Paula; Gottlieb, Laura (2014). 9002: 8992: 8828:Canadian Institute for Health Information 7784: 7478: 7362: 7275: 6994: 6865:. Independent and The Wall Street Journal 6486: 6419:Canadian Institute for Health Information 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5328:Canadian Institute for Health Information 5241: 5192: 5143: 5094: 5076: 5027: 5016:Health & Social Care in the Community 4560: 4550: 4330:"Health Connect Registry | HealthLink BC" 3666: 3483:Canadian Institute for Health Information 3444:Canadian Institute for Health Information 3359:Canadian Institute for Health Information 3187: 3141:Canadian Institute for Health Information 3111: 3012: 2810:Canadian Institute for Health Information 2772:Canadian Institute for Health Information 2104:The Canadian health care system is often 1988:travelled to the U.S. for heart surgery. 906: 838: 821:Canadian Institute for Health Information 434:Canadian Institute for Health Information 367:Canadian Institute for Health Information 340:one of the highest rates of adult obesity 323:Canadian Institute for Health Information 13065: 12997:Weisgarber, Maria (September 10, 2020). 12841: 12653:, July 2007. 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Archived from 11349:Issues in Mental Health Nursing 11047:Issues in Mental Health Nursing 10797:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.024 10539:Journal of LGBT Health Research 9487:New England Journal of Medicine 8893:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.09.008 8824:"Commonwealth Fund Survey 2016" 8394: 8200:CBC News via The Canadian Press 8088:Porter, Kate (March 10, 2022). 7303:Canada, Health (May 28, 2004). 7026:Miller, Noah (March 20, 2019). 5710:Derfel, Aaron (July 29, 2024). 5382: 5293:Federal Funding for Health Care 5290:Norris, Sonya (July 18, 2018). 5052: 5003: 4949:Canadian Healthcare Association 4908: 4882: 4860: 4834: 4814:Rose, Rebecca (July 24, 2014). 4807: 4782: 4756: 4734: 4682: 4657: 4631: 4605: 4577: 4526: 4504: 4482: 4456: 4424: 4398: 4376: 4347: 4322: 4291: 4269: 4260: 4234: 4208: 4190: 4168:"Canadian medicare needs an Rx" 4160: 4146: 4120: 4094: 4054: 4029: 4011: 3985: 3954: 3914: 3888: 3863: 3837: 3815: 3805:"Ministry of Health - Redirect" 3797: 3775: 3743: 3542: 3402: 3373: 3059: 2995: 2942: 2529: 2375:New England Journal of Medicine 2141:health-care systems in the OECD 2002:A January 19, 2008, article in 1668:Socioeconomic gap in healthcare 1517:Mark Sutcliffe, Mayor of Ottawa 1492:Hospital and urgent care access 1351:and the generally high rate of 1280:British North America Act, 1867 1191:Healthcare spending by province 1179:According to a 2001 article in 946:competition between hospitals. 454: 375:health-care systems in the OECD 13734:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 13611:CIHI exploring the 70-30 split 12820:. The Daily. November 26, 2019 12144:. CTV.ca. September 14, 2007. 10990:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 10455:MacDonnell, Judith A. (2022). 8114:Zafar, Amina (July 15, 2023). 7004:. FactCheck.org. June 16, 2014 6462:Tri-City News via Glacier News 6049:"Canadian Medical Association" 5787:Webster, Paul (May 17, 2024). 5394:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 5167:Gao, Song (November 4, 2008). 3631:"Seniors and aging statistics" 2815:CIHI exploring the 70-30 split 2640:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2588: 2574:. Springer. pp. 128–129. 2203:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018 1574:In April 2007, Prime Minister 1319:Established Programs Financing 1068:Since the passage of the 1984 672: 645:does not cover treatment by a 13: 1: 12536:. Queen's Printer for Ontario 10885:Wang, Lu (December 1, 2011). 10785:Social Science & Medicine 10750:10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00189-1 10148:10.1080/22423982.2019.1571385 10024:Leadership in Health Services 9985:Leadership in Health Services 9239:Brain: A Journal of Neurology 8881:Social Science & Medicine 7200:Barua, Bacchus; Ren, Feixue. 6687:QMI, Agence (December 2021). 5805:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01036-5 4922:. Queen’s Printer for Ontario 4896:. Queen’s Printer for Ontario 4848:. Queen’s Printer for Ontario 4770:. Queen’s Printer for Ontario 4613:"Canada's Health Care System" 4279:. Queen's Printer for Ontario 3825:. Queen's Printer for Ontario 2851:Kliff, Sarah (July 1, 2017). 2598:. CBC News. December 1, 2006. 2555: 2535:Researcher Matthew Wong uses 2507:Indian Health Transfer Policy 2352: 1800: 1542: 1486:health information technology 1338:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1268:History of medicine in Canada 1238:Canadian Healthcare Coalition 15063:United States Virgin Islands 14825:Healthcare in North America 13413:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002623 12341:. Canada.com. Archived from 12282:"Belinda Stronach Interview" 11992:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 11671:10.1371/journal.pone.0096902 11361:10.3109/01612840.2010.550383 10912:10.1080/19475683.2011.625975 10706:Center for American Progress 10372:10.1371/journal.pone.0201437 10232:10.1371/journal.pone.0196990 6643:. Gallup.com. March 25, 2003 5332:(Report). 2019. p. 44. 4665:"Government Dental Programs" 3785:. Ontario Ministry of Health 3487:(Report). 2019. p. 47. 2710:"Recommendations for Reform" 2415:Canadian Medical Association 2379:Canadian Medical Association 1952:U.S. News & World Report 1738:Indigenous peoples in Canada 1380:Healthcare debates in Canada 1063:Canadian Medical Association 934: 861:Canadian Medical Association 633:with additional training in 354:(a leading cause of death), 7: 13779:Crown and Indigenous people 13580:— The Birth of Medicare CBC 12972:"Chaoulli comes to Ontario" 12364:Canada (January 19, 2008). 11754:Fine, Sean (July 4, 2014). 9499:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 8955:Womenandhealthcarereform.ca 8799:"Government of Nova Scotia" 8670:The Journal of Rheumatology 7095:National Review of Medicine 6029:Wang, Amy (March 7, 2018). 4977:Journal of Canadian Studies 4890:"Assistive Devices Program" 4742:"Occupational Therapy (OT)" 4248:. Government of Nova Scotia 4242:"Family Pharmacare Program" 3215:Taylor, Malcolm G. (1987). 2438: 2398:According to a May 1, 2006 2381:(CMA) elected as president 1833: 1465:cost-effectiveness analysis 1413:U.S. 2008 presidential race 1203:tumor necrosis factor alpha 1117:Ontario Medical Association 792:Non-Insured Health Benefits 763:Journal of Canadian Studies 753:Nursing homes and home care 611: 484:multiple chronic conditions 266:publicly funded health care 10: 15100: 14669:Provincial and territorial 14592:Inventions and discoveries 13729:British Canada (1763–1867) 13682: 13539:10.1136/leader-2021-000583 11703:"Canada: Events of 2015". 11455:Journal of Refugee Studies 11416:10.1177/070674370605100401 11003:10.1177/070674370404900307 10323:10.18357/ijih.102201515113 9914:10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w 9857:10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w 9800:10.1007/s40615-022-01282-x 9736:10.1007/s40615-022-01282-x 9596:10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w 9194:10.1177/00333549141291S206 8994:10.1186/1472-6874-4-S1-S33 8922:libraryssl.lib.mcmaster.ca 8761:December 11, 2007, at the 7463:10.1007/s10916-023-01949-w 7451:Journal of Medical Systems 7002:"Americans for Prosperity" 5682:Health resources - Doctors 5624:10.1787/9789264216594-7-en 5065:Human Resources for Health 4842:"Sex Reassignment Surgery" 3520:Kitts, Jack (April 2012). 3311:. SAGE. pp. 559–562. 2249:Physicians per 1000 people 2222:Under-five mortality rates 2189:and 0 percent in Germany. 2124: 2097: 1265: 1050:Professional organizations 721:Other coverage limitations 520:Hospital for Sick Children 390:Canadian healthcare policy 15038:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14956: 14830: 14758: 14722: 14696: 14547: 14463: 14433: 14385: 14376: 14277: 14115: 14051: 13967: 13958: 13928: 13895:Newfoundland and Labrador 13867: 13856: 13762: 13699: 13690: 13590:October 22, 2010, at the 12175:The Independent Institute 12004:10.1007/s12098-013-1249-7 11943:Canadian Family Physician 11620:10.1007/s12134-014-0385-x 11306:10.1017/S0714980810000188 11294:Canadian Journal on Aging 11251:10.1007/s10903-008-9130-x 11114:10.1007/s10903-015-0175-3 11059:10.1080/01612840903033733 10839:10.1080/17441690902942480 10604:10.1186/s12939-018-0786-0 10551:10.1080/15574090802226626 10423:10.1186/s12889-016-3675-8 10075:10.12927/hcpap.2018.25507 10036:10.1108/17511871011013779 9997:10.1108/17511871011013779 9679:10.1177/17455057231199651 9348:10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2 9028:"Women's Health Strategy" 8706:. Web.net. Archived from 7209:Fraser Institute Bulletin 6573:. CTV.ca. June 29, 2008. 6286:"Health Spending in 2013" 6151:. CBC.ca. August 22, 2006 5698:Health resources - Nurses 5120:"The North "like Darfur"" 3003:"Health at a Glance 2017" 1615:Gender gaps in healthcare 915:Major healthcare expenses 705:Coverage for services by 695:Canadian Dental Care Plan 601:Council of the Federation 15058:Turks and Caicos Islands 12115:(column). Archived from 9546:10.1161/01.CIR.88.4.1973 6170:Naylor, C David (1986). 6051:. Cma.ca. Archived from 4304:conseildelafederation.ca 3305:Mullner, Ross M (2009). 3045:www.commonwealthfund.org 3025:. OECD Publishing. 2017. 3008:. OECD Publishing. 2017. 2730:: CS1 maint: location ( 2522: 2193:Life expectancy at birth 1698:In Canadian healthcare, 1395:Americans for Prosperity 890:Private health insurance 578:gender-affirming surgery 543:maternity but excluding 449:Health Council of Canada 13829:Persons of significance 13824:National Historic Sites 13046:"Cambie Case (ongoing)" 12237:10.1377/hlthaff.21.3.19 10663:10.3949/ccjm.78gr.10006 10474:10.26522/jitp.v20i.3735 9902:Journal of Urban Health 9845:Journal of Urban Health 9584:Journal of Urban Health 9441:10.1073/pnas.0811910106 8830:. The Commonwealth Fund 8803:waittimes.novascotia.ca 6893:. Bloomsbury Publishing 5078:10.1186/1478-4491-11-25 4691:"Canada Dental Benefit" 4552:10.1186/1475-9276-10-14 2368:Capitation based models 2279:Supreme Court of Canada 2226:From 1971 to 2020, the 1587:evidence-based medicine 1557:Human Development Index 1299:Veterans Affairs Canada 1099:Provincial associations 711:occupational therapists 625:covers the services of 524:Canadian Cancer Society 356:cardiovascular diseases 316:social service programs 146:Diagnostic Services Act 14988:British Virgin Islands 13724:New France (1534–1763) 13608:(September 27, 2005). 13368:. The Complete Archive 12645:June 28, 2013, at the 11499:10.1139/apnm-2017-0407 11214:Cite journal requires 9300:10.1542/peds.107.6.e98 7566:"World Bank Open Data" 7347:10.9778/cmajo.20180008 6801:. September 26, 2018. 6747:. 2004. Archived from 6693:Le Journal de Montréal 6326:June 15, 2013, at the 5572:"World Bank Open Data" 4514:. CBC. October 5, 2014 2896:, Government of Canada 2812:(September 27, 2005). 2609:Monique Bégin (1988). 2475:Canada Health Transfer 2341:, launched in 2016 by 2206: 2179: 2162: 2159:Gross domestic product 1770:gender-binary language 1627: 1583:Choosing Wisely Canada 1569:Canada Health Transfer 1536: 1520: 1275:Constitution Act, 1867 1176: 1168: 1075:In December 2008, the 907:Out-of-pocket expenses 879: 839:Private sector funding 825:gross domestic product 797:First Nations reserves 655:Goods and Services Tax 574:in-vitro fertilization 464: 400:Canada Health Transfer 144:Hospital Insurance and 133:Comparison with the US 14928:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13936:Northwest Territories 13839:Territorial evolution 13482:10.1503/cmaj.109-5722 9182:Public Health Reports 7545:www.oecd-ilibrary.org 4822:. Pink Triangle Press 3710:on December 13, 2017. 3194:Library of Parliament 2545:Bonferroni correction 2214:Life expectancy at 65 2200: 2170: 2153: 1622: 1553:high-income economies 1526: 1510: 1278:(formerly called the 1174: 1166: 865: 801:workers' compensation 538:Benefits and features 462: 18:Health care in Canada 15084:Healthcare in Canada 13910:Prince Edward Island 13576:CBC Digital Archives 13172:www.health.gov.on.ca 13026:. September 10, 2020 12978:. September 25, 2007 12107:(January 15, 2002). 11802:10.17061/phrp2811803 10827:Global Public Health 10185:www150.statcan.gc.ca 10110:www150.statcan.gc.ca 9252:10.1093/brain/awg014 9153:www150.statcan.gc.ca 8730:"Waiting for access" 8710:on November 14, 2001 7570:World Bank Open Data 7410:www150.statcan.gc.ca 7393:. February 13, 2018. 7235:, Fraser Institute, 6887:(November 9, 2010). 6551:on December 13, 2010 6373:www.health.gov.on.ca 6133:. December 5, 2008. 5914:. February 22, 2013. 5888:on December 20, 2014 5716:The Montreal Gazette 5576:World Bank Open Data 5390:"Chaoulli v. Quebec" 4989:10.3138/jcs.50.2.368 4617:Government of Canada 4310:on December 20, 2014 4178:on December 20, 2014 3096:10.1503/cmaj.1096042 2495:Health care compared 2065:, who suffered from 2010:cerebral hemorrhages 1997:Great Falls, Montana 1975:two-tier health care 1732:Indigenous community 1704:Greater Toronto Area 1595:A 2016 study by the 1313:and extended by the 1016:Number of physicians 976:rheumatoid arthritis 776:occupational hazards 659:Harmonized Sales Tax 360:respiratory diseases 268:, informally called 262:Healthcare in Canada 95:Controlled Drugs and 89:Non-Insured Benefits 42:Healthcare in Canada 14943:Trinidad and Tobago 14838:Antigua and Barbuda 14265:Firearms regulation 13206:10.1056/nejmp068064 13147:. September 1, 2016 12945:. February 28, 2020 12691:. May 26, 2017. By 12453:"Gov. Mills signs 4 12401:10.1503/cmaj.104001 12198:. February 2, 2010. 12177:. February 1, 1994. 12082:on February 4, 2010 11662:2014PLoSO...996902E 10903:2011AnGIS..17..237W 10363:2018PLoSO..1301437R 10223:2018PLoSO..1396990K 9432:2009PNAS..106.6545E 8376:. September 5, 2023 7866:. November 29, 2023 7769:10.1503/cmaj.231156 7763:(34): E1157–E1158. 7640:Huizinga, Raechel. 7180:"Waiting Your Turn" 7152:"Rathke Cleft Cyst" 6751:on August 19, 2011. 5984:. November 12, 2021 5932:. February 10, 2023 5663:on January 12, 2021 5522:. November 19, 2009 5491:. February 17, 2022 5445:"Pricing in Quebec" 5234:10.1503/cmaj.081445 5185:10.1503/cmaj.080063 5136:10.1503/cmaj.071359 4470:on January 30, 2015 4444:on February 1, 2015 4412:on January 30, 2015 4361:on January 30, 2015 4334:www.healthlinkbc.ca 4108:. November 15, 2016 4081:"PSHCP Bulletin 17" 3973:on February 8, 2023 3783:"Learn about OHIP+" 3763:on January 30, 2019 3637:on January 11, 2021 3605:. Statistics Canada 3501:on January 12, 2021 3439:"Upcoming releases" 3164:"Canada Health Act" 2990:10.1787/8643de7e-en 2858:The Washington Post 2779:on January 11, 2021 2537:chi-square analysis 1626:in Canada by gender 1441:Rathke's cleft cyst 1437:Affordable Care Act 814:single payer system 808:Healthcare spending 111:History of medicine 14878:Dominican Republic 14446:Population centres 13317:. October 17, 2016 13269:BC Medical Journal 13236:The New York Times 12917:. October 17, 2016 12261:"Health Assurance" 12049:. Associated Press 11760:The Globe and Mail 11467:10.1093/jrs/feq038 10281:publications.gc.ca 9188:(Suppl 2): 19–31. 8981:BMC Women's Health 8472:. December 5, 2023 8439:Kulkarni, Akshay. 8324:. February 6, 2024 7892:. November 7, 2023 7814:Maclean's Magazine 7732:. October 21, 2023 7710:Payne, Elizabeth. 6035:washingtonpost.com 5957:CityNews Vancouver 5857:University Affairs 5370:. December 1, 2006 4790:"What OHIP covers" 4204:. October 9, 2012. 4041:The Globe and Mail 4025:. August 23, 2016. 3999:. October 24, 2016 3997:The Globe and Mail 3927:CityNews Vancouver 3737:The Globe and Mail 3339:, October 25, 2011 3053:10.26099/01dv-h208 2501:EvidenceNetwork.ca 2431:greenhouse gases. 2404:Chaoulli v. Quebec 2277:In June 2005, the 2243:maternal mortality 2207: 2180: 2163: 2047:multiple sclerosis 2005:The Globe and Mail 1844:health disparities 1628: 1429:Waterdown, Ontario 1177: 1169: 1158:ambulance services 1121:Ontario government 1004:Physician services 782:Indigenous peoples 715:Massage Therapists 465: 423:federal department 383:Commonwealth Funds 292:prescription drugs 128:Father of medicare 67:Minister of Health 15071: 15070: 14960:other territories 14792: 14791: 14771:Canada portal 14692: 14691: 14459: 14458: 14273: 14272: 14228:Political parties 14196:Foreign relations 14111: 14110: 13998:Canadian Prairies 13988:Pacific Northwest 13954: 13953: 13852: 13851: 13809:Foreign relations 13628:on March 19, 2006 13621:978-1-55392-655-9 13476:(14): E403–E404. 13265:"Editorial Board" 13200:(16): 1661–1664. 13096:on August 7, 2009 13078:on August 7, 2009 12870:. August 22, 2006 12849:The Vancouver Sun 12818:Statistics Canada 12697:Our World in Data 12620:The National Post 12477:. March 19, 2019. 12292:on April 14, 2004 11900:10.1111/jar.12698 11492:(10): 1043–1058. 10410:BMC Public Health 9426:(16): 6545–6549. 9335:BMC Public Health 8887:(12): 2585–2600. 8676:(11): 2101–2105. 8246:Crawford, Blair. 7430:Milicic, Sandra. 7242:978-0-88975-464-5 7127:. July 31, 2009. 7101:on August 2, 2009 6970:(July 21, 2009). 6920:Commonwealth Fund 6603:. August 6, 2009. 6425:on April 21, 2019 6185:978-0-7735-6111-3 6107:on March 10, 2011 5767:The National Post 5633:978-92-64-21658-7 5603:on July 26, 2010. 5339:978-1-77109-757-4 5029:10.1111/hsc.12430 4958:978-1-896151-33-5 4870:. August 16, 2023 4643:Smile Well Dental 3967:The Vancouver Sun 3851:. October 9, 2018 3581:Statistics Canada 3556:on August 4, 2017 3494:978-1-77109-869-4 3354:"CIHI: A history" 3337:Statistics Canada 3318:978-1-4129-7194-2 3243:978-0-7735-3566-4 2935:978-1-4963-9850-5 2894:Statistics Canada 2832:on March 19, 2006 2825:978-1-55392-655-9 2647:978-1-56720-513-8 2620:978-0-88890-219-1 2581:978-3-319-62346-7 2362:Canada Health Act 2331:(BCSC) dismissed 2079:Canada Health Act 2059:Libertarian Party 1775:sexual identities 1757:Canadians in the 1700:Black individuals 1597:Commonwealth Fund 1555:with a very high 1334:Canada Health Act 1070:Canada Health Act 1034:Physician payment 845:Canada Health Act 771:nursing home care 643:Canada Health Act 639:Canada Health Act 623:Canada Health Act 606:Family physicians 569:Canada Health Act 532:Canada Health Act 504:Canada Health Act 396:Canada Health Act 327:Statistics Canada 321:According to the 275:Canada Health Act 259: 258: 225:Canada portal 73:Canada Health Act 16:(Redirected from 15091: 15028:Saint Barthélemy 14958:Dependencies and 14831:Sovereign states 14819: 14812: 14805: 14796: 14795: 14780: 14779: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14633: 14632: 14476:Higher education 14383: 14382: 14368:Science and tech 14255:Multiculturalism 14209: 14208: 14191:Local government 14156:House of Commons 14140:Governor General 13976: 13965: 13964: 13880:British Columbia 13865: 13864: 13719:Pre-colonization 13697: 13696: 13677: 13670: 13663: 13654: 13653: 13637: 13635: 13633: 13624:. Archived from 13579: 13559: 13558: 13518: 13512: 13511: 13501: 13461: 13444: 13443: 13433: 13415: 13391: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13373: 13357: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13341: 13333: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13286: 13280: 13279: 13277: 13275: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13250: 13227: 13218: 13217: 13189: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13178: 13163: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13152: 13137: 13131: 13130: 13128: 13126: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13101: 13092:. Archived from 13087: 13085: 13083: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13042: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13031: 13020: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13009: 13003:British Columbia 12994: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12983: 12968: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12943:British Columbia 12936: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12922: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12886: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12860: 12854: 12853: 12839: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12825: 12810: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12735: 12729: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12710: 12704: 12686: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12675: 12660: 12654: 12637: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12611: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12563: 12552: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12530: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12503: 12494: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12475:The Colorado Sun 12467: 12461: 12460: 12456: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12432:Koh, Elizabeth. 12429: 12423: 12422: 12412: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12361: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12345:on July 11, 2011 12334: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12308: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12297: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12265: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12239: 12215: 12200: 12199: 12188: 12179: 12178: 12167: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12138: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12119:on June 24, 2016 12101: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12076:Montreal Gazette 12068: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12038: 12032: 12031: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11966: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11879: 11864: 11863: 11853: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11804: 11780: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11700: 11694: 11693: 11683: 11673: 11647: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11614:(4): 1041–1055. 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11577: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11546: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11501: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11450: 11444: 11443: 11395: 11389: 11388: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11285: 11279: 11278: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11217: 11212: 11210: 11202: 11201:. June 24, 2020. 11195: 11189: 11188: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11108:(6): 1895–1905. 11093: 11087: 11086: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11005: 10981: 10972: 10971: 10939: 10933: 10932: 10914: 10882: 10867: 10866: 10818: 10809: 10808: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10729: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10708:. 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Archived from 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7023: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6982:on July 25, 2009 6978:. Archived from 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6912: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6858: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6762: 6753: 6752: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6667: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6621:. August 6, 2009 6611: 6605: 6604: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6331: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6302:on March 4, 2016 6301: 6295:. Archived from 6290: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6210:. Archived from 6205: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6177: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6101:"HEAL home page" 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6010:on June 10, 2009 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5884:. Archived from 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5649: 5638: 5637: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5546: 5543: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5512: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5422: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5364: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5287: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5080: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5031: 5022:(3): 1276–1286. 5007: 5001: 5000: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4945: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4846:health.gov.on.ca 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4645:. April 22, 2020 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4564: 4554: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4306:. Archived from 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4174:. Archived from 4164: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3969:. Archived from 3958: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3823:"Health Premium" 3819: 3813: 3812: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3729: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3703:. Archived from 3702: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3664: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3633:. Archived from 3626: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3552:. Archived from 3546: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3497:. Archived from 3474: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3414: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3144:. August 2, 2023 3132: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3075: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2919: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2828:. Archived from 2806: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2775:. Archived from 2763: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2676: 2667: 2652: 2651: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2565: 2549: 2541:posthoc pairwise 2533: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2347:British Columbia 2184:Elective surgery 1970:Belinda Stronach 1964:traveled to the 1935:Belinda Stronach 1906:Associated Press 1608:Fraser Institute 1534: 1518: 1502:Code/Level Zeros 1452:Fraser Institute 1450:Since 1990, the 1387:Fraser Institute 1349:population aging 1315:Medical Care Act 1185:pharmacoeconomic 877: 870: 735:gender dysphoria 707:physiotherapists 693:established the 558:Cosmetic surgery 372: 338:use. Canada has 308:physical therapy 284:Royal Commission 278:of 1984, and is 251: 244: 237: 223: 222: 221: 138:Indian hospitals 52: 29: 28: 21: 15099: 15098: 15094: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15088: 15074: 15073: 15072: 15067: 14961: 14959: 14952: 14826: 14823: 14793: 14788: 14765: 14763: 14754: 14718: 14688: 14631: 14543: 14534:Social programs 14500:Law enforcement 14455: 14429: 14372: 14269: 14207: 14107: 14047: 14034:Atlantic Canada 14012:Canadian Shield 14007:Northern Canada 13974: 13973: 13950: 13924: 13860:and territories 13859: 13848: 13758: 13705: 13686: 13681: 13631: 13629: 13622: 13592:Wayback Machine 13577: 13567: 13562: 13519: 13515: 13462: 13447: 13406:(7): e1002623. 13392: 13381: 13371: 13369: 13358: 13354: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13334: 13330: 13320: 13318: 13313: 13312: 13308: 13298: 13296: 13288: 13287: 13283: 13273: 13271: 13263: 13262: 13258: 13248: 13246: 13228: 13221: 13190: 13186: 13176: 13174: 13164: 13160: 13150: 13148: 13139: 13138: 13134: 13124: 13122: 13114: 13113: 13109: 13099: 13097: 13088: 13081: 13079: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13039: 13029: 13027: 13022: 13021: 13017: 13007: 13005: 12995: 12991: 12981: 12979: 12970: 12969: 12958: 12948: 12946: 12938: 12937: 12930: 12920: 12918: 12913: 12912: 12908: 12898: 12896: 12888: 12887: 12883: 12873: 12871: 12862: 12861: 12857: 12840: 12833: 12823: 12821: 12812: 12811: 12804: 12794: 12792: 12784: 12783: 12779: 12769: 12767: 12758: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12732: 12722: 12720: 12712: 12711: 12707: 12687: 12683: 12673: 12671: 12661: 12657: 12647:Wayback Machine 12638: 12634: 12624: 12622: 12612: 12593: 12583: 12581: 12576: 12575: 12571: 12561: 12559: 12554: 12553: 12549: 12539: 12537: 12532: 12531: 12522: 12512: 12510: 12505: 12504: 12497: 12486: 12482: 12469: 12468: 12464: 12454: 12449: 12445: 12438:Tampa Bay Times 12430: 12426: 12381: 12377: 12362: 12358: 12348: 12346: 12335: 12331: 12321: 12319: 12318:on July 5, 2008 12310: 12309: 12305: 12295: 12293: 12280: 12279: 12275: 12263: 12257: 12253: 12216: 12203: 12190: 12189: 12182: 12169: 12168: 12161: 12151: 12149: 12140: 12139: 12132: 12122: 12120: 12102: 12095: 12085: 12083: 12070: 12069: 12062: 12052: 12050: 12039: 12035: 11984: 11980: 11935: 11931: 11880: 11867: 11822: 11818: 11781: 11774: 11764: 11762: 11752: 11748: 11738: 11736: 11726: 11722: 11712: 11710: 11702: 11701: 11697: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11604: 11600: 11590: 11588: 11578: 11569: 11559: 11557: 11548: 11547: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11527: 11523: 11478: 11474: 11451: 11447: 11396: 11392: 11341: 11337: 11286: 11282: 11231: 11227: 11215: 11213: 11204: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11192: 11149: 11145: 11094: 11090: 11053:(10): 615–623. 11039: 11035: 10982: 10975: 10940: 10936: 10883: 10870: 10819: 10812: 10777: 10773: 10730: 10721: 10711: 10709: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10642: 10638: 10583: 10574: 10531: 10527: 10515: 10509: 10502: 10497: 10490: 10453: 10449: 10402: 10398: 10357:(8): e0201437. 10343: 10339: 10302: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10273: 10266: 10217:(5): e0196990. 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10177: 10173: 10128: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10102: 10098: 10055: 10051: 10016: 10012: 9977: 9973: 9963: 9961: 9958:City of Toronto 9952: 9951: 9947: 9894: 9890: 9837: 9833: 9780: 9769: 9716: 9712: 9659: 9655: 9645: 9643: 9633: 9629: 9576: 9572: 9525: 9521: 9511: 9509: 9479: 9475: 9412: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9386: 9382: 9327: 9323: 9280: 9276: 9231: 9227: 9174: 9167: 9157: 9155: 9145: 9136: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9085: 9075: 9071: 9061: 9059: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9024: 9020: 8973: 8969: 8959: 8957: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8916: 8915: 8908: 8873: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8847: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8769: 8763:Wayback Machine 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8666: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8625: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8601: 8599: 8591: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8574: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8541: 8540: 8536: 8526: 8524: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8501: 8499: 8489: 8485: 8475: 8473: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8421: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8377: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8353: 8351: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8296: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8244: 8240: 8230: 8228: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8192: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8163: 8159: 8149: 8147: 8139: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7858: 7857: 7853: 7843: 7841: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7806: 7802: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7666:Crawley, Mike. 7664: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7525: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7443: 7439: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7402: 7398: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7274: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7204: 7198: 7194: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7148: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7087: 7083: 7069: 7067: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7024: 7017: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6976:Huffington Post 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6947:Huffington Post 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6828: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6793: 6792: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6763: 6756: 6741: 6740: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6619:Chicago Tribune 6613: 6612: 6608: 6601:Chicago Tribune 6595: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6516: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6485: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6428: 6426: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6328:Wayback Machine 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6220: 6218: 6217:on May 31, 2006 6214: 6203: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6055:on July 8, 2009 6047: 6046: 6042: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5912:Nationalpost.ca 5906: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5824: 5820: 5799:(10441): 2278. 5785: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5651: 5650: 5641: 5634: 5612: 5608: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5549: 5544: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5321: 5320: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5288: 5259: 5214: 5210: 5179:(10): 1007–12. 5165: 5161: 5116: 5112: 5057: 5053: 5008: 5004: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4946: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4916:"Mobility aids" 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4127:Harding, Gail. 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3959: 3955: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3929: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3731: 3730: 3715: 3707: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3665: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3627: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3495: 3476: 3475: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3186: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3037: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2976: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2920: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2807: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2765: 2764: 2739: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2674: 2668: 2655: 2648: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2467:Medicine portal 2465: 2460: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2424: 2355: 2325: 2260: 2251: 2239: 2224: 2216: 2195: 2186: 2181: 2164: 2133: 2123: 2110:body-mass index 2102: 2096: 2075: 2018: 1982:Robert Bourassa 1960:Prime Minister 1927:Robert Bourassa 1922: 1900:, or legalized 1894: 1873: 1836: 1803: 1755: 1734: 1696: 1694:Black community 1691: 1670: 1649: 1624:Life expectancy 1617: 1545: 1535: 1532: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1494: 1474: 1418:Huffington Post 1382: 1270: 1264: 1223: 1193: 1145: 1136: 1128:Dalton McGuinty 1101: 1052: 1036: 1018: 1006: 960: 958:Pharmaceuticals 937: 921:pharmaceuticals 917: 909: 892: 878: 875: 868: 841: 827:for that year. 810: 784: 755: 723: 703: 679:oral healthcare 675: 651:psychotherapist 631:medical doctors 619: 614: 540: 495: 457: 412: 392: 370: 296:medical devices 255: 219: 217: 212: 211: 160: 152: 151: 145: 113: 103: 102: 96: 84:Health Transfer 62: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15097: 15087: 15086: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15048:Sint Eustatius 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14993:Cayman Islands 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14964: 14962: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14951: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14834: 14832: 14828: 14827: 14822: 14821: 14814: 14807: 14799: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14786: 14774: 14759: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14735:Historiography 14732: 14726: 14724: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14700: 14698: 14694: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14654: 14649: 14643: 14641: 14630: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14553: 14551: 14545: 14544: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14530: 14529: 14519: 14518: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14497: 14496: 14495: 14490: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14467: 14465: 14461: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14451:Municipalities 14448: 14443: 14437: 14435: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14389: 14387: 14380: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14370: 14365: 14363:Transportation 14360: 14355: 14350: 14348:Stock exchange 14345: 14344: 14343: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14316:Communications 14313: 14312: 14311: 14301: 14300: 14299: 14294: 14283: 14281: 14275: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14251: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14230: 14225: 14219: 14217: 14206: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14182: 14181: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14162:Prime Minister 14159: 14153: 14144: 14143: 14142: 14132: 14127: 14121: 14119: 14113: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14083:National Parks 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14059: 14057: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14043: 14042: 14041: 14029:Eastern Canada 14026: 14025: 14024: 14017:Central Canada 14014: 14009: 14004: 14003: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13990: 13983:Western Canada 13979: 13977: 13975:(west to east) 13962: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13932: 13930: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13871: 13869: 13862: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13774:Constitutional 13770: 13768: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13715: 13713: 13694: 13688: 13687: 13680: 13679: 13672: 13665: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13649: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13620: 13602: 13594: 13582: 13573: 13566: 13565:External links 13563: 13561: 13560: 13513: 13445: 13379: 13352: 13328: 13306: 13281: 13256: 13219: 13184: 13158: 13132: 13107: 13058: 13037: 13015: 12989: 12956: 12928: 12906: 12881: 12855: 12831: 12814:"Deaths, 2018" 12802: 12777: 12751: 12730: 12705: 12681: 12669:Financial Post 12655: 12632: 12591: 12569: 12547: 12520: 12495: 12480: 12462: 12443: 12424: 12395:(6): 945–946. 12375: 12370:Globe and Mail 12356: 12329: 12303: 12273: 12251: 12224:Health Affairs 12201: 12180: 12159: 12130: 12113:Calgary Herald 12093: 12060: 12033: 11998:(6): 560–567. 11978: 11949:(4): 254–279. 11929: 11894:(3): 552–564. 11865: 11836:(523): 93–98. 11816: 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July 4, 2014 11538: 11521: 11472: 11461:(4): 523–545. 11445: 11410:(4): 205–209. 11390: 11355:(5): 279–290. 11335: 11300:(2): 249–258. 11280: 11245:(1): 100–106. 11225: 11216:|journal= 11190: 11163:(3): 203–213. 11143: 11088: 11033: 10996:(3): 192–199. 10973: 10934: 10897:(4): 237–251. 10868: 10833:(5): 462–478. 10810: 10771: 10744:(2): 115–122. 10719: 10693: 10656:(4): 220–224. 10636: 10572: 10525: 10500: 10488: 10447: 10396: 10337: 10293: 10264: 10197: 10171: 10142:(1): 1571385. 10122: 10096: 10049: 10010: 9971: 9960:. June 1, 2021 9945: 9888: 9851:(5): 829–841. 9831: 9767: 9730:(2): 942–951. 9710: 9667:Women's Health 9653: 9627: 9590:(5): 829–841. 9570: 9519: 9493:(3): 171–179. 9473: 9406: 9380: 9321: 9274: 9245:(Pt 1): 5–19. 9225: 9165: 9134: 9109:Health Reports 9095: 9069: 9044: 9018: 8967: 8934: 8906: 8867: 8841: 8815: 8789: 8778: 8767: 8754:Media release 8747: 8721: 8695: 8660: 8635: 8624:. May 28, 2020 8609: 8584: 8559: 8534: 8509: 8483: 8457: 8431: 8406: 8387: 8361: 8335: 8309: 8290: 8279:. May 27, 2024 8264: 8252:Ottawa Citizen 8238: 8227:. May 27, 2024 8212: 8183: 8157: 8132: 8106: 8080: 8054: 8028: 8002: 7988:Porter, Kate. 7980: 7955: 7929: 7903: 7877: 7851: 7826: 7800: 7743: 7717: 7702: 7677: 7658: 7632: 7607: 7582: 7557: 7532: 7519: 7494: 7437: 7422: 7396: 7378: 7341:(1): E63–E70. 7321: 7295: 7263: 7254: 7241: 7221: 7192: 7168: 7142: 7112: 7081: 7044: 7015: 6993: 6959: 6933: 6922:. October 2008 6904: 6885:Wendell Potter 6876: 6850: 6819: 6783: 6754: 6731: 6705: 6679: 6654: 6632: 6606: 6588: 6562: 6536: 6505: 6474: 6448: 6439: 6406: 6387: 6378: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6332: 6313: 6277: 6268: 6254: 6228: 6191: 6184: 6162: 6140: 6118: 6092: 6081:on May 2, 2006 6066: 6040: 6021: 5995: 5969: 5943: 5917: 5899: 5869: 5844: 5818: 5779: 5753: 5728: 5702: 5690: 5674: 5639: 5632: 5606: 5588: 5563: 5547: 5545:CIHI p.112-113 5533: 5502: 5476: 5461: 5436: 5417: 5406: 5381: 5352: 5338: 5307: 5257: 5208: 5159: 5110: 5051: 5002: 4983:(2): 368–395. 4964: 4957: 4933: 4907: 4881: 4859: 4833: 4806: 4794:www.ontario.ca 4781: 4755: 4733: 4707: 4681: 4656: 4630: 4619:. May 26, 2011 4604: 4576: 4525: 4503: 4481: 4455: 4423: 4397: 4375: 4346: 4321: 4290: 4268: 4259: 4233: 4207: 4189: 4159: 4156:. May 5, 2017. 4145: 4119: 4093: 4090:(17): 2. 2005. 4072: 4067:Financial Post 4053: 4028: 4010: 3984: 3953: 3913: 3887: 3862: 3836: 3814: 3796: 3774: 3742: 3713: 3686: 3648: 3616: 3593: 3567: 3541: 3512: 3493: 3458: 3430: 3417:secure.cihi.ca 3401: 3372: 3342: 3324: 3317: 3297: 3275: 3264: 3242: 3222: 3207: 3177: 3155: 3127: 3067: 3058: 3028: 3011: 2994: 2963: 2941: 2934: 2909: 2879: 2843: 2824: 2790: 2737: 2701: 2687: 2653: 2646: 2626: 2619: 2601: 2587: 2580: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2456: 2440: 2437: 2423: 2420: 2387:New York Times 2354: 2351: 2324: 2321: 2294:health care". 2259: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2238: 2235: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2165: 2148: 2122: 2119: 2098:Main article: 2095: 2092: 2074: 2071: 2067:adrenal cancer 2017: 2014: 1986:Danny Williams 1946:Health Affairs 1939:Danny Williams 1921: 1918: 1893: 1890: 1872: 1869: 1858:emergency room 1835: 1832: 1802: 1799: 1759:LGBT community 1754: 1753:LGBT community 1751: 1733: 1730: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1669: 1666: 1648: 1645: 1616: 1613: 1606:report by the 1576:Stephen Harper 1544: 1541: 1530: 1514: 1493: 1490: 1473: 1470: 1401:Wendell Potter 1391:Cato Institute 1381: 1378: 1374:Stephen Harper 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1234:Nanos Research 1222: 1221:Public opinion 1219: 1192: 1189: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1100: 1097: 1089:medical school 1051: 1048: 1035: 1032: 1017: 1014: 1005: 1002: 998:price controls 959: 956: 936: 933: 916: 913: 908: 905: 891: 888: 873: 840: 837: 809: 806: 783: 780: 754: 751: 722: 719: 702: 699: 674: 671: 618: 615: 613: 610: 539: 536: 494: 493:Current status 491: 456: 453: 411: 408: 391: 388: 379:access to care 257: 256: 254: 253: 246: 239: 231: 228: 227: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 199: 198: 197: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 114: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 97:Substances Act 91: 86: 81: 76: 69: 63: 58: 57: 54: 53: 45: 44: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15096: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14955: 14949: 14948:United States 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14829: 14820: 14815: 14813: 14808: 14806: 14801: 14800: 14797: 14785: 14784: 14775: 14773: 14772: 14761: 14760: 14757: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14721: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14695: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14640: 14639: 14634: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14617:Protectionism 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14546: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14501: 14498: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14485: 14484: 14481: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14462: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14436: 14432: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14375: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14310: 14307: 14306: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14292:Dairy farming 14290: 14289: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14280: 14276: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14235: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14218: 14216: 14215: 14210: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14180: 14179:Supreme Court 14177: 14176: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14163: 14160: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14114: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14060: 14058: 14056: 14055: 14050: 14040: 14039:The Maritimes 14037: 14036: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14030: 14027: 14023: 14020: 14019: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13972: 13971: 13966: 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13536: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13517: 13509: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13450: 13441: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13405: 13401: 13400:PLOS Medicine 13397: 13390: 13388: 13386: 13384: 13367: 13363: 13356: 13338: 13332: 13321:September 10, 13316: 13310: 13299:September 10, 13295: 13291: 13285: 13270: 13266: 13260: 13249:September 19, 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13226: 13224: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13188: 13173: 13169: 13162: 13146: 13145:National Post 13142: 13136: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13095: 13091: 13077: 13073: 13072:Vancouver Sun 13069: 13062: 13051:September 10, 13047: 13041: 13030:September 10, 13025: 13019: 13008:September 10, 13004: 13000: 12993: 12982:September 10, 12977: 12973: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12949:September 10, 12944: 12941: 12935: 12933: 12921:September 10, 12916: 12910: 12899:September 10, 12895: 12891: 12885: 12869: 12865: 12859: 12851: 12850: 12845: 12838: 12836: 12819: 12815: 12809: 12807: 12791: 12787: 12781: 12765: 12761: 12755: 12740: 12734: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12685: 12670: 12666: 12659: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12636: 12621: 12617: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12579: 12573: 12557: 12551: 12535: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12508: 12502: 12500: 12493:July 20, 2002 12492: 12489: 12484: 12476: 12472: 12466: 12458: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12428: 12420: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12379: 12371: 12367: 12360: 12344: 12340: 12333: 12317: 12313: 12307: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12277: 12269: 12262: 12255: 12247: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12185: 12176: 12172: 12166: 12164: 12147: 12143: 12137: 12135: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12065: 12048: 12044: 12037: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11982: 11974: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11933: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11861: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11820: 11812: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11779: 11777: 11761: 11757: 11750: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11708: 11707: 11699: 11691: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11656:(5): e96902. 11655: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11587: 11583: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11543: 11531: 11525: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11476: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11449: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11339: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11284: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 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3636: 3632: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3604: 3597: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3550:"HCC reports" 3545: 3538: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3285: 3279: 3268: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3165: 3159: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3004: 2998: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2727: 2711: 2705: 2690: 2688:0-662-33043-9 2684: 2680: 2673: 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1967: 1963: 1962:Jean Chrétien 1958: 1955: 1953: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:Jean Chrétien 1928: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1882:Down syndrome 1877: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1644: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1529: 1525: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297:Before 1966, 1295: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1269: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1183:, applying a 1182: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1160:are covered. 1159: 1153: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1085:gynecologists 1082: 1081:obstetricians 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1013: 1010: 1001: 999: 994: 990: 988: 983: 979: 977: 973: 969: 963: 955: 952: 947: 943: 940: 932: 928: 924: 922: 912: 904: 901: 898: 895: 887: 883: 872: 864: 862: 856: 852: 848: 846: 836: 832: 828: 826: 822: 819:In 2017, the 817: 815: 805: 802: 798: 793: 789: 788:First Nations 779: 777: 772: 768: 764: 759: 750: 746: 743: 738: 736: 731: 728: 718: 716: 712: 708: 698: 696: 690: 686: 682: 680: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627:psychiatrists 624: 617:Mental health 609: 607: 602: 596: 592: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 570: 565: 563: 559: 554: 550: 546: 545:mental health 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 512: 510: 506: 505: 499: 490: 487: 485: 479: 475: 473: 468: 461: 452: 450: 445: 441: 437: 435: 430: 426: 424: 420: 419:Health Canada 416: 407: 403: 401: 397: 387: 384: 380: 376: 368: 365:In 2021, the 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 304:psychotherapy 301: 297: 293: 287: 285: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 263: 252: 247: 245: 240: 238: 233: 232: 230: 229: 226: 216: 215: 208: 205: 203: 200: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 156: 155: 148: 147: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 112: 107: 106: 99: 98: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 74: 70: 68: 65: 64: 61: 60:Health Canada 56: 55: 51: 47: 46: 43: 40: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 15053:Sint Maarten 15033:Saint Martin 14857: 14781: 14762: 14730:Bibliography 14652:Coat of arms 14636: 14557:Architecture 14527:Homelessness 14482: 14378:Demographics 14297:Floriculture 14233:Human rights 14212: 14201:Peacekeeping 14130:Constitution 14052: 13993:Great Plains 13968: 13920:Saskatchewan 13763: 13707: 13700: 13632:December 21, 13630:. 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