1101:
770:
1168:
721:
1128:
617:
629:
1089:
846:
1113:
20:
537:
405:
659:
1143:
837:
the figure's head at the level of the shoulders. Ewaipanomas began to decrease in popularity as a cartographic motif after this point; Hondius' 1608 world map does not include them, but merely notes that headless men are reported in Guyana while casting doubt on the veracity of these claims. Pieter van den Keere's 1619 world map, which includes a Claesz-like neckless figure in a display of
Amerindian tribesmen, is the last to depict Ewaipanomas.
417:
393:
937:
761:)" as shaggy all over the body, with "coarse hair like wild animals", but when the printed book versions appeared, their woodcut illustrations depicted them as smooth-bodied, in contradiction to the text. Conrad lumped peoples of various geography under "wundermenschen", and condemned such wondrous people as earning physical deformities due to the sins of their ancestors.
1367:, I. 24: Epifugi, as the Greeks called them, are "eight feet tall and have all the functions of the head in their chests, except they are said to have eyes in their shoulders" (Orchard tr.); Latin text reads '..'quos Epifugos Graeci vocant et VIII pedum altitudinis sunt et tota in pectore capitis officia gerunt, nisi quod oculos in humeris habere dicuntur".
836:
and in a display various
Amerindian peoples in a map of North America released in the same year. Cornelis Claesz, who had worked alongside Hondius on numerous occasions, reproduced this display in a 1602 map of the Americas, but modified the Ewaipanoma to possess a true head but lack a neck, setting
868:
asserted that while "acephalous" races were actually present in North
America, they were no more than a local trait of having the head set deep in the shoulders. He argued that reports of "headless" traits in the "East Indies" by writers of antiquity is evidence that people of the same genetic pool
650:
One Blemee standing has his face on their chest, and another below him has "eyes and mouth at their shoulders". Both varieties of
Blemmyae occur according to Isidore, who reported that in Libya, besides the Blemmyae born with a face on the chest, there were reputedly "others, born without necks,
872:
Other explanations have been offered for the legend of their unusual physique. As noted earlier, native warriors perhaps employed the tactic of keeping head tucked close to the breast while marching with one knee on the ground. Or, perhaps, they had the custom of carrying shields ornamented with
2705:
580:
the golden-coloured headless encountered by
Alexandre measured just 6 feet tall, and had beards reaching their knees. In the French version, Alexander captures 30 of the headless to show the rest of the world, an element lacking in the Latin original.
1354:
says they live on "another island south of the
Brixontes.." (Orchard tr.) presumably meaning another island in Brixontes River, but further south than the island where the donkey-eared, sheep-wooled, bird-footed animals called lertices
803:, a somewhat later contemporary, dismissed the story, writing that these natives' heads were set so close to the shoulders that some were led to believe their eyes were attached to the shoulders and the mouth to their breasts.
288:). Modern commentators on Pliny have suggested the notion of headlessness among Blemmyes may be due to their combat tactic of keeping their heads pressed close to the chest, while half-squatting with one knee to the ground.
2689:
The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques & discoveries of the
English nation, made by sea or over-land to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth at any time within the compass of these 1600
717:) between India and Myanmar. In other parts of the island are headless men with eyes and mouth on their backs. This has been noted as an example of Blemmyes by commentators, though Mandeville does not use the term.
869:
migrated from Asia to North
America. Contemporary literature say certain writers attribute Blemmyes' physique as an ability to raise both shoulders to an extraordinary height, and ensconcing their head in between.
1100:
713:
writes of "ugly folk without heads, who have eyes in each shoulder" with their mouths "round like a horseshoe, in the middle of their chest" living among the populace in the big island of
Dundeya (
651:
have their eyes on their shoulders". Some modern commentators believe the two different types represent the male and female blemmyes, with their genitals explicitly drawn. Another example is the
1992:
Watanabe, A. (2020). The Edges of the World in
Classical Greece and Epic India. The Metaphor of the Monster: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding the Monstrous Other in Literature, 204.
1167:
799:. Of the story, Raleigh was "resolved it is true, because every child in the provinces of Aromaia and Canuri affirm the same". He also cited an anonymous Spaniard's sighting of the Ewaipanoma.
1323:
Est namque et alia insula in Brisone flumine, ubi nascuntur homines sine capite, habentes oculos et os in pectore; longi sunt pedes XII, lati et vasti pedes VII, colore et corpus auro simile
1521:
2706:"Africa — The Second Voyage to Guinea Set out by Sir George Barne, Sir Iohn Yorke, Thomas Lok, Anthonie Hickman and Edward Castelin, in the yere 1554. The Captaine whereof was M. Iohn Lok"
1376:
XVII, 5 : est etiam in Brixonte insula in homines sine qua nascuntur captibus, quia in pectore et oculos habent in time, altitude novem pedum latitude et octo: hos epifagos vocamus.
1526:
1127:
1112:
3110:
300:) was applied to people without heads whose facial parts such as eyes and mouth have relocated to other parts of the body, and the Blemmyes as described by
1279:
From the geographical description this was a desert area south and east of Egypt, between tributaries of the Nile, in Nubian-Egyptian border zone in the
1088:
374:
is described as having no head, and with his nipples as eyes and his belly button as a mouth. This is because he got decapitated in a battle against
1452:, who was Conrad's primary source also associated the headless with sin, but allegorically. To Thomas the headless represented unscrupulous lawyers.
2490:
L'extrême orient dans la littérature et la cartographie de l'occident des XIIIe, XIVe, et XVe siècles : étude sur l'histoire de la géographie
953:
makes reference to "the Cannibals that each other eat, The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads Do grow beneath their shoulders". In his later play
818:, where he found "people without heads, called Blemines, having their eyes and mouth in their breast." The authorship of the report is ambiguous.
357:
is a headless creature with one eye in the middle of his stomach and with extra-long arms. He is cursed to remain in this form until released by
3115:
1979:
825:
at that time, since both were English writers, writing during the same period, about trips to different continents (Africa and Latin America).
3135:
2418:
1846:
Agostini, D. (2019). Half-human and Monstrous Races in Zoroastrian Tradition. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 139(4), 805-818.
2233:
Der Altfranzösische Prosa-Alexander-roman nach der Berliner Bilderhandschrift, nebst dem lateinischen Original der Historia de preliis
1695:
655:
map (ca. 1363), which bears an inscription regarding the headless in Ethiopia, although unaccompanied by any picture of the people.
280:
tribe of North Africa as " no heads, their mouths and eyes being seated in their breasts". Pliny situates the Blemmyae somewhere in
1142:
152:) "brain", implying that the Blemmyes were people without brains (although not necessarily without heads). A Greek derivation from
1394:
Inscription reads "Gens ista habet caput et os in pectore" and can be read above the spine of the Atlas, to the far right on the
1931:
Relations de voyages et textes geographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs a l'Extreme-Orient du: Traduits, Revus Et Annotés
194:). Although this theory had long been neglected, this etymology has come into acceptance, alongside the identification of the
1938:
910:
3105:
1745:
922:, written in 2000, features Headless men as minor characters. A headless man was also featured as a monster-of-the-week in
292:
adds they are believed to be born with their head part dismembered, their mouth and eyes deposited on the breast. The term
266:
was the first to name the "Blemyae" of Africa as being headless with their face buried in their chest. In a similar vein,
3130:
1210:
1154:
769:
99:
Various etymologies had been proposed for the origins of the name "Blemmyes", and the question is considered unsettled.
2545:
2460:
2001:
Furnari, R. I. (2014). The Journey of Myths from West to East. Cogito-Multidisciplinary research Journal, (4), 129-142.
1963:
1864:
709:
336:. Men "without heads, and others whose eyes and mouth were on their chest" are mentioned later by the persian polymath
2228:
3064:
3041:
3007:
2880:
2798:
2768:
2741:
2650:
2609:
2519:
2385:
2342:
2316:
2290:
2257:
2143:
2114:
2088:
1781:
1737:
1667:
1619:
473:") of a golden colour, measuring 12 feet tall and 7 feet wide, living on an isle in the River Brisone (in Ethiopia).
1395:
924:
604:(ca. 1300) places the "Blemee" in Ethiopia (upper Nile system), deriving its information from Solinus, perhaps via
1385:
Although Kline (2001) thinks the second type with eyes and mouth at shoulder should be identified as an "Epiphagi"
1073:
as translated by Sir Malcolm C. Lyons. The headless men with eyes on their chest defend the Brass City where the
2583:
959:, Gonzalo admittedly believed when he was young "that there were such men whose heads stood in their breasts".
3053:"Ludibria sibi, nobis miracula. La fortuna medievale delle scienza pliniana e l'antropologia della diversitas"
914:
are similar to the headless men, in the matter that their head and torso occupy the same anatomical position.
3125:
2308:
Alexandre le Bourguignon: étude du roman Les faicts et les conquestes d'Alexandre le Grand de Jehan Wauquelin
572:
366:
1040:
734:
Examples of chapters on monstrous races (including the headless), taken from earlier sources, occur in the
720:
616:
1069:
236:, "and the wild men and women, besides many other creatures not fabulous" dwelled in the eastern edge of
84:). Later traditions confined their habitat to a particular island in the Brisone River, or shifted it to
2488:
2733:
1956:
The wonders of creation and the singularities of painting : a study of the Ilkhanid London Qazvīnī
628:
865:
3120:
1193:
2011:
900:
is said to have invented characters based on objects in the Ripon church where his father served as
504:. The transmission is imperfect. No name is given to the headless islanders, eight feet tall in the
2790:
1017:
91:
Blemmyes are said to occur in two types: with eyes on the chest or with the eyes on the shoulders.
1545:
2509:
1217:
1179:
796:
791:
676:, world maps began to appear that located the headless people further east, in Asia, such as the
271:
2847:
2687:
1636:"The Blemmyes I: The Rise of the Blemmyes and the Roman Withdrawal from Nubia under Diocletian"
549:
3031:
3017:
2973:
2814:
2758:
2573:
2358:
2332:
2306:
2278:
2247:
2229:"Comment Alixandres trouva gens sans testes qui avoient couleur d'or et orent les iols on pis"
2078:
1829:
1727:
1657:
1550:, vol. III, Ajasson, M. (tr.); Marcus, Louis (notes), C. L. F. Panckoucke, pp. 190–1
1449:
3052:
2997:
2599:
2535:
2494:
2375:
2133:
2104:
845:
211:
1771:
692:'s map (ca. 1448) did continue to locate the headless in Ethiopia. The post-medieval map of
404:
2826:
861:
685:
601:
362:
289:
19:
1159:
696:(pictured above) illustrates the headless and the dog-headed cynocephali north beyond the
8:
1732:. Vol. 1. Trans. John Bostock and H. T. Riley. George Bell & Sons. p. 405.
1293:
1043:. Sterling later stated that the idea for his story was taken from a children's story by
828:
Ewaipanomas were depicted on numerous later maps using Raleigh's account as a reference.
821:
The commonalities between Raleigh and Hakluyt writings might suggest the existence of an
752:
740:
726:
697:
482:
337:
2830:
2666:
2419:"Biblical, Mythical, and Foreign Women in the Texts and Pictures on Medieval World Maps"
1031:
wrote a short story entitled "The Blemmye's Stratagem", included in his 2006 collection
2961:
2852:
2249:
Conquête du monde, enquête sur l'autre et quête de soi. Alexandre le Grand au Moyen Âge
1973:
1174:
998:
693:
689:
605:
563:
453:
449:
24:
600:
Blemmyes or headless people were also illustrated and described on medieval maps. The
3100:
3060:
3037:
3003:
2876:
2794:
2764:
2737:
2672:
2646:
2605:
2579:
2541:
2515:
2456:
2381:
2338:
2312:
2286:
2253:
2139:
2110:
2084:
1959:
1934:
1911:
1860:
1777:
1733:
1663:
1653:
1615:
1226:
1056:
1020:
features the Blemmyes as fierce, sand-dwelling creatures located in the southeastern
889:
383:
2856:
1427:, p. 47 refers to them as the "acephalous" but original German is followed here
876:
Europeans also formerly considered Blemmyes to be an exaggerated report about apes.
80:. These were at first described as inhabitants of ancient Libya or the Nile system (
2989:
2985:
2953:
2842:
2834:
1901:
1893:
1517:
778:
677:
673:
536:
492:
1614:, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, p. 130 (125–139),
416:
3074:
2870:
2784:
2727:
2640:
1635:
1607:
1562:
1231:
971:
941:
893:
829:
807:
800:
714:
465:
332:
301:
267:
147:
133:
35:
2264:
2957:
2063:
Gervase, in his autograph manuscript (Rome, Vat. Lat. 933) admits to using the
1406:
Bianco locates the headless in the Orient, but the dog-heads still in Ethiopia.
1280:
1028:
901:
786:
589:
585:
375:
263:
253:
221:
177:
169:
157:
117:
73:
61:
53:
980:
writes of a man with his face on his chest in his 1989 short story collection
3094:
1915:
1198:
963:
905:
897:
652:
437:
392:
237:
191:
38:
and later, to inhabit remote parts of the world. They are variously known as
1024:, and suggests that they are the manifestation of the evil face of mankind.
3027:
2129:
1335:
1051:
1006:
822:
658:
501:
327:
183:
106:
were said to be named eponymously after King Blemys (Βλέμυς), according to
2277:
Harf-Lancner, Laurence (2012), Maddox, Donald; Sturm-Maddox, Sara (eds.),
2999:
Marvel and Artefact: The 'Wonders of the East' in its manuscript contexts
2077:
Gervase of Tilbury (2006), Gerner, Dominique; Pignatelli, Cinzia (eds.),
1906:
1530:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 107.
988:
955:
915:
885:
833:
317:
233:
195:
116:, but no lore about headlessness is attached to the people in this work.
45:
2974:"Some Abnormal and Composite Human Forms in English Church Architecture"
2360:
Mediæval Geography: An Essay in Illustration of the Hereford Mappa Mundi
2279:"From Alexander to Marco Polo, from Text to Image: The Marvels of India"
756:
2965:
2018:
1897:
1773:
Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region Between Ancient Nubia and Egypt
1241:
1044:
977:
860:
Explanations similar to de Laet's were repeated in later years. In the
440:(and headless men) became incorporated into later texts. This included
322:
112:
3033:
Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf Manuscript
908:
character. The four giants who protect the fantasy land of Termina in
312:
Headless men also appear in several Asian legends. Breast-eyed races (
2838:
2622:
2620:
1881:
1312:, represented in Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, nouv. acq. lat. 1065.
1246:
993:
919:
281:
241:
207:
81:
2080:
Les traductions françaises des Otia imperialia de Gervais de Tilbury
516:. This form derives from "epiphagos" in a modified recension of the
1251:
1236:
1203:
1061:
1036:
1002:
811:
806:
During the same period (around 1589–1600), another English writer,
584:
Other Alexander books that contain the headless people episode are
371:
354:
349:
277:
103:
2617:
2493:, Göteborg: Wald. Zachrisson, Blemmyis (pp. 78–79), archived from
2908:
1149:
949:
849:
1642:, vol. II, no. 10.1, László Török, p. 55 (44–106)
358:
1021:
815:
245:
107:
2377:
Isidore of Seville's Etymologies: Complete English Translation
2252:, Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, p. 204,
2208:
2045:
1342:, pp. 298, 536) localize the Brison as being in Ethiopia.
1292:
Comment by Louis Marcus (1829), taking hint from a passage in
2642:
Fools and idiots?: Intellectual disability in the Middle Ages
2575:
Saracens, Demons, & Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art
2468:
2432:
2426:
The Hereford World Map: Medieval World Maps and their Context
2184:
2106:
Monsters, Gender and Sexuality in Medieval English Literature
1074:
1060:, headless men appear as the goons and bodyguards of Emperor
379:
285:
85:
77:
1882:"The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)"
1809:
1807:
1527:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
386:
is depicted as a headless man with his face on his torso.
341:
69:
2076:
1587:
1564:
Les civilisations africaines: La Nubie (Éthiopie ancienne)
1339:
2604:, Susan E. Tholl, Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 6,
936:
1804:
1094:
Blemee on the Hereford Mappa Mundi (detail, Nile system)
680:(1436) that depicted people who "all do not have heads (
2196:
2035:
2033:
1859:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2020. p. 79.
1798:
1757:
1725:
562:
material was incorporated into the Alexander legend by
206:
The first indirect reference to the Blemmyes occurs in
2888:
2729:
Renaissance Ethnography and the Invention of the Human
2357:
Bevan, William Latham; Phillott, Henry Wright (1873),
1704:
1675:
1608:"Reinisch and Some Problems of he Study of Beja Today"
1438:
sint über al rauch mit hertem hâr, sam diu wilden tier
469:(ca. 1211) which describes a "people without heads" ("
1495:
570:(version J), which was translated into Old French as
432:
By the 7th or 8th century, there had been composed a
2944:
Derrett, J. Duncan M. (2002), "A Blemmya in India",
2921:
2763:, London and New York: Routledge, Monster (p. 849),
2626:
2597:
2374:
Isidore of Seville (2005), Throop, Priscilla (ed.),
2030:
1424:
904:, and in particular, the blemmyes here inspired his
452:'s treatise, and the Alexander legend attributed to
139:
125:
1470:
1824:
1822:
1512:
1510:
2122:
1794:
1792:
1659:Ongota: A Decisive Language in African Prehistory
1208:Coluinn gunn cheann – Scottish headless monster (
180:claimed a Coptic word "blind" for its etymology.
3092:
2598:Husband, Timothy; Gilmore-House, Gloria (1980),
2373:
1118:Wondrous people of Ethiopia, 1377 manuscript of
884:Likenesses of blemmyes are used as supports for
463:was translated verbatim in Gervase of Tilbury's
2936:
2786:The Monstrous Races In Medieval Art and Thought
2334:Maps of Medieval Thought: The Hereford Paradigm
1880:Masseti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (June 2016).
1879:
1819:
1507:
928:. In it, it is known as the "Headless Horror".
3111:Legendary tribes in Greco-Roman historiography
3059:, Cacucci Editore S.a.s., p. 75 (39–75),
2725:
2664:
1789:
2356:
856:(related to the chimpanzee) in the great apes
459:The Latin text in the recension known as the
198:as true descendants of the Blemmyes of yore.
3075:"The Problem of Blemmyes-Beja: An Etymology"
2685:
2276:
1539:
1537:
997:, the protagonist meets Blemmyes along with
176:) "close the eyes" has also been suggested.
145:
131:
102:In antiquity, the actual tribe known as the
2578:, Princeton University Press, p. 203,
2514:, University of Chicago Press, p. 86,
2416:
2245:
1933:. Cambridge University Press. p. 307.
1035:. The story describes a Blemmye during the
1001:and a number of monsters from the medieval
688:. But other maps of the period such as the
512:("epifugi") is the name of the headless in
240:, according to Herodotus's Libyan sources.
2571:
1978:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1605:
1308:Particularly the F-group of text known as
795:, to have been living on the banks of the
684:)" in India, on the same peninsula as the
304:or Solinus conform with this appellation.
2846:
2703:
2601:The Wild Man: Medieval Myth and Symbolism
2450:
2444:
1905:
1687:
1662:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 149,
1633:
1534:
970:, a family of Blemyahs spend a year in a
307:
3072:
3026:
2782:
2486:
2480:
2337:, Boydell Press, pp. 143, 148–151,
2174:
2158:
2138:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 24.
2128:
1721:
1719:
1593:
1516:
1476:
1340:Gervase, Gerner & Pignatelli tr 2006
1077:keeps a kidnapped princess as prisoner.
1067:The creatures turn up on day 304 of the
935:
844:
768:
719:
657:
540:Alexander encounters the headless people
535:
23:One of the Blemmyes, from a 1556 map by
18:
3002:, BRILL, pp. 12–15, notes 23, 32,
2943:
2894:
2645:, Oxford University Press, p. 75,
2638:
2559:
2533:
2404:
2304:
2070:
1953:
1928:
1710:
1681:
1652:
1581:
1567:, vol. 1, A. Challamel, p. 65
1501:
755:, described the "people without heads (
190:"desert people" in the Bedauye tongue (
3093:
3050:
3015:
2927:
2868:
2862:
2825:(122), London: Tinsley brothers: 123,
2812:
2474:
2438:
2202:
2190:
2102:
2039:
1836:. Vol. 1. 1823. pp. 130–131.
1133:Wondrous people of Ethiopia, ca. 1460
896:, from earlier local folklore. Writer
476:The catalogue of strange peoples from
186:in 1895 proposed that it derived from
3116:Medieval European legendary creatures
3022:, vol. III, J. Roth, p. 144
2971:
2793:, pp. 12, 15, 25, 146, 178–179,
2756:
2507:
2330:
2226:
1813:
1799:Pliny, Bostock & Riley (tr.) 1893
1769:
1758:Pliny, Bostock & Riley (tr.) 1893
1716:
1693:
1560:
1543:
840:
781:, a rumor of headless men called the
773:Headless Ewaipanomas (1599 engraving)
531:
284:(in, or in the neighbouring lands to
120:of the 17th century derived the word
3136:Indian characters in Greek mythology
3019:Mappaemundi: die ältesten Weltkarten
2995:
2813:Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1872),
2693:. Glasgow J. MacLehose. p. 169.
2534:Moseley, C. W. R. D. (tr.) (2005) ,
2214:
2051:
2024:
1415:Labeled "Hy haben vultum in pectore"
1257:
634:2) People with eyes at the shoulders
436:, whose accounts of marvels such as
2872:Encyclopedia of Medieval Church Art
2815:"Zanzibar: City, Island, and Coast"
2704:De Medici, Marie (April 27, 2017).
1801:, p.406, note 3 (Book 5.8, note 17)
1760:, p. 405, note 1 (Book 5.8, note 9)
1211:Popular Tales of the West Highlands
832:included them in his 1598 chart of
764:
703:
526:Epistola Premonis Regis ad Trajanum
13:
2627:Husband & Gilmore-House (1980)
2537:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
2403:, p. 381, item 971, 973; cited in
911:The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask
710:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
14:
3147:
3057:La 'Naturalis Historia' di Plinio
2875:, B.T. Batsford, blemya (p. 24),
2760:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
2311:, Droz, pp. cxlvi, 233–234,
2572:Strickland, Debra Higgs (2003),
1857:The bundahišn: a new translation
1425:Husband & Gilmore-House 1980
1173:Headless from 1599 engraving in
1166:
1141:
1126:
1111:
1099:
1087:
931:
925:Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated
627:
615:
595:
448:), its Anglo-Saxon translation,
434:Letter of Pharasmenes to Hadrian
415:
403:
391:
228:"without a head"). The headless
3036:. University of Toronto Press.
2915:
2900:
2806:
2776:
2750:
2719:
2697:
2679:
2658:
2632:
2591:
2565:
2553:
2527:
2501:
2410:
2393:
2367:
2350:
2324:
2298:
2270:
2239:
2220:
2168:
2152:
2135:A Critical Companion to Beowulf
2096:
2057:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1947:
1922:
1873:
1849:
1840:
1763:
1751:
1646:
1627:
1599:
1443:
1430:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1358:
1345:
1334:River Brisone was a fictitious
1328:
1315:
1302:
1286:
1273:
1120:Secrets de l'histoire naturelle
442:De Rebus in Oriente mirabilibus
201:
2990:10.1080/00665983.1915.10853279
2686:Hakluyt, Richard (1598–1600).
2428:, British Library, p. 305
1634:Updegraff, Robert T. (1988) ,
1571:
1554:
1482:
1264:
1135:Livres des Merveilles du Monde
427:
1:
2848:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2f76pz0w
1700:. Trans. A. D. Godley. 4.191.
1459:
974:, carving stories from wood.
367:Classic of Mountains and Seas
68:) and described as lacking a
48:ἀκέφαλοι 'headless ones') or
2937:General and cited references
2540:, Penguin, p. 29; 137,
2508:White, David Gordon (1991),
2451:Hoogvliet, Margriet (2007),
2417:Baumgärtner, Ingrid (2006),
1606:Mukarovsky, Hans G. (1987),
1464:
682:omines qui non abent capites
622:1) Blemee with face on chest
522:Letter of Premonis to Trajan
94:
30:Various species of mythical
7:
3106:Mythical headless creatures
3079:Beiträge zur Sudanforschung
2285:, SUNY Press, p. 238,
2235:, Max Niemeyer, p. 236
1612:Leo Reinisch: Werk und Erbe
1338:of the Nile. Commentators (
1187:
1070:One Thousand and One Nights
1039:, who is revealed to be an
140:
126:
10:
3152:
3131:Indian legendary creatures
3073:Zaborski, Andrzej (1989),
3051:Stella, Francisco (2012),
2978:The Archaeological Journal
2958:10.1163/156852702760559732
2869:Tasker, Edward G. (1993),
2734:Cambridge University Press
2363:, E. Stanford, p. 103
2331:Kline, Naomi Reed (2001),
2305:Hériché, Sandrine (2008),
2246:Pérez-Simon, Maud (2014),
2027:, pp. 12–15; notes 23, 32.
2012:"A-Yokai-A-Day: Donotsura"
1106:13th-century bestiary leaf
1080:
724:A Blemmyae from Schedel's
573:Roman d'Alexandre en prose
216:, where he calls them the
2283:Medieval French Alexander
1958:. Edinburgh. p. 41.
1954:Carboni, Stefano (2015).
1929:Ferrand, Gabriel (2015).
1194:Acephaly (disambiguation)
1014:La Torre della Solitudine
879:
666:—Andrea Bianco map (1436)
662:Headless placed in India.
480:occur in the Anglo-Saxon
257:
225:
173:
161:
146:
132:
65:
2791:Harvard University Press
2783:Friedman, John (2000) ,
2455:, Brepols, p. 211,
2109:, Boydell & Brewer,
1776:, BRILL, pp. 9–10,
1726:Pliny the Elder (1893).
1561:Morié, Louis J. (1904),
1018:Valerio Massimo Manfredi
966:'s 1987 children's book
810:, described a voyage by
3016:Miller, Konrad (1895),
2726:Surekha Davies (2016).
2668:The Discovery of Guiana
2665:Walter Raleigh (2006).
2639:Metzler, Irina (2016),
2487:Hallberg, Ivar (1907),
2380:, Lulu.com, XI. 3. 17,
2083:, Droz, LXXV (p. 301),
1834:Encyclopædia Britannica
1396:image Ranulf Higden map
1180:The Discovery of Guiana
1027:Science fiction author
866:Joseph-François Lafitau
757:
751:(ca. 1349), written by
642:—Hereford Map (c. 1300)
320:scriptures such as the
316:) are recurrent in the
2757:Delon, Michel (2013),
2227:Hilka, Alfons (1920),
2193:, p. 62, note 55.
1770:Török, László (2009),
1054:'s 2017 fantasy novel
1033:Visionary in Residence
944:
857:
774:
731:
669:
555:
471:Des hommes sanz testes
308:In non-western sources
57:
27:
2972:Druce, G. C. (1915),
2103:Oswald, Dana (2010),
1270:Also "Brixonte", etc.
1005:in his quest to find
939:
848:
772:
723:
661:
539:
518:Letter of Pharasmenes
164:) "look, glance" and
22:
3126:Mythological peoples
2511:Myths of the Dog-Man
2401:Hereford Mappa Mundi
862:Age of Enlightenment
686:terrestrial paradise
602:Hereford Mappa Mundi
363:Chinese classic text
248:, refers to them as
110:'s 5th century epic
16:Ancient Greek rumors
3028:Orchard, Andy (tr.)
2996:Ford, A.J. (2015),
2831:1872Natur...5..338.
2165:, §15 (pp. 192–193)
2163:Wonders of the East
1816:, pp. 137–139.
1729:The Natural History
1596:, pp. 172–173.
1450:Thomas of Cantimpré
1294:Heliodorus of Emesa
968:The Blemyah Stories
947:Shakespeare's play
792:Discovery of Guiana
753:Conrad of Megenberg
741:Nuremberg Chronicle
727:Nuremberg Chronicle
698:Himalayan mountains
568:Historia de preliis
550:BL Royal MS 15 E vi
546:Hisotria de preliis
506:Wonders of the East
498:Wonders of the East
483:Wonders of the East
347:In the Indian epic
340:as inhabiting the "
2014:. 29 October 2016.
1898:10.5252/az2016n1a3
1654:Fleming, Harold C.
1547:Histoire naturelle
1175:Sir Walter Raleigh
982:Endangered Species
945:
858:
841:Later explanations
787:Sir Walter Raleigh
775:
732:
694:Guillaume Le Testu
690:Andreas Walsperger
670:
606:Isidore of Seville
564:Leo Archipresbyter
556:
532:Alexander romances
502:Beowulf manuscript
454:Leo Archipresbyter
450:Gervase of Tilbury
34:were rumoured, in
28:
25:Guillaume Le Testu
2673:Project Gutenberg
2217:, p. 12, note 23.
2205:, pp. 62–63.
2054:, p. 13, note 32.
1940:978-1-108-08044-6
1886:Anthropozoologica
1580:I, 913, cited in
1518:Chambers, Ephraim
1258:Explanatory notes
1227:Headless Horseman
1160:Sebastian Münster
1057:The Dark Prophecy
1012:In his 2006 book
890:Norwich Cathedral
678:Andrea Bianco map
496:; a recension of
384:Japanese folklore
382:Dōnotsura in the
232:, the dog-headed
3143:
3121:Mythic humanoids
3086:
3069:
3047:
3023:
3012:
2992:
2968:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2839:10.1038/005338a0
2810:
2804:
2803:
2789:, Cambridge MA:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2181:, I. 24 (p. 273)
2179:Liber Monstrorum
2172:
2166:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1578:Der Kleine Pauly
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:Liber Monstrorum
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1321:Fermes Letter: "
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1170:
1145:
1130:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1041:extraterrestrial
785:was reported by
779:Age of Discovery
765:Age of Discovery
760:
704:Late Middle Ages
674:Late Middle Ages
667:
643:
631:
619:
553:
514:Liber Monstrorum
500:is bound in the
493:Liber Monstrorum
486:(translation of
419:
407:
395:
259:
250:sternophthalmoi
227:
175:
163:
151:
150:
143:
138:) "without" and
137:
136:
129:
124:from the Hebrew
67:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3067:
3044:
3030:, ed. (2003a).
3010:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2372:
2368:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2275:
2271:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1740:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1651:
1647:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1604:
1600:
1594:Zaborski (1989)
1592:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:, XVII, 385–397
1487:
1483:
1477:Zaborski (1989)
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1232:Headless priest
1190:
1183:
1171:
1162:
1148:Blemmyae, 1544
1146:
1137:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1083:
972:medieval priory
942:Ripon Cathedral
934:
894:Ripon Cathedral
882:
852:, a species of
843:
830:Jodocus Hondius
808:Richard Hakluyt
801:Joannes de Laet
767:
715:Andaman Islands
706:
668:
665:
663:
648:
647:
646:
645:
644:
641:
637:
636:
635:
632:
624:
623:
620:
598:
588:'s romance and
578:prose Alexandre
554:
543:
541:
534:
466:Otia Imperialia
444:(also known as
430:
423:
420:
411:
408:
399:
396:
333:Drakht-i Asurig
310:
273:Natural History
268:Pliny the Elder
260:"chest eyed").
244:, according to
204:
97:
74:facial features
17:
12:
11:
5:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3088:
3087:
3070:
3065:
3048:
3042:
3024:
3013:
3008:
2993:
2969:
2952:(2): 460–474,
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2914:
2899:
2897:, p. 466.
2895:Derrett (2002)
2887:
2881:
2861:
2805:
2799:
2775:
2769:
2749:
2742:
2718:
2696:
2678:
2657:
2651:
2631:
2616:
2610:
2590:
2584:
2564:
2552:
2547:978-0141902814
2546:
2526:
2520:
2500:
2479:
2477:, III, p. 148.
2467:
2462:978-2503520650
2461:
2443:
2441:, III, p. 105.
2431:
2409:
2392:
2386:
2366:
2349:
2343:
2323:
2317:
2297:
2291:
2269:
2258:
2238:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2167:
2151:
2144:
2121:
2115:
2095:
2089:
2069:
2067:as his source.
2056:
2044:
2029:
2017:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1965:978-0748683246
1964:
1946:
1939:
1921:
1872:
1866:978-0190879044
1865:
1848:
1839:
1818:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1715:
1713:, p. 469.
1711:Derrett (2002)
1703:
1686:
1684:, p. 467.
1682:Derrett (2002)
1674:
1668:
1645:
1626:
1620:
1598:
1586:
1570:
1553:
1544:Pliny (1829),
1533:
1520:, ed. (1728).
1506:
1504:, p. 468.
1502:Derrett (2002)
1494:
1481:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1429:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1357:
1344:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1285:
1281:Eastern Desert
1272:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1029:Bruce Sterling
991:'s 2000 novel
933:
930:
881:
878:
842:
839:
766:
763:
749:Buch der Natur
736:Buch der Natur
705:
702:
664:
640:
639:
638:
633:
626:
625:
621:
614:
613:
612:
611:
610:
597:
594:
592:'s chronicle.
590:Jean Wauquelin
586:Thomas de Kent
552:, c. 1445
542:
533:
530:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
414:
412:
409:
402:
400:
397:
390:
342:island of Jaba
309:
306:
203:
200:
178:Wolfgang Helck
118:Samuel Bochart
96:
93:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3148:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3066:9788866112136
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3043:9780802085832
3039:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:9789004301399
3005:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2930:, p. 39.
2929:
2928:Stella (2012)
2924:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2906:Shakespeare,
2903:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2882:9780713468212
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2800:9780802071736
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2770:9781135959982
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2743:9781316546123
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2654:
2652:9781784996802
2648:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2629:, p. 47.
2628:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2611:9780870992544
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2521:9780226895093
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2497:on 2009-09-02
2496:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2476:
2475:Miller (1895)
2471:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2439:Miller (1895)
2435:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2407:, p. 470
2406:
2402:
2399:Westrem ed.,
2396:
2389:
2387:9781411665262
2383:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2344:9780851159379
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2320:
2318:9782600011976
2314:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2292:9780791488324
2288:
2284:
2280:
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2259:9782735115686
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2211:
2204:
2203:Stella (2012)
2199:
2192:
2191:Stella (2012)
2187:
2180:
2176:
2175:Orchard 2003a
2171:
2164:
2160:
2159:Orchard 2003a
2155:
2147:
2145:9781843840299
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:Orchard, Andy
2125:
2118:
2116:9781843842323
2112:
2108:
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2099:
2092:
2090:9782600009164
2086:
2082:
2081:
2073:
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2048:
2042:, p. 75.
2041:
2040:Stella (2012)
2036:
2034:
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2013:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1981:
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1967:
1961:
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1950:
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1936:
1932:
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1913:
1908:
1907:10400.5/28972
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1783:9789004171978
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1741:
1739:9780598910738
1735:
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1699:
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1697:The Histories
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1669:9783447051248
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1621:9783700111498
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1584:, p. 468
1583:
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1310:Fermes Letter
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964:William Mayne
960:
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943:
938:
932:In literature
929:
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917:
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906:Humpty Dumpty
903:
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898:Lewis Carroll
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758:läut an haupt
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653:Ranulf Higden
630:
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596:Medieval maps
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582:
579:
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520:known as the
519:
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507:
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479:
474:
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468:
467:
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461:Fermes Letter
457:
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438:bearded women
435:
418:
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258:στερνοφθαλμοι
255:
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247:
243:
239:
238:ancient Libya
235:
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223:
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192:Beja language
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72:, with their
71:
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2699:
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2400:
2395:
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2272:
2265:Open edition
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2020:
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1889:
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1582:Derrett 2002
1577:
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1220:Looney Tunes
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1155:Cosmographia
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1055:
1052:Rick Riordan
1049:
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1026:
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823:urban legend
820:
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348:
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321:
313:
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276:reports the
272:
262:
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217:
212:
205:
202:In antiquity
187:
184:Leo Reinisch
182:
165:
153:
121:
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101:
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40:
39:
32:headless men
31:
29:
2984:: 137–139,
2215:Ford (2015)
2052:Ford (2015)
2025:Ford (2015)
1830:"Acephaous"
1694:Herodotus.
989:Umberto Eco
956:The Tempest
916:Umberto Eco
886:misericords
797:Caura River
777:During the
566:, known as
548:in French,
428:Middle Ages
318:Zoroastrian
234:cynocephali
196:Beja people
3095:Categories
2585:0691057192
1522:"Blemmyes"
1490:Dionysiaca
1460:References
1297:Aethiopica
1242:Mapinguari
1218:Gossamer (
1045:Waleed Ali
978:Gene Wolfe
783:Ewaipanoma
490:) and the
370:, the god
338:Al-Qazwini
323:Bundahishn
314:war-čašmān
294:acephalous
113:Dionysiaca
3085:: 160–177
2132:(2003b).
1974:cite book
1916:0761-3032
1465:Citations
1247:Satannish
994:Baudolino
940:Blemyah,
920:Baudolino
918:'s novel
576:. In the
488:Mirabilia
446:Mirabilia
422:Dōnotsura
361:. In the
298:akephaloi
282:Aethiopia
242:Aeschylus
230:akephaloi
218:akephaloi
213:Histories
208:Herodotus
95:Etymology
82:Aethiopia
76:on their
41:akephaloi
36:antiquity
3101:Blemmyes
2857:39092274
1746:Book 5.8
1656:(1988),
1488:Nonnus,
1252:Xingtian
1237:Kabandha
1204:Blemmyes
1188:See also
1062:Commodus
1037:Crusades
1003:bestiary
999:Sciapods
812:John Lok
510:Epiphagi
410:Xingtian
398:Kabandha
372:Xingtian
355:Kabandha
350:Ramayana
330:and the
278:Blemmyae
226:ἀκέφαλοι
122:Blemmyes
104:Blemmyes
66:βλέμμυες
58:Blemmyae
50:Blemmyes
2966:3270598
2909:Othello
2827:Bibcode
2711:May 22,
1352:Wonders
1299:Book V.
1152:in the
1150:woodcut
1081:Gallery
950:Othello
873:faces.
850:Bonobos
789:in his
738:or the
672:By the
378:. The
376:Huangdi
290:Solinus
270:in the
3063:
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1022:Sahara
880:In art
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816:Guinea
730:(1493)
560:Letter
478:Letter
326:, the
246:Strabo
188:bálami
162:βλέμμα
154:blemma
108:Nonnus
2962:JSTOR
2946:Numen
2853:S2CID
2422:(PDF)
1075:ifrit
902:canon
380:yokai
302:Pliny
286:Nubia
254:Greek
222:Greek
170:Greek
158:Greek
141:moach
86:India
78:chest
62:Greek
54:Latin
46:Greek
3061:ISBN
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1980:link
1960:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1912:ISSN
1861:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1640:ANRW
1616:ISBN
892:and
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558:The
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264:Mela
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