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influenced by pro-Brooke perspectives. Criticisms emerged, including local preferences for
Sarawak's governance due to perceived fairer taxation, Brunei's diminished territory post-Limbang being deemed unproductive and better managed by Sarawak, and concerns over governance issues raised by Chinese traders in Brunei Town. These perceptions painted Brunei as politically unstable and economically weak, casting doubt on Sultan Hashim's leadership and the kingdom's future prospects. Despite facing unjust accusations stemming from past mistakes and resisting British influence, Sultan Hashim steadfastly defended Brunei's independence amid financial pressures on the royal family, exacerbated by historical errors like involving James Brooke.
62:
847:
governance. Plans to move Brunei to
Sarawak sparked worries from The Straits Times, and in 1903, Consul Hewett unintentionally brought Brunei's oil deposits to the notice of the British. Because it was not in constant communication and only made occasional trips to Brunei, the Labuan-based British Consulate system had proven unable to keep an eye on the country. Sultan Hashim became increasingly aggressive in his interactions with the British Government and began to regard British Consuls as rivals as a result of this impersonal approach, which stood in stark contrast to the friendly connections observed in Malaya.
2380:
906:, the High Commissioner in Malaya, in January 1906. Anderson stressed the need of leading for Brunei's future and hailed McArthur as a reliable ally of the Malays. During the event, Sultan Hashim expressed his relief and reaffirmed his commitment. The Sultan and his advisors were satisfied with Anderson's guarantees on the status of Islam in Brunei as stipulated in the treaty. This event demonstrated Sultan Hashim's attempts to protect Brunei's sovereignty through international accords and strategic alliances, and it represented an important diplomatic victory.
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Sultan's brutal treatment at the hands of the
British was a major contributing factor to his seeming disobedience of treaty duties. In spite of this, McArthur also pointed out, with a laugh, how ironic Sultan Hashim's goals were in light of Brunei's unstable situation. Instead of going into further detail, he offered a more nuanced assessment of the circumstances underlying Sultan Hashim's behaviour and emotions.
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with
British officials. McArthur's choice to stay longer in Brunei helped him establish a close relationship with the Sultan, who valued his attempts to learn about the palace and its populace. Their relationship became so close that, in sharp contrast to his earlier petitions against previous British Consuls, the Sultan personally supported McArthur's appointment as Brunei's first
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this defeat cemented his image as a strong leader who could withstand outside pressure. He later saved Brunei through the 1905–1906 Supplementary
Agreement, which helped the sultanate withstand external and internal challenges. This agreement led to the establishment of the British Residency in 1906, marking the beginning of an official British presence in Brunei.
819:. As a final attempt to facilitate the transfer of Brunei to Sarawak's ownership, the FO proposed that Brooke increase his compensation offer to the Brunei palace and settle the outstanding cession money for the Limbang territory. Brooke's refusal, citing Sarawak's financial constraints, led to the recall of the controversial Consul Hewett to London in 1904.
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Compared to earlier
British officials, McArthur's extensive fact-finding trip in Brunei uncovered a radically different viewpoint. McArthur had a more tolerant perspective of Sultan Hashim in contrast to the negative opinions of his predecessors, such as Hewett, who condemned the Sultan for allegedly
855:
Malcolm McArthur During Brunei's turbulent 1904 period, becoming became a crucial character in the sultanate's survival. Sarawak's chiefs were taken aback when McArthur arrived in Brunei in May 1904; they had anticipated Brunei's easy annexation. Brooke's hopes of incorporating the remaining parts of
864:
McArthur's original three-month mission in Brunei was prolonged by unanticipated events, namely the smallpox epidemic that occurred in June–August of 1904. Sultan Hashim was struck, upon McArthur's arrival, by his friendliness and kindness of spirit, which distinguished him much from past encounters
735:
From the day I set my hand to the Treaty of
Protection , I have not once received assistance or protection from Your Majesty’s Government and I beg, with all deference, for your Majesty’s help. Not a single Consul has done anything to help strengthen my country. They all seem to help Sarawak and to
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to
Sarawak in 1885. Unfortunately in November of that same year, tensions would rise again in Limbang after the murders of multiple Bruneian Malays. The two alleged culprits were offered to be handed over to the Sultan but later declined as they were not the guilty parties. Due to his decision, the
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in 1855 signalled a major rise of his authority inside the Brunei court. In an effort to repair relations with former opponents, he set up a calculated marital alliance by having his daughter wed
Pengiran Anak Besar, the son of Pengiran Tajuddin, who had been killed in the massacre of 1845–1846, in
1076:
under Sultan Abdul Momin, he was criticised for his part in the surrender of important lands. Even with his remorse and the Amanat he swore when he became Sultan in 1885, he was finally defeated by James Brooke by direct assault for
Limbang. Sultan Hashim's resistance to Brooke's intrusions during
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like other countries. Design proposals were made and eventually agreed upon that the design of the flag would be based on the yellow and the irregular colors of white and black. All of these colors have their own symbolic meanings, yellow being the symbol for the Sultan, white being the symbol for
909:
Brunei's Wazirs lost much of their traditional authority under British rule, especially as a result of land reforms that denied them basic means of subsistence. As a result, their influence and patronage declined. Following 1906, the Sultan's status among his ministers and his symbolic position as
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In 1901, Sultan Hashim's financial situation had deteriorated to the point where he borrowed $ 10,000 from Brooke to meet urgent household expenses. During this period, a royal wedding took place, marked by a year-long celebration as Sultan's favourite grandson, Pengiran Muda Tajuddin, married the
417:
spouse, Tuan Zaidah. He met Malcolm McArthur in 1904, when he was believed to be in his 70s by the latter, although he claimed to be in his 80s. By that time, he was characterised as weak and elderly. He had clearly been worn out during his reign due to his elderly age and the strain of statecraft
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When McArthur heard about Sultan Hashim's letter to Sultan Abdul Hamid II, he responded to it not with criticism but with sympathy. McArthur thought the Sultan's actions were unfair because he felt abandoned and abused by the British, which drove him to act in desperation. McArthur noted that the
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against Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II. By siding with Brooke, Pengiran Muda Hashim and his brothers inadvertently facilitated Brooke's access to Brunei's wealth, underestimating the complexities of Brunei's dynastic politics. These tensions within the royal family dated back to 1824, when Pengiran
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to handle matters related to governance, which resulted in the 1905–1906 Supplementary Agreement. This arrangement put Brunei's government under British control by allowing a British resident to advise the Sultan on most issues, with the exception of those pertaining to Islam and Malay customs.
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By early 1901, violence erupted once again in Tutong, prompting the FO to reassess its strategy in resolving the Brunei dispute amidst escalating tensions. This crisis served as the final blow in the gradual dismantling of the sultanate, viewed by many in British circles through a lens heavily
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The Protectorate Agreement of 1888, aimed at safeguarding Brunei, proved ineffective in preventing further territorial encroachments. Britain's flexible interpretation of the agreement allowed it autonomy in managing Brunei's affairs, including decisions on territorial disputes, prioritising
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in 1890, with no actions taken by the British. Sultan Hashim's final stand opposing British and Brooke's ambitions came in and strengthened his determination. With the loss of eighteen regions by 1904, the Sultan was left with just four rivers. Due to their importance for the manufacture of
877:. The Sultan was seen by him as honourable but also rather oblivious to outside events, frequently surrounded by advisors, and reluctant to assume accountability. McArthur observed Sultan Hashim's frequent isolation in his palace and his reliance on rumours to learn about the outside world.
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In the end, Sultan Hashim's unwavering opposition succeeded in preserving both Brunei's sovereignty and its royal lineage. Prominent British individuals like as C. P. Lucas and Governor E. W. Birch were against the Sarawak alternative and in favor of a British Resident supervising Brunei's
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over to Great Britain. The agreement prevented Brunei from engaging in direct negotiations with Sarawak and North Borneo, which were once dependent countries but now needed to be mediated via Brunei government. Second, the British government was to make the ultimate decisions to settle any
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and the United States, among other Western countries, remained three decades later. In an effort to establish a more stable sphere of influence, Britain looked for further protections encompassing North Borneo, Sarawak, and Brunei. In 1887, Sultan Hashim was given assurances of security by
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Pengiran Anak Hashim's actions in the events of 1845–1846, including the execution of Pengiran Muda Hashim and his family, led to lasting animosity within Brunei's royal circles. Despite the controversy, Pengiran Anak Hashim faced severe criticism from the British, particularly from
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Without a doubt, Brunei experienced intense foreign pressure as well as domestic turmoil at this crucial time. After the Tutong–Belait uprising of 1899, the British government, unconcerned with Brunei's existence, considered dividing it between Brooke and the BNBC. Surprisingly,
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in Brunei Town, alongside his father, Omar Ali Saifuddin II. Towards the end of his life, the Sultan was noted to be "unwilling to trust any of his chiefs." Till his death, he refused to sanction Limbang and pleaded to the British government to return it back to Brunei.
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without the Sultan's consent in 1884, when the company leased the Padas area for $ 3,000 a year. This made the leases worthless officially. The Sultan realised that immediate action was required to protect Brunei since he was extremely concerned about its existence.
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Sultan Hashim steadfastly resisted giving up Brunei or compromising his dynasty despite severe economic decline following the loss of Limbang. The majority of Brunei's sago industries had shut down by 1903, leaving just a small 300-person cutch operation on
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were destroyed by McArthur's prompt steps and the upcoming report. Although Brooke was skeptical of McArthur's assessment's quickness, McArthur finished the job in just three months, which marked a major change in Brunei's future and British policy.
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of the Ottoman Empire, sent through the Turkish Consul General in Singapore, Sultan Hashim expressed his intense dissatisfaction with Brunei's British rule and his readiness to cede the kingdom to Turkey because of what he saw as the mistreatment of
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geopolitical interests over Brunei's sovereignty. Externally, Brunei faced imminent threats as the British FO considered dividing its remaining lands between Brooke and the BNBC. Internally, economic challenges, Brooke's destabilisation efforts for
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Pengiran Muhd Salleh did not always back him, probably because of old grudges and the intricate dynamics of Brunei's court politics. Complex ties within the kingdom were further compounded by Sultan Hashim's role in the killings of the fathers of
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He was married twice and with the notable being Pengiran Isteri Pengiran Siti Fatimah as she gave birth to Hashim's successor Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. It was said that the Sultan had well more than 100 sons and daughters, along with around 30
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and the loss of Limbang to Sarawak's Brooke. The letter was discovered later and confiscated by Hewett. Upon reading the letter, Hewett became enraged by the Sultan's baseless charges against the British. The High Commissioner in Malaya,
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feelings and a deep-seated resentment of British imperial officials, especially after the Brookes' deeds. Even though he was hostile to Britain, he saw that going up against colonial powers directly would be pointless. He took part in
466:, who disparaged him as having a "worthless character" and linked him to piracy. This condemnation prompted direct British intervention in Brunei in 1846. However, Pengiran Anak Hashim also had supporters among British officials like
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which left three other Wazirs, thus improving his income and finances. The Amanat was of great assistance to Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam, who, in spite of his prior violations, took action to protect Brunei's surviving areas upon his
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duties. In July of that year, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II petitioned the British High Commissioner to amend the modifications made to Brunei's traditional administration by the British Resident, perhaps under the influence of
485:
1846. The foundation for his future claim to the throne following Sultan Abdul Momin's rule was laid by this marriage, which enhanced his political status and maintained a balance of power within Brunei's royal hierarchy.
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demanded that Limbang to be returned to Brunei with the slogan of "Brunei is the spirit of Limbang and Limbang is the (physical) body of Brunei". The demand was motivated by Abdul Momin's Amanat. In 1887, he wrote to the
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agreed to the White Rajahs' persuasive thesis in that same year, thus Limbang came into Sarawak's rule after arguing that the Sultan no longer has the ability to govern the colony. In November 1886, Wazirs and people of
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branches of government. A major change from the Sultan's power in the 19th century to British supervision in Brunei's administration occurred when the British Resident essentially took on the role of the government.
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system should be implemented, an idea which Sultan Hashim himself had approved. The 1905–1906 Supplementary Treaty was signed by Brunei's the Sultan and his Wazirs in late 1905. It was completed with the arrival of
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despite Brunei's protests and its geographical and economic concerns, creating a pattern that was hard to reverse. Brunei's sovereignty was seriously undermined and essentially divided the country into two separate
550:
To stop Brunei's land from becoming further alienated, Sultan Abdul Momin called a gathering of his leaders in 1885. Aware of his advanced age and abiding by his religious obligation, he gave the chiefs his parting
608:
who wanted more land from Brunei and it was not strong enough to stop the land grabs. In the hopes of improving the relations between the Sultan and the White Rajahs to settle the conflict in Limbang, he
1987:
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Pengiran Anak Hashim had an assortment of personalities who could be both diplomatic and combative when necessary. According to British sources, he was cunning and tenacious, with strong
835:. Hashim expressed deep dissatisfaction with British consuls like G. Hewett, accusing them of favoring Brooke's interests and Sarawak's takeover. He rejected Hewett's attempts at
1912:
Transformasi sosial masyarakat perkotaan/bandar Borneo-Kalimantan: Prosiding Konferensi Antarauniversiti di Borneo-Kalimantan ke 2, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia, 13–15 Ogos 2006
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to them but he refused and said, "What would happen to me, my chiefs and my descendants? I should be left like a tree, stripped of branches and twigs." They also offered 8,000
434:, who was the uncle of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II through his mother Raja Isteri Noralam, engaged in a power struggle with Pengiran Anak Hashim and his faction over the
831:. The Sultan trusted Edmund Roberts, who was plotting against him although pretending to be loyal, and he was given the title of Dato to serve as an advisor in Brunei's
382:. Many Western visitors' narrative painted him and his surroundings in a bad light, which was consistent with the idea that Brunei was a decaying monarchy at the time.
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head of state were enhanced, even if his direct political authority declined in comparison to the British Resident's all-encompassing control over the administrative,
2540:
751:
was sent to mediate this breakup, avoided bringing up the subject with Sultan Hashim and possibly out of respect for the Sultan and disapproval for Brooke's power.
446:, Pengiran Muda Hashim later sought Brooke's support to bolster his claim to the Brunei throne, further escalating tensions upon his return to Brunei and sparking
519:(BNBC) in its efforts to take further territory from Brunei. Peter Leys, the British Consul General, put diplomatic demands on Sultan Abdul Momin in 1882 to give
409:
It is unknown what year Pengiran Anak Hashim was born between 1811 and 1835. A. V. M. Horton's 1824 estimate is seen to be more plausible. He was born to Sultan
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Just two years after the Agreement was made, in March 1890, Brooke seised Limbang, which turned this arrangement into a significant defeat for Brunei. The
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in 1885. To maintain the state against formidable foreign and internal obstacles, he used Brunei's age-old tactic of pushing opponents on one another.
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people of Limbang protested and refused to pay their taxes in which was taken advantage of by both the British Consul General Peter Leys and Rajah
504:, including its twenty-one districts and territories, in exchange for $ 4,500 a year in payments to the Sultan, plus an additional $ 4,000 from
1686:
1193:
455:, was assassinated. Despite the legitimacy of Pengiran Muda Hashim's claim, Brooke's involvement exacerbated the situation for his faction.
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over time. He married into an anti-Western party in the Brunei royal through the daughter of Pengiran Anak Muhammad Yusuf (known as Usop).
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during the power grab of 1845–1846,. The Sultan's tenure was characterised by mistrust and isolation at the conclusion of his reign.
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After Brunei signed the treaty, which made the sultanate a British shade, it was deemed of interest that they should have their own
923:
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866:
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Upon his ascension to the throne on 29 May 1885, he decided to not to appoint a replacement for his previous position in office of
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in Limbang, these lands were lost, plunging Brunei into extreme poverty and having an impact on both the palace and the populace.
926:
in the Supplementary Agreement of 1905/1906. Tho Brunei came under British protectorate, the last territory to be annexed was the
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among Brunei's nobility further weakened the kingdom. Sultan Hashim, disillusioned by Britain's actions, expressed his dismay to
463:
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Pengiran Anak Besar, in a grand ceremony aimed at solidifying political alliances. In 1902, Brooke and Hewett asked him to cede
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to be put in place. That same year, Padas-Damit was also among the areas annexed. Sultan Hashim made a minor change in Brunei's
392:'s territorial expansions, which resulted in the 1888 Protectorate Agreement. Aware of Brunei's request for assistance from the
903:
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epidemic claimed the lives of the newlywed couple and their infant, dashing hopes of reconciliation between the Sultan and his
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1657:"Translation: From His Highness the Sultan Hashim of Brunei- To A. Keyser, Esq. H. M. Consul for Brunei, 22 Zulkaidah 1316".
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The BNBC was actively pursuing new regions not included in the original lease, putting Brunei in danger of going extinct.
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ownership of Baram. Conceding that more fight would be ineffective, the Sultan gave up, causing Brunei to lose Suai,
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over, and he consented to have a consulate built for him. Moses was able to persuade the Sultan to grant a ten-year
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512:
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1260:Рыжов К. В. «Все монархи мира. Мусульманский восток в XV—XX вв.», Москва, «Вече», 2004 ISBN 5-9533-0384-X, ст. 144
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in the 1840s, destroying a second powerful line of Bruneian royalty that was backed by James Brooke and Britain.
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Brunei were blocked when McArthur's expedition exposed an alternative situation. Brooke's dreams of becoming a
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Istana Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, a palace built in Kampong Ayer in the 1880s and was dismantled.
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516:
808:, chose to completely dismiss the incident rather than take it further despite its controversial nature.
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As Sultan, Hashim experienced a great deal of loneliness and mental strain. Prominent ministers such as
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and refused monetary offers for Brunei's remaining territories, emphasising his commitment to Brunei's
2128:(in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan, Negara Brunei Darussalam.
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Cession of the Limbang territory to Sarawak. Forwards letter, from the Sultan of Brunei, regarding-
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527:, Sibuti, and Bakong in exchange for a yearly salary of $ 3,000 and cession payments of $ 2,000 to
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of Great Britain to prevent further loss of Bruneian territories. The treaty handed the country's
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in Brunei in 1864. Moses's assurances of economic advantages and American protection won Sultan
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1915:(in Indonesian). Institut Pengajian Asia Timur, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2006. p. 87.
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975:, the 17-year-old son, assumed the role of Sultan of Brunei. The young Sultan's age meant that
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Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) (2002).
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Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) (2010).
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Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) (2008).
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1187:
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Crown Prince Omar Ali Saifuddin (died 25 June 1905), married Pengiran Anak Siti Khadija
889:
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2016:(in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan.
470:, who viewed him as a capable and intelligent leader despite his contentious actions.
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The Brunei-Malaysia Dispute Over Territorial and Maritime Claims in International Law
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in 1902, highlighting Brunei's vulnerable state. He wrote the King a letter saying:
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Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) 2002
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Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) 2010
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Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) 2000
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Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) 2008
927:
828:
805:
467:
379:
327:
45:. The word "bin" or "binti"/"binte" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.
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1966:
1740:
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773:
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717:
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2191:. Brunei History Centre, Ministry of Culture, Youth, and Sports. pp. xxxix.
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668:. As a result, on 17 September 1888, Brunei, Sarawak, and North Borneo signed a
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Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.)
1663:(Archival File). High Commissioner Office, Malaya. 1 March 1899. pp. 6–10
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With Sir James Brooke's backing, Pengiran Anak Hashim's rise to prominence as
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Royal Poet Al-marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien
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2202:(in Malay). Pusat Sejarah Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan.
2170:(in Malay). Pusat Sejarah Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan.
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Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III and Britain: The Making of Brunei Darussalam
515:'s attempts to conquer Brunei holdings, the British government backed the
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676:, which marked yet another important turning point in Brunei's history.
442:, necessary for ascending to the Brunei throne. Initially aligning with
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38:
34:
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The British Resident only gain more power after the instalment of the
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Sultan Hashim requested British help in the late 19th century to stop
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Following Sultan Hashim's death on 10 May 1906, Pengiran Muda Bongsu
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571:) to keep no more Brunei regions from coming under foreign control.
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2107:. Brunei History Centre, Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports.
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Hashim Jalilul 'Alam Aqamaddin ibni Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II
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Keruntuhan Empayar Brunei KM 19: satu kajian dari sudut ekonomi
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Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
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Pengiran Anak Safar (died 1964), member of the Privy Council
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622:. The Sultan eventually agreed to lease Limbang for 6,000
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Brunei - History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues
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with the introduction of the copper one cent in 1887.
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Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century
1705:
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1170:. High Commissioner Office, Malaya. 1906. p. 2
1167:
Telegram: Reports the death of the Sultan of Brunei
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1745:. National Geographic Society. 1935. p. 384.
1026:(1889 – 11 September 1924), 26th Sultan of Brunei
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1968:Brunei: Revival of 1906 : a Popular History
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37:, and the person should be referred to by their
1124:Jalan Sultan Hashim, a road named after him in
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2216:
1758:
1113:Kampong Sultan Lama, is a former village in
488:Charles Lee Moses became the first American
378:was a prominent and controversial figure in
2188:Brunei Darussalam, the Road to Independence
2167:Sejarah sultan-sultan Brunei menaiki takhta
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1468:
1456:
1410:
1338:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1272:
1211:
1149:
2340:
2326:
2241:The British residency in Brunei, 1906-1959
2058:Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam
1685:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1192:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
741:Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, 1902
60:
2249:Vienne, Marie-Sybille de (9 March 2015).
1729:. Flag Research Center. 1984. p. 76.
1104:
888:
2273:Brunei and Nusantara History in Coinage
2269:
2185:Haji Awang Mohd Jamil al-Sufri (1998).
2125:Melayu Islam Beraja: hakikat dan hasrat
1393:
736:try to hand over my country to Sarawak.
187:Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Siti Fatimah
2627:
2248:
2244:. Centre for South-East Asian Studies.
2237:
2087:Great Britain Colonial Office (1965).
2076:Great Britain Colonial Office (1962).
2055:Sidhu, Jatswan S. (22 December 2009).
1861:
1711:
1421:
1419:
1362:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGin2015 (
755:Continued struggle against colonialism
2321:
2195:
2054:
2006:
1986:Hussainmiya, Bachamiya Abdul (1995).
1965:Hussainmiya, Bachamiya Abdul (2006).
1509:
1381:
1248:
959:, and black being the symbol for the
897:McArthur believed and advised that a
851:Malcolm McArthur's arrival and report
531:Anak Hashim and two other Pengirans.
1225:"Treaty of Protection 1888 – Brunei"
1160:
1158:
266:Pengiran Anak Muhammad Arshad Duman
2030:
1937:"The Origin of Kampung Sultan Lama"
1534:Haji Awang Mohd Jamil al-Sufri 1998
1416:
1357:
643:with the intention of requesting a
13:
1850:Great Britain Colonial Office 1962
1811:Great Britain Colonial Office 1965
1003:
869:following the Treaty's signature.
366:(1824 – 10 May 1906) was the 25th
16:Sultan of Brunei from 1885 to 1906
14:
2666:
2616:Succession to the Bruneian throne
1941:The Origin of Kampung Sultan Lama
1155:
580:Accession and the Limbang dispute
263:Pengiran Anak Abdul Razak @ Ajak
241:Crown Prince Omar Ali Saifuddin
2378:
1742:The National Geographic Magazine
559:) and required them to swear an
538:Anak Hashim rashly gave Sarawak
427:Betrayal of Pengiran Muda Hashim
404:
2270:Barrett, William L. S. (1988).
1957:
1929:
1903:
1788:
1733:
1717:
1650:
1024:Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
995:Sultan Hashim is buried at the
248:Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
2640:20th-century sultans of Brunei
2635:19th-century sultans of Brunei
2357:by order and date of accession
1254:
1217:
885:1905–1906 Supplementary Treaty
811:Tragedy struck in 1904 when a
655:Protectorate Agreement of 1888
596:He faced a challenge from the
451:Muda Hashim's brother, Sultan
284:Pengiran Anak Muhammad Salleh
1:
2566:Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
1132:
1072:When Sultan Hashim served as
1055:
474:Rise to power and annexations
421:
364:Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
67:
51:Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
43:Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
1137:
780:to the Sultan to lease both
659:Britain's worries about the
598:British North Borneo Company
517:British North Borneo Company
338:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II
290:Pengiran Anak Siti Zubaidah
260:Pengiran Anak Metussin Kula
7:
1992:. Oxford University Press.
1046:Pengiran Anak Metussin Kula
1032:(died 1986), member of the
764:daughter of his adversary,
278:Pengiran Anak Ismail Apong
54:هاشم جليل العالم أقام الدين
10:
2671:
2104:History of Brunei in Brief
983:, who were older, took on
287:Pengiran Anak Abdul Momin
20:
2605:
2574:
2533:
2495:
2459:
2423:
2387:
2376:
2362:
2355:
2349:List of sultans of Brunei
2306:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2238:Horton, A. V. M. (1984).
2217:Haller-Trost, R. (1994).
2149:. Brunei History Centre.
2093:. H.M. Stationery Office.
2082:. H.M. Stationery Office.
2013:Ririsej Brunei Darussalam
1050:
1020:Prince Tengah (died 1905)
893:Hashim in his latter days
679:Sultan Hashim signed the
351:
343:
333:
321:
312:
307:
303:
296:Pengiran Anak Siti Rauyah
227:
199:Pengiran Babu Anak Damit
193:Pengiran Chendera Kesuma
175:
158:
140:
116:
112:
102:
92:
88:30 May 1885 – 10 May 1906
84:
77:
59:
50:
2582:Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
2310:Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
2276:. Brunei History Centre.
973:Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
966:
873:unfulfilled pledges and
749:Sir Alexander Swettenham
574:
190:Pengiran Isteri Fatimah
107:Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
2592:Omar Ali Saifuddien III
2541:Muhammad Jamalul Alam I
1105:Things named after him
1088:Pengiran Matassan and
1013:. Notable issues are:
894:
744:
697:British Foreign Office
508:Pengiran Anak Hashim.
500:to practically all of
196:Pengiran Anak Fatimah
66:Portrait of Hashim in
27:surname or family name
2556:Omar Ali Saifuddin II
2196:Karim, Abdul (2008).
1673:Arkib Negara Malaysia
1180:Arkib Negara Malaysia
1084:Pengiran Anak Besar,
892:
733:
411:Omar Ali Saifuddin II
281:Pengiran Anak Untong
269:Pengiran Anak Mahmud
205:Ampuan Siti Khatijah
154:, Brunei Town, Brunei
129:Istana Kampong Ayer,
31:Omar Ali Saifuddin II
2546:Muhammad Kanzul Alam
2520:Omar Ali Saifuddin I
2467:Abdul Jalilul Jabbar
2034:(14 December 2015).
1030:Pengiran Anak Khamis
843:over personal gain.
806:Sir Frank Swettenham
791:In a 1903 letter to
681:Treaty of Protection
468:Sir Spenser St. John
432:Pengiran Muda Hashim
372:Pengiran Anak Hashim
272:Pengiran Anak Sabtu
257:Pengiran Anak Safar
253:Pengiran Anak Khamis
2451:Abdul Jalilul Akbar
2061:. Scarecrow Press.
1800:. 1994. p. 55.
1119:Bandar Seri Begawan
1074:Pengiran Temenggung
997:Kubah Makam Di Raja
672:Agreement with the
586:Pengiran Temenggung
536:Pengiran Temenggung
529:Pengiran Temenggung
506:Pengiran Temenggung
481:Pengiran Temenggung
396:, the British sent
370:from 1885 to 1906.
293:Pengiran Anak Jaga
275:Pengiran Anak Tuah
168:Bandar Seri Begawan
164:Kubah Makam Di Raja
2477:Abdul Hakkul Mubin
2395:Abdul Majid Hassan
1852:, p. 175–176.
1431:CIA World Factbook
1095:Pengiran Bendahara
1086:Pengiran Di-Gadong
1082:Pengiran Bendahara
990:Pengiran Bendahara
977:Pengiran Bendahara
957:Pengiran Bendahara
928:Pandaruan District
895:
817:Pengiran Bendahara
766:Pengiran Bendahara
699:(FO) approved the
674:British government
631:British government
613:the settlement of
604:(White Rajahs) in
440:Pengiran Bendahara
2622:
2621:
2525:Muhammad Tajuddin
2509:Muhammad Alauddin
2316:
2315:
2307:Succeeded by
2262:978-9971-69-818-8
2230:978-1-897643-07-5
2209:978-99917-34-58-3
2177:978-99917-34-25-5
2156:978-99917-34-74-3
2135:978-99917-34-63-7
2114:978-99917-34-11-8
2068:978-0-8108-7078-9
2047:978-1-317-65998-3
2023:978-99917-0-251-3
1999:978-967-65-3106-3
1978:978-99917-32-15-2
1922:978-983-9257-70-0
1759:Haller-Trost 1994
1726:The Flag Bulletin
1099:Pengiran Pemancha
1090:Pengiran Pemancha
1040:from 1971 to 1975
981:Pengiran Pemancha
961:Pengiran Pemancha
924:British Residency
904:Sir John Anderson
899:British Residency
841:national security
837:gunboat diplomacy
602:Brooke government
361:
360:
317:
316:
148:(aged 81–82)
2662:
2612:House of Bolkiah
2608:Style and titles
2597:Hassanal Bolkiah
2514:Husin Kamaluddin
2503:Husin Kamaluddin
2382:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2300:Sultan of Brunei
2290:Preceded by
2282:
2281:
2277:
2266:
2245:
2234:
2213:
2192:
2181:
2160:
2139:
2118:
2094:
2083:
2072:
2051:
2027:
2003:
1982:
1971:. Brunei Press.
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1907:
1901:
1898:Hussainmiya 2006
1895:
1889:
1886:Hussainmiya 2006
1883:
1877:
1876:, p. 18–19.
1874:Hussainmiya 2006
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1783:Hussainmiya 1995
1780:
1774:
1771:Hussainmiya 2006
1768:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1700:Hussainmiya 2006
1697:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1654:
1648:
1645:Hussainmiya 2006
1642:
1636:
1635:, p. 52–53.
1633:Hussainmiya 2006
1630:
1624:
1621:Hussainmiya 2006
1618:
1612:
1609:Hussainmiya 2006
1606:
1600:
1597:Hussainmiya 2006
1594:
1588:
1585:Hussainmiya 2006
1582:
1576:
1573:Hussainmiya 2006
1570:
1564:
1561:Hussainmiya 2006
1558:
1552:
1549:Hussainmiya 2006
1546:
1537:
1536:, p. xxxix.
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1486:Hussainmiya 2006
1483:
1472:
1469:Hussainmiya 2006
1466:
1460:
1457:Hussainmiya 2006
1454:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1414:
1411:Hussainmiya 2006
1408:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1342:
1339:Hussainmiya 2006
1336:
1327:
1326:, p. 11–12.
1324:Hussainmiya 2006
1321:
1315:
1312:Hussainmiya 2006
1309:
1303:
1300:Hussainmiya 2006
1297:
1291:
1288:Hussainmiya 2006
1285:
1276:
1273:Hussainmiya 2006
1270:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1229:Muslim Museum UK
1221:
1215:
1212:Hussainmiya 2006
1209:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1162:
1153:
1152:, p. xviii.
1150:Hussainmiya 2006
1147:
992:and his allies.
867:British Resident
742:
645:British Resident
398:Malcolm McArthur
380:Bruneian history
368:Sultan of Brunei
305:
304:
244:Prince Tengah
147:
127:
125:
79:Sultan of Brunei
72:
69:
64:
55:
48:
47:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2655:Sons of sultans
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2601:
2570:
2529:
2491:
2455:
2419:
2383:
2374:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2312:
2303:
2295:
2280:
2263:
2231:
2210:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2069:
2048:
2024:
2000:
1979:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1371:
1361:
1356:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1173:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1107:
1058:
1053:
1006:
969:
887:
853:
778:Sarawak dollars
757:
743:
740:
692:disagreements.
689:foreign affairs
657:
624:Sarawak dollars
600:(BNBC) and the
582:
577:
511:In response to
476:
464:Thomas Cochrane
429:
424:
407:
299:
238:
237:
223:
220:Kedayang Rokiah
217:Kedayang Puspa
184:
183:
171:
149:
145:
128:
123:
121:
73:
70:
53:
52:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:Ahmad Tajuddin
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:(Second reign)
2511:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:Muhammad Hasan
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2285:Regnal titles
2279:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2095:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2028:
2022:
2004:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1928:
1921:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1864:, p. 252.
1854:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1813:, p. 226.
1803:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1748:
1732:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1512:, p. 153.
1502:
1490:
1473:
1461:
1444:
1415:
1398:
1386:
1369:
1360:, p. 103.
1343:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1277:
1262:
1253:
1251:, p. 107.
1241:
1216:
1199:
1154:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1005:
1002:
968:
965:
886:
883:
852:
849:
796:Abdul Hamid II
756:
753:
738:
666:Lord Salisbury
656:
653:
620:Charles Brooke
615:Punang Terusan
581:
578:
576:
573:
490:consul general
475:
472:
428:
425:
423:
420:
406:
403:
394:Ottoman Empire
390:Charles Brooke
376:Hashim Jalilul
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
330:
325:
319:
318:
315:
314:
310:
309:
301:
300:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
250:
245:
242:
235:
234:
233:
231:
225:
224:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:Kawang Jauyah
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
181:
180:
179:
177:
173:
172:
162:
160:
156:
155:
142:
138:
137:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
75:
74:
65:
57:
56:
25:, there is no
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2667:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Muhammad Alam
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:(First reign)
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2370:Muhammad Shah
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:. NUS Press.
2254:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:. Routledge.
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:Ooi, Keat Gin
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1900:, p. 51.
1899:
1894:
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1844:
1837:, p. 33.
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
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1799:
1798:
1791:
1785:, p. 74.
1784:
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1772:
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1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1714:, p. 15.
1713:
1708:
1702:, p. 22.
1701:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1662:
1661:
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1647:, p. 57.
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1623:, p. 37.
1622:
1617:
1611:, p. 30.
1610:
1605:
1599:, p. 28.
1598:
1593:
1587:, p. 26.
1586:
1581:
1575:, p. 25.
1574:
1569:
1563:, p. 24.
1562:
1557:
1551:, p. 29.
1550:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1524:, p. 36.
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
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1487:
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1471:, p. 16.
1470:
1465:
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1458:
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1413:, p. 14.
1412:
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1383:
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1352:
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1340:
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1313:
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1274:
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2575:20th century
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2534:19th century
2496:18th century
2472:Muhammad Ali
2460:17th century
2441:Shah Berunai
2436:Saiful Rijal
2424:16th century
2388:15th century
2363:14th century
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2187:
2166:
2145:
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2057:
2036:
2012:
1988:
1967:
1958:Bibliography
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1893:
1888:, p. 1.
1881:
1869:
1857:
1830:
1825:, p. 9.
1818:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1761:, p. 7.
1741:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1671:– via
1665:. Retrieved
1659:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1464:
1435:. Retrieved
1394:Barrett 1988
1389:
1319:
1307:
1302:, p. 8.
1295:
1256:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1178:– via
1172:. Retrieved
1166:
1145:
1115:Kampong Ayer
1098:
1094:
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956:
949:
935:in Sarawak,
921:
908:
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871:
863:
854:
845:
825:Kampong Ayer
821:
816:
810:
790:
765:
762:
758:
745:
734:
710:
694:
685:Sir Hugh Low
678:
670:Protectorate
658:
628:
595:
585:
583:
568:
564:
556:
549:
535:
533:
528:
510:
505:
502:North Borneo
487:
480:
477:
457:
448:conspiracies
444:James Brooke
439:
430:
408:
384:
375:
371:
363:
362:
202:Ampuan Sara
152:Kampong Ayer
146:(1906-05-10)
42:
30:
29:. The name
18:
2650:1906 deaths
2645:1825 births
2561:Abdul Momin
2431:Abdul Kahar
2293:Abdul Momin
2008:Halim, Yura
1862:Vienne 2015
1712:Horton 1984
1062:nationalist
945:subsistence
916:legislative
875:lawlessness
636:Brunei Town
494:Abdul Momin
413:, not to a
356:Sunni Islam
347:Tuan Zaidah
144:10 May 1906
131:Brunei Town
97:Abdul Momin
93:Predecessor
71: 1899
2629:Categories
2405:Sharif Ali
2304:1885–1906
1510:Karim 2008
1437:13 January
1382:Sidhu 2009
1249:Halim 2002
1133:References
1067:proxy wars
1056:Reputation
1011:concubines
729:Edward VII
701:annexation
626:per year.
591:coronation
422:Early life
39:given name
35:patronymic
23:Malay name
2487:Nasruddin
2482:Muhyiddin
1681:cite book
1188:cite book
1138:Citations
858:strongman
438:title of
103:Successor
2410:Sulaiman
2223:. IBRU.
2101:(2000).
2010:(2002).
1667:25 April
1427:"Brunei"
1358:Gin 2015
1174:25 April
933:antimony
912:judicial
813:smallpox
739:—
706:enclaves
352:Religion
170:, Brunei
21:In this
2415:Bolkiah
1946:31 July
1234:10 July
722:treason
649:coinage
606:Sarawak
557:nasihat
553:counsel
544:Limbang
521:Sarawak
461:Admiral
328:Bolkiah
176:Spouses
150:Istana
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1975:
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1433:. 2011
1051:Legacy
985:regent
943:, and
914:, and
793:Sultan
782:Tutong
774:Tutong
770:Belait
720:, and
718:Belait
714:Tutong
611:leased
569:Umanat
565:Amanat
540:Trusan
513:Brooke
344:Mother
334:Father
159:Burial
135:Brunei
2400:Ahmad
1126:Seria
1038:wazir
967:Death
941:Mukah
829:banks
801:Islam
683:with
575:Reign
498:lease
436:Wazir
387:Rajah
323:House
308:Names
229:Issue
85:Reign
33:is a
2257:ISBN
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2018:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1948:2023
1917:ISBN
1687:link
1669:2022
1439:2011
1364:help
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1194:link
1176:2022
1117:and
1097:and
1036:and
979:and
955:the
937:sago
784:and
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716:and
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561:oath
542:and
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236:List
182:List
141:Died
124:1824
120:1824
117:Born
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