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will in 1868, and confirmed the succession in his own will of 1913. On his accession in 1918, his son Vyner (later Sir
Charles Vyner Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak) swore to uphold the will "as forming the constitution of the state". This unique testamentary trust became known as the Sarawak Sovereignty Trust.
525:
In accordance with the will of the first rajah, James Brooke, the line of succession to the "sovereignty of
Sarawak and all the rights and privileges whatsoever thereto belonging" was to the heirs male lawfully begotten of the Rajah's nephew Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke. Charles inherited under the
753:
Sarawak has a diverse population with a large proportion of indigenous tribal peoples, such as the Dayaks (Kayan, Kelabit, Kenyah, Melanau (Kayan Lalo), Kenowit, Sebop
Bukitan, Kedayan, Tanjong, Sipeng, Kajang, Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan, Punan, Lugat, Lisum, Penan, Sian, Tagal (Murut), Tring, Adang,
813:
was granted a coat of arms (Or a Cross engrailed per cross indented, Azure and Sable in the first quarter an
Estoile of the second. Crest: On an Eastern Crown Or a Brock Proper ducally gorged also Or). The arms were for him and his descendants and the descendants of his late father Thomas Brooke.
593:
by a
Chinese company which imported numerous workers from China and Singapore. After the local Chinese uprising in 1857, the mining operations were gradually taken over by the Borneo Company; it bought out the last Chinese company in 1884. The Borneo Company provided military support to the White
648:. He was never prosecuted. Documents released in the late 20th century indicate that the British government knew that Brooke was not involved, but chose not to reveal the truth of the matter so as not to provoke Indonesia. It had recently won its
309:
of the territory. The Raj of
Sarawak developed and expanded during the rule of the first two White Rajahs, growing to occupy much of the north region of the island of Borneo. The Brooke administrations leased or annexed more land from Brunei.
644:, the second British governor to Sarawak, was assassinated by two people that were believed to be members of a group dedicated to restoring him as rajah. In reality, they were from a political group agitating for union with newly independent
660:
to the north-west. Since those events, there has been no serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy, although under the will of Sir James Brooke any member of the Brooke family is eligible to be appointed heir.
577:
Rajah James retained many of the customs and symbols of Malay monarchy, and combined them with his own style of absolute rule. The Rajah had the power to introduce laws and acted as chief judge in
Kuching.
497:, by granting new powers to the Council Negri (the parliament). Bertram co-ruled with his elder brother, taking turns of 6–8 months in charge of the country each year. By 1939 Vyner Brooke's nephew
782:
The heraldic arms of the Brooke dynasty were based on the emblem used by James Brooke prior to 9 November 1848. It consisted of a red and black cross per pale on a yellow shield, crested by a
609:, to police and defend the expanding state. This small army also manned a series of forts around the country, acted as the rajahs' personal guard, and performed ceremonial duties.
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Livong, Miriek, Tabun, Ukit, Bakong, Kiput, Berawan, Narum, Dali, Penan & other Dayaks), Malay, Bidayuh (Land Dayaks) and Iban (Sea Dayaks). In addition, it received numerous
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had taken the reins of government, and it was with a considerable controversy that Vyner attempted to secretly cede
Sarawak to Britain in 1946 in what gave rise to the
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794:
the dynastic surname. The shield design was used as the basis of the
Sarawak flag hoisted 21 September 1848. A crown was added to the flag around 1870 when
727:. Several key buildings from the Brooke period, such as the offices and warehouses of Borneo Company, have been demolished for more recent developments.
723:; the Square Fort; and Brooke Memorial. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in the period of Rajah Charles, is still in operation, as is the original
1773:
1307:
566:; the system of government was based on the Bruneian model. Brooke reorganised the government according to the British model, eventually creating a
745:
The Brooke
Gallery which showcases belongings from the Brooke family and artefacts during their time as the White Rajah. The gallery is located in
629:. Unclear as to the legality of cession, the British government simultaneously passed a Bill of Annexation. Rajah Vyner's nephew and legal heir,
581:
The White Rajahs were determined to prevent the indigenous peoples of Sarawak from being exploited by Western business interests. They allowed
1952:
574:(chiefly British) officers to run district outstations. The Sarawak Service was continually reformed by Rajah James and his successors.
482:, Devon. Anthony Brooke had his ashes interred at Sheepstor as well as at the Brooke Family graveyard in Kuching, as per his last wish.
250:– which was known as Sarawak Asal (Original Sarawak) – by the Sultanate of Brunei for helping fight piracy and insurgency among the
1710:
668:
still maintains strong ties to the state and its people and are represented by the Brooke Trust, and by Anthony Brooke's grandson
641:
391:
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The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's 19th-century and colonial heritage buildings. In
622:
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until 1841 when James Brooke was granted a sizeable area of land in the southwest area of Brunei – around the town of
277:. His nephew had been the legal heir to the throne and objected to the cession, as did most of the Sarawak members of the
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1544:"Photostat of original letter written by J.P. Brooke-Little, Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms to Margaret Noble"
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28:
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1519:"Photostat of original letter written by Charles Brooke to William Robert Rupert Mounsey 14 Feb 1913"
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585:(the Borneo Company) to assist in managing the economy. The core of the early Sarawak economy was
261:
in accordance with the will of James Brooke, the White Rajahs' dynasty continued through Brooke's
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1911:
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immigrants, whose businesses and labour were encouraged at various times by the White Rajahs.
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Modern Kuching has many businesses and attractions that refer to the era of the White Rajahs:
1340:
Kaur, Amarjit (February 1995). "The Babbling Brookes: Economic Change in Sarawak 1841–1946".
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39:
633:, initially opposed annexation by the Crown, as did a majority of the native members of the
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Fort Margherita was erected by Rajah Charles and named after his wife, the Ranee Margaret.
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Sylvia, Queen of the Headhunters: A Biography of Lady Brooke, the Last Ranee of Sarawak
1494:"Photostat of original letter written by James Brooke to Lord Palmerston 14 March 1849"
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Because of his opposition to the cession, Anthony Brooke was considered a suspect when
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251:
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Rajahs during crises such as the Chinese uprising. One of the company steamships, the
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Vyner Brooke instituted significant political reforms during his tenure. He ended the
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Dayang Mastiah, one illegitimate son, Esca (sent to Canada and received an allowance)
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1649:. Vol. 11. Den Haag: Koninklijk Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde. 1996.
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wanted to differentiate the government flag from the merchant flag (without crown).
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1469:"Transcript of letter written by James Brooke to Lord Palmerston 14 March 1849"
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478:(but without taking degrees). All of them died in England and are buried at
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This article is about the White Rajahs of Sarawak. For the White Rajah of
1871:
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named after James Brooke's schooner, refer to the history of the Brookes.
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1861:
693:
645:
463:
1676:
1636:
Schutte, O (1981). "M. R. H. Calmeyer, de Wind, de Windt, de Wint".
1443:"Radio 4's investigative history - The stabbed governor of Sarawak"
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More illegitimate children have been suspected but not acknowledged
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When James Brooke first arrived in Sarawak, it was governed as a
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672:, at many state functions and supporting heritage projects.
34:
For other European men sometimes referred to as Rajah, see
1609:
The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak
269:, the latter of whom ceded his rights over Sarawak to the
1565:
1623:
The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946
621:, during which Sarawak and the rest of Borneo had been
413:
His uncle James named Charles as his successor in 1865
408:, with whom he had six children; three survived infancy
625:, the third rajah, Vyner Brooke, ceded Sarawak to the
16:
British dynasty ruling the Raj of Sarawak (1841–1946)
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Old Rajah Brooke website (snapshot from 9 June 2009)
1584:
462:Graves of the White Rajahs at St Leonard's Church,
230:, located on the north west coast of the island of
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1383:Chinese Pioneers on the Sarawak Frontier 1841–1941
1274:Wife of Heir apparent: Her Highness The Ranee Muda
1308:List of heads of government of the Raj of Sarawak
254:in 1841 and received independent kingdom status.
1924:
1319:in southern Borneo, 30 years before James Brooke
612:
554:showing bronze image of a Sarawak native warrior
1410:
1408:
1406:
364:unmarried, but acknowledged an illegitimate son
1434:
297:(now Kuching) and the nearby mining region of
1704:
589:, later followed by gold, which was mined in
474:educations, Vyner went to public schools and
1440:
1414:
1403:
1315:, a small independent state established by
367:granted Sarawak and the title Rajah by the
305:. He was later confirmed with the title of
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1697:
1271:Heir apparent: His Highness The Rajah Muda
656:, and the UK was already dealing with the
452:son of the preceding, inherited the title
1541:
85:HH Sir James Brooke, 1st Rajah of Sarawak
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27:. For the book by Nigel Barley, see
1570:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1330:
700:was named after the Brooke family.
13:
1953:Heads of state of former countries
1718:
1566:Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001).
1516:
1491:
1466:
449:, with whom he had three daughters
14:
1964:
1655:
1417:"The stabbed governor of Sarawak"
1303:List of Sarawakian royal consorts
489:of the rajah in 1941, before the
289:Sarawak was part of the realm of
1907:Anti-cession movement of Sarawak
1287:Female: Her Highness Dayang Muda
790:parlance as a "brock" and hence
503:anti-cession movement of Sarawak
433:
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78:
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711:, or governor's residence; the
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1441:Mike Thomson (12 March 2012).
1415:Mike Thomson (14 March 2012).
1374:
982:Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke
817:
734:The James Brooke Café and the
1:
1323:
1263:Ruler: His Highness The Rajah
613:Cession to the United Kingdom
601:Rajah Charles formed a small
537:
301:– from Bruneian Sultan
259:descent through the male line
203:Anthony Walter Dayrell Brooke
29:Nigel Barley (anthropologist)
1825:Order of the Star of Sarawak
1585:Sylvia, Lady Brooke (1970).
1284:Male: His Highness Tuan Muda
598:, helped recapture Kuching.
546:Brooke Memorial outside the
470:James and Charles had short
406:Margaret Alice Lili de Windt
246:was granted the province of
222:, who founded and ruled the
140:; 183 years ago
7:
1291:
623:occupied by Japanese forces
318:
158:; 78 years ago
10:
1969:
1629:Cambridge University Press
1352:Cambridge University Press
971:John Brooke Johnson Brooke
440:26 September 1874, England
273:in 1946, which was made a
199:John Brooke Johnson Brooke
33:
18:
1899:
1854:
1833:
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1600:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1517:Brooke, Charles Anthoni.
1360:10.1017/s0026749x00012634
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1587:Queen of the Headhunters
238:, from 1841 to 1946. Of
23:in southern Borneo, see
1912:Crown Colony of Sarawak
1779:British representatives
1387:Oxford University Press
774:Government flag of the
533:The Brooke dynasty tree
480:Sheepstor parish church
236:Maritime Southeast Asia
1841:Borneo Company Limited
1638:De Nederlandsche Leeuw
1607:Reece, R.H.W. (1993).
806:
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583:Borneo Company Limited
555:
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381:Charles Johnson/Brooke
1594:Eade, Philip (2007).
1381:Chew, Daniel (1990).
811:Sir James Brooke, KCB
804:
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361:11 June 1868, England
303:Omar Ali Saifuddin II
40:Joseph William Torrey
1877:Sarawak State Museum
1748:Charles Vyner Brooke
1542:Brooke-Little, J.P.
1343:Modern Asian Studies
1067:Charles Vyner Brooke
766:Heraldry and emblems
509:today is a state of
476:Cambridge University
424:Charles Vyner Brooke
400:17 May 1917, England
397:3 June 1829, England
358:29 April 1803, India
129:Charles Vyner Brooke
36:James Erskine Murray
1774:Heads of government
1193:James Lionel Brooke
809:On 9 November 1848
650:war of independence
564:Sultanate of Brunei
443:9 May 1963, England
242:, the first ruler,
216:hereditary monarchy
1938:History of Sarawak
1682:2020-09-24 at the
1677:rajahofsarawakfund
1568:My Life in Sarawak
1059:Esca Brooke-Daykin
807:
780:
707:these include the
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556:
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521:Line of succession
515:Malaysia Agreement
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377:Charles of Sarawak
252:indigenous peoples
115:First monarch
1933:History of Borneo
1920:
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331:Succession right
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30:
26:
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1887:Square Tower
1800:Coat of arms
1795:Constitution
1736:James Brooke
1727:
1646:
1637:
1622:
1608:
1595:
1586:
1567:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1487:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:
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1451:. Retrieved
1446:
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
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1341:
1278:
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1247:Jason Brooke
1245:
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908:James Brooke
906:
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892:
837:
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781:
778:, ~1870–1946
752:
729:
702:
687:
670:Jason Brooke
663:
639:
619:World War II
616:
603:paramilitary
600:
595:
580:
576:
560:vassal state
557:
524:
495:World War II
484:
469:
447:Sylvia Brett
423:
418:
380:
375:
342:James Brooke
341:
336:
288:
275:Crown colony
256:
244:James Brooke
212:White Rajahs
211:
209:
195:Pretender(s)
119:James Brooke
109:His Highness
84:
67:Coat of arms
66:
1900:Dissolution
1872:Fort Sylvia
1750:(1917–1946)
1744:(1868–1917)
1738:(1841–1868)
900:Emma Brooke
818:Family tree
792:alluding to
786:, known in
654:Netherlands
605:force, the
430:(1917–1946)
387:(1868–1917)
348:(1841–1868)
267:grandnephew
1927:Categories
1882:The Astana
1862:Fort Alice
1767:Government
1598:. London:
1553:2022-07-25
1528:2022-07-24
1503:2022-07-24
1478:2022-07-24
1453:2016-11-04
1449:. BBC News
1427:2016-11-04
1423:. BBC News
1324:References
1141:Rajah Muda
1082:Rajah Muda
975:Rajah Muda
538:Government
513:after the
189:Hereditary
175:The Astana
1855:Buildings
1672:bbc.co.uk
1645:"Quast".
1447:bbc.co.uk
1421:bbc.co.uk
1368:0026-749X
694:Brooketon
652:from the
646:Indonesia
517:of 1963.
464:Sheepstor
328:Marriages
257:Based on
185:Appointer
171:Residence
153:Abolition
135:Formation
52:Rajah of
1815:Currency
1680:Archived
1619:(1960).
1292:See also
788:heraldic
736:Royalist
587:antimony
572:European
511:Malaysia
319:Portrait
1788:Symbols
1759:Kingdom
756:Chinese
705:Kuching
562:of the
552:Kuching
507:Sarawak
493:during
295:Sarawak
248:Kuching
218:of the
214:were a
179:Kuching
161: (
143: (
100:Details
54:Sarawak
1810:Anthem
1728:Rajahs
1574:
1393:
1366:
1313:Maluka
784:badger
760:Indian
715:; the
709:Astana
698:Brunei
676:Legacy
617:After
291:Brunei
285:Rulers
263:nephew
232:Borneo
42:, and
21:Maluka
1498:Trove
1350:(1).
325:Death
322:Birth
307:Rajah
226:as a
105:Style
1805:Flag
1572:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1364:ISSN
758:and
738:, a
688:The
664:The
316:Name
265:and
210:The
163:1946
156:1946
145:1841
138:1841
1356:doi
740:pub
696:in
692:of
591:Bau
550:at
299:Bau
234:in
1929::
1546:.
1521:.
1496:.
1471:.
1445:.
1419:.
1405:^
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1362:.
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1430:.
1399:.
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426:)
422:(
383:)
379:(
344:)
340:(
165:)
147:)
46:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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