532:
density, growth, mortality, and seed and fruit production in harvested and unharvested populations in the
Kalahari savannas of South Africa. Plant density and population structure differed significantly between overgrazed and grass-dominated areas, suggesting that the differences may be due to competition for scarce water and nutrients. Experimental removal of secondary tubers (harvest) was not a significant factor for mortality in any of the harvested size classes. Harvest also did not affect growth, although plants in the medium size class grew more during the study period in both the harvested and unharvested populations. Fruit production was highly variable, and mature fruits were produced only under favorable conditions. Under the conditions of this experimental harvest, the species appears to be resilient to harvest, with plants subjected to harvest surviving as well as unharvested plants. However, due to the spatially variable nature of its habitat and the plasticity of the plants themselves, harvesting data from actual harvested areas from a large number of plants is required to better understand the life history of the species.
216:
191:
44:
206:
520:
primary tuber and several secondary tubers (the harvested organs) grow from the primary tuber at the end of fleshy roots. The plant gets its scientific and common names from the hooked spines of its woody capsules (see photo). The mature fruit opens slowly so that, in a given year, only 20-25% of its seeds may establish soil contact. Seeds have a high degree of dormancy. They have a low respiration rate and may remain viable in the seed bank for more than 20 years.
31:
1367:
524:
and to provide for continued livelihoods for the harvesters. At various times, the species has been proposed for protection by the
Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). However, the range states have implemented measures to manage the trade sustainably and the proposal to protect the species by CITES was withdrawn.
718:"Analysis of the Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Osteoarthritic Potential of Flonat Fast®, a Combination of Harpagophytum Procumbens DC. Ex Meisn., Boswellia Serrata Roxb., Curcuma longa L., Bromelain and Escin (Aesculus hippocastanum), Evaluated in in Vitro Models of Inflammation Relevant to Osteoarthritis"
531:
The ecological requirements of a harvested species must be known to manage the harvest of the species to ensure it is sustainable. Stewart and Cole (2005) examined the complex economic, social, and cultural factors involved in the harvest of the species. Stewart (2009) examined population structure,
519:
inhabits deep, sandy soils, and occurs in areas with low annual rainfall (150–300 mm/year). It is a perennial, tuberous plant with annually produced creeping stems. The above-ground stems emerge after the first rains and die back during droughts or after frosts. The stems grow from a persistent
527:
Various studies have examined the biological and ecological requirements of harvested and unharvested populations. Several early short-term studies in
Botswana examined the ecological requirements of the species. Other, somewhat more recent studies inventoried the resource and examined sustainable
523:
The sustainability of the trade in devil's claw has been questioned for several years. The governments of each of the countries in which it occurs (range states; Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa) have developed policies and regulations to protect the species, to determine a sustainable harvest,
479:
of clinical research noted that devil's claw seems to reduce low back pain more than placebo, although evidence was of moderate quality at best. Further research in effects upon pain and inflammation have been found worth pursuing through 2022.
1075:"Analysis of Effectiveness of a Supplement Combining Harpagophytum procumbens, Zingiber officinale and Bixa orellana in Healthy Recreational Runners with Self-Reported Knee Pain: A Pilot, Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial"
581:
Biodiversity
Research in the Horn of Africa Region: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea at the Carlsberg Academy, Copenhagen, August 25–27, 1999 (2001)
1073:
González-Gross, M.; Quesada-González, C.; Rueda, J.; Sillero-Quintana, M.; Issaly, N.; Díaz, A. E.; Gesteiro, E.; Escobar-Toledo, D.; Torres-Peralta, R.; Roller, M.; Guadalupe-Grau, A. (2021).
1250:
1314:
597:
Mncwangi, N.; Chen, W.; Vermaak, I.; Viljoen, A.M.; Gericke, N. (2012). "Devil's Claw - a review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of
Harpagophytum procumbens".
1297:
716:
Quarta, S.; Santarpino, G.; Carluccio, M. A.; Calabriso, N.; Scoditti, E.; Siculella, L.; Damiano, F.; Maffia, M.; Verri, T.; De
Caterina, R.; Massaro, M. (2022).
1330:
Stewart, K.M. (2009). "Effects of secondary-tuber harvest on populations of devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) in the
Kalahari savannas of South Africa".
818:
Mariano, A.; Bigioni, I.; Mattioli, R.; Di Sotto, A.; Leopizzi, M.; Garzoli, S.; Mariani, P. F.; Dalla Vedova, P.; Ammendola, S.; Scotto d'Abusco, A. (2022).
681:
Gagnier, J. J.; Oltean, H.; Van Tulder, M. W.; Berman, B. M.; Bombardier, C; Robbins, C. B. (2016). "Herbal
Medicine for Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Review".
1662:
1193:. The Grapple Plant Project: Second Progress Report. Report prepared for the National Institute for Development and Research and Documentation of Botswana.
1270:. The Grapple Plant Project: Sixth Progress Report. Report prepared for the National Institute for Development and Research and Documentation of Botswana.
1255:. The Grapple Plant Project: Third Progress Report. Report prepared for the National Institute for Development and Research and Documentation of Botswana.
1238:. The Grapple Plant Project: Third Progress Report. Report prepared for the National Institute for Development and Research and Documentation of Botswana.
1223:. The Grapple Plant Project: First progress report. Report prepared for the National Institute for Development and Research and Documentation of Botswana.
1208:. The Grapple Plant Project: First progress report. Report prepared for the National Institute for Development and Research and Documentation of Botswana.
1024:"In vitro antioxidant activity of crude extracts of Harpagophytum zeyheri and their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activity compared with diclofenac"
1533:
869:
Koycheva, I. K.; Mihaylova, L. V.; Todorova, M. N.; Balcheva-Sivenova, Z. P.; Alipieva, K.; Ferrante, C.; Orlando, G.; Georgiev, M. I. (2021).
1154:
Stewart, K.M.; Cole, D. (2005). "The commercial harvest of devil's claw (Harpagophytum spp.) in southern Africa: the devil's in the details".
871:"Leucosceptoside a from Devil's Claw Modulates Psoriasis-like Inflammation via Suppression of the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Keratinocytes"
1559:
1359:
373:
922:"The Efficacy of Harpagophytum procumbens (Teltonal) in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Active-Controlled Clinical Trial"
1585:
769:"The Fight against Infection and Pain: Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) a Rich Source of Anti-Inflammatory Activity: 2011–2022"
1191:
An ecophysiological approach of the influence of harvest on the population dynamics of the grapple plant
Harpagophytum procumbens DC
1481:
1221:
Water balances and productivity of the grapple plant
Harpagophytum procumbens DC. The Grapple Plant Project: Fourth Progress Report
1546:
1494:
820:"Harpagophytum procumbens Root Extract Mediates Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Osteoarthritis Synoviocytes through CB2 Activation"
321:. Plants of the genus owe their common name "devil's claw" to the peculiar appearance of their hooked fruit. Several species of
1551:
1236:
Further aspects of regeneration and productivity of the grapple plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC under harvesting pressure
489:
973:"The benefit of combining curcumin, bromelain and harpagophytum to reduce inflammation in osteoarthritic synovial cells"
285:
1564:
1520:
1371:
557:
1603:
1285:. Proceedings of the Regional Devil’s Claw Conference 26–28 February 2002. Windhoek, Namibia (Ed CRIAASA-DC).
144:
1252:
Regrowth and tuber quality of juvenile grapple plants, Harpagophytum procumbens DC and their transpiration
43:
1316:
Population dynamics and sustainable harvesting of the medicinal plant Harpagophytum procumbens in Namibia
1206:
Regeneration and productivity of the grapple plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC under harvesting pressure
1598:
1499:
215:
1652:
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1423:
493:
476:
659:
190:
1385:
1538:
1022:
Ncube, S. F.; McGaw, L. J.; Njoya, E. M.; Ndagurwa, H. G.; Mundy, P. J.; Sibanda, S. (2021).
580:
1577:
1657:
1455:
1319:. Unpublished report prepared for the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn Germany.
1302:. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. Plant Species Conservation Monograph No. 2.
8:
327:
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1101:
1074:
1050:
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999:
972:
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Brochard, S.; Pontin, J.; Bernay, B.; Boumediene, K.; Conrozier, T.; Baugé, C. (2021).
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921:
897:
870:
846:
819:
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457:
38:
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Fruit development and tuber production of a desert perennial, Harpagophytum procumbens
1572:
1442:
1343:
1299:
Ecology and utilization of Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) in southern Africa
1171:
1106:
1055:
1004:
953:
902:
851:
800:
749:
698:
614:
453:
1125:
560:. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Medicine. 2015
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may occur, and caution exists for a variety of conditions, such as pregnancy and
461:
422:
318:
81:
1408:
1040:
989:
469:
418:
398:
68:
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Occurrence and density of Harpagophytum procumbens in Namibia and South Africa
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where it is thought to be useful in treating a variety of pain conditions.
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127:
1486:
836:
734:
378:
219:
1512:
1126:"Devil's Claw - Africa's Herbal Remedy for Arthritis and Inflammation"
460:. Although there is no accepted clinical evidence of its efficacy and
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505:
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434:
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Plate from "Icones selectae plantarum", vol. 5: t. 94 (1846)
349:
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253:
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is mainly found in the eastern and south eastern parts of
262:
268:
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1021:
337:, however, are also known by this name. Devil's claw's
1312:
1153:
926:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
919:
286:
265:
241:
367:, Southern Botswana, and the Kalahari region of the
271:
250:
440:Preparations of the plant or its extracts, such as
277:
256:
244:
1362:at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
920:Farpour, H. R.; Rajabi, N.; Ebrahimi, B. (2021).
1644:
1203:
662:. PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 2016
464:, limited effects were noted for treating lower
1313:Strobach, M.; Cole, D; Schippmann, U. (2007).
1329:
1233:
1218:
766:
412:
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1265:
1663:Plants used in traditional African medicine
377:is found in the northern parts of Namibia (
29:
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1028:BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
977:BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
631:
488:Side effects and drug interactions with
214:
204:
189:
1248:
1645:
541:
1384:
1383:
1281:Hachfeld, B.; Schippmann, U. (2002).
1149:
1147:
634:"Department unveils national symbols"
500:and may interfere with the action of
1117:
824:Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
722:Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
632:Pelontle, Kedirebofe (13 May 2014).
590:
572:
490:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
483:
767:Gxaba, N.; Manganyi, M. C. (2022).
578:Ib Friis and Olof Ryding (Editors)
13:
1144:
625:
421:use of devil's claw originated in
14:
1674:
1353:
1365:
1344:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01093.x
1124:le Breton, Gus (21 April 2020).
237:
42:
1604:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:31837-1
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1212:
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444:, are presumed to have uses in
222:man collecting devil's claw in
875:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
811:
773:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
760:
709:
674:
652:
640:. Botswana Press Agency (BOPA)
1:
535:
1156:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
695:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001310
384:
7:
10:
1679:
1332:Journal of African Ecology
1041:10.1186/s12906-021-03407-x
990:10.1186/s12906-021-03435-7
413:Folk medicine and research
1392:
1204:Veenendaal, E.M. (1984).
1168:10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.004
888:10.3390/molecules26227014
786:10.3390/molecules27113637
611:10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.013
496:. Devil's claw may cause
160:
155:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
16:Genus of flowering plants
517:Harpagophytum procumbens
494:cardiovascular disorders
361:Harpagophytum procumbens
355:
381:) and southern Angola.
331:and certain species of
1234:De Jong, F.E. (1985).
1219:Burghouts, T. (1985).
1132:. African Plant Hunter
1092:10.3390/ijerph18115538
512:Ecology and management
397:, is derived from the
227:
212:
202:
1296:Hachfeld, B. (2003).
1266:Hulzebos, E. (1987).
218:
208:
193:
1376:at Wikimedia Commons
939:10.1155/2021/5596892
528:harvesting methods.
325:plants in the genus
305:, and most commonly
405:meaning "hook" and
1189:LeLoup S. (1984).
837:10.3390/ph15040457
735:10.3390/ph15101263
458:dietary supplement
228:
213:
203:
1640:
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1573:Open Tree of Life
1386:Taxon identifiers
1370:Media related to
484:Adverse reactions
454:anti-inflammatory
409:meaning "plant".
309:, is a genus of
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599:J Ethnopharmacol
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477:Cochrane review
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456:herbal drug or
423:southern Africa
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297:), also called
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