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on
Christian principles, to the Wurttemberg legislature. Rapp's followers declared their desire to form a separate congregation who would meet in members' homes, free from Lutheran Church doctrines. The group supported the belief that baptism was not necessary until children could decide for themselves whether they wanted to become a Christian. They also believed that confirmation for youth was not necessary and communion and confession would only be held a few times a year. Although the Separatists supported civil government, the group refused to make a physical oath in its support, "for according to the Gospel not oath is allowed him who gives evidence of a righteous life as an upright man." They also refused to serve in the military or attend Lutheran schools, choosing instead to teach their children at home. This declaration of faith, along with some later additions, guided the Harmony Society's religious beliefs even after they had emigrated from Germany to the United States.
807:"These people exhibit considerable taste as well as boldness of design in some of their works. They are erecting a noble church, the roof of which is supported in the interior by a great number of stately columns, which have been turned from trees in their own forests. The kinds of wood made use of for this purpose are, I am informed, black walnut, cherry and sassafras. Nothing I think can exceed the grandeur of the joinery and the masonry and brickwork seem to be of the first order. The form of this church is that of a cross, the limbs being short and equal; and as the doors, which there are four, are placed at the end of the limbs, the interior of the building as seen from the entrance, has a most ample and spacious effect.... I could scarcely imagine myself to be in the woods of Indiana, on the borders of the Wabash, while pacing the long resounding aisles, and surveying the stately colonnades of this church."
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in
Congress regarding the Harmonists' petition for a grant that would allow them to purchase approximately 30,000 acres (120 km) acre of land in the Indiana Territory. While the Senate passed the petition on January 29, it was defeated in the House of Representatives on February 18. The Harmonists had to find other financial means to support their plans for future expansion. By 1810 the town's population reached approximately 700, with about 130 houses. The Society landholdings also increased to 7,000 acres (28 km). In the years that followed, the Society survived disagreements among its members, while shortages of cash and lack of credit threatened its finances. Still, the young community had a good reputation for its industry and agricultural production.
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and its heavy, shingled roof. "Dutch biscuits" (wood laths wrapped in straw and mud) provided insulation and soundproofing between the ceiling and floors. The exterior was insulated with bricks between the exterior's unpainted weatherboards and the interior's lath and plaster walls. Structures had standard parts and pre-cut, pre-measured timbers, which were assembled on the ground, adjusted to fit on site, raised in place, and locked into place with pegs and mortise and tenon joints. Two-story floor plans for homes included a large living room, kitchen, and entrance hall, with stairs to the second floor and attic. In
Indiana, Harmonists did their baking in communal ovens, so stoves could be substituted for fireplaces.
261:. The two groups found much in common and held devotions together, with some of the Germans learning Norwegian during their stay. Samson Trae, a Haugean leader, noted that "It gave us extreme joy to realize that the foundation of your faith accords with the true word of God." After Rapp's followers left to settle in the United States, the two groups remained in contact for at least some time. In one letter, the Rappites stated, "Our hearts have often longed for your loving and edifying company since we came to America. We have longed more for Bergen than for Germany because of the love with which you received us and re-freshed us in body and spirit."
398:) and work on the new town nearly ceased. During this time the Society lost about 120 people and others fell ill until conditions were improved and the swamps around the area were drained. Despite these illnesses, construction of the new town continued. By 1819 the Harmonites had built 150 log homes, a church, a community storehouse, barns, stables, and a tavern, along with thriving shops and mills, and cleared land for farming. As the new settlement in Indiana grew, it also began to attract new arrivals, including emigrants from Germany, who expected the Harmonists to pay for their passage to America.
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depleted and aged membership. In addition, the
Society faced litigation from previous members and would-be heirs. The Society's trustee, John S. Duss, settled the lawsuits, liquidated its business ventures, and paid the Society's indebtedness. The great strain which he had undergone at this time undermined his health and he resigned his trusteeship in 1903. With only a few members left, the remaining land and assets were sold under the leadership of Duss's wife, Susanna (Susie), and the Society was formally dissolved in 1905. At the time of the Society's dissolution, its net worth was $ 1.2 million.
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livestock, tools, and other goods needed to establish their town. The agreement gave the
Society legal status in the United States and protected it from dissolution. Members contributed all of their possessions, pledged cooperation in promoting the interests of the group, and agreed to accept no pay for their services. In return, the members would receive care as long as they lived with the group. Under this agreement, if a member left the Society, their funds would be returned without interest or, if they had not contributed to the Society's treasury, they would receive a small monetary gift.
232:. Rapp and a small group of men left Iptingen in 1803 and traveled to America to find a new home. On May 1, 1804, the first group of emigrants departed for the United States. The initial move scattered the followers and reduced Rapp's original group of 12,000 to just a few followers. Johan Frederich Reichert, who later agreed to become Rapp's adopted son and took the name of Frederick Reichert Rapp, reported in a letter dated February 25, 1804, that there were "at least 100 families or 500 persons actually ready to go" even if they had to sacrifice their property.
519:), had come to Economy to affiliate with the Society. Rapp and Leon could not agree; a separation and apportionment of the property were therefore agreed upon. This secession of one-third of the Society, which consisted mostly of the flower of young manhood and young womanhood who did not want to maintain the custom of celibacy, broke Frederick's heart. He died within two years. It resulted in a considerable fracturing of the community. Nevertheless, the Society remained prosperous in business investments for many more years to come.
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596:. By 1802 the Separatists had grown in number to about 12,000 and the Württemberg government decided that they were a dangerous threat to social order. Rapp was summoned to Maulbronn for an interrogation, and the government confiscated Separatist books. When released in 1803, from a brief time in prison, Rapp told his followers to pool their assets and follow him on a journey for safety to the "land of Israel" in the United States, and soon over 800 people were living with him there.
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and elsewhere. Under
Frederick Rapp's financial management the Society prospered, but he soon wished for a location better suited to manufacturing and commercial purposes. They had initially selected the land near the Wabash River for its isolation and opportunity for expansion, but the Harmonites were now a great distance from the eastern markets and trade in this location was not to their liking. They also had to deal with unfriendly neighbors. As
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their factories. Because the group chose to adopt celibacy and their members grew older, more work gradually had to be hired out. As their membership declined, they stopped manufacturing operations, other than what they needed for themselves, and began to invest in other ventures such as the oil business, coal mining, timber, railroads, land development, and banking. The group invested in the construction of the
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836:, made with their own materials by their own tailors, they would wear their fine garments on Sundays and on other special occasions. At Economy, on special occasions and Sundays, women wore silk dresses using fabric of their own manufacture. Clothing varied in color, but often carried the same design. On a typical day, women wore ankle-length dresses, while men wore pants with vests or coats and a hat.
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neighbors who were not part of the
Society. By 1814 Butler County's growing population and rising land prices made it difficult for the Society to expand, causing the group's leaders to look for more land elsewhere. Once land had been located that offered a better climate and room to expand, the group began plans to move. In 1814 the Harmonites sold their first settlement to Abraham Ziegler, a
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regulations, business management passed to its trustees: Baker and
Henrici, 1847–68; Henrici and Jonathan Lenz, 1869–90; Henrici and Wolfel, 1890; Henrici and John S. Duss, 1890–1892; Duss and Seiber, 1892–1893; Duss and Reithmuller, 1893–1897;Duss, 1897–1903; and finally to Suzanna (Susie) C. Duss in 1903. By 1905 membership had dwindled to just three members and the Society was dissolved.
102:(1757–1847); Frederick (Reichert) Rapp (1775–1834), his adopted son who managed its business affairs; and their associates, the Society existed for one hundred years, roughly from 1805 until 1905. Members were known as Harmonists, Harmonites, or Rappites. The Society is best known for its worldly successes, most notably the establishment of three model communities, the first at
157:, Rapp was a "bright but stubborn boy" who was also deeply religious. His "strong personality" and religious convictions began to concern local church authorities when he refused to attend church services or take communion. Rapp and his group of believers began meeting in Iptengen and eventually emigrated to the United States, where they established three communities:
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Harmonist community included an inn, a tannery, warehouses, a brewery, several mills, stables, and barns, a church/meetinghouse, a school, additional dwellings for members, a labyrinth, and workshops for different trades. In addition, more land was cleared for vineyards and crops. The
Harmonists also produced yarn and cloth.
406:. In 1816 meetings between the Shakers and Harmonists considered a possible union of the two societies, but religious differences between the two groups halted the union. Members of the groups remained, however, in contact over the years. George Rapp's daughter and others lived for a time at the Shaker settlement in
765:. Nevertheless, most of the group stayed and Rapp continued to lead them until he died on August 7, 1847. His last words to his followers were, "If I did not so fully believe, that the Lord has designated me to place our society before His presence in the land of Canaan, I would consider this my last".
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Society members woke between 5 a.m. and 6 a.m. They ate breakfast between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m., lunch at 9 a.m., dinner at noon, afternoon lunch at 3 p.m., and supper between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. They did their chores and work during the day. At the end of the day, members met for meetings and had a curfew
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and called on state government to dissolve the group. Despite the attacks, the
Harmonists developed Economy into a prosperous factory town, engaged in farming on a large scale, and maintained a brewery, distillery, and wine-making operation. They also pioneered the manufacturing of silk in the United
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Several factors led to the Harmonists' decision to leave Butler County. Because the area's climate was not suitable, they had difficulties growing grapes for wine. In addition, as westward migration brought new settlers to the county, making it less isolated, the Harmonists began having troubles with
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The Harmonites were a prosperous agricultural and industrial people. They had many machines that helped them be successful in their trades. They even had steam-powered engines that ran the machines at some of their factories in Economy. They kept their machines up to date, and had many factories and
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in Posey County and later acquired more. Over the next ten years the Society built a thriving new community they called Harmonie or Harmony on the Wabash in the Indiana wilderness. (The town's name was changed to New Harmony after the Harmonists left in 1824.) The Harmonists entered into agriculture
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Because the climate was not well suited for growing grapes and nearby property was not available to expand their landholdings, the Harmonists submitted a petition to the U.S. government for assistance in purchasing land elsewhere. In January 1806 Rapp traveled to Washington, D.C. to hear discussions
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By 1798 Rapp and his group of followers had already begun to distance themselves from mainstream society and intended to establish a new religious congregation of fellow believers. In the Lomersheimer declaration, written in 1798, these religious Separatists presented their statement of faith, based
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Frame structures were built on piers to keep the air circulating across the area's damp soil, while brick structures had a root cellar with a drainage tunnel. Inside, Harmonists built fireplaces to the left or right of center to allow for a long center beam, adding strength to support the structure
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Once established at Harmony, Pennsylvania, the Society planned to replace the log dwellings with brick structures, but the group moved to the Indiana Territory before the plan was completed. In Indiana, log homes were soon replaced with one- or two-story houses of timber frame or brick construction
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The Harmonist community continued to thrive during the 1820s. The Society shipped its surplus agricultural produce and manufactured goods throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys or sold them through their stores at Harmony and Shawneetown and their agents in Pittsburgh, Saint Louis, Louisville,
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Rapp let newcomers into the Society and, after a trial period, usually about a year, they were accepted as permanent members. While new members continued to arrive, including immigrants from Germany, others found the Harmonists' religious life too difficult and left the group. In addition, during a
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In the 1790s, Rapp's followers continued to increase, reaching as many as 10,000 to 12,000 members. The increasing numbers, which included followers outside of Rapp's village, continued to concern the government, who feared they might become rebellious and dangerous to the state. Although no severe
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for garments. Rapp's granddaughter, Gertrude, began the silk production in Economy on a small scale from 1826 to 1828, and later expanded. This was planned in New Harmony, but fulfilled when they arrived at Economy. The Harmonists were industrious and utilized the latest technologies of the day in
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Visitors to the new town commented on its growing commercial and industrial work. In 1819 the town had a steam-operated wool carding and spinning factory, a brewery, distillery, vineyards, and a winery, but not all visitors were impressed with the growing communal town on the frontier. The Society
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style, which matched his commanding presence, and he was the personality that led the group through all the different settlements. After Rapp's death in 1847, a number of members left the group because of disappointment and disillusionment over the fact that his prophecies regarding the return of
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At Harmony, Pennsylvania, four to six members were assigned to a home, where they lived as families, although not all those living in the household were related. Even when the house contained those that were married, they would live together as brother and sister, since there was a suggestion and
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In 1804, while Rapp and his associates remained in the United States looking for a place to settle, his followers sailed to America aboard several vessels and made their way to western Pennsylvania, where they waited until land had been selected for their new settlement. Rapp was able to secure a
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At Economy the Harmonists intended to become more involved in manufacturing and their new town on the Ohio River provided better access to eastern markets and water access to the south and west than they had in Indiana. By 1826 the Harmonists had woolen and cotton mills in operation as well as a
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In December 1804 Rapp and a party of two others initially contracted to purchase 4,500 acres (18 km) of land for $ 11,250 in Butler County, Pennsylvania, and later acquired additional land to increase their holdings to approximately 9,000 acres (36 km) by the time they advertised their
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traditions, as well as the styles that were being developed in America during the 19th century. In the early days of the Society, many of the homes were initially log cabins and later, Harmonist craftsmen built timber-frame homes. At Economy, their homes were mostly two-story brick houses "that
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Over time the group became more protective of itself, did not allow many new members, moved further from its religious foundation to a more business-oriented and pragmatic approach, and the custom of celibacy eventually drained it of its membership. The land and financial assets of the Harmony
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Separatists who split from the Lutheran Church in the late 18th century. Under the leadership of George Rapp, the group left Württemberg, Germany, and came to the United States in 1803. Due to the troubles they had in Europe, the group sought to establish a more perfect society in the American
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Oil production in the mid-1860s brought the high-water mark of the Society's prosperity. By the close of Baker's administration in 1868, The Society's wealth was probably $ 2 million (~$ 38.1 million in 2023). By 1890, however, the Society was in debt and on the verge of bankruptcy with a
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steam-operated grain mill. The Harmonist society also ran a wine press, a hotel, post office, saw mills, stores, and a variety of farms. Here, under the business acumen and efficient management of Frederick Rapp, they enjoyed such prosperity that by 1829 they dominated trade and the markets of
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As Economy became more technologically developed, Harmonites began to hire others from outside the Society, especially when their numbers decreased because of the custom of celibacy and as they eventually let fewer new members join. Although the Harmonites did seek work-oriented help from the
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In 1811 Harmony's population rose to around 800 persons involved in farming and various trades. Although profit was not a primary goal, their finances improved and the enterprise was profitable, but not sufficient to carry out their planned expansions. Within a few years of their arrival, the
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The community was not neglectful of matters pertaining to art and culture. Frederick Rapp purchased artifacts and installed a museum containing fine paintings and many curiosities and antiques, but it proved to be unprofitable and was sold at a loss. In addition, the Harmonists maintained a
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On February 15, 1805, the settlers at Harmony, Pennsylvania, signed articles of association to formally establish the Harmony Society in the United States. In this document, Society members agreed to hold all property in a common fund, including working capital of $ 23,000 to purchase land,
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After Frederick Rapp's death in 1834, George Rapp appointed Romelius Baker and Jacob Henrici as trustees to manage the Society's business affairs. After George Rapp's death in 1847, the Society reorganized. While a board of elders was elected for the enforcement of the Society's rules and
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in addition to four large rooming houses (dormitories) for its growing membership. The new town also included shops, schools, mills, a granary, a hotel, library, distilleries, breweries, a brick kiln, pottery ovens, barn, stables, storehouses, and two churches, one of which was brick.
257:, a ship with 500 immigrants from Württemberg, including a number of Rappites, was forced to stop in Norway because of poor weather conditions. Staying in Bergen for about a year and provided with housing by the authorities, they were warmly accepted by the followers of the Pietistic
627:. In 1814, the Society sold their first town in Pennsylvania and moved to the Indiana Territory, where they built their second town. In 1824, they decided it was time to leave Indiana, sold their land and town in Indiana, and moved to their final settlement in Western Pennsylvania.
433:, a Welsh-born industrialist and social reformer, came to a final agreement for the sale of the Society's land and buildings in Indiana for $ 150,000. Owen named the town New Harmony, and by May, the last of the Harmony Society's remaining members returned to Pennsylvania.
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Jesus Christ in his lifetime were not fulfilled. However, many stayed in the group, and the Harmony Society went on to become an even more profitable business community that had many worldly financial successes under the leadership of Romelius L. Baker and Jacob Henrici.
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was coming to earth in their lifetime to help usher in a thousand-year kingdom of peace on earth. This is perhaps why they believed that people should try to make themselves "pure" and "perfect", and share things with others while willingly living in communal "harmony"
508:, a floral park, and a maze, or labyrinth. The Harmonists were fond of music and many of the members were accomplished musicians. They sang, had a band/orchestra, composed songs, and gave much attention to its cultivation. By 1830 they had amassed a 360-volume library.
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and there were also few marriages among the members. Rapp's son, Johannes, was married in 1807; and it was the last marriage on record until 1817. Although Rapp did not entirely bar sex initially, it gradually became a custom and there were few births in later years.
615:. They first settled and built the town of Harmony, Pennsylvania, in 1804, and established the Harmony Society in 1805 as a religious commune. In 1807, celibacy was advocated as the preferred custom of the community in an attempt to purify themselves for the coming
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At Harmony, George Rapp, also known as Father Rapp, was recognized as the spiritual head of the Society, the one that they went to for discussions, confessions, and other matters. Rapp's adopted son, Frederick, managed the Society's business and commercial affairs.
483:, for $ 10,000, and later bought an additional 2,186 acres (8.85 km) for $ 33,445, giving the Society more than 3,000 acres (12 km) to develop into a new community. The Harmonites named their third and last town Economy, after the spiritual notion of the
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or grave markers, because they thought it was unnecessary to do so; however, one exception is George Rapp's son Johannes' stone marker in Harmony, Pennsylvania, which was installed by non-Harmonites many years after the Harmonites left that town. Today, Harmonist
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in his writings. Rapp was very influenced by the writings of Jakob Böhme, Philipp Jakob Spener, and Emanuel Swedenborg, among others. Also, at Economy, there are glass bottles and literature that seem to indicate that the group was interested in (and practiced)
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Letter from Samson Traae, in the Manuscript Collection of The University Library, Oslo; letters from Kyllingen and Seglem in Haugean Letter-bank, manuscript in Norsk historisk kjeldeskriftinstitutt,
274:, known as Harmonie or Harmony, in Butler County, Pennsylvania, where the Society existed from 1804 to 1815. It soon grew to a population of about 800, and was highly profitable. Ten years later, the town was sold and the Harmonists moved westward to the
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and manufacture on a larger scale than they had done in Pennsylvania. When the Harmonists advertised their Indiana property for sale in 1824, they had acquired 20,000 acres (81 km) of land, 2,000 acres (8.1 km) of which was under cultivation.
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The settlements at Economy remained economically successful until the late 19th century, producing many goods in their cotton and woolen factories, sawmill, tannery, and from their vineyards and distillery. They also produced high quality
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actions were initially taken to repress the Separatists, the group began to consider emigration to France or the United States. In 1803, when the government began to persecute Rapp's followers, he decided to move the entire group to the
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German emigrants to "Dear, beloved Brothers and Sisters of God’s Society in Bergen", May 14, 1819, in Haugean Letter-hook, manuscript in Norsk historisk kjeldeskriftinstitutt,
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would end and Christ would begin his reign on earth. Dissension grew when Rapp's predictions did not come to pass. In March 1832, one third of the group left the Society and some began following Bernhard Müller, who claimed to be the
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By the mid-1780s, Rapp had begun preaching to the Separatists, his followers in Iptengen, who met privately and refused to attend church services or take communion. As their numbers increased, Rapp's group officially split with the
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showed the influence of their American neighbors." In general, Harmonist buildings, in addition to being sturdy and functional, were centrally heated, economical to maintain, and resistant to fire, weather, and termites.
536:, established the Economy Savings Institution and the Economy Brick Works, and operated the Economy Oil Company, as well as the Economy Planing Mill, Economy Lumber Company, and eventually donated some land in
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property for sale in 1814. Here they built the town of Harmony, a small community that had, in 1805, nearly 50 log houses, a large barn, a gristmill, and more than 150 acres of cleared land to grow crops.
212:, published in German in 1824 and in English a year later, in which he outlined his ideas and philosophy. Rapp lived out his remaining days in Economy, where he died on August 7, 1847, at the age of 89.
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The Society was a religious congregation who submitted to spiritual and material leadership under Rapp and his associates and worked together for the common good of all its members. Believing that the
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Haanes, Vidar L. (2021). "Chapter 10: In Search of the New Jerusalem: Millennial Hopes and Scandinavian Immigrants to America". In Zorgati, Ragnhild J.; Bohlin, Anna; Sjøvoll, Therese (eds.).
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Krueger, Nancy. "The Woolen and Cotton Manufactory of the Harmony Society with Emphasis on the Indiana Years 1814–1825." M.A. thesis, State University of New York College at Oneonta, 1983.
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Economy on the Ohio, 1826–1834: The Harmony Society During the Period of its Greatest Power and Influence and its Messianic Crisis; George Rapp's Third Harmony: A Documentary History
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and was renamed New Harmony. Ten years after the move to Indiana the commune moved again, this time returning to western Pennsylvania, and named their third and final town Economy (
2937:, p. 371–380. Eberhard Reichmann, LaVern J. Rippley, and Joerg Nagler, eds. Indianapolis: Max Kade German-American Center, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, 1995.
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outside, they were known as a community that supported themselves, kept their ways of living in their community, mainly exported goods, and tried to import as little as possible.
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Each member of the Society had a job in a certain craft or trade. Most of the work done by men consisted of manual labor, while the women dealt more with textiles or agriculture.
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2603:, p. 31–54. Eberhard Reichmann, LaVern J. Rippley and Joerg Nagler, eds. Indianapolis: Max Kade German-American Center, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, 1995.
619:. Rapp believed that the events and wars going on in the world at the time were a confirmation of his views regarding the imminent Second Coming of Christ, and he also viewed
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if he did not cease preaching. To the great consternation of church and state authorities, this mere peasant from Iptingen had become the outspoken leader of several thousand
426:, only 15 miles (24 km) away, which caused them much annoyance. By 1824 the decision had been made to sell their property in Indiana and search for land to the east.
660:) and practicing celibacy. They believed that the old ways of life on earth were coming to an end, and that a new perfect kingdom on earth was about to be realized.
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of 9 p.m. On Sundays, the members respected the "Holy day" and did no unnecessary work, but attended church services, singing groups, and other social activities.
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In 1916 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania acquired 6 acres (0.024 km) and 17 buildings of Economy, which became the Old Economy Village historic site. The
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Their style of dress reflected their Swabian German roots and traditions and was adapted to their life in America. Although the Harmonites typically wore
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Some notes, pictures and documents relating to the Harmony Society and its homes at Harmony, Pennsylvania, New Harmony, Indiana and Economy, Pennsylvania
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would occur during their lifetimes, the Harmonists contented to live simply under a strict religious doctrine, gave up tobacco, and advocated celibacy.
278:, where they established the town of Harmony, now called New Harmony, Indiana, and remained there from 1815 to 1825. The Indiana settlement was sold to
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Arbeitsbücher des Vereins für Familien- und Wappenkunde. Stuttgart 2005. (Register of Separatists in Wuerttemberg, including most of Rapp's followers.)
145:(1757–1847), also known as George Rapp, was the founder of the religious sect called Harmonists, Harmonites, Rappites, or the Harmony Society. Born in
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in 1785 and was banned from meeting. Despite warnings from local authorities, the group continued to meet privately and attract even more followers.
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custom of practicing celibacy. In Indiana, Harmonists continued to live in homes, but they also built dormitories to house single men and women.
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In 1814 the Harmony Society moved to the Indiana Territory, where it initially acquired approximately 3,500 acres (14 km) of land along the
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Frontier Musicians on the Connoquenessing, Wabash, and Ohio: A History of the Music and Musicians of George Rapp's Harmony Society (1805–1906)
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Harmony on the Wabash in Transition to Rapp's Divine Economy on the Ohio and Owen's New Moral World at New Harmony on the Wabash 1824–1826
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Mit einer Edition der relevanten Iptinger Kirchenkonventsprotokolle. Blätter für Wuerttembergische Kirchengeschichte 95/1995. S. 129–203.
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Today, many of the Society's remaining buildings are preserved; all three of their settlements in the United States have been declared
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Readings concerning the Harmony Society in Pennsylvania: Drawn from the accounts of travelers and articles in the Harmonie Herald
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as a dual being, having male and female sexual organs. According to this view, when the female portion of Adam separated to form
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Old Economy as I knew it: Impressions of the Harmonites, their village and its surroundings, as seen almost a half-century ago
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Society were sold off by the few remaining members under the leadership of John Duss and his wife, Susanna, by the year 1906.
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91:. On February 15, 1805, the group of approximately 400 followers formally organized the Harmony Society, placing all their
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In 1822 William Herbert, a visitor to Harmony, Indiana, described the new brick church and the Harmonists' craftsmanship:
360:, for $ 100,000 (~$ 1.74 million in 2023) and moved west to make a new life for themselves in the Indiana Territory.
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Wetzel, Richard D. "The Music of George Rapp's Harmony Society: 1805–1906." Thesis/diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1970.
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Don Blair, "Harmonist Construction. Principally as found in the two-story houses built in Harmonie, Indiana, 1814–1824,"
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Larner Jr., John W. "Nails and Sundrie Medicines: Town Planning and Public Health in the Harmony Society, 1805–1840."
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who refused to serve in the military and tried to live by George Rapp's philosophy and literal interpretations of the
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John M. Tate, Jr. Collection of Notes, Pictures and Documents relating to the Harmony Society, 1806-1930, DAR.1946.02
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John M. Tate, Jr. Collection of Notes, Pictures and Documents relating to the Harmony Society, 1806-1930, DAR.1946.02
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Feurige Kohlen, der aufsteigenden Liebesflammen im Lustspiel der Weisheit; einer nachdenkenden Gesellschaft gewidmet
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George Rapp's Separatists, 1700–1803: The German Prelude to Rapp's American Harmony Society; A Documentary History
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The Rappites: Interesting Notes about Early New Harmony; George Rapp's reform society based on the New Testament
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Separatistinnen und Separatisten in Wuerttemberg und in angrenzenden Territorien. Ein biografisches Verzeichnis.
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George Rapp's Re-Established Harmony Society: Letters and Documents of the Baker-Henrici Trusteeship, 1848–1868
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1315:
1207:. Vol. 3: The Promised Land Christian Cultures in Modern Scandinavia (ca. 1750–ca. 1920). Berlin, Boston:
1038:
948:
511:
In 1832 the Society suffered a serious division. Of 750 members, 250 became alienated through the influence of
3295:
2812:
2802:
Miller, Melvin R. "Education in the Harmony Society, 1805–1905." Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1972.
938:
657:
3260:
3230:
3225:
2900:
Walking tour of the historic area of Ambridge, Pennsylvania: Being the former village of Economy, 1824–1902
2854:
2499:
Harmonist Construction. Principally as found in the two-story houses built in Harmonie, Indiana, 1814–1824.
2075:
846:
762:
38:
2442:
The Harmony Society from its Beginnings in Germany in 1785 to its Liquidation in the United States in 1905
2179:(edited and translated by Arthur Versluis, third ed.). Frankfurt and Leipzig: The Fleischer Bookstore
1895:
The Harmony Society from its beginnings in Germany in 1785 to its Liquidation in the United States in 1905
1312:
The Harmony Society from its beginnings in Germany in 1785 to its Liquidation in the United States in 1905
3315:
3235:
3215:
2645:
692:. Other books found in the Harmony Society's library in Economy, include those by the following authors:
407:
186:
162:
88:
343:
period of religious zeal in 1807 and 1808, most, but not all, of the Harmonists adopted the practice of
2502:
2491:
2374:
2233:
1743:
1008:
882:
537:
31:
3068:
2667:
Radikaler Pietismus in Württemberg. Religioese Ideale im Konflikt mit gesellschaftlichen Realitaeten.
928:
17:
3245:
3096:
1401:
480:
3240:
757:
556:
3185:
2797:
The Great House Constructed 1826 and Frederick Rapp House Constructed about 1828 at Old Economy
150:
2589:
898:
560:
247:
119:
2575:
Guide to the Microfilmed Harmony Society Records, 1786–1951 in the Pennsylvania State Archives
515:(self-styled Count de Leon), who, with 40 followers (also at variance with the authorities in
3144:
923:
908:
903:
886:
664:
638:
325:
317:
174:
158:
103:
1259:
3162:
3154:
2758:. Metuchen, NY: The Scarecrow Press and The American Theological Library Association, 1973.
943:
654:
620:
545:
464:
381:
373:
201:
197:
170:
111:
2886:
Bibliography of items related to the Harmony Society with special reference to Old Economy
8:
3130:
2669:
Quellen und Forschungen zur wuerttembergischen Kirchengeschichte Band 18. Epfendorf 2003.
2596:
953:
918:
672:
468:
452:
442:
182:
115:
60:
49:
2988:
Harmony; commemorating the centennial of the Borough of Harmony, Pennsylvania, 1838–1938
693:
2771:
2347:
1230:
505:
205:
2947:
Sasse, Angela. "The Religious Celibate Community in Indiana: Yesterday and Today". In
756:
George Rapp predicted that on September 15, 1829, the three and one half years of the
512:
487:, "a city in which God would dwell among men" and where perfection would be attained.
2995:
Harmony : commemorating the sesquicentennial of Harmony, Pennsylvania, 1805–1955
2916:. Ambridge: Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1980.
2832:
2707:
2599:"Radical Pietism as the Foundation of German-American Communitarian Settlements." In
2550:
2477:
2456:
George Rapp's Disciples, Pioneers, and Heirs: A Register of the Harmonists in America
2338:
Anon (1992). "The history and lore of Beaver Co.: the Chinese in Beaver Falls 1872".
1234:
1220:
727:
288:
in German). The Harmonists lived in Economy until the Society was dissolved in 1905.
275:
107:
2150:
559:
had already acquired other parts of the Society's land in 1902 to build the town of
3168:
3102:
3000:
2940:
Ritter, Christine C. "Life in early America, Father Rapp and the Harmony Society."
2620:
English, Eileen A. "A Brief Interlude of Peace for George Rapp's Harmony Society."
2172:
1254:
1212:
697:
411:
258:
92:
2972:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers–Pittsburgh District. 2004-12-3. Retrieved 2012-6-3.
2933:
Reichmann, Eberhard, and Ruth Reichmann. "The Harmonists: Two Points of View." In
1338:
753:, disharmony followed, but one could attempt to regain harmony through celibacy.
713:
701:
684:
634:
251:
495:
and down the Ohio River. The Harmonists' competitors accused them of creating a
130:
3086:
The Harmony Society at Economy, Pennsylvania, Founded by George Rapp, A.D. 1805
2872:
Thoughts on the Destiny of Man Particularly with Reference to the Present Times
913:
769:
541:
484:
475:
In 1824 Frederick Rapp initially purchased 1,000 acres (4.0 km) along the
3202:, Darlington Library, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh
3019:
Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities, 1732–2000
2428:
Harmony on the Connoquenessing 1803–1815: George Rapp's First American Harmony
1875:, Darlington Library, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh
1216:
781:
are fenced in grassy areas with signs posted nearby explaining this practice.
680:
593:
193:
80:
3209:
2483:
2128:
734:
616:
612:
301:
229:
84:
3173:
3060:
3026:
Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Secular Communities, 1824–2000
2371:
A Documentary History of the Indiana Decade of the Harmony Society 1814–1824
2115:
1740:
A Documentary History of the Indiana Decade of the Harmony Society 1814–1824
1202:
584:, Germany, who promptly had him imprisoned for two days and threatened with
2888:. Ambridge: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1969, rev. 1977.
746:
387:
166:
44:
2844:
Bibliography of the Harmony Society: With Special Reference to Old Economy
394:
During the summer and fall of 1814, many Harmonists fell sick from fever (
2935:
Emigration and Settlement Patterns of German Communities in North America
2867:
2822:
2601:
Emigration and Settlement Patterns of German Communities in North America
2330:
Anon (1993). "Gone but not forgotten: the Beaver Falls Cutlery Company".
833:
605:
459:
430:
279:
217:
142:
135:
99:
76:
447:
422:, the Harmonites faced disagreeable elements from slavery supporters in
3184:
2517:
Boomhower, Ray E. "New Harmony: Home to Indiana's Communal Societies."
2467:
Longing for the End: A History of Millennialism in Western Civilization
2092:
Longing for the End: A History of Millennialism in Western Civilization
1651:
Ray E. Boomhower, "New Harmony: Home to Indiana's Communal Societies,"
1208:
963:
723:
709:
624:
589:
580:, and I am called to be one" in front of the civil affairs official in
544:. The Society exerted a major influence on the economic development of
492:
476:
2956:
Gemeinschaftssiedlungen auf religiöser und weltanschaulicher Grundlage
2921:
A manual for guides, docents, hostesses, and volunteers of Old Economy
2951:. Studies in Indiana German Americana Series, Vol. 2, 1995, p. 38–52.
870:
778:
773:
676:
668:
581:
357:
3126:
2474:
America's Utopian Experiments: Communal Havens from Long-Wave Crises
368:
992:
Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities
738:
608:
496:
423:
344:
146:
68:
2642:
All Things New: American Communes and Utopian Movements, 1860–1914
2584:. Pittsburgh: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1970.
2577:. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1983.
1783:
A Documentary History of the Indiana Decade of the Harmony Society
1770:
A Documentary History of the Indiana Decade of the Harmony Society
1757:
A Documentary History of the Indiana Decade of the Harmony Society
312:
2512:
The Harmony Society: A Chapter in German American Culture History
1337:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers–Pittsburg District. Archived from
1022:
The Harmony Society: A Chapter in German American Culture History
793:
689:
600:
577:
403:
395:
178:
154:
72:
64:
3040:
Visions of Harmony: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Millenarianism
2846:. Ambridge: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1968.
2110:
Arthur Versluis, "Western Esotericism and The Harmony Society",
630:
3140:
2877:
Rauscher, Julian. "Des Separatisten G. Rapp Leben und Treiben"
2660:
Johann Georg Rapp (1757–1847) und die Separatisten in Iptingen.
2454:
Arndt, Karl J. R., Donald Pitzer and Leigh Ann Chamness (eds.)
790:
649:
516:
402:
also had visitors from another communal religious society, the
30:"The Harmonists" redirects here. For the 1997 German film, see
2449:
The Indiana Decade of George Rapp's Harmony Society: 1814–1824
3012:
Rise and Fall of Harmony Society, Economy, PA and Other Poems
2742:
Travels through North America, during the Years 1825 and 1826
2323:
646:
585:
3150:
2792:. Crafton, PA: Cramer Printing and Publishing Company, 1926.
2590:
The Encyclopedia Americana: The International Reference Work
2421:
George Rapp's Years of Glory: Economy on the Ohio, 1834–1847
2334:. Darlington, Pennsylvania: Beaver County Industrial Museum.
410:, where the Shakers helped a number of Harmonites learn the
2732:
Heavens on Earth: Utopian Communities in America, 1680–1880
528:
2029:(Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Book Service, 1943), p. 359–360.
1024:(Philadelphia: Americana Germanica Press, 1904) p. 45, 65.
645:
The Harmonites were Millennialists, in that they believed
436:
307:
270:
large tract of land in Pennsylvania and started his first
3114:
Old Economy-Ambridge sesqui-centennial historical booklet
2587:
Dudley, Lavinia P., John H. Archer, Tucker Abbot, et al.
750:
742:
3291:
Protestant denominations established in the 18th century
2907:
Old Economy Village: Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide
2864:. Indiana Magazine of History 75, no. 3 (1979): 225–300.
2711:
The Holy Experiment: A Novel About the Harmonist Society
3045:
Thies, Clifford F. "The Success of American Communes."
3014:. Pittsburgh, PA: Press of National Printing Co., 1911.
2451:. Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society, 1971.
2391:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965.
2727:. University of Southern Indiana. Retrieved 2012-6-15.
2540:
The Harmony Society and Thoughts on the Destiny of Man
2410:
George Rapp's Successors and Material Heirs, 1847–1916
1035:
George Rapp's Successors and Material Heirs, 1847–1916
363:
2914:
Selected Reprints from the Harmonie Herald, 1966–1979
2444:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1953.
1931:(Old Economy, PA: Harmonie Associates, 1969), p. 8–9.
1493:
87:, where representatives initially purchased land in
3093:
The Angel and the Serpent: The Story of New Harmony
2749:
The Harmony Society: A 19th-Century American Utopia
2653:
Dictionary of American Communal and Utopian History
2637:. Harmony Society in Oekonomie, Pennsylvania, 1826.
2631:. Philadelphia, PA: William Penn Association, 1937.
1454:
The Harmony Society: A 19th-Century American Utopia
1398:
The Angel and the Serpent: The Story of New Harmony
1332:
864:
789:The Harmony Society's architecture reflected their
264:
3137:, interpreting the history of the Harmony Society.
2720:. rev. ed. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Co., 1902.
2148:
2437:. Worcester, Mass.: Harmonie Society Press, 1984.
2430:. Worcester, Mass.: Harmonie Society Press, 1980.
2405:. Worcester, Mass.: Harmonie Society Press, 1980.
2170:
37:For the Chinese concept with a similar name, see
3207:
3107:Angel in the Forest: A Fairy Tale of Two Utopias
2514:. Philadelphia: Americana Germanica Press, 1904.
2384:. Worcester, Mass.: Harmony Society Press, 1984.
2255:
2253:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1250:"Haugeans, Rappites, and the Emigration of 1825"
641:, carved by Frederick Reichert Rapp (1775–1834).
2842:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
75:, in 1785. Due to religious persecution by the
3174:Account of the Harmony Society and its beliefs
3054:Utopias and Utopians: An Historical Dictionary
2835:, "A Visit to Economy in the Spring of 1840."
2627:Federal Writers' Project (Beaver County, PA).
2617:. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Book Service, 1943.
2086:
2084:
235:
3135:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
3061:"Western Esotericism and The Harmony Society"
3007:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 1998.
2895:. Old Economy, PA: Harmonie Associates, 1969.
2860:Pitzer, Donald E., and Josephine M. Elliott.
2799:. Old Economy, PA: Harmonie Associates, 1970.
2547:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
2250:
1299:
1258:. Translated by C. A. Clausen. Archived from
934:Harmony Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania
3311:Intentional communities in the United States
3306:1785 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
3071:, 1999, pp. 20–47. Retrieved 2012-6-15.
3005:Encyclopedia of American Communes, 1663–1963
2912:Reibel, Daniel B., and Mary Lou Golembeski.
2805:Morris, James Matthew, and Andrea L. Kross.
2766:The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
2565:The Material Culture of the Harmony Society.
1328:
1326:
1324:
283:
192:Rapp became inspired by the philosophies of
3301:Religious organizations established in 1785
2919:Reibel, Daniel B., and Patricia B. Reibel.
2909:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002.
2713:. . Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1974.
2610:. Indianapolis, IN: Hollenbeck Press, 1914.
2342:. Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. pp. 1–3.
2220:George Rapp's Successors and Material Heirs
2198:George Rapp's Successors and Material Heirs
2126:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2081:
2040:George Rapp's Successors and Material Heirs
1951:George Rapp's Successors and Material Heirs
1370:
1368:
3042:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
2923:. Ambridge, PA: Harmonie Associates, 1974.
2902:. Ambridge, PA: Harmonie Associates, 1978.
2817:Communistic Societies of the United States
2809:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2004.
2690:. Sewickley, PA: Gilbert Adams Hays, 1904.
2683:. Sewickley, PA: Gilbert Adams Hays, 1910.
2535:. Sewickley, PA: Gilbert Adams Hays, 1922.
2526:Dictionary of American Religious Biography
2480:and University Press of New England, 1992.
2352:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2316:
2314:
2066:
2064:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1905:
1903:
1456:(New York: Vantage Press, 1954), p. 10–11.
1247:
291:
106:; the second, also called Harmony, in the
3169:Harmony Society Papers, PA State Archives
3109:. . New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1945.
3056:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999.
2829:. Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988.
2655:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980.
2558:American Communes to 1860: A Bibliography
2528:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977.
2050:
2048:
1802:
1800:
1321:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
2993:Stewart, Arthur I., and Loran W. Veith.
2965:. Evansville, IN: Courier Company, 1890.
2837:Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
2756:The Harmonists: A Folk-Cultural Approach
2519:Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History
2389:George Rapp's Harmony Society, 1785–1847
2097:
2056:George Rapp's Harmony Society, 1785–1847
1653:Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History
1365:
1005:George Rapp's Harmony Society, 1785–1847
629:
458:
446:
367:
311:
129:
98:Under its founder and spiritual leader,
43:
2986:Stewart, Arthur I., and J. O. Gilbert.
2949:German Influence on Religion in Indiana
2862:New Harmony's first Utopians, 1814–1824
2469:. New York: Saint Martin's Press, 1999.
2311:
2061:
1956:
1900:
437:Third settlement: Economy, Pennsylvania
429:On January 3, 1825, the Harmonists and
308:First settlement: Harmony, Pennsylvania
27:Christian theosophy and pietist society
14:
3208:
3078:. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976.
2827:Two Hundred Years of American Communes
2785:. Marion, IN: Chronicle Company, 1902.
2151:"The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses"
2045:
1797:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1200:
975:
3276:German emigrants to the United States
2738:Karl Bernhard of Saxe Weimar Eisenach
2734:. New York: Dover Publications, 1966.
737:celibate life as morally superior to
479:, 18 miles (29 km) northwest of
125:
3147:, operated by Historic Harmony, Inc.
3116:. Ambridge, PA: The Committee, 1974.
2983:. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia, 2008.
2879:Theologische Studien aus Württemberg
2337:
2329:
2129:"Thomas Bromley On-Line Manuscripts"
994:(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004) p. 38.
883:National Historic Landmark Districts
2905:Reibel, Daniel B., and Art Becker.
2874:. Harmony Society in Indiana, 1824.
2807:Historical Dictionary of Utopianism
2695:The Churches of the Harmony Society
2629:The Harmony Society in Pennsylvania
1472:
364:Second settlement: Harmony, Indiana
24:
2968:Schwab, David, comp. (2010-5-20).
2704:. Ambridge, PA: Old Economy, 1961.
2697:. Ambridge, PA: Old Economy, 1964.
2615:The Harmonists: A Personal History
2582:The Harmonists: A Personal History
2027:The Harmonists: A Personal History
1333:David Schwab, comp. (2010-05-20).
768:The Harmonites did not mark their
576:In 1791 George Rapp said, "I am a
571:
566:
467:in the Harmony Society gardens in
114:; and the third and final town at
25:
3327:
3251:Abolitionism in the United States
3120:
3028:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2004.
3021:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003.
2778:. Westport, Conn. Hyperion, 1975.
1248:Semmingsen, Ingrid (2008-08-08).
959:Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad
534:Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad
469:Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania
453:Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania
171:Harmony (later named New Harmony)
50:Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania
2751:. New York: Vantage Press, 1954.
2688:Old Economy: The Harmony Society
2593:New York: Americana Corp., 1963.
2340:The Beaver Countian Vol III no.1
865:Rise and fall of Harmony Society
814:
719:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
592:in the southern German duchy of
463:Grotto (far left) and statue of
265:Settlements in the United States
3088:. Pittsburgh: W.S. Haven, 1866.
3049:67, no. 1 (July 2000): 186–199.
2961:Schneck, J., and Richard Owen.
2768:45, no. 2 (June 1962): 115–138.
2702:Founders of the Harmony Society
2363:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2241:
2225:
2212:
2203:
2190:
2164:
2142:
2120:
2032:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1943:
1934:
1921:
1912:
1887:
1878:
1866:
1857:
1844:
1835:
1822:
1809:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1558:
1545:
1532:
1523:
1459:
1446:
1433:
1420:
1407:
1390:
1377:
1352:
1286:
1273:
1241:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1109:
784:
675:), and Rapp often spoke of the
3286:Former Christian denominations
3192:New International Encyclopedia
3159:University of Southern Indiana
2723:Historic New Harmony. (2008).
2608:George Rapp and His Associates
2460:University of Southern Indiana
2414:Fairleigh Dickinson University
1503:University of Southern Indiana
1316:American Philosophical Society
1096:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1039:Fairleigh Dickinson University
1027:
1014:
997:
949:New International Encyclopedia
849:which they purchased in 1867.
741:, based on Rapp's belief that
733:The Harmonites tended to view
599:The Harmonites were Christian
210:Thoughts on the Destiny of Man
208:among others, and later wrote
48:The Harmony Society church in
13:
1:
2997:. Harmony, PA: Stewart, 1955.
2990:. Harmony, PA: Stewart, 1938.
2261:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1852:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1830:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1817:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1727:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1714:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1701:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1688:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1675:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1640:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1627:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1614:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1601:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1588:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1575:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1553:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1540:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1494:Historic New Harmony (2008).
1467:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1441:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1428:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1415:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1385:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1360:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1294:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1281:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1169:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1156:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1143:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1130:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1117:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1104:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1091:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1078:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1065:George Rapp's Harmony Society
1052:George Rapp's Harmony Society
969:
939:New Harmony Historic District
839:
663:They also practiced forms of
372:Harmony Society buildings in
2855:University of North Carolina
2076:University of North Carolina
847:Beaver Falls Cutlery Company
316:Harmony Society building in
39:Socialist Harmonious society
7:
2783:The New Harmony Communities
2781:Lockwood, George Browning.
2744:2 vols. Philadelphia, 1828.
2681:Economy: A Unique Community
2646:University of Chicago Press
2149:Joseph H. Peterson (2005).
892:
827:
236:Encounter with the Haugeans
187:Beaver County, Pennsylvania
89:Butler County, Pennsylvania
10:
3332:
3127:Old Economy Village museum
2851:America's Communal Utopias
2560:. New York: Garland, 1990.
2503:Indiana Historical Society
2492:University of Pennsylvania
2423:. New York: P. Lang, 1987.
2398:. New York: P. Lang, 1993.
2375:Indiana Historical Society
2234:Indiana Historical Society
2171:Georg von Welling (1784).
2127:PasstheWORD (2005-10-13).
2072:America's Communal Utopias
1744:Indiana Historical Society
1204:Tracing the Jerusalem Code
1009:University of Pennsylvania
440:
379:
323:
36:
32:Comedian Harmonists (film)
29:
3131:Old Economy, Pennsylvania
3069:Michigan State University
3047:Southern Economic Journal
3010:Straube, Carl Frederick.
2788:Mason, Harrison Denning.
2570:24, no. 3 (Spring, 1975).
2507:23, no. 2. (1964): 45–82.
2465:Baumgartner, Frederic J.
2116:Michigan State University
2090:Frederic J. Baumgartner,
1217:10.1515/9783110639476-011
929:Harmony Historic District
83:, the group moved to the
3179:The Harmonist Labyrinths
3097:Indiana University Press
2747:Knoedler, Christiana F.
2542:. Bloomington, IN, 1956.
2521:14, no. 4 (2002): 36–37.
2373:. 2 vols. Indianapolis:
2332:Industrious Beaver Falls
1452:Christiana F. Knoedler,
1402:Indiana University Press
540:for the construction of
481:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
3271:German-American history
3266:German-American culture
3052:Trahair, Richard C. S.
2944:9 (1978): 40–43, 71–72.
2930:. Harrisburg, PA, 1978.
2839:4 (July 1921): 144–149.
2686:Gormly, Agnes M. Hays.
2679:Gormly, Agnes M. Hays.
2531:Brooks, Joshua Thwing.
1011:Press, 1965), p. 17–18.
852:
745:had originally created
557:American Bridge Company
302:Second Coming of Christ
292:Articles of association
3281:1906 disestablishments
3157:, administered by the
3133:, administered by the
3035:. Sewickley, PA, 1925.
2893:A Guide to Old Economy
2725:"The Harmonie Society"
2510:Bole, John Archibald.
2175:Opus Mago-Cabalisticum
2153:. Esotericarchives.com
1980:Bole, p. 97, 107, 113.
1940:Bole, p. 141–142, 229.
1929:A Guide to Old Economy
1496:"The Harmonie Society"
899:Ambridge, Pennsylvania
642:
604:wilderness. They were
472:
456:
377:
321:
284:
139:
120:Ambridge, Pennsylvania
79:and the government in
52:
3256:Esoteric Christianity
3221:Christian communities
3145:Harmony, Pennsylvania
3024:Sutton, Robert Paul.
3017:Sutton, Robert Paul.
2970:"The Harmony Society"
2833:Passavant, William A.
2568:Pennsylvania Folklife
2299:Blair, p. 66, 71, 73.
1335:"The Harmony Society"
1020:John Archibald Bole,
924:Harmony, Pennsylvania
909:Freedom, Pennsylvania
904:Economy, Pennsylvania
887:National Park Service
665:Esoteric Christianity
639:Harmony, Pennsylvania
637:design on doorway in
633:
462:
450:
371:
326:Harmony, Pennsylvania
318:Harmony, Pennsylvania
315:
133:
104:Harmony, Pennsylvania
47:
3296:New Harmony, Indiana
3163:Indiana State Museum
3155:New Harmony, Indiana
3151:Historic New Harmony
3031:Tate, John Matthew.
2718:American Communities
2597:Durnbaugh, Donald F.
2281:Blair, p. 52–54, 76.
1841:Knoedler, p. 19, 22.
1211:. pp. 189–212.
1041:Press, 1971), p. 17.
990:Robert Paul Sutton,
944:New Harmony, Indiana
546:Western Pennsylvania
382:New Harmony, Indiana
374:New Harmony, Indiana
202:Johann Heinrich Jung
198:Philipp Jakob Spener
151:Duchy of Württemberg
112:New Harmony, Indiana
3261:Christian mysticism
3231:Utopian communities
3226:Christian communism
3165:and Historic Sites.
3091:Wilson, William E.
3074:Wetzel, Richard D.
2979:(Pennsylvania). In
2942:Early American Life
2772:Lockridge Jr., Ross
2651:Fogarty, Robert S.
2640:Fogarty, Robert S.
2624:26.1 (2006): 37–45.
2580:Dructor, Robert M.
2573:Dructor, Robert M.
2472:Berry, Brian J. L.
2238:23, no. (1964): 81.
1989:Knoedler, p. 58–60.
1918:Knoedler, p. 79–83.
1746:, 1975), 1:744–745.
1396:William E. Wilson,
954:Old Economy Village
919:Harmonie State Park
869:George Rapp had an
845:mills, for example
673:Christian mysticism
443:Old Economy Village
408:West Union, Indiana
134:Johann Georg Rapp (
67:society founded in
61:Christian theosophy
3316:Former theocracies
3236:Christian pacifism
3216:Apocalyptic groups
3186:"Harmonists"
3141:The Harmony Museum
3059:Versluis, Arthur.
2926:Reibel, Harold B.
2898:Reibel, Daniel B.
2891:Reibel, Daniel B.
2884:Reibel, Daniel B.
2881:6 (1885): 253–313.
2849:Pitzer, Donald E.
2795:Matter, Evelyn P.
2708:Henderson, Lois T.
2622:Communal Societies
2549:2nd ed. New York:
2447:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2440:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2433:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2426:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2419:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2412:. Rutherford, NJ:
2408:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2401:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2394:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2387:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2380:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2369:Arndt, Karl J. R.
2070:Donald E. Pitzer,
1998:Bole, p. 133, 135.
1927:Daniel B. Reibel,
1738:Karl J. R. Arndt,
1603:, p. 105–107, 112.
1310:Karl J. R. Arndt,
1033:Karl J. R. Arndt,
1003:Karl J. R. Arndt,
643:
473:
457:
451:The Rapp house in
378:
322:
240:In September 1817
206:Emanuel Swedenborg
140:
126:Origins in Germany
53:
3112:Young, Norman C.
3103:Young, Marguerite
3084:Williams, Aaron.
3001:Stockwell, Foster
2981:Images of America
2975:Slater, Larry R.
2958:. Tübingen, 1969.
2954:Schema, Hermann.
2819:. New York, 1874.
2813:Nordhoff, Charles
2672:Fritz, Eberhard.
2665:Fritz, Eberhard.
2658:Fritz, Eberhard.
2563:Douglas, Paul S.
2551:Oxford University
2524:Bowden, Henry W.
2488:Backwoods Utopias
2478:Dartmouth College
2336:This is based on
2114:(1999) p. 20–47.
2007:Knoedler, p. 148.
1664:Wilson, p. 37–38.
1564:Wilson, p. 24–25.
1529:Wilson, p. 15–16.
1037:(Rutherford, NJ:
728:Georg von Welling
276:Indiana Territory
143:Johann Georg Rapp
108:Indiana Territory
100:Johann Georg Rapp
16:(Redirected from
3323:
3196:
3188:
2730:Holloway, Mark.
2700:Hays, George A.
2693:Hays, George A.
2556:Dare, Philip N.
2545:Cross, Frank L.
2490:. Philadelphia:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:Blair, p. 49–50.
2270:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2108:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1863:Knoedler, p. 23.
1861:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1505:. Archived from
1500:
1491:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1330:
1319:
1318:, 1953), p. 189.
1308:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1255:St. Olaf College
1245:
1239:
1238:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1001:
995:
988:
730:, among others.
698:Gottfried Arnold
694:Christoph Schütz
412:English language
320:, built in 1809.
287:
259:Haugean movement
255:
21:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3246:Radical Pietism
3206:
3205:
3183:
3123:
3095:. Bloomington:
2853:. Chapel Hill:
2716:Hinds, Alfred.
2538:Byrd, Cecil K.
2476:. Hanover, NH:
2366:
2361:
2345:
2344:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2109:
2098:
2089:
2082:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1742:(Indianapolis:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1443:, p. 84, 86–90.
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1404:, 1964), p. 13.
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1374:Bole, p. 33–34.
1373:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1331:
1322:
1314:(Philadelphia:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1246:
1242:
1227:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1007:(Philadelphia:
1002:
998:
989:
976:
972:
895:
867:
855:
842:
830:
817:
787:
714:Johann Scheible
702:Justinus Kerner
574:
572:Religious views
569:
567:Characteristics
517:the old country
513:Bernhard Müller
445:
439:
384:
366:
328:
310:
294:
267:
245:
238:
218:Lutheran Church
128:
93:goods in common
77:Lutheran Church
57:Harmony Society
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Peace churches
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3148:
3138:
3122:
3121:External links
3119:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3100:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3072:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3038:Taylor, Anne.
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
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2896:
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2830:
2820:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2754:Kring, Hilda.
2752:
2745:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
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2649:
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2585:
2578:
2571:
2561:
2554:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2495:
2484:Bestor, Arthur
2481:
2470:
2463:
2458:. Evansville:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2322:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2249:
2240:
2224:
2211:
2209:Wilson, p. 11.
2202:
2189:
2163:
2141:
2119:
2096:
2094:(1999) p. 166.
2080:
2078:, 1997) p. 57.
2074:(Chapel Hill:
2060:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1955:
1942:
1933:
1920:
1911:
1899:
1886:
1877:
1865:
1856:
1843:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1796:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1748:
1731:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1666:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1566:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1522:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1417:, p. 135, 137.
1406:
1400:(Bloomington:
1389:
1376:
1364:
1351:
1320:
1298:
1285:
1272:
1240:
1225:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1026:
1013:
996:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
914:Geneva College
911:
906:
901:
894:
891:
866:
863:
854:
851:
841:
838:
834:plain clothing
829:
826:
816:
813:
786:
783:
706:Thomas Bromley
573:
570:
568:
565:
542:Geneva College
485:Divine Economy
441:Main article:
438:
435:
380:Main article:
365:
362:
324:Main article:
309:
306:
293:
290:
266:
263:
237:
234:
127:
124:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3328:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:The Labyrinth
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:Jacob Henrici
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2320:Bole, p. 146.
2317:
2315:
2308:Bole, p. 145.
2305:
2296:
2290:Blair, p. 57.
2287:
2278:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2247:Blair, p. 82.
2244:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2152:
2145:
2131:. PasstheWORD
2130:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2016:Bole, p. 133.
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1971:Reibel, p. 9.
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1909:Bole, p. 148.
1906:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1884:Bole, p. 107.
1881:
1874:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1729:, p. 182–198.
1728:
1722:
1716:, p. 206–207.
1715:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1629:, p. 130–131.
1628:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
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1794:Bole, p. 79.
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175:Posey County
167:Pennsylvania
141:
97:
56:
54:
3065:Esoterica I
2112:Esoterica I
1655:, 14(4):36.
1555:, p. 97–99.
1283:, p. 65–69.
1158:, p. 49–50.
1106:, p. 38–39.
594:Württemberg
590:Separatists
431:Robert Owen
280:Robert Owen
246: [
194:Jakob Böhme
138:) 1757–1847
136:George Rapp
81:Württemberg
3210:Categories
2377:, 1975–78.
2183:2012-06-15
2157:2012-06-15
2135:2012-06-15
1516:2012-06-13
1345:2012-06-04
1266:2022-06-22
1209:De Gruyter
970:References
964:Zoar, Ohio
840:Technology
779:graveyards
774:headstones
724:Paracelsus
710:Jane Leade
679:spirit or
625:Antichrist
617:Millennium
606:nonviolent
493:Pittsburgh
477:Ohio River
2348:cite book
2263:, p. 109.
2222:, p. 157.
2200:, p. 147.
2042:, p. 328.
1897:, p. 190.
1854:, p. 306.
1832:, p. 298.
1819:, p. 287.
1703:, p. 147.
1690:, p. 295.
1677:, p. 145.
1642:, p. 133.
1577:, p. 121.
1542:, p. 100.
1235:233586435
758:Sun Woman
735:unmarried
669:Mysticism
609:pacifists
582:Maulbronn
506:deer park
358:Mennonite
18:Harmonist
3161:and the
2977:Ambridge
2058:, p. 30.
1953:, p. 99.
1785:, 1:230.
1759:, 1:784.
1616:, p. 84.
1469:, p. 92.
1430:, p. 76.
1387:, p. 75.
1362:, p. 71.
1296:, p. 72.
1171:, p. 54.
1145:, p. 49.
1132:, p. 46.
1119:, p. 40.
1093:, p. 39.
1080:, p. 35.
1067:, p. 30.
1054:, p. 20.
893:See also
871:eloquent
828:Clothing
739:marriage
621:Napoleon
561:Ambridge
500:States.
497:monopoly
465:Harmonia
424:Kentucky
345:celibacy
285:Ökonomie
147:Iptingen
69:Iptingen
3195:. 1905.
3099:, 1964.
2648:, 1990.
2494:, 1950.
2462:, 1992.
2259:Arndt,
2218:Arndt,
2196:Arndt,
2054:Arndt,
2038:Arndt,
1949:Arndt,
1893:Arndt,
1850:Arndt,
1828:Arndt,
1815:Arndt,
1781:Arndt,
1768:Arndt,
1755:Arndt,
1725:Arndt,
1712:Arndt,
1699:Arndt,
1686:Arndt,
1673:Arndt,
1638:Arndt,
1625:Arndt,
1612:Arndt,
1599:Arndt,
1586:Arndt,
1573:Arndt,
1551:Arndt,
1538:Arndt,
1465:Arndt,
1439:Arndt,
1426:Arndt,
1413:Arndt,
1383:Arndt,
1358:Arndt,
1292:Arndt,
1279:Arndt,
1167:Arndt,
1154:Arndt,
1141:Arndt,
1128:Arndt,
1115:Arndt,
1102:Arndt,
1089:Arndt,
1076:Arndt,
1063:Arndt,
1050:Arndt,
885:by the
791:Swabian
690:alchemy
681:Goddess
658:4:32-35
623:as the
601:pietist
578:prophet
404:Shakers
396:malaria
272:commune
183:Economy
179:Indiana
159:Harmony
155:Germany
116:Economy
73:Germany
65:pietist
1233:
1223:
794:German
770:graves
726:, and
685:Sophia
683:named
677:virgin
650:Christ
204:, and
181:; and
118:, now
110:, now
59:was a
1510:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1231:S2CID
1191:Oslo.
1181:Oslo.
772:with
647:Jesus
586:exile
254:]
2354:link
1221:ISBN
853:Work
747:Adam
655:Acts
529:silk
63:and
55:The
3153:of
3143:of
3129:in
1213:doi
751:Eve
743:God
722:),
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