1954:
41:
33:
284:
zones. Other areas, such as central eastern North
America, have a fairly even distribution of rainfall; annual rainfall is typically over 600 mm (24 in) and often over 1,500 mm (59 in), though it can go as low as 300 mm (12 in) in some parts of the Middle East and close
398:
1829:
1514:
391:
1822:
1965:
1507:
384:
1815:
1500:
276:, that give them moderate annual average temperatures: 3 to 23 °C (37 to 73 °F). These forests occur in relatively warm and rainy climates, sometimes also with a distinct
2251:
210:
spp.). The term "mixed forest" comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of some of these forests. Typical coniferous trees include pines (
1870:
1969:
2241:
2044:
285:
to 6,000 mm (240 in) in the mountains of New
Zealand and the Azores. Temperatures are typically moderate except in parts of Asia such as
2642:
2246:
2213:
1695:
2267:
2236:
1915:
1755:
2094:
1711:
1418:
1334:
834:
1842:
1394:
1166:
930:
493:
137:
composed of tall mature trees ranging from 30 to 61 m (100 to 200 ft) high. Below the canopy is the three-layered,
1619:
1587:
1539:
1258:
422:
375:
1603:
1346:
1022:
822:
602:
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570:
1551:
1430:
1406:
1382:
1238:
1150:
1138:
918:
634:
513:
232:
may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species. In the
Southern Hemisphere, endemic genera such as
2177:
462:
2126:
1358:
1046:
946:
902:
886:
533:
17:
316:
2559:
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1655:
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958:
758:
2024:
English: KöppenâGeiger climate classification map.Français: Carte de classification climatique de KöppenâGeiger.
2606:
2021:
F, Beck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., & Wood, E. (6 November 2018),
1458:
1034:
846:
674:
452:
442:
1563:
2099:
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1739:
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1270:
1078:
2135:
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2513:
2198:
1882:
1854:
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1527:
994:
523:
503:
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2022:
2518:
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1920:
1727:
1575:
1370:
1126:
1066:
543:
483:
68:
2616:
2528:
1783:
1090:
327:
321:
301:
297:
45:
2095:
Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu: Index of North
American Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests ecoregions
2538:
1102:
806:
742:
472:
2523:
1905:
1178:
264:
and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool seasons, including climates such as
83:
1958:
1953:
1683:
1294:
1226:
1187:
967:
774:
646:
2508:
351:
339:
281:
252:) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests.
2621:
2601:
2543:
2503:
2498:
2119:
2089:
718:
686:
293:, where temperate forests can occur despite very harsh conditions with very cold winters.
8:
2574:
2415:
2231:
815:
280:. A dry season occurs in the winter in East Asia and in summer on the wet fringe of the
2442:
2432:
1925:
372:
2611:
2533:
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2375:
2038:
1803:
1055:
779:
562:
345:
309:
269:
265:
64:
60:
147:
The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees,
2647:
2472:
626:
261:
170:
118:
2447:
2437:
2340:
2112:
2104:
1283:
699:
411:
333:
273:
134:
296:
The climates are typically humid for much of the year, usually appearing in the
2488:
2467:
2457:
2008:
Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Lowland terrestrial communities
1451:
1191:
1159:
1039:
875:
811:
183:
151:, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy.
138:
102:
98:
72:
2636:
2385:
2335:
2298:
2182:
1910:
1788:
1776:
1760:
1748:
1732:
1720:
1704:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1648:
1636:
1612:
1596:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
290:
249:
245:
114:
90:
89:
These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern
2493:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2085:
World
Wildlife FundâWWF Biomes: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
166:
162:
144:
that is roughly 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 ft) shorter than the canopy.
2350:
1435:
1363:
1119:
1111:
911:
895:
891:
667:
155:
110:
2579:
2355:
2059:
975:
787:
767:
286:
277:
240:
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141:
2569:
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2380:
1887:
1859:
1809:
1494:
1315:
859:
378:
106:
94:
75:
40:
2401:
2345:
2308:
1991:
Zhao, Ji; Zheng, Guangmei; Wang, Huadong; Xu, Jialin, eds. (1990).
1488:
1275:
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1207:
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999:
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1323:
1311:
1251:
1219:
1215:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1155:
1015:
1007:
1003:
987:
963:
939:
879:
871:
863:
855:
851:
783:
731:
727:
703:
663:
659:
651:
595:
229:
188:
148:
79:
2277:
2167:
1772:
1744:
1716:
1700:
1660:
1624:
1608:
1592:
1471:
1443:
1423:
1411:
1351:
1319:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1279:
1243:
1203:
1115:
1059:
1027:
1011:
979:
935:
867:
827:
795:
791:
735:
723:
711:
707:
695:
655:
575:
305:
206:
49:
32:
2172:
2143:
1891:
1875:
1863:
1847:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1339:
1263:
1247:
1231:
1171:
1143:
1131:
1107:
1083:
1071:
971:
951:
923:
907:
839:
747:
639:
611:
607:
583:
579:
312:
244:
occupy this biome, and most coniferous trees (members of the
224:
218:
212:
200:
194:
129:
The typical structure of these forests includes four layers.
2330:
1467:
1463:
799:
763:
1957: This article incorporates text available under the
93:, with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the
2005:
1963:
44:
An example of temperate broadleaf and mixed forest in
2006:
Martin, WH; Boyce, SG; Echternacht, AC, eds. (1993).
2100:
Terraformers
Canadian Forest Conservation Foundation
182:
In the
Northern hemisphere, characteristic dominant
2134:
1966:"Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions"
2634:
1871:San FĂ©lixâSan Ambrosio Islands temperate forests
1990:
36:Extent of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
2061:English: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
2120:
1823:
1508:
392:
2057:
2043:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2268:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1995:. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
1916:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2127:
2113:
1830:
1816:
1515:
1501:
399:
385:
1419:West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests
1335:Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests
835:Central China loess plateau mixed forests
1843:Juan Fernandez Islands temperate forests
1696:Sierra Madre Occidental pineâoak forests
1395:Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe
228:spp.). In some areas of this biome, the
39:
31:
1756:Upper Midwest forestâsavanna transition
1167:Northeast China Plain deciduous forests
931:Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
161:Typically the lowest growing (and most
158:, composed of low growing woody plants.
14:
2635:
1712:Sierra Madre Oriental pineâoak forests
629:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
565:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
2643:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
2108:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1807:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
1492:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
494:Southeast Australia temperate forests
376:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
319:they are represented respectively by
2252:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2214:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1620:Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests
1540:Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
1259:Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests
423:Eastern Australian temperate forests
57:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
1604:Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests
1347:South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forests
1023:Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
823:Central Anatolian deciduous forests
603:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
591:Northern Triangle temperate forests
571:Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
24:
1938:
1431:Western European broadleaf forests
1407:Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests
1383:Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests
1239:Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
1151:North Atlantic moist mixed forests
1139:Nihonkai montane deciduous forests
919:Changjiang Plain evergreen forests
635:Apennine deciduous montane forests
514:Tasmanian Central Highland forests
25:
2664:
2178:Montane grasslands and shrublands
2078:
2020:
463:Northland temperate kauri forests
2058:Terpsichores (28 October 2012),
2010:. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
1952:
1911:Kuchler plant association system
1588:Eastern forestâboreal transition
1359:Southern Korea evergreen forests
1047:Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
947:Daba Mountains evergreen forests
903:Changbai Mountains mixed forests
887:Central Korean deciduous forests
534:Tasmanian temperate rain forests
2294:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1632:Middle Atlantic coastal forests
959:Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
759:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
2607:Ecological land classification
2136:Biogeographic regionalisations
2051:
2014:
1999:
1984:
1552:AppalachianâBlue Ridge forests
1459:Zagros Mountains forest steppe
1035:English Lowlands beech forests
847:Central European mixed forests
675:Azores temperate mixed forests
453:North Island temperate forests
443:Nelson Coast temperate forests
363:
13:
1:
1931:
1564:Central U.S. hardwood forests
358:
317:Köppen climate classification
2273:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1993:The natural history of China
1964:World Wide Fund for Nature.
1740:Southern Great Lakes forests
1672:Northeastern coastal forests
1271:Rodope montane mixed forests
1079:Huang He Plain mixed forests
186:in this biome include oaks (
154:Below the sub-canopy is the
105:, the southern coast of the
7:
2514:Temperate Northern Atlantic
2204:Broadleaf and mixed forests
1899:
1883:Valdivian temperate forests
1855:Magellanic subpolar forests
1768:Western Great Lakes forests
1656:New EnglandâAcadian forests
1644:Mississippi lowland forests
1528:Allegheny Highlands forests
1479:
995:East European forest steppe
524:Tasmanian temperate forests
504:Southland temperate forests
433:Fiordland temperate forests
133:The uppermost layer is the
10:
2669:
2617:Vegetation classifications
2519:Temperate Northern Pacific
1921:Temperate deciduous forest
1728:Southeastern mixed forests
1576:East Central Texas forests
1371:Taiheiyo evergreen forests
1127:Nihonkai evergreen forests
1067:Hokkaido deciduous forests
554:
544:Westland temperate forests
484:Richmond temperate forests
255:
124:
69:World Wide Fund for Nature
2594:
2552:
2529:Temperate Southern Africa
2481:
2425:
2414:
2394:
2321:
2286:
2260:
2222:
2191:
2160:
2151:
2142:
1801:
1784:Willamette Valley forests
1486:
1091:Madeira evergreen forests
625:
561:
370:
302:humid continental climate
298:humid subtropical climate
46:La Mauricie National Park
2539:Tropical Eastern Pacific
2489:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1103:Manchurian mixed forests
807:Celtic broadleaf forests
743:Cantabrian mixed forests
473:Stewart Island / Rakiura
177:
2560:Biogeographic provinces
2524:Temperate South America
2242:Moist broadleaf forests
1906:Mixed coniferous forest
1179:Pannonian mixed forests
84:mixed coniferous forest
1684:Ozark Mountain forests
1295:Sarmatic mixed forests
1227:Po Basin mixed forests
1188:Bosnia and Herzegovina
968:Bosnia and Herzegovina
775:Caucasus mixed forests
647:Atlantic mixed forests
304:zones to the south of
53:
37:
2622:Zoogeographic regions
2580:Global 200 ecoregions
2509:Temperate Australasia
2247:Dry broadleaf forests
282:Mediterranean climate
43:
35:
2602:Altitudinal zonation
2544:Western Indo-Pacific
2504:Eastern Indo-Pacific
2499:Central Indo-Pacific
719:Baltic mixed forests
687:Balkan mixed forests
222:spp.), and spruces (
2575:Lists of ecoregions
2232:Tropical rainforest
337:, and more rarely,
331:southern range and
204:spp.), or birches (
82:and broadleaf tree
2653:Terrestrial biomes
2612:Floristic kingdoms
2376:Hydrothermal vents
2237:Coniferous forests
2199:Coniferous forests
1926:Trees of the world
475:temperate forests
414:temperate forests
308:and the generally
54:
38:
2630:
2629:
2590:
2589:
2534:Tropical Atlantic
2410:
2409:
2317:
2316:
2209:Deciduous forests
1897:
1896:
1794:
1793:
1477:
1476:
621:
620:
552:
551:
270:humid subtropical
266:humid continental
61:temperate climate
16:(Redirected from
2660:
2423:
2422:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2090:Temperate forest
2072:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1968:. Archived from
1956:
1949:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1799:
1798:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1484:
1483:
623:
622:
559:
558:
401:
394:
387:
368:
367:
192:spp.), beeches (
171:herbaceous layer
119:Russian Far East
21:
18:Hardwood forests
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2586:
2548:
2477:
2417:
2406:
2402:Endolithic zone
2390:
2323:
2313:
2282:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2187:
2153:
2138:
2133:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2004:
2000:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1972:on 1 April 2011
1950:
1939:
1934:
1902:
1837:
1836:
1796:
1522:
1521:
1482:
1284:North Macedonia
700:North Macedonia
557:
412:Chatham Islands
406:
405:
366:
361:
258:
198:spp.), maples (
184:broadleaf trees
180:
165:) layer is the
127:
113:, Southwestern
67:defined by the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2588:
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2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2556:
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2549:
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2526:
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2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
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2416:Biogeographic
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2079:External links
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139:shade-tolerant
126:
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103:Central Europe
73:broadleaf tree
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2665:
2654:
2651:
2649:
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2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2386:Demersal zone
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:Alpine tundra
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:Polar/montane
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1789:United States
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:United States
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:United States
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:United States
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:United States
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:United States
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:United States
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:United States
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:United States
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:United States
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:United States
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:United States
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:United States
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:United States
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:United States
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:United States
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:United States
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:United States
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:United States
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
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1473:
1469:
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1462:
1460:
1457:
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1401:
1398:
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1389:
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1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
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1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1157:
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1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
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1092:
1089:
1088:
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1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
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1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
913:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
624:
617:
613:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
581:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
560:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
505:
502:
501:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
441:
440:
436:
434:
431:
430:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
410:
409:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
382:
380:
377:
374:
369:
356:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
291:Upper Midwest
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
253:
251:
250:Podocarpaceae
247:
246:Araucariaceae
243:
242:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
220:
216:spp.), firs (
215:
214:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
190:
185:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
131:
130:
122:
120:
116:
115:South America
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:North America
87:
86:ecoregions.
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2553:Subdivisions
2443:Australasian
2433:Afrotropical
2395:Other biomes
2371:Benthic zone
2366:Pelagic zone
2361:Neritic zone
2351:Kelp forests
2223:Tropical and
2203:
2065:, retrieved
2060:
2053:
2028:, retrieved
2023:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1959:CC BY-SA 3.0
1951:
1806:
1795:
1491:
548:New Zealand
508:New Zealand
488:New Zealand
478:New Zealand
467:New Zealand
457:New Zealand
447:New Zealand
437:New Zealand
417:New Zealand
373:Australasian
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
295:
259:
239:
233:
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
187:
181:
167:ground cover
128:
88:
65:habitat type
63:terrestrial
56:
55:
29:
2463:Neotropical
2453:Indomalayan
2426:Terrestrial
2356:Coral reefs
2225:subtropical
2152:Terrestrial
1804:Neotropical
1436:Switzerland
1364:South Korea
1120:South Korea
1112:North Korea
912:North Korea
896:South Korea
892:North Korea
668:Netherlands
563:Indomalayan
364:Australasia
300:and in the
156:shrub layer
111:Australasia
78:, and with
2637:Categories
2570:Ecoregions
2565:Bioregions
2473:Palearctic
2381:Cold seeps
2341:Intertidal
1932:References
1810:ecoregions
1495:ecoregions
976:Montenegro
788:Azerbaijan
768:Azerbaijan
627:Palearctic
538:Australia
528:Australia
518:Australia
498:Australia
427:Australia
379:ecoregions
359:Ecoregions
287:Ussuriland
278:dry season
260:Temperate
241:Eucalyptus
235:Nothofagus
142:understory
76:ecoregions
2448:Holarctic
2438:Antarctic
2346:Mangroves
2192:Temperate
1888:Argentina
1860:Argentina
1316:Lithuania
860:Lithuania
315:. In the
310:subarctic
289:, or the
262:broadleaf
107:Black Sea
95:Himalayas
2595:See also
2468:Oceanian
2458:Nearctic
2336:Littoral
2309:Mangrove
2299:Riparian
2067:6 August
2039:citation
2030:6 August
1961:license.
1900:See also
1489:Nearctic
1480:Americas
1276:Bulgaria
1212:Slovenia
1208:Slovakia
1096:Portugal
1052:Bulgaria
1000:Bulgaria
984:Slovenia
752:Portugal
692:Bulgaria
680:Portugal
616:Pakistan
230:conifers
149:saplings
117:and the
2648:Forests
2322:Aquatic
2304:Wetland
1448:Germany
1440:Austria
1328:Belarus
1324:Estonia
1312:Finland
1252:Andorra
1220:Croatia
1216:Ukraine
1200:Romania
1196:Hungary
1184:Austria
1156:Ireland
1056:Georgia
1016:Ukraine
1008:Romania
1004:Moldova
988:Croatia
964:Albania
940:Ukraine
880:Ukraine
872:Belarus
864:Moldova
856:Germany
852:Austria
816:Ireland
784:Armenia
780:Georgia
732:Germany
728:Denmark
704:Romania
664:Germany
660:Belgium
652:Denmark
596:Myanmar
555:Eurasia
328:Dfa/Dfb
274:oceanic
256:Climate
189:Quercus
163:diverse
125:Ecology
99:Western
80:conifer
71:, with
2494:Arctic
2482:Marine
2418:realms
2324:biomes
2278:Steppe
2168:Tundra
2154:biomes
2144:Biomes
1976:29 May
1773:Canada
1745:Canada
1717:Mexico
1701:Mexico
1661:Canada
1625:Canada
1609:Canada
1593:Canada
1472:Turkey
1444:France
1424:Russia
1412:Russia
1352:Russia
1320:Latvia
1308:Norway
1304:Sweden
1300:Russia
1288:Serbia
1280:Greece
1244:France
1204:Serbia
1116:Russia
1060:Turkey
1028:Turkey
1012:Russia
980:Serbia
936:Russia
868:Poland
828:Turkey
796:Turkey
792:Russia
736:Poland
724:Sweden
712:Turkey
708:Serbia
696:Greece
656:France
576:Bhutan
306:tundra
272:, and
207:Betula
135:canopy
50:Quebec
2173:Taiga
1892:Chile
1876:Chile
1864:Chile
1848:Chile
1400:China
1388:Japan
1376:Japan
1340:China
1264:China
1248:Spain
1232:Italy
1172:China
1144:Japan
1132:Japan
1108:China
1084:China
1072:Japan
972:Italy
952:China
924:China
908:China
840:China
748:Spain
640:Italy
612:Nepal
608:India
584:Nepal
580:India
313:taiga
225:Picea
219:Abies
213:Pinus
195:Fagus
178:Trees
59:is a
27:Biome
2331:Pond
2069:2019
2045:link
2032:2019
1978:2019
1468:Iraq
1464:Iran
800:Iran
764:Iran
349:and
248:and
238:and
201:Acer
101:and
2287:Wet
2261:Dry
1310:,
352:Csa
346:BSk
340:Csb
334:Cfb
322:Cfa
169:or
2639::
2041:}}
2037:{{
1940:^
1890:,
1862:,
1775:,
1747:,
1719:,
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355:.
343:,
325:,
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121:.
109:,
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2128:e
2121:t
2114:v
2047:)
1980:.
1831:e
1824:t
1817:v
1516:e
1509:t
1502:v
400:e
393:t
386:v
173:.
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
