139:
28:
177:
only reduced 10–20% of the light absorption during high light. Limitations of chloroplast movement could be the presence of other large organelles like vacuole that restrict the chloroplast passage to the desired side of a cell. On top of that, chloroplast movement might not be efficient as natural light tends to scatter in all directions.
194:
under canopy, they possessed higher PS-II to PS-I ratio compared to the plant grown under the higher light. However the factors involved in the mechanism are not well understood. Study suggested the protein phosphorylation including LHC-II is an important pathway for signal transduction in light acclimatization.
159:
Active movements are reversible. Some plants use blue-light absorbing pigments as a sensor and pulvinar motor tissue to drive leaf movement. These adaptions are usually slow but relatively efficient. They are advantageous to some shade plants that have low photosynthetic capacity but are occasionally
176:
Chloroplast movement is one of the plant adaptations to the changing light at the molecular level. A study suggested that chloroplast movement shared the same photoreceptor with leaf movement as they showed similar action spectra. It is fast adaptation, occurring within minutes but limited as it can
193:
expression and activation. Reduction of outer LHC-II by half through proteolysis took less than a day once activated. By changing the PS numbers, plant are able to adapt to the changing light of the environment. To compensate for the reduction of the red light usually encountered by the plant grown
185:
Photosystem modulation is an example of a long term light adaptation or acclimation that usually occurs on the genetic level; transcriptional, translational and post-translational. Plants grown under high light intensity usually have smaller antenna compared to plants grown under low light. A study
324:
species, especially trees, are able to withstand relatively low daytime temperatures compared with the open, and above all high root competition especially with subordinate vegetation. It is very difficult to separate the relative importance of light and below ground competition, and in practical
218:
Just like with trees, shade tolerance in herbaceous plants is diverse. Some early-leafing out plants will persist after the canopy leafs out, whereas others rapidly die back. In many species, whether or not this happens depends on the environment, such as water supply and sunlight levels.
101:
Plants adapted to shade have the ability to use far-red light (about 730 nm) more effectively than plants adapted to full sunlight. Most red light gets absorbed by the shade-intolerant canopy plants, but more of the far-red light penetrates the canopy, reaching the understorey. The
202:
In temperate zones, many wildflowers and non-woody plants persist in the closed canopy of a forest by leafing out early in the spring, before the trees leaf out. This is partly possible because the ground tends to be more sheltered and thus the plants are less susceptible to
105:
The situation with respect to nutrients is often different in shade and sun. Most shade is due to the presence of a canopy of other plants, and this is usually associated with a completely different environment—richer in
278:
is plentiful and water is not the limiting factor to growth, shade tolerance is one of the most important factors characterizing tree species. However, different species of trees exhibit different adaptations to shade.
163:
Passive movements are related to drought, where plants employ passive adaptation like increasing leaf reflectance during high light (by for example producing salt crystals on the leaf surface) or developing air-filled
519:
Brugnoli E, Bjorkman O (1992). "Growth of cotton under continuous salinity stress—influence on allocation pattern, stomatal and nonstomatal components of photosynthesis and dissipation of excess light energy".
256:
from light; this is a dramatic example of sciophilous growth, which helps them locate a tree trunk, which they then climb to regions of brighter light. The upper shoots and leaves of such a
120:
to catch more sunlight relative to the cost of producing the leaf. Shade-tolerant plants are also usually adapted to make more use of soil nutrients than shade-intolerant plants.
298:, also considered to be highly shade-tolerant, will germinate under a closed canopy and persist as an understory species, but only grows to full size when a gap is generated.
186:
found that the acclimative modulation of PSII antenna size only involves the outer light harvesting complexes of PSII (LHC-PSII) caused by the proteolysis of its apoprotein.
86:, all land plants need sunlight to survive. However, in general, more sunlight does not always make it easier for plants to survive. In direct sunlight, plants face
74:, and a particular plant can exhibit varying degrees of shade tolerance, or even of requirement for light, depending on its history or stage of development.
127:
plants. Sciophilous plants are dependent on a degree of shading that would eventually kill most other plants, or significantly stunt their growth.
660:
Anderson JM, Osmond B (2001). Kyle DJ, Osmond B, Arntzen CJ (eds.). "Sun-shade responses: Compromises between acclimation and photoinhibition".
590:
Anderson JM, Chow WS, Park YI (1995). "The grand design of photosynthesis: Acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental cues".
290:, persist, and even grow under a completely closed canopy. Hemlocks also exhibit the ability to transfer energy to nearby trees through their
262:
155:
Various types of leaf movement for adaptation to changing light environment have been identified: developmental, passive and active.
116:
Shade-tolerant plants are thus adapted to be efficient energy-users. In simple terms, shade-tolerant plants grow broader, thinner
339:
135:
Plants applied multilevel adaptations to the changing light environment from the systemic level to the molecular level.
473:
Chow WS, Anderson JM, Hope AB (1988). "Variable stoichiometries of photosystem-II to photosystem-I reaction centers".
207:, during the period of time when it would still be hazardous for trees to leaf out. As an extreme example of this,
405:
17:
389:
66:
Shade tolerance is a complex, multi-faceted property of plants. Different plant species exhibit different
59:, although in this context its use is sometimes imprecise, especially in labeling of plants for sale in
719:
724:
102:
shade-tolerant plants found here are capable of photosynthesis using light at such wavelengths.
60:
314:
682:
334:
633:
Andersson B, Aro EM (1997). "Proteolytic activities and proteases of plant chloroplasts".
8:
673:
Canham, CD (June 1989). "Different
Responses to Gaps Among Shade-Tolerant Tree Species".
390:"Seed Size, Nitrogen Supply, and Growth Rate Affect Tree Seedling Survival in Deep Shade"
686:
698:
646:
615:
576:
545:
498:
459:
238:
607:
537:
490:
419:
619:
549:
502:
286:, considered the most shade-tolerant of all North American tree species, is able to
690:
642:
599:
572:
529:
482:
455:
409:
401:
83:
363:
283:
221:
123:
A distinction may be made between "shade-tolerant" plants and "shade-loving" or
208:
143:
71:
713:
423:
309:
cannot sprout under a closed canopy. Shade-intolerant species often grow in
138:
611:
541:
494:
320:
In addition to being able to compete in conditions of low light intensity,
248:
52:
295:
87:
56:
414:
702:
603:
533:
486:
67:
287:
694:
27:
344:
275:
110:
563:
Kloppstech K (1997). "Light regulation of photosynthetic genes".
310:
243:
95:
36:
302:
212:
190:
117:
91:
306:
226:
204:
48:
44:
98:
to block UV light, and waxy coatings to prevent water loss.
406:
10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1887:SSNSAG]2.0.CO;2
291:
233:
189:
The response towards higher light took up to two days upon
107:
317:
areas, where there is adequate access to direct sunlight.
130:
232:
Although most plants grow towards light, many tropical
436:
Commun Integr Biol. January–February 2009; 2(1): 50–55
388:Walters, Michael B.; Reich, Peter B. (July 2000).
167:Developmental movements are slow and irreversible.
211:sprout in the fall, grow through the winter, and
711:
589:
518:
472:
446:Koller D (1990). "Light-driven leaf movements".
266:plants once they break out into full sunshine.
659:
225:is a shade-tolerant deciduous shrub found in
632:
562:
387:
242:and a number of other members of the family
146:– a response to change in amount of daylight
672:
514:
512:
413:
364:"Can plants grow without photosynthesis?"
180:
31:Eastern Hemlock is a shade-tolerant tree.
137:
26:
509:
340:List of tree species by shade tolerance
171:
131:Plants adaptation to the changing light
14:
712:
445:
325:terms they are inextricably linked.
197:
94:, and must expend energy producing
24:
647:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb00005.x
577:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb00001.x
460:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01079.x
51:levels. The term is also used in
25:
736:
301:Shade-intolerant species such as
77:
150:
653:
246:, such as members of the genus
626:
583:
556:
466:
439:
430:
381:
356:
260:grow as typical light-loving,
160:exposed to small light bursts.
13:
1:
448:Plant, Cell & Environment
350:
664:. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 1–38.
7:
328:
142:Seasonal colour changes in
47:'s ability to tolerate low
10:
741:
313:, along waterways, or in
294:system. In contrast, the
269:
215:and die in the spring.
181:Photosystem modulation
147:
32:
141:
30:
335:Daily Light Integral
172:Chloroplast movement
61:commercial nurseries
687:1989Ecol...70..548C
113:—than sunny areas.
604:10.1007/BF00020423
534:10.1007/BF00195657
487:10.1007/BF00035454
239:Monstera deliciosa
148:
33:
368:UCSB Science Line
274:In forests where
252:, initially grow
198:Herbaceous plants
16:(Redirected from
732:
720:Plant physiology
706:
666:
665:
657:
651:
650:
630:
624:
623:
598:(1–2): 129–139.
587:
581:
580:
560:
554:
553:
516:
507:
506:
470:
464:
463:
443:
437:
434:
428:
427:
417:
400:(7): 1887–1901.
385:
379:
378:
376:
374:
360:
90:and exposure to
84:parasitic plants
82:Except for some
21:
740:
739:
735:
734:
733:
731:
730:
729:
710:
709:
695:10.2307/1940200
669:
662:Photoinhibition
658:
654:
631:
627:
588:
584:
561:
557:
517:
510:
471:
467:
444:
440:
435:
431:
386:
382:
372:
370:
362:
361:
357:
353:
331:
284:eastern hemlock
272:
222:Hydrangea hirta
200:
183:
174:
153:
133:
80:
41:shade tolerance
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
738:
728:
727:
725:Forest ecology
722:
708:
707:
681:(3): 548–550.
668:
667:
652:
641:(4): 780–793.
625:
592:Photosynth Res
582:
571:(4): 739–747.
555:
528:(3): 335–347.
508:
481:(3): 277–281.
475:Photosynth Res
465:
454:(7): 615–632.
438:
429:
380:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
342:
337:
330:
327:
271:
268:
209:winter annuals
199:
196:
182:
179:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
161:
152:
149:
144:Sedum adolphii
132:
129:
79:
78:Basic concepts
76:
18:Shade-tolerant
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
737:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
715:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
670:
663:
656:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Physiol Plant
629:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
586:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Physiol Plant
559:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
513:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
433:
425:
421:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
369:
365:
359:
355:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
326:
323:
322:shade-bearing
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
277:
267:
265:
264:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
230:
228:
224:
223:
216:
214:
210:
206:
195:
192:
187:
178:
166:
162:
158:
157:
156:
151:Leaf movement
145:
140:
136:
128:
126:
121:
119:
114:
112:
109:
103:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
19:
678:
674:
661:
655:
638:
634:
628:
595:
591:
585:
568:
564:
558:
525:
521:
478:
474:
468:
451:
447:
441:
432:
415:11299/175095
397:
393:
383:
371:. Retrieved
367:
358:
321:
319:
300:
281:
273:
261:
258:Philodendron
257:
253:
249:Philodendron
247:
237:
231:
220:
217:
201:
188:
184:
175:
154:
134:
124:
122:
115:
104:
100:
81:
65:
53:horticulture
40:
34:
296:Sugar Maple
263:photophilic
125:sciophilous
88:desiccation
68:adaptations
57:landscaping
714:Categories
351:References
236:, such as
424:0012-9658
315:disturbed
288:germinate
111:nutrients
620:21254330
612:24301575
550:23161525
542:24178074
503:31055842
495:24429774
373:April 3,
345:PI curve
329:See also
311:wetlands
276:rainfall
96:pigments
703:1940200
683:Bibcode
675:Ecology
394:Ecology
244:Araceae
92:UV rays
37:ecology
701:
618:
610:
548:
540:
522:Planta
501:
493:
422:
303:willow
213:flower
191:enzyme
164:hairs.
118:leaves
699:JSTOR
616:S2CID
546:S2CID
499:S2CID
307:aspen
270:Trees
234:vines
227:Japan
205:frost
72:shade
49:light
45:plant
43:is a
608:PMID
538:PMID
491:PMID
420:ISSN
375:2015
305:and
292:root
282:The
254:away
108:soil
55:and
691:doi
643:doi
639:100
600:doi
573:doi
569:100
530:doi
526:187
483:doi
456:doi
410:hdl
402:doi
70:to
35:In
716::
697:.
689:.
679:70
677:.
637:.
614:.
606:.
596:46
594:.
567:.
544:.
536:.
524:.
511:^
497:.
489:.
479:17
477:.
452:13
450:.
418:.
408:.
398:81
396:.
392:.
366:.
229:.
63:.
39:,
705:.
693::
685::
649:.
645::
622:.
602::
579:.
575::
552:.
532::
505:.
485::
462:.
458::
426:.
412::
404::
377:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
