Harar - Knowledge

1789: 1102: 953:"Two routes, often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes, lead from Harrar to Zeila. One crosses a ridge to the north of the town, thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley, and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory, which is crossed by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards. The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north-eastwards towards the Darmi Pass, crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis. The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on a point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe. It has two ports, one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships, whilst the other, not far south of the town, although very narrow, is from 26 to 33 feet deep, and affords safe shelter to large craft." 1250: 1232:"In the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Amirs was limited to Harar and its close environs, while the whole trade routes to the coast passed through Oromo and the Somali territories. There were only two practicable routes: one was the Jaldeissa, through Somali Issa and Nole Oromo territories, the other of Darmy through the Gadaboursi. The Somali, who held a monopoly as transporters, took full advantage of the prevailing conditions and the merchants were the victim of all forms of abuse and extortion... Under the supervision of these agents the caravan would be entrusted to abbans (caravan protector), who usually belonged to the Issa or Gadaboursi when destined to the coast and to Jarso when destined for the interior." 2124:, which is somewhat higher up. These are the two largest nädäbas. Shoes may be worn as far as the tīt nädäba, but then they must be removed. The tīt nädäba is where younger people or people with less seniority sit. Children also sleep on this nädäba. Historically, at the emir's court, it served as the seat for plaintiffs or defendants. The gidīr nädäba seats elders and people who are considered more senior. Historically, at the emir's court, dignitaries were seated here. When a person dies, their body is kept on the gidīr nädäba before being buried as a sign of respect. A basin is dug in the gidīr nädäba and filled with water and used to wash the body, and then the basin is filled in again. 1701: 123: 2156: 2036: 198: 2532: 83: 2325: 2089: 2744: 94: 103: 1943: 2370: 3756:

by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards. The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north-eastwards towards the Darmi Pass, crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis. The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on a point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe. It has two ports, one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships, whilst the other, not far south of the town, although very narrow, is from 26 to 33 feet deep, and affords safe shelter to large craft.

1242: 165: 2184: 2381: 2508: 2521: 231: 1986: 695: 112: 963: 2247:. Originally, the qala was used mainly for storage and sometimes as a sleeping area, and it was not separated from the gidīr gār in any way. Since the late 19th century, though, there is usually a wooden screen separating the two, and the qala has basically become a distinct second floor, often with several rooms, although without nädäbas or other installations. The staircase to the qala usually consists of six to nine steps. In newer houses it has a carved wood 5319: 2545: 2556: 2475:

historic city is physically limited and well defined by its 16th-century surrounding wall and the setting has been retained along the eastern and south-eastern sides of the property. However, inappropriate interventions, such as plastering the houses, changing doors from wood to metal, the introduction of non-traditional materials and visual impacts such as TV antennas have been gradually affecting the authenticity of the historic fabric.

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other of Darmy through the Gadaboursi. The Somali, who held a monopoly as transporters, took full advantage of the prevailing conditions and the merchants were the victim of all forms of abuse and extortion... Under the supervision of these agents the caravan would be entrusted to abbans (caravan protector), who usually belonged to the Issa or Gadaboursi when destined to the coast and to Jarso when destined for the interior.

2497: 453: 238: 205: 172: 2051:), Harari houses form a distinct archetype that differs from other Muslim regions and from other parts of Ethiopia. The traditional Harari house design is still widely in use today, with only minor changes, and Hararis who have moved to other cities try to adhere to a similar style. Hararis take great pride in their houses, and they form an important part of Harari culture. 2336:

Each household has its own style of decoration, and women guests often comment on how they like how the host's house is decorated. There is a stereotype that younger women are more fastidious at decorating their homes than older women, and that younger couples reapply the red earth to the floors once a week while older ones only do it a few times a year.

2058:) consists of several residences, which share the same walls but are not interconnected. They are arranged around a courtyard, with most of the windows facing the courtyard instead of the street. Doors to individual residences almost always point east or west; north- or south-facing doors are rare. According to 3755:

Two routes, often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes, lead from Harrar to Zeila. One crosses a ridge to the north of the town, thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley, and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory, which is crossed

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Emigrants from Harar often try to stick to the traditional Harari home layout when possible, even in buildings with different architectural styles. There will be some sort of gidīr gār indicated, with rugs and pillows forming an informal nädäba, and the walls will be decorated with traditional Harari

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of homes is typically done by women. They cover the nädäbas with rugs, mats, and pillows, and decorate the walls with Harari basketry (which is also typically made by women). Enamel plates and bowls are also hung on the walls today. Decorative baskets are generally hung up symmetrically and in pairs.

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described the emir's home as the only building whose exterior was whitewashed, implying that most buildings were undecorated at the time of his visit in the 1800s. Most houses were similarly described as neither painted nor whitewashed as late as 1935. Today, though, Hararis typically whitewash their

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or "small house", which has a separate entrance and a nädäba of its own. The tīt gār is often unconnected to the main house. It is used by younger family members, or sometimes rented to tenants. Since the 20th century, some houses add another level above the tīt gār and connect it to the qala as well

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In the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Amirs was limited to Harar and its close environs, while the whole trade routes to the coast passed through Oromo and the Somali territories. There were only two practicable routes: one was the Jaldeissa, through Somali Issa and Nole Oromo territories, the

2474:

Harar Jugol is a rare example of a relatively well preserved historic town that has retained its traditions, urban fabric, and rich Harari Muslim cultural heritage to the present time. It is one of the holy towns of Islam in Africa, and the capital of a minority region within Christian Ethiopia. The

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s along with their lids. These are used to serve coffee beans at wedding or funeral feasts. They are typically in a group of 3, with 2 of them sharing a pattern and design. Next to the amīr nädäba and the dēra, the wall is decorated with other basketry plates in pairs. These are about the size of a

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The largest type of decorative baskets are the kind that are used to serve bread and sweets at women's gatherings. These have tall conical lids that are hung above and overlapping them. They are hung in one or two rows on the wall behind the gidīr nädäba and below the niches, and they are typically

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In the late 1960s, it was still possible to walk around the outside of the city walls on foot; doing so took about an hour. By the early 1980s, though, this was no longer possible because the city had begun to expand out from the walled city, with some buildings being built directly attached to the

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The dēra is a private space, where a husband and wife may speak without their children listening. It is also used by children between the ages of 3 and 7 to eat during Ramadan out of public view, before they begin to fast all day long at age 7. The dēra is built with porous stone without cement to

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Each compound typically contained a separate room for a farmhand or servant, without nädäbas or side rooms. There would also be stables for cows and donkeys. There are also typically one or two "kitchen houses", unconnected to the houses, typically located on either sides of the courtyard. These

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A railway from Berbera to Harrar in Abyssinia was suggested as a means of bringing the interior of the protectorate within easy access, and at the same time of catering for the trade of Abyssinia; but it was vetoed on the ground that to compete with the French railway from Jibouti to Addis Ababa

1016:"The ancient metropolis of a once mighty race, the only permanent settlement in Eastern Africa, the reported seat of Moslem learning, a walled city of stone houses, possessing its independent chief, its peculiar population, its unknown language, and its own coinage, the emporium of the 2131:, or nädäba of honor, is reserved for the master of the house and for honored guests; it can be on either the left or the right depending on the house. It is positioned so that the head of the family can see whoever enters the home and act accordingly. The "hidden" nädäba, or the 2066:, which are disconnected from the residences. The walls that surround the compounds are joined so that they are basically continuous. The outer gate facing the street is usually wooden but sometimes iron, and they are either painted or whitewashed. The walls form an 2167:

s which are used to store and display personal possessions. They are fairly high up and there are typically 11 of them: five on the main wall opposite the door, and the rest on the other walls. The two rectangular niches in the middle of the main wall (called

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for analysis, hoping to replace them with Egyptian currency. However, the Egyptian government was unable to provide enough money to do this and advised him to keep Harari currency in use. However, the value of the Harari mahallak was reassessed from 33 to the

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The Old City of Harar with an approximate area of 60 hectares (150 acres) is surrounded by ramparts on the northern and eastern sides and part of the southern side. There are five ancient city gates, These are, clockwise from the north of the citadel:

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Sometimes several compounds are joined into a "block" of compounds, all surrounded by the same wall and then having their own walls around them. These "blocks" are set up so that a visitor passes the first compound before reaching the second, etc.

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has made it a criminal offence to demolish or interfere with any historical sites or fixtures in the city. These include stone homes, museums and items discarded from war. According to UNESCO, it is "considered 'the fourth holiest city' of

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The Emirate of Harar also struck its own currency, the earliest possible issues bearing a date that may be read as 615 AH (1218/19 CE); but the first coins were definitely issued by 1789 CE, and more were issued into the 19th century.

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House ceilings are traditionally made of thin tree trunks which have had their bark stripped off. Today the ceiling is whitewashed along with the rest of the house. One beam, located above the edge of the tīt nädäba, is called the

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Following the death of Emir Nur, the Harari state began a steady decline in wealth and power. A later ruler, Imam Muhammed Jasa, a kinsman of Ahmad Gragn, known as, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi yielded to the pressures of increasing

1197:. The British planned to revitalise the historic Harar-Berbera trade route by connecting the two cities via rail as a means to bolster trade. However, the initiative was vetoed by parliament on the grounds that it would harm the 2293:

In the past, Harari houses would have little to no furniture. Since the 20th century, simple Western-style wooden chairs have proliferated, as well as metal bedsteads with kapok mattresses which are set up on the sutri nädäba.

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and meditate). In the past, the kirtät was also where a young bride would live in seclusion for 8 months after her wedding. In that case the entryway to the kirtät, which does not otherwise have a door, would be covered with a

2274:), and the parts of nädäbas that aren't covered by rugs or mats are also painted red. Today they are often tiled, usually with at least some red present. The red is supposed to be reminiscent of the blood shed at the 2143:

nädäba" because the guards of the emir would sit here during meetings or court cases. The sutri nädäba is used for sleeping. It is also used as a seat where the husband rests when he comes home. Finally, there is the

2195:, which is a side room with a low ceiling and its own nädäba. The wall between the kirtät and the gidīr gār sometimes has a window screen with decorative woodcarving. Women usually stay in the kirtät when men have a 2235:

of the family's children. According to Fethia Ahmed, curator of the Harari cultural museum, the lids being turned upside down indicates that the husband has died and that there is a widow living in the house.

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Throughout the year, afternoon temperatures are warm to very warm, whilst mornings are cool to mild. Rain falls between March and October with a peak in August, whilst November to February is usually dry.

1040:, who visited both Berbera and Harar during his travels, he repeated a famous Harari saying he heard in 1854: "He who commands at Berbera, holds the beard of Harar in his hands." In this period slaves of 2148:, or the one behind the entrance door. Like the amīr and sutri nädäbas, this one can be on either the left or the right. At the back corners there are sometimes built-in cupboards or wardrobes called 846:, also known as "Gurey" and "Grañ", both meaning "the Left-handed", launched a war of conquest in the 16th century that extended the polity's territory and threatened the existence of the neighboring 2176:. Their rectangular shape is supposed to be evocative of death and the grave. In addition to the 11 main niches, there are sometimes also niches in the nädäbas, which are used to hold shoes or an 1091:, an officer in the Egyptian army, wrote in 1876 condemning this as a massive fraud. In 1883, a German traveller wrote that the currency was not worth even one-tenth of its nominal value. 4929: 2062:

Abdulmuheimen Abdulnassir, farmers and merchants often have east-facing doors so that they can rise early for work. The several families who live in the same compound share one or two

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stock were important commodities exported to the coast. A significant portion of the trade between the two historic towns Harar-Berbera was controlled by merchants belonging to the

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kitchens have no windows, with smoke escaping through the door, so eventually the walls end up covered in soot. Shelves made from tree trunks are used to store kitchen utensils.

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s, which function as seats or beds. A typical house will have five nädäbas. At the back of the gidir gar, across from the front door, are two nädäbas: the "small" one, or

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s. Cash and important documents are kept in a chest in the näbäda dēra. The upper part of the näbäda dēra is used to store clothes belonging to the master of the house.

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of Ethiopia (CSA), Harar city had a total urban population of 99,368, of whom 49,727 were men and 49,641 women. The six largest ethnic groups reported in Harar were the

1973:, which are often named after a Muslim shrine or a prominent tree serving as a local landmark. According to S.R. Waldron, there were 59 such neighborhoods around 1975. 5219: 5128:

Fritz Stuber, "Harar in Äthiopien – Hoffnungslosigkeit und Chancen der Stadterhaltung" (Harar in Ethiopia – The Hopelessness and Challenge of Urban Preservation), in:

1294: 3214: 2407: 3505: 861:, built a protective wall around the city to defend its population from the Oromo invasion. Four meters in height with five gates, this structure, called the 706:

stock. In any case, the modern city of Harar mostly dates back to the 1700s at the earliest, but the site itself has been the site of a city for much longer.

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from it because it was believed that doing so would protect the house from lightning. Nowadays, the ceilings are made of varnished wooden planks, with the

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described Harar as having an approximately 8,000 inhabitants; 3,000 Bedouins (referring to seasonal nomads who "come and go", 2,500 Hararis, and 2,500

1088: 3566: 3287: 1840:, researcher Paultischke describes Harar as having roughly 40,000 inhabitants with 25,000 of these being Hararis, 6,000 Oromo, 5,000 Somalis, 3,000 702:

When Harar was founded is unclear and various dates have been suggested, some state the early Semitic settlers of the region were believed to be of

575:. The ancient city is located on a hilltop in the eastern part of the country and is about 500 kilometres (310 mi) from the Ethiopian capital 2603: 2317:

festival. Household items and baskets are thoroughly cleaned at the same time. Today, instead of whitewashing, walls are sometimes painted using

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before to 300 to the dollar after. Once the analysis of the coins' silver content was completed, this was further changed to 311 to the thaler.

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raised the cost of a sa'a of sorghum to 2 ashrafis. This is the first mention of the ashrafi and mahallak as denominations of money in Harar.

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in recognition of its cultural heritage. Because of Harar's long history of involvement during times of trade in the Arabian Peninsula, the

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The ceiling above the gidīr gār rises to the full height of the house. Above the side rooms, though, there is an upper level called the

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and making his brother ruler of Harar. The new base not only failed to provide more security from the Oromo invasion, it was coupled by

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Harar Jugol, seen as the fourth holiest city of Islam, includes 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th Century, and 102 shrines.

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were granted permission to establish a consulate in Harar, although the British refused to reciprocate by allowing an Ethiopian one at

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outnumbered those in Harar. According to Feener, the Harari have not recovered from the 1948 state-led crackdown on their population.

1101: 5699: 5205: 5241: 3628:"The Qabena and the Wolane: Two peoples of the Gurage region and their respective histories according to their own oral traditions" 2821: 1788: 1075:. Surviving coins from his reign are of high quality, with a high silver content and clear inscriptions reflecting the use of good 4323: 3448: 2459:

The Harar Brewery was established in 1984. Its beers can be sampled at the brewery social club adjacent to the brewery in Harar.

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instead due to a dispute with his mother, the sister of the chief Somali Giri clan controlling the route to Zeila. According to

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s, the two rectangular niches in the center used for storing books, there is a vertical line of small basketry plates called

1725: 3320:"Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the prehistoric place of Harla and Dengego valleys, eastern Ethiopia" 1249: 884:

Immediately after Ahmad's wars, Harar experienced a severe famine. The prices of food and livestock rose significantly: one

5360: 1144:, and skins until a fatal disease forced him to return to France. A house said to have been his residence is now a museum. 5014: 4629: 4375: 4348: 4228: 1859:

by Abyssinian militias. The indigenous Harari natives who once were majority within the walled city are under 15%, due to

1772:, with 48.54% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 44.56% of the population said they were 582:

For centuries, Harar has been a major commercial center, linked by the trade routes with the rest of Ethiopia, the entire

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into the interior of southeast Ethiopia, pretending to be a scientific expedition. He occupied Harar on 11 October 1875.

534: 68: 4656: 4956: 4488:"Building a "City of Peace" through Intercommunal Association Muslim-Christian Relations in Harar, Ethiopia, 1887–2009" 4266: 1174:

Harar was the place where the modern Ethiopian state minted its first coins under Menelik II, bearing the date of 1885

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It is considered 'the fourth holy city' of Islam, having been founded by a holy missionary from the Arabic Peninsula.

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settled in Harar and its surroundings. The Somali population of the town was decimated following the overthrow of

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Die alte Stadt. Vierteljahreszeitschrift für Stadtgeschichte, Stadtsoziologie, Denkmalpflege und Stadtentwicklung

4469: 2725: 2456:. A 2008 scientific mission has unleashed efforts for their conservation, as the animals are greatly endangered. 1769: 164: 4946: 4206: 5302: 2215:, is connected to the kirtät by a small door. It is used to store items which are not susceptible to attack by 1700: 3051: 717:'s domain in the sixth century. In the Islamic period, the city was under an alliance called the confederated 2223:

s are kept. These are black pottery containers with long necks and covered by elongated basketry lids called

4424: 2997: 407: 5297: 5257: 3727: 2463: 1355: 1933:"Including the land round Harar and Dire Dawa inhabited by the Somalis of the 'Iise and Gadabuursi clans." 5337: 4562:

and thence strikes south-westwards among the Gudabirsi and Girhi Somal, who extend within sight of Harar.

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Including the land round Harar and Dire Dawa inhabited by the Somalis of the 'Iise and Gadabuursi clans.

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to cover the walls before they are whitewashed. This is the case in newer houses as well as older ones.

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breakfast plate and traditionally are used to serve bread. Two of them are called "the baskets for the

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Centres in the Periphery: Negotiating Territoriality and Identification in Harar and Jijiga from 1942

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regime. As a result of the repression by the Ethiopian regime, in the late 1970s Hararis residing in

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who states Harar is an extract of the name of a plain located south of the town or a specific tree.

590:, Asia, and through its ports, the outside world. Harar Jugol, the old walled city, was listed as a 1311: 1185:, initially intended to run via the city but diverted north of the mountains between Harar and the 788:

to settle in the Harar plateau circa 612H (1216 CE), where Abadir was supposedly met by the Harla,

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Harar appears to have begun minting coins more-or-less continuously during the reign of the emir

1052:, Isaaq clan, who also partook in the trade of the renowned Harari coffee bean, which were named 5141: 2077:

Building materials are local stone, while a mixture of pounded stones and clay are used as both

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cost 15. A cow cost over 300 ashrafis. As the economy recovered from the famine, the price of a

5679: 5063: 3380: 2597: 2297: 1907: 1825: 1793: 1339: 1037: 1029: 1009: 971: 797: 764: 677: 599: 558: 4072: 4006: 3980: 3600: 3509: 3291: 1832:. Burton further reported a large Oromo presence leading to the town. During his visit in the 1136:

lived in the city as the local functionary of several different commercial companies based in

1002:, the founder of a dynasty that ruled the city from 1647 until 1875, when it was conquered by 751:

Islam had gained a foothold on the Harar plateau by the 10th–11th centuries CE via trade with

3627: 3540: 3479: 3432: 3406: 2374: 816: 811:, Gēt (Gēy) was a colony in the Harla country. During the Middle Ages, Harar was part of the 637: 5081: 2531: 5684: 2649: 1126: 614:, an unpublished history of the city in the 13th century, records that the legendary saint 3770:"Territorial and Development Politics in the Horn of Africa: The Afar of the Awash Valley" 819:. The sixteenth century was the city's Golden Age. The local culture flourished, and many 8: 5228: 5104: 3785: 2609: 2415: 2332: 1950: 1110: 781: 615: 591: 391: 308: 137: 4555: 4289: 5192: 4903: 4461: 4054: 3789: 3703: 3596: 3402: 3346: 3319: 3010: 2772: 2767: 2729: 2636: 2535: 2275: 1833: 1319: 1306:

would be poor policy at a time when the entente cordiale had just been firmly cemented.

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Ambassador Mohammed Abdurahman, First Harari Lawyer, Grandson of Hajji Abdullahi Sadiq

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Rauf Pasha initially suspended Harari coins from circulation and sent some samples to

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Jayyusi, Salma K.; et al., eds. (2008). "Harar: the Fourth Holy City of Islam".

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and Harari people lived in Harar, while the former three moved to the Gurage region.

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in the region. Other possible etymologies include ones put forth by British explorer

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Leaf of Allah: Khat & Agricultural Transformation in Harerge, Ethiopia 1875–1991

1942: 1752:(2.76%); all other ethnic groups together comprised less than 2% of the population. 1346:

plant. The original domesticated coffee plant is also said to have been from Harar.

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Harar lost some of its commercial importance with the creation of the French-built

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Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar

3031: 2259:; today it is used to hang a neon lamp from, but in the past people would hang an 1277:, captured the city for the allies 29 March 1941. Following the conclusion of the 870: 93: 5456: 5156: 4432:. Harari people regional state, culture, heritage and tourism bureau. p. 141 4180: 4138: 3570: 3536: 3254: 3180: 3005:. Harari people regional state, culture, heritage and tourism bureau. p. 45. 2757: 2719: 2667: 2630: 2059: 1800:

Barker Haines reported in 1840 that the majority of the population of Harar were

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Elisée Reclus (1886) describes the two main ancient routes leading from Harar to

915: 858: 703: 549: 498: 490: 478: 5060:"Wild horses exist in Ethiopia, but face danger of extinction: Exploratory Team" 5033: 3128: 2507: 2357:, and these are presented by the family of a bride to the in-laws at a wedding. 755:. By the 13th century, Islam had become the predominant religion in the region. 5491: 5391: 3747:

The Earth and its Inhabitants The Universal Geography Vol. X. North-east Africa

2688: 2679: 2673: 2619: 2583: 2559: 2445: 2423: 2411: 2384: 2232: 2177: 1864: 1777: 1733: 1282: 1133: 812: 793: 770: 665: 630: 607:" with 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th century, and 102 shrines. 583: 482: 4604:

Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates

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Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates

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as giving it a separate entrance via a staircase on the outside of the house.

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Fascist plan to destroy and rebuild Harar along ideological guidelines (1936)

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Climate data for Harar, elevation 1,856 m (6,089 ft), (1971–2000)

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Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia

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declined over the next century while Harar regained its independence under

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and Geri Somali strike immediately north and north eastwards of the town.

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A traditional home in Harar with a niche adorned with Islamic calligraphy.

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All the trade routes linking Harar to the Somali coast passed through the

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s (a sub-denomination of the ashrafi). Another famine during the reign of

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A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals): Nubia and Abyssinia

2645: 2403: 2391:

Besides the stone wall surrounding the city, the old town is home to 110

2260: 2135:, can also be on either side but is always behind a protruding pillar or 2101: 1915: 1879: 1868: 1813: 1809: 1757: 1709: 1217: 1186: 1159:

in 1886 but suffer a defeat at the hands of the emir's troops during the

991: 942: 836: 576: 111: 4907: 4891: 4058: 3707: 3691: 5606: 5396: 5262: 2955:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 2676:, the French poet, settled as a merchant in Harar between 1880 and 1891 2414:, the 16th-century Jami Mosque and historic Great Five Gates of Harar. 2219:. Next to the door, the wall of the dēra has a special niche where the 2191:

On either side of the entrance there is an open doorway leading to the

2097: 2067: 2010: 1962: 1911: 1903: 1883: 1875: 1705: 1221: 1213: 1168: 946: 938: 626: 133: 4631:

A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa

3793: 3769: 3099: 420: 5566: 5501: 5481: 5476: 5421: 5329: 5287: 4095:. Harari People Regional State Culture, Heritage and Tourism Bureau. 2777: 2640: 2555: 2318: 2302: 2173: 2100:

of a typical Harari house is rectangular. The main room is the large

1957:

The old walled city of Harar is divided into 5 quarters: Assum Bari,

1856: 1749: 1327: 1190: 1049: 738: 369: 3199:

First Footsteps in East Africa, Or, An Exploration of Harar Volume 2

1969:. These quarters are then further divided into neighborhoods called 5441: 5318: 5232: 5187: 4045:

Caulk, Richard A. (1971). "The Occupation of Harar: January 1887".

2792: 2704: 2579: 2549: 2544: 2248: 2187:

Stairway to the qala on the left, with the kirtät in the background

2140: 1286: 1076: 1065: 832: 796:. According to tradition, Abadir's brother Fakr ad-Din founded the 769:

Harar emerged as the center of Islamic culture and religion in the

538: 301: 3511:

Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays

1105:

A scene on the road to the market in Harar, between 1900 and 1920.

921: 652:, the city decayed while maintaining a certain cultural prestige. 5621: 5591: 5571: 5546: 5541: 5381: 2683: 2449: 2434: 2310: 2228: 2082: 2063: 1923: 1914:

and Geri Somali clans as extending to within sight of Harar. The

1899: 1894:. They represent the most native Somali clans in the region. The 1887: 1717: 1205: 1057: 1056:

in the international market. Harar was also the home of numerous

1033: 1032:

halted all imports and exports from the port of Zeila opting for

967: 898: 893: 889: 865:, is still intact and is a symbol of the town to the inhabitants 828: 734: 618:

and several other religious leaders settled in the Harar plateau

452: 21:"Harrar" redirects here. For the last name of German origin, see 4934:. Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University. p. 61. 2433:

also evolved during the 1960s into an impressive night show for

5611: 5596: 5576: 5551: 5531: 5526: 5511: 5486: 5451: 5446: 5406: 4124:

Ethiopia at Bay: A personal account of the Haile Selassie years

3156:, Volume 3, (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 2007), pp.111 & 319. 2615: 2573: 2568: 2501: 2496: 2396: 2392: 2205: 1947: 1919: 1891: 1713: 1270: 1045: 1041: 1017: 983: 824: 820: 634: 595: 374: 33: 3930: 1224:

clan family held the monopoly of trade as is mentioned in the

1060:

scholars who came to the city to study the most notable being

990:

incursions and would eventually be invaded by the neighboring

5626: 5556: 5496: 5411: 5401: 5371: 5277: 4157:. Pittsburgh, USA: University Pennsylvania Academics: 217–229 2966:

Leslau, Wolf (1959). "An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary".

2944: 2453: 2321:. This can be any color, although green is the most popular. 2027:

was built after the Abyssinian invasion in the 19th century.

1895: 1821: 1756:

was spoken as a first language by 49.2% of city inhabitants,

1323: 1152: 1121: 1114: 934: 752: 709:

It is likely the original inhabitants of the region were the

669: 604: 3078:"Panda sanctuary, tequila area join UN World Heritage sites" 2452:

or "W" mountain, which hosts an ancient population of feral

1020:

trade, the head-quarters of slavery, the birth-place of the

784:, along with several other religious leaders, came from the 744:

In the ninth century, Harar was under the Maḥzūmī dynasty's

5616: 5521: 5516: 5416: 5386: 5252: 4931:

Environment, Livelihood and Local Praxis in Asia and Africa

4008:

Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide

2200: 1817: 1343: 1290: 1141: 1137: 1021: 903: 855: 722: 544: 149: 5182: 4300:

Up to the city gates the country is peopled by the Gallas.

3542:

The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300–1700

1083:, who introduced a new type of coin, heavily alloyed with 4658:

Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society

4577:

Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society

4377:

The Life and Times of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia: New Insights

2882:"Population and Housing Census 2007 – Harari Statistical" 2216: 1084: 4537:

The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

3259:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–8. 1874:

The Somali tribes surrounding Harar are mainly from the

672:, an ancient population that predate the arrival of the 3371:"First Footsteps in the Archaeology of Harar, Ethiopia" 1151:, but this lasted only two years. Abyssinian forces of 4169: 3924:

An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia

3572:

Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years

2309:) at least once and ideally twice a year, once before 1768:

by 6.6%. The plurality of urban inhabitants professed

1289:. After numerous reports of British activities in the 640:. The city saw a political decline during the ensuing 4560:(1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 4209:. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations 3182:

First Footsteps in the Archaeology of Harar, Ethiopia

3053:

Among the Bone Eaters Encounters with Hyenas in Harar

2267:

distinguished by its larger size and distinct shape.

2112:. The gidīr gār has several raised platforms, called 5227: 4249:

Trade and Politics in the Ethiopian Region 1830–1855

4126:(Algonac: Reference Publications, 1984), pp. 282–287 4033:

The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913

3033:

Trade and Politics in the Ethiopian Region 183O–1855

2739: 2172:) are typically used to store books, especially the 1946:

View of Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town (a

1257:

Harar was captured by Italian troops under Marshall

982:

raids and in 1577 abandoned the city, relocating to

563: 4892:"The City of Harar and the Traditional Harar House" 4147:"Language Relationships: Families, Grafts, Prisons" 3732:

An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia

2270:Floors are traditionally made of red earth (called 1724:Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the 1140:; he returned in 1888 to resume trading in coffee, 1847:After the conquest of the Emirate of Harar by the 5016:The Relevancy of Harari Values in Self Regulation 4511:Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives 3810:(Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), pp. 375–377 2795:, a city in Somaliland also called "Little Harar" 579:at an elevation of 1,885 metres (6,184 ft). 5671: 3753:. J.S. Virtue & Co, Limited, 294 City Road. 2023:Other gates such as the unofficial modern sixth 1132:During the period of Egyptian rule (1875–1884), 823:lived and wrote there. It also became known for 5161:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 625–642. 3185:. Equinox Publishing Limited. pp. 209–210. 3169:(Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982), p. 49. 1844:as well as a minority of Europeans and Asians. 1147:In 1885, Harar regained its independence under 937:, one route passing through the country of the 664:is unclear, however according to archaeologist 629:). Harar was later made the new capital of the 5136:Stuttgart Berlin Köln), Vol. 28, No. 4, 2001, 3256:The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa 2670:, businessman and Governor of Ogaden 1889–1914 1163:. A few months later on 9 January 1887 during 5345: 5213: 5102: 4113:(New York: Olive Branch, 2003), pp. 145, 367f 4035:, (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 91 2912:"Population Projection Towns as of July 2021" 2612:, legendary Muslim saint and founder of Harar 2444:Other places of interest include the highest 2429:A long-standing tradition of feeding meat to 1310:In 1995, the city and its environs became an 1236: 970:trade route commenced from the reign of emir 53: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4460:. The University of Edinburgh. p. 199. 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2818:, an ethnic claiming to originate from Harar 1922:strike north and north westwards whilst the 815:, becoming its capital in 1520 under Sultan 807:According to the 14th-century chronicles of 758: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4600: 3958:. Adonis and Abbey Publishers. p. 80. 3952:Abdullahi, Abdurahman (18 September 2017). 3871:The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3049: 2211:A second side room with a low ceiling, the 1980: 1364:Köppen-Geiger climate classification system 800:, while one of his descendants founded the 518: 505:), known historically by the indigenous as 43:Capital and walled city in Harari, Ethiopia 5352: 5338: 5220: 5206: 5151:, Shama Books, Addis Abeba, 2007, 99 pages 4689:"Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town" 4267:"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay" 3936: 3874:. Princeton University Press. p. 31. 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3504: 3437:. Houlston & Wright. 1868. p. 84. 3216:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology 3100:"Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town" 3092: 1012:describes Harar during his visit in 1855: 644:, only regaining some significance in the 140:; Chesa Selassie Church; city distant view 28:For the city's administrative region, see 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4450: 4004: 3951: 3901:. Syracuse University Press. p. 24. 3345: 3335: 3324:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 2865: 2462:Intercity bus service is provided by the 2163:The gidīr gār has built-in niches called 1301:ordered the consulate closed March 1960. 1079:. The currency was heavily debased under 925:Wooden balconies on the streets of Harar. 5273:Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town 5242:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia 5022:. University of Alabama. pp. 46–58. 5012: 4965: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 3955:Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1 3894: 3867: 3767: 3317: 3219:. Oxford University Press. p. 425. 2939: 2822:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia 2379: 2368: 2323: 2182: 2154: 2087: 2034: 2007:Suqutat Bari (located in the south east) 1984: 1941: 1787: 1699: 1265:on 8 May 1936. The 1st battalion of the 1248: 1240: 1100: 961: 920: 693: 451: 402:Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town 5154: 4944: 4927: 4373: 4144: 3985:, Ohio University Press, p. PT74, 3982:A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991 3857:. Harvard University Press. p. 74. 3734:(London: Lalibela House, 1961), p. 267. 3689: 3650: 3286: 2227:s. They are used to store the family's 2120:, and then behind it the "big" one, or 5672: 5359: 4553: 4507: 4287: 3921: 3743: 3565: 3535: 3474: 3252: 3233: 3212: 3050:Baynes-Rock, Marcus (24 August 2015). 2965: 2604:'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur 2139:. Historically, this is known as the " 1354:The climate of Harar is classified as 5695:Populated places in the Harari Region 5333: 5201: 4889: 4706: 4654: 4627: 4573: 4422: 4245: 4085: 4044: 3978: 3852: 3780:(309). Oxford University Press: 486. 3625: 3595: 3401: 3146: 3029: 2995: 1299:Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5147:David Vô Vân, Mohammed Jami Guleid, 5078:"Embassy staff visits Harar Brewery" 4948:The City in the Islamic World Part 1 4255:. University of London. p. 247. 4175: 4073:Berbera-Harrar Railway Survey Vol. 1 4011:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 184. 3895:Ben-Dror, Avishai (23 August 2018). 3786:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097023 3692:"Harari Coins: A Preliminary Survey" 3545:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 99. 3039:. University of London. p. 246. 2991: 2989: 2627:, wife of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 2591: 2231:and other valuables, as well as the 1189:to save money. As a result of this, 4485: 4380:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 158. 4199: 3129:"Five new heritage sites in Africa" 2281:Some houses will have an adjoining 1902:also inhabit areas near Harar. The 1253:The Harari Cultural House (Gey Gar) 553: 502: 32:. For the capital of Zimbabwe, see 13: 5122: 4890:Hecht, Elisabeth-Dorothea (1982). 4580:. The Red Sea Press. p. 100. 4400: 3819: 3450:The Ethno-History of Halaba People 3368: 3213:Walker, Bethany (6 October 2020). 3195: 3178: 2340:in alternating pairs. Between the 2328:Hall in a traditional Harari house 1704:An old map of Harar featuring the 1171:would lead the conquest of Harar. 217:Location within the Horn of Africa 16:Capital of Harari Region, Ethiopia 14: 5716: 5176: 4664:. The Red Sea Press. p. 11. 4135:The Navy Everywhere, 1919. p. 244 3202:. Tylston and Edwards. p. 1. 2986: 1998:Assum Bari (located in the north) 1330:is currently under construction. 571:Harar is the capital city of the 36:. For the south Asian fruit, see 5700:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia 5317: 4693:UNESCO World Heritage Convention 4089:History of Harar and the Hararis 2742: 2578: 2567: 2554: 2543: 2530: 2519: 2506: 2495: 2478: 2251:but in older houses it did not. 1226:History of Harar and the Hararis 945:territory, both subclans of the 721:. According to the 12th-century 541:. It is also known in Arabic as 314: 236: 229: 203: 196: 170: 163: 121: 110: 101: 92: 81: 5096: 5080:. Norway.org.et. Archived from 5070: 5052: 5026: 4938: 4921: 4681: 4648: 4621: 4601:Slikkerveer (28 October 2013). 4594: 4567: 4547: 4528: 4501: 4479: 4444: 4416: 4410:Ethiopian Demography and Health 4394: 4367: 4341: 4305: 4294:. Tylston and Edwards. p. 4281: 4259: 4239: 4221: 4129: 4116: 4103: 4079: 4065: 4038: 4025: 3998: 3972: 3945: 3915: 3888: 3868:Toledano, Ehud (14 July 2014). 3861: 3846: 3830: 3813: 3800: 3761: 3737: 3721: 3619: 3589: 3559: 3529: 3498: 3468: 3441: 3425: 3395: 3362: 3311: 3296:. Ohio State University Press. 3280: 3206: 3189: 3172: 3159: 3121: 3056:. Penn State University Press. 2469: 1770:Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity 1695: 1342:Harar is the birthplace of the 1281:in 1944, the government of the 1096: 773:during end of the Middle Ages. 4628:Lewis, I. M. (17 March 2003). 4557:First Footsteps in East Africa 4353:. Routledge. 28 October 2013. 4291:First Footsteps in East Africa 3979:Zewde, Bahru (17 March 2002), 3939:First Footsteps in East Africa 3823:First footsteps in East Africa 3376:Journal of Islamic Archaeology 3154:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N 3106:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3070: 3043: 3023: 2959: 2933: 2904: 2834: 2364: 2240:allow for better ventilation. 1937: 941:and one route passing through 1: 5158:The City in the Islamic World 5013:Abubaker, Abdulmalik (2016). 4423:Wehib, Ahmed (October 2015). 3015:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2996:Wehib, Ahmed (October 2015). 2859: 2804:Harar's significance in Islam 619: 237: 204: 171: 5705:Cities and towns in Ethiopia 5690:Cities of the Adal Sultanate 5298:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela 5258:Bale Mountains National Park 4896:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 4047:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 3937:Burton. F., Richard (1856). 3696:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2703:, Somali Sheikh who founded 2464:Selam Bus Line Share Company 2418:is the home stadium for the 2406:. Notable buildings include 2159:Wall niches in a Harari home 1783: 1356:subtropical highland climate 1201:between France and Britain. 1183:Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway 655: 343:1,885 m (6,184 ft) 7: 5268:Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region 5144:, pp. 324–343, 14 ill. 4928:Shigeta, Masayoshi (2005). 4426:History of Harar and Harari 4313:"local history of Ethiopia" 4207:"CLIMWAT climatic database" 3926:. Cengage Gale. p. 41. 2999:History of Harar and Harari 2919:Ethiopian Statistics Agency 2735: 1824:were also present. In 1855 1496:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1426:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1113:led an Egyptian force from 564: 361: • Estimate 10: 5721: 5105:"Harrar Brewery, Ethiopia" 4607:. Routledge. p. 140. 4451:Matshanda, Namhla (2014). 4005:Munro-Hay, Stuart (2002). 3922:Hunter, Frederick (1877). 3842:. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. 3605:. Routledge. p. 297. 3575:. Transaction Publishers. 3318:Belayneh, Anteneh (2014). 3167:History of Ethiopian Towns 2890:Central Statistical Agency 2788:Coffee production in Harar 2697:, Leader of Adal Sultanate 2695:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 2618:, Imam and General of the 2595: 2448:overlooking the city, the 2313:and once again before the 2092:Interior of a Harari house 2039:Exterior of a Harari house 1929:I.M. Lewis (1998) states: 1726:Central Statistical Agency 1687: 1376: 1349: 1333: 1263:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1237:20th century until present 957: 902:s, and an equal amount of 844:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 762: 687: 683: 392:UNESCO World Heritage Site 220:Show map of Horn of Africa 27: 20: 5367: 5314: 5293:Melka Kunture and Balchit 5283:Lower Valley of the Awash 5248: 5239: 5107:. Ethiopianrestaurant.com 4634:. Ohio University Press. 4514:. ABC-CLIO. p. 230. 4271:Asiatic Society of Bombay 3808:The Ethiopian Borderlands 3411:. Routledge. p. 61. 2844:; other variants include 2422:. One can also visit the 2030: 1639: 1565: 1495: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1279:Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement 759:The rise of Muslim states 474: 446: 438: 426: 416: 406: 398: 389: 385: 368: 360: 352: 347: 339: 331: 326: 307: 297: 262: 157: 145: 132:From top, left to right: 75: 62: 54: 48: 5278:Konso Cultural Landscape 5263:Gedeo Cultural Landscape 5034:"The hyena man of Harar" 4554:Burton, Richard (1856). 4508:Feener, Michael (2004). 4288:Burton, Richard (1894). 4086:Ahmed, Wehib M. (2015). 3434:The St. James's Magazine 3253:Insoll, Timothy (2003). 2827: 1981:Walls and gates of Harar 1295:London Agreement of 1954 713:. Harar was part of the 668:it perhaps derives from 462:, the last emir of Harar 412:Cultural: ii, iii, iv, v 184:Location within Ethiopia 5288:Lower Valley of the Omo 5149:Harar, a cultural guide 4945:Raymond, André (2008). 4320:Nordic Africa Institute 3853:Jonas, Raymond (2011). 3768:Harbeson, John (1978). 3744:Reclus, Elisée (1886). 3690:Zekaria, Ahmed (1991). 3626:Crass, Joachim (2001). 3337:10.1186/1746-4269-10-18 2980:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310 2952:Encyclopædia Britannica 2439:spotted hyenas in Harar 2420:Harrar Beer Bottling FC 2047:("city house", plural: 1193:was founded in 1902 as 1073:Abd al-Shakur ibn Yusuf 910:of sorghum fell to 4–5 660:The origin of the name 4951:. BRILL. p. 629. 4374:Ficquet, Éloi (2014). 4182:Coffee: A Dark History 4145:Libermn, Mark (2003). 3514:. LIT Verlag Münster. 3080:. Un.org. 13 July 2006 2598:List of emirs of Harar 2408:Medhane Alem Cathedral 2388: 2377: 2329: 2298:Richard Francis Burton 2208:screen and a curtain. 2188: 2160: 2093: 2040: 2013:(located in the south) 1990: 1954: 1935: 1908:Richard Francis Burton 1898:clans of the Geri and 1826:Richard Francis Burton 1797: 1721: 1318:) in its own right. A 1308: 1254: 1246: 1234: 1212:territories where the 1106: 1038:Richard Francis Burton 1030:Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr 1026: 1010:Richard Francis Burton 974: 972:Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr 955: 926: 888:(a unit equal to four 798:Sultanate of Mogadishu 780:, the legendary saint 765:Early history of Harar 699: 678:Richard Francis Burton 600:Government of Ethiopia 494: 486: 463: 332: • President 250:Location within Africa 4655:Lewis, I. M. (2000). 4574:Lewis, I. M. (1998). 4495:Manchester University 3484:. BRILL. p. 56. 2691:, Emperor of Ethiopia 2383: 2375:Great Mosque of Harar 2372: 2327: 2186: 2158: 2091: 2038: 2019:(located in the west) 2004:(located in the east) 1988: 1977:outside of the wall. 1945: 1931: 1910:(1856) describes the 1791: 1703: 1303: 1252: 1244: 1230: 1104: 1014: 965: 951: 924: 817:Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad 697: 638:Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad 455: 5656:9.31111°N 42.12778°E 5303:Simien National Park 5229:World Heritage Sites 4111:Haile Selassie's War 2840:Formerly written as 2650:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 2606:, last emir of Harar 2512:Charleville-Mézières 1127:Maria Theresa thaler 733:was the land of the 282:9.31111°N 42.12778°E 187:Show map of Ethiopia 5652: / 5103:EthioNetworks.com. 4475:on 31 January 2020. 3806:Richard Pankhurst, 3597:Budge, E. A. Wallis 3403:Adler, Elkan Nathan 3165:Richard Pankhurst, 3131:. BBC. 13 July 2006 3104:World Heritage List 2701:Sheikh Madar Shirwa 2668:Abdullahi Ali Sadiq 2610:Abadir Umar ar-Rida 2416:Harrar Bira Stadium 2387:'s house and museum 2333:Interior decorating 2199:(a meeting to chew 2054:A walled compound ( 1951:World Heritage Site 1720:Somali communities. 1111:Muhammad Rauf Pasha 1028:In the 1800s, Emir 782:Abadir Umar ar-Rida 648:period. During the 616:Abadir Umar ar-Rida 592:World Heritage Site 278: / 152:(مدينة الأَوْلِيَا) 5361:Cities of Ethiopia 4329:on 10 October 2017 4031:Harold G. Marcus, 3855:The Battle of Adwa 3632:Annales d'Éthiopie 3506:Braukämper, Ulrich 3383:on 4 February 2020 2968:Annales d'Ethiopie 2730:Ethiopian Airlines 2637:Abdullah al-Harari 2389: 2378: 2330: 2276:Battle of Chelenqo 2189: 2161: 2094: 2041: 1991: 1955: 1926:strike eastwards. 1836:occupation of the 1834:Khedivate of Egypt 1798: 1794:Ahmad Bin Abi Bakr 1722: 1340:Sir Richard Burton 1293:that violated the 1255: 1247: 1167:, the Shewan king 1165:Battle of Chelenqo 1107: 975: 927: 778:Fatḥ Madīnat Harar 746:Sultanate of Shewa 727:Benjamin of Tudela 700: 646:Khedivate of Egypt 612:Fatḥ Madīnat Harar 610:Yahyá Naṣrallāh's 565:Madīna al-ʾAwliyāʾ 464: 399:Official name 353: • Total 253:Show map of Africa 38:Terminalia chebula 5661:9.31111; 42.12778 5635: 5634: 5327: 5326: 4401:Adunga, Ayanlem. 4246:Mordechai, Abir. 4192:978-1-84115-649-1 4185:. Fourth Estate. 4109:Anthony Mockler, 4018:978-1-86064-744-4 3992:978-0-8214-4572-3 3839:Ahmad b. Abu Bakr 3820:Burton, Richard. 3728:Richard Pankhurst 3612:978-1-317-64915-1 3582:978-0-7658-0914-8 3552:978-1-84701-117-6 3521:978-3-8258-5671-7 3491:978-90-04-18478-7 3418:978-1-134-28606-5 3408:Jewish Travellers 3369:Insoll, Timothy. 3303:978-0-85255-480-7 3226:978-0-19-750787-2 3196:Burton, Richard. 3179:Insoll, Timothy. 3030:Mordechai, Abir. 2799:Islam in Ethiopia 2722:, Oromo historian 2712:, Emperor of the 2592:Notable residents 2589: 2588: 2146:gäbti äḥer näbäda 1989:Suqutat Bari gate 1776:, and 6.14% were 1748:(6.82%), and the 1692: 1691: 1642:relative humidity 1326:to the city from 1269:, advancing from 1155:would invade the 854:. His successor, 848:Oriental Orthodox 786:Arabian Peninsula 776:According to the 690:Timeline of Harar 588:Arabian Peninsula 562: 450: 449: 287:9.31111; 42.12778 136:; Sherif Museum; 5712: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5188:Everything Harar 5172: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5084:on 19 March 2012 5074: 5068: 5067: 5066:on 15 July 2009. 5062:. Archived from 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5010: 4963: 4962: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4887: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4663: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4468:. Archived from 4459: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4322:. Archived from 4317: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4094: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3741: 3735: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3687: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3567:Luling, Virginia 3563: 3557: 3556: 3537:Hassen, Mohammed 3533: 3527: 3525: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3455: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3379:. Archived from 3366: 3360: 3359: 3349: 3339: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3288:Gebissa, Ezekiel 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3250: 3231: 3230: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3152:Siegbert Uhlig, 3150: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3006: 3004: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2886: 2878: 2853: 2838: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2728:, former CEO of 2714:Ethiopian Empire 2659:Emirate of Harar 2625:Bati del Wambara 2582: 2572: 2571: 2558: 2548: 2547: 2534: 2524: 2523: 2510: 2500: 2499: 2483: 2482: 2305:mixture (called 1961:, Suqutat Bari, 1882:subclans of the 1861:ethnic cleansing 1849:Ethiopian Empire 1838:Emirate of Harar 1796:, Emir of Harar. 1374: 1373: 1312:Ethiopian region 1267:Nigeria Regiment 1259:Rodolfo Graziani 1220:subclans of the 1199:Entente Cordiale 1157:Emirate of Harar 1089:Muhammad Mukhtar 1081:Muhammad ibn Ali 996:Imamate of Aussa 852:Ethiopian Empire 802:Hadiya Sultanate 650:Ethiopian Empire 642:Emirate of Harar 624: 621: 567: 557: 555: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 504: 476: 319: 318: 293: 292: 290: 289: 288: 283: 279: 276: 275: 274: 271: 254: 240: 239: 233: 221: 207: 206: 200: 188: 174: 173: 167: 125: 114: 105: 96: 85: 57: 56: 46: 45: 23:Harrer (surname) 5720: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5670: 5669: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5631: 5363: 5358: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5179: 5169: 5125: 5123:Further reading 5120: 5110: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5011: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4888: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4286: 4282: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4151:Basic Reference 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4104: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4043: 4039: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3935: 3931: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3851: 3847: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3774:African Affairs 3766: 3762: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3688: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3367: 3363: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3251: 3234: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3194: 3190: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2987: 2964: 2960: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2758:Harari language 2748: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2720:Mohammed Hassen 2633:, Emir of Harar 2631:Nur ibn Mujahid 2600: 2594: 2566: 2542: 2518: 2494: 2481: 2472: 2410:, the house of 2367: 2233:umbilical cords 2033: 1983: 1940: 1890:subclan of the 1851:, an influx of 1786: 1698: 1693: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1352: 1336: 1239: 1161:Battle of Hirna 1099: 960: 916:Nur ibn Mujahid 859:Nur ibn Mujahid 767: 761: 719:states of Zeila 698:Harar city wall 692: 686: 658: 633:in 1520 by the 622: 530: 527: 524: 521: 394: 313: 286: 284: 280: 277: 272: 269: 267: 265: 264: 258: 257: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 247: 246: 245: 241: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 213: 212: 208: 191: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 175: 153: 146:Nickname: 141: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 117: 116: 115: 107: 106: 98: 97: 88: 87: 86: 71: 58: 51: 44: 41: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5718: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5177:External links 5175: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5152: 5145: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5095: 5069: 5051: 5025: 4964: 4958:978-9004162402 4957: 4937: 4920: 4705: 4680: 4670: 4647: 4640: 4620: 4613: 4593: 4586: 4566: 4546: 4527: 4520: 4500: 4486:Shetler, Jan. 4478: 4443: 4415: 4393: 4386: 4366: 4359: 4340: 4304: 4280: 4258: 4238: 4220: 4198: 4191: 4168: 4137: 4128: 4122:John Spencer, 4115: 4102: 4078: 4064: 4037: 4024: 4017: 3997: 3991: 3971: 3964: 3944: 3941:. p. 360. 3929: 3914: 3907: 3887: 3880: 3860: 3845: 3829: 3812: 3799: 3760: 3736: 3720: 3649: 3618: 3611: 3588: 3581: 3558: 3551: 3528: 3520: 3497: 3490: 3467: 3440: 3424: 3417: 3394: 3361: 3310: 3302: 3279: 3265: 3232: 3225: 3205: 3188: 3171: 3158: 3145: 3120: 3091: 3069: 3062: 3042: 3022: 2985: 2958: 2946:"Harrar" 2943:, ed. (1911). 2941:Chisholm, Hugh 2932: 2903: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2726:Mohammed Ahmed 2723: 2717: 2707: 2698: 2692: 2689:Haile Selassie 2686: 2682:, governor of 2680:Abdullah Tahir 2677: 2674:Arthur Rimbaud 2671: 2664: 2661: 2655:`Ali ibn Da`ud 2652: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2620:Adal Sultanate 2613: 2607: 2596:Main article: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2552: 2539: 2538: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2504: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2431:spotted hyenas 2412:Arthur Rimbaud 2399:, centered on 2395:and many more 2385:Arthur Rimbaud 2366: 2363: 2301:houses with a 2178:incense burner 2032: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1982: 1979: 1939: 1936: 1865:Haile Selassie 1804:however a few 1785: 1782: 1764:by 12.2%, and 1740:(11.83%), the 1736:(28.14%), the 1732:(40.55%), the 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1351: 1348: 1335: 1332: 1283:United Kingdom 1273:by way of the 1238: 1235: 1149:Amir Abdullahi 1134:Arthur Rimbaud 1098: 1095: 1054:Berbera Coffee 1000:`Ali ibn Da`ud 959: 956: 813:Adal Sultanate 794:Argobba people 771:Horn of Africa 763:Main article: 760: 757: 737:, confined by 688:Main article: 685: 682: 666:Timothy Insoll 657: 654: 631:Adal Sultanate 584:Horn of Africa 554:مدينة الأولياء 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 428: 424: 423: 418: 414: 413: 410: 404: 403: 400: 396: 395: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 372: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 345: 344: 341: 337: 336: 333: 329: 328: 324: 323: 311: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 260: 259: 249: 243: 242: 235: 234: 228: 227: 226: 225: 216: 210: 209: 202: 201: 195: 194: 193: 192: 183: 177: 176: 169: 168: 162: 161: 160: 159: 158: 155: 154: 147: 143: 142: 131: 120: 119: 118: 109: 108: 100: 99: 91: 90: 89: 80: 79: 78: 77: 76: 73: 72: 63: 60: 59: 52: 49: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5717: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5680:Harari Region 5678: 5677: 5675: 5668: 5665: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Negele Borana 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5320: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5168:9789004162402 5164: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134:W. Kohlhammer 5131: 5127: 5126: 5106: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5040:. 1 July 2002 5039: 5035: 5029: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4924: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4671:9781569021033 4667: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4643: 4641:9780821445730 4637: 4633: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4614:9781136143304 4610: 4606: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4587:9781569021033 4583: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4550: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4521:9781576075166 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4428: 4427: 4419: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4389: 4387:9783643904768 4383: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4362: 4360:9781136143380 4356: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4251: 4250: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4208: 4202: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4132: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3967: 3965:9781909112797 3961: 3957: 3956: 3948: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3908:9780815654315 3904: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3883: 3881:9781400857234 3877: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 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2913: 2907: 2892: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816:Silt'e people 2814: 2812: 2811:Project Harar 2809: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2783:Harar Brewery 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2773:West Hararghe 2771: 2769: 2768:East Hararghe 2766: 2764: 2763:Harari people 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2750:Africa portal 2740: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710:Amha Selassie 2708: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657:, Founder of 2656: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2526:United States 2522: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2479:Sister cities 2476: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2351:mother-in-law 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2070:around them. 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1744:(7.94%), the 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1568:precipitation 1564: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1338:According to 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1243: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1103: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 973: 969: 966:Map of Harar- 964: 954: 950: 949:clan family: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 923: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:Harari people 864: 860: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 766: 756: 754: 749: 747: 742: 741:in the west. 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 715:Harla Kingdom 712: 707: 705: 696: 691: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 636: 632: 628: 617: 613: 608: 606: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 573:Harari Region 569: 566: 560: 551: 547: 546: 540: 536: 516: 512: 508: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 472: 468: 461: 458: 454: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 422: 419: 415: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 384: 380: 376: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 322: 317: 312: 310: 306: 303: 300: 296: 291: 263:Coordinates: 261: 232: 199: 166: 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